<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03774303</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>HAK</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03774303</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effectiveness of Mobile Application Intervention in Day Surgery</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effectiveness of Mobile Application Intervention on Preschool Children's Fear and Pain and Their Parents' Anxiety and Stress in Day Surgery</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Oulu</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Oulu</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      In Finland about 50% of surgical operations for all under 16 years of age are made as day&#xD;
      surgery which means that the patient comes to the hospital and is discharged on the day of&#xD;
      the operation. Day surgery will continue to grow in the next few years. Its benefits include&#xD;
      shorter hospitalization, family reunion and rapid recovery. The preschool children and their&#xD;
      parents who come in for day surgery feel fear, anxiety and stress, which depend on the amount&#xD;
      of knowledge and its quality. By developing the preparation of preschool children and their&#xD;
      parents for day surgery, and by testing new methods more attention can be paid to the special&#xD;
      features of day surgery, supporting the families, and increasing family involvement in the&#xD;
      whole process.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a new mobile&#xD;
      application intervention compared to the effectiveness of the traditional preparing method&#xD;
      when measuring preschool children's fear and pain and their parents' anxiety and stress. The&#xD;
      aim is to produce new information and to develop day surgery of preschool children.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The study consist of two phases. The first phase of the research is a systematic literature&#xD;
      review and meta-analysis. The purpose of the review is to assess and describe the methods&#xD;
      previously used in the preparation of parental day surgery and their effectiveness for&#xD;
      preschool children fear and pain and parents' anxiety and stress. The second phase of the&#xD;
      study is carried out as a randomized controlled trial (=RCT). The parents of the preschool&#xD;
      children are randomized to the mobile application group (n = 50-60) and the control group (n&#xD;
      = 50-60). The sample size is based on power-analysis, with anxiety as the primary outcome.&#xD;
      The material for the second phase of the study is collected at the day surgery department of&#xD;
      the Oulu University Hospital. The study group is prepared for day surgery with a new mobile&#xD;
      application and the control group according to the traditional preparing method. The study&#xD;
      examines the effectiveness of a new intervention compared to the effectiveness of the&#xD;
      traditional preparing method when measuring preschool children's fear and pain and their&#xD;
      parents' anxiety and stress. The collected data are analyzed using the Mann-Whitney, t-test,&#xD;
      Khi square test, and Fisher's accurate test.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">January 19, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">December 31, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">December 31, 2019</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>RCT</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Other</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.</measure>
    <time_frame>first measurement at home before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.</measure>
    <time_frame>second measurement in the hospital before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.</measure>
    <time_frame>third measurement in the hospital before discharge</time_frame>
    <description>The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.</measure>
    <time_frame>fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Stress with VRSS</measure>
    <time_frame>first measurement at home before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Stress with VRSS</measure>
    <time_frame>second measurement in the hospital before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Stress with VRSS</measure>
    <time_frame>third measurement in the hospital before discharge</time_frame>
    <description>VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Parents' Stress with VRSS</measure>
    <time_frame>fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Fear with FAS</measure>
    <time_frame>first measurement at home before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Fear with FAS</measure>
    <time_frame>second measurement in the hospital before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Fear with FAS</measure>
    <time_frame>third measurement in the hospital before discharge</time_frame>
    <description>FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Fear with FAS</measure>
    <time_frame>fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with PPPM</measure>
    <time_frame>first measurement at home before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with PPPM</measure>
    <time_frame>second measurement in the hospital before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with PPPM</measure>
    <time_frame>third measurement in the hospital before discharge</time_frame>
    <description>PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with PPPM</measure>
    <time_frame>fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with VAS</measure>
    <time_frame>first measurement at home before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with VAS</measure>
    <time_frame>second measurement in the hospital before the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with VAS</measure>
    <time_frame>third measurement in the hospital before discharge</time_frame>
    <description>VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Children's Pain with VAS</measure>
    <time_frame>fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure</time_frame>
    <description>VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">71</enrollment>
  <condition>Pain</condition>
  <condition>Fear</condition>
  <condition>Stress</condition>
  <condition>Anxiety</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>mobile intervention</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>families to be prepared for day surgery with a mobile application</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>control group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>families to be prepared for day surgery with current practice</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Mobile application</intervention_name>
    <description>A mobile application that will be used to prepare families for day surgery</description>
    <arm_group_label>mobile intervention</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>current practice</intervention_name>
    <description>the current practice used to prepare families for day surgery</description>
    <arm_group_label>control group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ASA 1 or 2&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ELECTIVE DAY SURGIGAL PROCEDURE IN 3-4 WEEKS&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  PARENT ABLE TO USE MOBILE INTERVENTION, UNDERSTANDS FINNISH AND WILLING TO PARTICIPATE&#xD;
             IN PREPARING CHILD FOR DAY SURGERY&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  GENERAL ANAESTHESIA&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  INCLUSION CRITERIA NOT MET&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>2 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>6 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Oulu University Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Oulu</city>
        <zip>90220</zip>
        <country>Finland</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Finland</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>April 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>November 27, 2018</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 10, 2018</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">December 12, 2018</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 29, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 29, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 30, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Anxiety Disorders</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03774303
org study id: HAK
nct id: NCT03774303
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
In Finland about 50% of surgical operations for all under 16 years of age are made as day
      surgery which means that the patient comes to the hospital and is discharged on the day of
      the operation. Day surgery will continue to grow in the next few years. Its benefits include
      shorter hospitalization, family reunion and rapid recovery. The preschool children and their
      parents who come in for day surgery feel fear, anxiety and stress, which depend on the amount
      of knowledge and its quality. By developing the preparation of preschool children and their
      parents for day surgery, and by testing new methods more attention can be paid to the special
      features of day surgery, supporting the families, and increasing family involvement in the
      whole process.

      The purpose of this study is to describe and evaluate the effectiveness of a new mobile
      application intervention compared to the effectiveness of the traditional preparing method
      when measuring preschool children's fear and pain and their parents' anxiety and stress. The
      aim is to produce new information and to develop day surgery of preschool children.

      The study consist of two phases. The first phase of the research is a systematic literature
      review and meta-analysis. The purpose of the review is to assess and describe the methods
      previously used in the preparation of parental day surgery and their effectiveness for
      preschool children fear and pain and parents' anxiety and stress. The second phase of the
      study is carried out as a randomized controlled trial (=RCT). The parents of the preschool
      children are randomized to the mobile application group (n = 50-60) and the control group (n
      = 50-60). The sample size is based on power-analysis, with anxiety as the primary outcome.
      The material for the second phase of the study is collected at the day surgery department of
      the Oulu University Hospital. The study group is prepared for day surgery with a new mobile
      application and the control group according to the traditional preparing method. The study
      examines the effectiveness of a new intervention compared to the effectiveness of the
      traditional preparing method when measuring preschool children's fear and pain and their
      parents' anxiety and stress. The collected data are analyzed using the Mann-Whitney, t-test,
      Khi square test, and Fisher's accurate test.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: RCT
primary purpose: Other
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.
time frame: first measurement at home before the procedure
description: The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.
measure: Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.
time frame: second measurement in the hospital before the procedure
description: The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.
measure: Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.
time frame: third measurement in the hospital before discharge
description: The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.
measure: Parents' Anxiety measured with STAI-Y1.
time frame: fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure
description: The STAI meter is a two-part adult anxiety meter developed by Charles D. Spielberg and his research team (1983). It separates situation related anxiety (STATE-A = Y1) from character related tendency towards anxiety (TRAIT-A). In this study, the most commonly used version of the STAI meter and only it's STATE-A section is utilized. Here, the parent evaluates his own current anxiety on a four-step scale with twenty questions. The respondents choose from the following options at each question: 1 = no anxiety at all, 2 = slight anxiety, 3 = some anxiety 4 = very much anxiety.
measure: Parents' Stress with VRSS
time frame: first measurement at home before the procedure
description: VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.
measure: Parents' Stress with VRSS
time frame: second measurement in the hospital before the procedure
description: VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.
measure: Parents' Stress with VRSS
time frame: third measurement in the hospital before discharge
description: VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.
measure: Parents' Stress with VRSS
time frame: fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure
description: VRSS (short Verbal Rating Scale for Stress). The VRSS meter measures stress experienced by the parent. The meter consists of six claims: 0 = I did not feel stress at all 1 = I felt little stress 2 = I felt some stress 3 = I felt quite a lot of stress 4 = I felt a lot of stress 5 = I felt the worst stress imaginable.
measure: Children's Fear with FAS
time frame: first measurement at home before the procedure
description: FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.
measure: Children's Fear with FAS
time frame: second measurement in the hospital before the procedure
description: FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.
measure: Children's Fear with FAS
time frame: third measurement in the hospital before discharge
description: FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.
measure: Children's Fear with FAS
time frame: fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure
description: FAS (Facial Affective Scale). The FAS meter measures the child's fear with nine facial images and describes its intensity ranging from no fear to the worst possible fear.
measure: Children's Pain with PPPM
time frame: first measurement at home before the procedure
description: PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.
measure: Children's Pain with PPPM
time frame: second measurement in the hospital before the procedure
description: PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.
measure: Children's Pain with PPPM
time frame: third measurement in the hospital before discharge
description: PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.
measure: Children's Pain with PPPM
time frame: fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure
description: PPPM (Parent's Postoperative Pain Measure). The PPPM meter measures pain behavior of children aged 1 to 6 years of age as assessed by their parents. The PPPM meter is divided into a section for 1-to 2 -year-old children and another section for 3- to 6 -year-olds.
measure: Children's Pain with VAS
time frame: first measurement at home before the procedure
description: VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.
measure: Children's Pain with VAS
time frame: second measurement in the hospital before the procedure
description: VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.
measure: Children's Pain with VAS
time frame: third measurement in the hospital before discharge
description: VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.
measure: Children's Pain with VAS
time frame: fourth measurement at home within 1-7 days after the procedure
description: VAS (Visual Analogy Scale). The VAS scale allows the parents to evaluate the intensity of the pain of their children on a 10cm long scale that starts at zero meaning no pain at all and ends at 10 representing the worst possible pain. Preschool children evaluate their pain with a face scale, also where zero means no pain and ten means the worst possible pain.
arm group label: mobile intervention
arm group type: Experimental
description: families to be prepared for day surgery with a mobile application
arm group label: control group
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: families to be prepared for day surgery with current practice
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Mobile application
description: A mobile application that will be used to prepare families for day surgery
arm group label: mobile intervention
intervention type: Other
intervention name: current practice
description: the current practice used to prepare families for day surgery
arm group label: control group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 2 Years
maximum age: 6 Years
healthy volunteers: No
facility: 
country: Finland
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Anxiety Disorders
sharing ipd: No