<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03796897</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>5706</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03796897</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Supplementation of a Leucine-enriched Protein Blend</brief_title>
  <official_title>Supplementation of a Leucine-Enriched Dairy Protein Blend: Chronic and Acute Metabolic Responses in Young Men and Women</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>McMaster University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>McMaster University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      It is well known that dietary protein transiently stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS)&#xD;
      whereby changes in MPS in response to feeding may be regulated by specific downstream target&#xD;
      proteins of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, such as S6K1, rpS6, and eIF2B. A meal&#xD;
      deficient in protein, however, does not increase the rate of MPS because a rise in the&#xD;
      bioavailability of amino acids does not occur. In addition, the source of dietary proteins&#xD;
      has been shown to impact postprandial blood levels of amino acids. The concept that certain&#xD;
      types of proteins are &quot;fast acting&quot; or &quot;slow acting&quot; has been shown to affect the&#xD;
      postprandial profile of amino acids appearing in the systemic circulation. Native whey and&#xD;
      micellar casein are both dairy proteins that contain a similar amount of essential (EAA), but&#xD;
      blood EAA levels increase faster and to a higher level after the consumption of whey protein.&#xD;
      Differences in gastric emptying, digestion and absorption kinetics between micellar casein&#xD;
      and native whey are the underlying factors. Nonetheless, micellar casein protein has been&#xD;
      shown to protract MPS in humans. Despite the significant amount of information gained with&#xD;
      respect to both of these protein sources, the effects of combinatorial formulations on the&#xD;
      postprandial profile of amino acids appearing in the blood is less well known.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      In a cross-over, randomized controlled trial, 10 healthy young participants (5 men and 5&#xD;
      women) will be recruited to undergo exercise resistance training randomized to habitual diet&#xD;
      or habitual diet and supplementation (2 x per training session). For two of the training&#xD;
      sessions the investigators will utilize a uni-lateral resistance exercise model to identify&#xD;
      the acute effects of exercise and exercise + supplementation on the integrated rate of&#xD;
      myofibrillar MPS within subject. This model enhances statistical power and eliminates&#xD;
      between-subject differences impacting our outcomes. Throughout the study participants will&#xD;
      record their macronutrient dietary intake. In addition, baseline body composition will be&#xD;
      assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visit 1 (Day -7): Familiarization, strength testing and baseline body composition One week&#xD;
      before the exercise trial, the investigators will ask participants to visit McMaster&#xD;
      University to undergo a familiarization session with the exercise equipment and to perform&#xD;
      3-5 repetition maximum strength testing. This will allow the investigators to calculate the&#xD;
      resistance (weight) participants will lift in their upcoming training sessions. The&#xD;
      investigators will also perform a body composition scan using a dual-energy x-ray&#xD;
      absorptiometry (DXA), assess participants' height and weight, and administer daily food logs&#xD;
      with instructions to assess their habitual diet.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visit 2 (Day 0): D2O administration and resting blood and saliva sampling One week after the&#xD;
      familiarization visit, the investigators will ask participants to come to McMaster University&#xD;
      in a fasted state and receive a dose of doubly labelled water D2O equal to 0.8mLs/kgBW and&#xD;
      every hour for 3 hours after providing a blood and saliva sample. D2O is a safe, and widely&#xD;
      used stable isotope, used to effectively measure the rate at which participants' muscle grow.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visits 3 and 7 (Days 1 and 7): Resistance training program and muscle biopsy On these days&#xD;
      participants will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet routine and&#xD;
      will have a resting biopsy, blood and saliva samples taken. Next, participants may be asked&#xD;
      to consume the supplement but will be asked to drink a small amount of D2O. Finally,&#xD;
      participants will perform a combination resistance style exercise training session and&#xD;
      immediately following training may be asked to consume the supplement.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visit 4, 5, 8 &amp; 9 (Days 2, 3, 8, 9): Resistance training program On these days participants&#xD;
      will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet routine and have a saliva&#xD;
      sample taken. Next, participants may be asked to consume the supplement but will be asked to&#xD;
      drink a small amount of D2O. Finally, participants will perform a combination resistance&#xD;
      style exercise training session and immediately following training participants may be asked&#xD;
      to consume the supplement.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Visits 6 and 10 (Days 4 and 10): Uni-lateral acute training session and muscle biopsy On&#xD;
      these days participants will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet&#xD;
      routine. First, participants may be asked to consume the supplement immediately before&#xD;
      performing a uni-lateral acute resistance training session. Participants will be asked to&#xD;
      drink a small amount of D2O but only during Visit 6 (Day 4). Immediately following training,&#xD;
      participants may be asked to consume the supplement. One hour following exercise participants&#xD;
      will have a muscle biopsy, blood and saliva samples taken.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Days 5 and 6 (see attached study timeline): Washout period The investigators will ask that&#xD;
      participants drink one aliquot of D2O on day 5 and one aliquot of D2O on day 6. One hour&#xD;
      after participants drink the aliquot of D2O the investigators ask that participants take&#xD;
      their own saliva sample at home (D2O aliquots and a sampling kit will be provided with&#xD;
      instructions).&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">June 1, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">February 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">December 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Early Phase 1</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Integrated Muscle Protein Synthetic Rate</measure>
    <time_frame>10 days</time_frame>
    <description>oral deuterium consumption: Isotope protocol (See ref., PMID 23821570)</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">10</enrollment>
  <condition>Dietary Modification</condition>
  <condition>Diet Habit</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Leucine-enriched protein + exercise</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>whey protein- hydrolyzed whey protein-micellar casein blend (50:43:7 whey:hydrolyzed-whey:casein), vitamin D, and free leucine</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Habitual diet + exercise</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>habitual diet only</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Leucine-enriched protein</intervention_name>
    <description>Supplement contains 16g of protein given twice per exercise session (4 total exercise sessions)</description>
    <arm_group_label>Leucine-enriched protein + exercise</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Habitual diet only</intervention_name>
    <description>Habitual diet only (no supplementation) for 4 exercise sessions</description>
    <arm_group_label>Habitual diet + exercise</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Be between the ages of 18-29 years (inclusive)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Be able to maintain a habitual diet, physical activity patterns, and body mass&#xD;
             throughout the trial&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Be in general good health&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Be able to participate in resistance training and aerobic training&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Understand the study procedures and sign this form providing informed consent to&#xD;
             participate in the study&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Be able to consume a protein bar in the allotted time frame of 10 minutes&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Smoker&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Excessive alcohol consumption (more than 21 units of alcohol / week; 1 unit of alcohol&#xD;
             is approximately 25 mL of spirits (40% alcohol), 250 mL of beer (4% alcohol) or 75 mL&#xD;
             of wine (13% alcohol))&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have health problems such as: renal or gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disease,&#xD;
             heart disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, poor lung function,&#xD;
             uncontrolled blood pressure, dizziness, thyroid problems, or any other health&#xD;
             conditions for which you are being treated that might put you at risk for this study&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have a known or suspected allergy to local anesthetics such as lidocaine&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have a dairy protein allergy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Participation in another nutrition or exercise research study&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Do not understand English or have a condition the PI believes would interfere with a&#xD;
             participants' ability to provide informed consent, comply with the study protocol, or&#xD;
             which might confound the interpretation of the study results or put someone at undue&#xD;
             risk&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Use of medications known to affect protein metabolism (i.e. corticosteroids, or&#xD;
             prescription strength acne medications)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Consuming a vegan diet&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Use of an investigational drug product or nutraceutical within the last 30 days&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Any concurrent medical, orthopedic, or psychiatric condition that, in the opinion of&#xD;
             the Investigators, would compromise the ability to comply with the study requirements&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>29 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Stuart M Phillips, PhD</last_name>
    <phone>905-525-9140</phone>
    <phone_ext>24465</phone_ext>
    <email>phillis@mcmaster.ca</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>Daniel A Traylor, PhD</last_name>
    <email>traylord@mcmaster.ca</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Exercise Metabolism Research Laboratory, McMaster Univeristy</name>
      <address>
        <city>Hamilton</city>
        <state>Ontario</state>
        <zip>L8S 4K1</zip>
        <country>Canada</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Stuart M Phillips, Ph.D.</last_name>
      <phone>905-525-9140</phone>
      <phone_ext>24465</phone_ext>
      <email>phillis@mcmaster.ca</email>
    </contact>
    <investigator>
      <last_name>Stuart M Phillips, Ph.D.</last_name>
      <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    </investigator>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Canada</country>
  </location_countries>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Koopman R, Crombach N, Gijsen AP, Walrand S, Fauquant J, Kies AK, Lemosquet S, Saris WH, Boirie Y, van Loon LJ. Ingestion of a protein hydrolysate is accompanied by an accelerated in vivo digestion and absorption rate when compared with its intact protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):106-15. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27474. Epub 2009 May 27.</citation>
    <PMID>19474134</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Koopman R, Walrand S, Beelen M, Gijsen AP, Kies AK, Boirie Y, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Dietary protein digestion and absorption rates and the subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthetic response do not differ between young and elderly men. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1707-13. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.109173. Epub 2009 Jul 22.</citation>
    <PMID>19625697</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):161-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401. Epub 2008 Dec 3.</citation>
    <PMID>19056590</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;291(2):E381-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005. Epub 2006 Feb 28.</citation>
    <PMID>16507602</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Luiking YC, Abrahamse E, Ludwig T, Boirie Y, Verlaan S. Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial. Clin Nutr. 2016 Feb;35(1):48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.02.013. Epub 2015 Mar 5.</citation>
    <PMID>25790724</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Dec;36(12):2073-81. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000147582.99810.c5.</citation>
    <PMID>15570142</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14930-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930.</citation>
    <PMID>9405716</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>MacDonald AJ, Small AC, Greig CA, Husi H, Ross JA, Stephens NA, Fearon KC, Preston T. A novel oral tracer procedure for measurement of habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2013 Aug 15;27(15):1769-77. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6622.</citation>
    <PMID>23821570</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <verification_date>February 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 7, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 7, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 8, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>February 6, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>February 6, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">February 7, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>McMaster University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Stuart Phillips</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Undecided</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03796897
org study id: 5706
nct id: NCT03796897
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
It is well known that dietary protein transiently stimulates muscle protein synthesis (MPS)
      whereby changes in MPS in response to feeding may be regulated by specific downstream target
      proteins of mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, such as S6K1, rpS6, and eIF2B. A meal
      deficient in protein, however, does not increase the rate of MPS because a rise in the
      bioavailability of amino acids does not occur. In addition, the source of dietary proteins
      has been shown to impact postprandial blood levels of amino acids. The concept that certain
      types of proteins are "fast acting" or "slow acting" has been shown to affect the
      postprandial profile of amino acids appearing in the systemic circulation. Native whey and
      micellar casein are both dairy proteins that contain a similar amount of essential (EAA), but
      blood EAA levels increase faster and to a higher level after the consumption of whey protein.
      Differences in gastric emptying, digestion and absorption kinetics between micellar casein
      and native whey are the underlying factors. Nonetheless, micellar casein protein has been
      shown to protract MPS in humans. Despite the significant amount of information gained with
      respect to both of these protein sources, the effects of combinatorial formulations on the
      postprandial profile of amino acids appearing in the blood is less well known.
In a cross-over, randomized controlled trial, 10 healthy young participants (5 men and 5
      women) will be recruited to undergo exercise resistance training randomized to habitual diet
      or habitual diet and supplementation (2 x per training session). For two of the training
      sessions the investigators will utilize a uni-lateral resistance exercise model to identify
      the acute effects of exercise and exercise + supplementation on the integrated rate of
      myofibrillar MPS within subject. This model enhances statistical power and eliminates
      between-subject differences impacting our outcomes. Throughout the study participants will
      record their macronutrient dietary intake. In addition, baseline body composition will be
      assessed with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.

      Visit 1 (Day -7): Familiarization, strength testing and baseline body composition One week
      before the exercise trial, the investigators will ask participants to visit McMaster
      University to undergo a familiarization session with the exercise equipment and to perform
      3-5 repetition maximum strength testing. This will allow the investigators to calculate the
      resistance (weight) participants will lift in their upcoming training sessions. The
      investigators will also perform a body composition scan using a dual-energy x-ray
      absorptiometry (DXA), assess participants' height and weight, and administer daily food logs
      with instructions to assess their habitual diet.

      Visit 2 (Day 0): D2O administration and resting blood and saliva sampling One week after the
      familiarization visit, the investigators will ask participants to come to McMaster University
      in a fasted state and receive a dose of doubly labelled water D2O equal to 0.8mLs/kgBW and
      every hour for 3 hours after providing a blood and saliva sample. D2O is a safe, and widely
      used stable isotope, used to effectively measure the rate at which participants' muscle grow.

      Visits 3 and 7 (Days 1 and 7): Resistance training program and muscle biopsy On these days
      participants will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet routine and
      will have a resting biopsy, blood and saliva samples taken. Next, participants may be asked
      to consume the supplement but will be asked to drink a small amount of D2O. Finally,
      participants will perform a combination resistance style exercise training session and
      immediately following training may be asked to consume the supplement.

      Visit 4, 5, 8 & 9 (Days 2, 3, 8, 9): Resistance training program On these days participants
      will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet routine and have a saliva
      sample taken. Next, participants may be asked to consume the supplement but will be asked to
      drink a small amount of D2O. Finally, participants will perform a combination resistance
      style exercise training session and immediately following training participants may be asked
      to consume the supplement.

      Visits 6 and 10 (Days 4 and 10): Uni-lateral acute training session and muscle biopsy On
      these days participants will come to the lab in the morning following their habitual diet
      routine. First, participants may be asked to consume the supplement immediately before
      performing a uni-lateral acute resistance training session. Participants will be asked to
      drink a small amount of D2O but only during Visit 6 (Day 4). Immediately following training,
      participants may be asked to consume the supplement. One hour following exercise participants
      will have a muscle biopsy, blood and saliva samples taken.

      Days 5 and 6 (see attached study timeline): Washout period The investigators will ask that
      participants drink one aliquot of D2O on day 5 and one aliquot of D2O on day 6. One hour
      after participants drink the aliquot of D2O the investigators ask that participants take
      their own saliva sample at home (D2O aliquots and a sampling kit will be provided with
      instructions).
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Integrated Muscle Protein Synthetic Rate
time frame: 10 days
description: oral deuterium consumption: Isotope protocol (See ref., PMID 23821570)
arm group label: Leucine-enriched protein + exercise
arm group type: Experimental
description: whey protein- hydrolyzed whey protein-micellar casein blend (50:43:7 whey:hydrolyzed-whey:casein), vitamin D, and free leucine
arm group label: Habitual diet + exercise
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: habitual diet only
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Leucine-enriched protein
description: Supplement contains 16g of protein given twice per exercise session (4 total exercise sessions)
arm group label: Leucine-enriched protein + exercise
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Habitual diet only
description: Habitual diet only (no supplementation) for 4 exercise sessions
arm group label: Habitual diet + exercise
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 29 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Stuart M Phillips, PhD
phone: 905-525-9140
phone ext: 24465
email: phillis@mcmaster.ca
last name: Daniel A Traylor, PhD
email: traylord@mcmaster.ca
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
investigator: 
country: Canada
citation: Koopman R, Crombach N, Gijsen AP, Walrand S, Fauquant J, Kies AK, Lemosquet S, Saris WH, Boirie Y, van Loon LJ. Ingestion of a protein hydrolysate is accompanied by an accelerated in vivo digestion and absorption rate when compared with its intact protein. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):106-15. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27474. Epub 2009 May 27.
PMID: 19474134
citation: Koopman R, Walrand S, Beelen M, Gijsen AP, Kies AK, Boirie Y, Saris WH, van Loon LJ. Dietary protein digestion and absorption rates and the subsequent postprandial muscle protein synthetic response do not differ between young and elderly men. J Nutr. 2009 Sep;139(9):1707-13. doi: 10.3945/jn.109.109173. Epub 2009 Jul 22.
PMID: 19625697
citation: Moore DR, Robinson MJ, Fry JL, Tang JE, Glover EI, Wilkinson SB, Prior T, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jan;89(1):161-8. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26401. Epub 2008 Dec 3.
PMID: 19056590
citation: Katsanos CS, Kobayashi H, Sheffield-Moore M, Aarsland A, Wolfe RR. A high proportion of leucine is required for optimal stimulation of the rate of muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids in the elderly. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Aug;291(2):E381-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00488.2005. Epub 2006 Feb 28.
PMID: 16507602
citation: Luiking YC, Abrahamse E, Ludwig T, Boirie Y, Verlaan S. Protein type and caloric density of protein supplements modulate postprandial amino acid profile through changes in gastrointestinal behaviour: A randomized trial. Clin Nutr. 2016 Feb;35(1):48-58. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.02.013. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
PMID: 25790724
citation: Tipton KD, Elliott TA, Cree MG, Wolf SE, Sanford AP, Wolfe RR. Ingestion of casein and whey proteins result in muscle anabolism after resistance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004 Dec;36(12):2073-81. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000147582.99810.c5.
PMID: 15570142
citation: Boirie Y, Dangin M, Gachon P, Vasson MP, Maubois JL, Beaufrere B. Slow and fast dietary proteins differently modulate postprandial protein accretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1997 Dec 23;94(26):14930-5. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.26.14930.
PMID: 9405716
citation: MacDonald AJ, Small AC, Greig CA, Husi H, Ross JA, Stephens NA, Fearon KC, Preston T. A novel oral tracer procedure for measurement of habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2013 Aug 15;27(15):1769-77. doi: 10.1002/rcm.6622.
PMID: 23821570
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: McMaster University
investigator full name: Stuart Phillips
investigator title: Professor
sharing ipd: Undecided