<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03796143</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>9766</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03796143</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Evaluation of Self-help Books for Depression</brief_title>
  <official_title>A Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) Comparing Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Self-help Books for Depression</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Utah State University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Utah State University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The goal of this study is to compare the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)&#xD;
      and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in a bibliotherapy format and assess&#xD;
      hypothesized mechanisms of change in depression symptomatology, quality of life, and&#xD;
      functioning.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This study will test the following hypotheses:&#xD;
&#xD;
        1. CBT and ACT will both result in decreased depression, distress, and self-stigma&#xD;
           associated with depression. Life satisfaction and values progress will increase in both&#xD;
           conditions.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. CBT will result in greater use of reappraisal than ACT.&#xD;
&#xD;
        3. ACT will results in greater use of defusion and decreased psychological inflexibility&#xD;
           than CBT.&#xD;
&#xD;
        4. Changes in experiential avoidance and defusion will predict changes in depression in the&#xD;
           ACT condition.&#xD;
&#xD;
        5. Changes in reappraisal will predict changes in depression in the CBT condition.&#xD;
&#xD;
        6. Participants who are given their choice of treatment will show better adherence and&#xD;
           satisfaction in the intervention.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The investigators aim to recruit 150 participants for this RCT (50 per treatment condition).&#xD;
      This will provided adequate power (0.80) to detect differences between groups of medium&#xD;
      effect size (d=0.50). Note that detailed eligibility criteria are listed in the &quot;Eligibility&quot;&#xD;
      section. Participants will be recruited via SONA, flyers, online postings, classroom&#xD;
      announcements, and through the USU CBS lab website.&#xD;
&#xD;
      All study procedures will be completed online, on a computer/mobile phone. After completing&#xD;
      informed consent online through Qualtrics, participants will complete an online baseline&#xD;
      survey. Participants will then be randomized to one of three groups: a CBT book, an ACT book,&#xD;
      or a choice between the two books. Participants will be asked not to access other self-help&#xD;
      books during the study duration. A link will be provided to access the book online along with&#xD;
      a 10-week suggested reading schedule. Participants will be asked to complete a midtreatment&#xD;
      survey 5 weeks after the beginning of treatment, and a posttreatment survey 10 weeks after&#xD;
      the beginning of treatment. A follow-up survey will be sent to participants 3 months after&#xD;
      the posttreatment survey. In addition to psychological measures, these surveys will also ask&#xD;
      about adherence and use of strategies taught in the book. Researcher contact will involve&#xD;
      reminders to complete assessments and weekly reminders of the suggested reading schedule.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants assigned to the CBT condition will receive a link to access The Cognitive&#xD;
      Behavioral Workbook for Depression (Knaus, 2008), based on a psychosocial treatment that has&#xD;
      shown effectiveness in reducing depression symptoms (Jiménez, 2012). The primary treatment&#xD;
      components in this book are psychoeducation (introducing the cognitive behavioral model of&#xD;
      depression), self-assessment worksheets (e.g. identifying depressive thought patterns,&#xD;
      separating sensations from appraisals), cognitive restructuring, using metacognition/logic,&#xD;
      and avoiding perfectionism.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants assigned to the ACT condition will receive a link to access The Mindfulness and&#xD;
      Acceptance Workbook for Depression (Strosahl &amp; Robinson, 2008), based on a modern cognitive&#xD;
      behavioral therapy that combines acceptance and mindfulness methods with values and behavior&#xD;
      change methods (Hayes, Strosahl &amp; Wilson, 2011). The primary treatment components in this&#xD;
      book are psychoeducation (introducing the ACT model of depression), values and goals,&#xD;
      mindfulness, acceptance, defusion, committed action, and &quot;rewriting&quot; inflexible life stories.&#xD;
&#xD;
      An additional subset of study participants will be given their choice of the two self-help&#xD;
      books described above after completing the baseline assessment. Participants who are&#xD;
      randomized to receive their choice of book will be provided a brief description of the&#xD;
      contents of each book before making a decision.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">January 7, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">August 15, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">August 15, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two active self-help interventions, or their choice of intervention, for the duration of the study.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Depression, Anxiety and Stress</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) : a self-report measure of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Higher scores indicate higher negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. This measure assesses each of these symptoms as a distinct subscale. Items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 &quot;did not apply to me at all&quot; to 3 &quot;applied to me very much, or most of the time.&quot; Ranges for depression, anxiety, and stress are 0-28, 0-20, and 0-33, respectively.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS; Barney, Griffiths, Christensen, &amp; Jorm, 2010)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The SSDS is a 16-item measure of self-directed stigma about one's own experience of depression and consists of subscales of shame, self-blame, social inadequacy, and help-seeking inhibition. The measure generates four subscales for shame, self-blame, help-seeking inhibition, and feelings of social inadequacy, with higher scores indicating greater presence of these experiences. The subscales are summed to calculate a total score which ranges from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater overall self-stigma.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The AAQ-II is a 10-item measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Items are rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 &quot;never true&quot; to 7 &quot;always true.&quot; A total score is calculated by reverse coding so that higher scores indicate greater psychological flexibility.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ; Gillanders et al., 2014)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The CFQ is a 7-item measure of cognitive fusion. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 &quot;never true&quot; to 7 &quot;always true.&quot; Total scores range from 7 to 49 with higher scores indicating greater levels of cognitive fusion.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS; Kanter, Mulick, Busch, Berlin, &amp; Martell, 2007)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The BADS is a 25-item measure of approach and avoidance behaviors in depression, separated into two subscales. Two additional subscales measure work/school and social impairment due to depressive symptoms. Within each subscale, higher scores indicate greater frequency of these behaviors.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Frequency (ATQ-30; Hollon &amp; Kendall, 1980)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The ATQ is a 30-item measure of the frequency of automatic negative self-statements associated with depression. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 &quot;not at all&quot; to 5 &quot;all the time,&quot; with higher scores indicating a greater frequency of automatic thoughts.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Thought Control Questionnaire-Reappraisal Subscale (TCQ; Wells &amp; Davies, 1994)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)</time_frame>
    <description>The TCQ-Reappraisal subscale is 6-item measure of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts. Items are rated on a 4 point scale ranging from 1 &quot;never&quot; to 4 &quot;almost always&quot; indicating the frequency of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts. Total scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Adherence to self-help book</measure>
    <time_frame>Midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will be asked to rate their adherence to the exercises in the book with a single question on 7-point scale from &quot;Did all recommended assignments&quot; to &quot;Did no recommended assignments,&quot; with higher scores indicating a greater proportion of the assignments were completed. This is adapted from previous studies of self-help adherence (Abramowitz, Moore, Braddock, &amp; Harrington, 2009).</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Satisfaction with self-help book</measure>
    <time_frame>Posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will be asked to rate 7 items evaluating their satisfaction with the self-help book on a 6-point scale from &quot;Strongly disagree&quot; to &quot;Strongly agree.&quot; The scale produces a total score ranging from 7 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with the book. These items have been used to evaluate program satisfaction in previous self-help research conducted by our lab (e.g., Levin, Pierce, &amp; Schoendorff, in press).</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">140</enrollment>
  <condition>Mental Health</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>ACT self-help book condition</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will be asked to read The Mindfulness and Acceptance Workbook for Depression by Strosahl and Robinson (2008), a self-help book based on acceptance and commitment therapy.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>CBT self-help book condition</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will be asked to read Cognitive Behavioral Workbook for Depression by Knaus (2006), a self-help book based on acceptance and commitment therapy.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Choice of two self-help books</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will have the option of receiving either the self-help book by Strosahl and Robinson (2008) or the book by Knaus (2006).</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>The Mindfulness and Acceptance Workbook for Depression</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants assigned to this condition will be asked to read this self-help book over an 8-week period.</description>
    <arm_group_label>ACT self-help book condition</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Choice of two self-help books</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>The Cognitive Behavioral Workbook for Depression</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants assigned to this condition will be asked to read this self-help book over an 8-week period.</description>
    <arm_group_label>CBT self-help book condition</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Choice of two self-help books</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age 18 or older&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Enrolled at Utah State University&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have not participated in other self-help studies run by the USU CBS Lab&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Interested in using self-help book for depression&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Elevated depressive symptoms as determined by scoring a 10 or higher on the depression&#xD;
             subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Below the age of 18&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Not a student at Utah State University&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have participated in other self-help studies run by the USU CBS Lab&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Not interested in using self-help book for depression&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  No elevated depressive symptoms as determined by scoring lower than 10 on the&#xD;
             depression subscale of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Michael Levin, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Utah State University</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Utah State University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Logan</city>
        <state>Utah</state>
        <zip>84322</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
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    <citation>Abramowitz JS, Moore EL, Braddock AE, Harrington DL. Self-help cognitive-behavioral therapy with minimal therapist contact for social phobia: a controlled trial. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;40(1):98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2008.04.004. Epub 2008 Apr 26.</citation>
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    <citation>Barney LJ, Griffiths KM, Christensen H, Jorm AF. The Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS): development and psychometric evaluation of a new instrument. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2010 Dec;19(4):243-54. doi: 10.1002/mpr.325.</citation>
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    <citation>Beaufort IN, De Weert-Van Oene GH, Buwalda VAJ, de Leeuw JRJ, Goudriaan AE. The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) as a Screener for Depression in Substance Use Disorder Inpatients: A Pilot Study. Eur Addict Res. 2017;23(5):260-268. doi: 10.1159/000485182. Epub 2017 Dec 8.</citation>
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    <citation>Bond FW, Hayes SC, Baer RA, Carpenter KM, Guenole N, Orcutt HK, Waltz T, Zettle RD. Preliminary psychometric properties of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II: a revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Behav Ther. 2011 Dec;42(4):676-88. doi: 10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007. Epub 2011 May 25.</citation>
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    <citation>Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., &amp; Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and commitment therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. Guilford Press.</citation>
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    <citation>Henry JD, Crawford JR. The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2005 Jun;44(Pt 2):227-39. doi: 10.1348/014466505X29657.</citation>
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    <citation>Jiménez, F. J. R. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy versus traditional cognitive behavioral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current empirical evidence. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 12(3), 333-358.</citation>
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  <verification_date>April 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 2, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 3, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 8, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 26, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 26, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 27, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Utah State University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Michael Levin</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Associate Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Depression</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Undecided</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03796143
org study id: 9766
nct id: NCT03796143
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The goal of this study is to compare the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)
      and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for depression in a bibliotherapy format and assess
      hypothesized mechanisms of change in depression symptomatology, quality of life, and
      functioning.

      This study will test the following hypotheses:

        1. CBT and ACT will both result in decreased depression, distress, and self-stigma
           associated with depression. Life satisfaction and values progress will increase in both
           conditions.

        2. CBT will result in greater use of reappraisal than ACT.

        3. ACT will results in greater use of defusion and decreased psychological inflexibility
           than CBT.

        4. Changes in experiential avoidance and defusion will predict changes in depression in the
           ACT condition.

        5. Changes in reappraisal will predict changes in depression in the CBT condition.

        6. Participants who are given their choice of treatment will show better adherence and
           satisfaction in the intervention.
The investigators aim to recruit 150 participants for this RCT (50 per treatment condition).
      This will provided adequate power (0.80) to detect differences between groups of medium
      effect size (d=0.50). Note that detailed eligibility criteria are listed in the "Eligibility"
      section. Participants will be recruited via SONA, flyers, online postings, classroom
      announcements, and through the USU CBS lab website.

      All study procedures will be completed online, on a computer/mobile phone. After completing
      informed consent online through Qualtrics, participants will complete an online baseline
      survey. Participants will then be randomized to one of three groups: a CBT book, an ACT book,
      or a choice between the two books. Participants will be asked not to access other self-help
      books during the study duration. A link will be provided to access the book online along with
      a 10-week suggested reading schedule. Participants will be asked to complete a midtreatment
      survey 5 weeks after the beginning of treatment, and a posttreatment survey 10 weeks after
      the beginning of treatment. A follow-up survey will be sent to participants 3 months after
      the posttreatment survey. In addition to psychological measures, these surveys will also ask
      about adherence and use of strategies taught in the book. Researcher contact will involve
      reminders to complete assessments and weekly reminders of the suggested reading schedule.

      Participants assigned to the CBT condition will receive a link to access The Cognitive
      Behavioral Workbook for Depression (Knaus, 2008), based on a psychosocial treatment that has
      shown effectiveness in reducing depression symptoms (Jiménez, 2012). The primary treatment
      components in this book are psychoeducation (introducing the cognitive behavioral model of
      depression), self-assessment worksheets (e.g. identifying depressive thought patterns,
      separating sensations from appraisals), cognitive restructuring, using metacognition/logic,
      and avoiding perfectionism.

      Participants assigned to the ACT condition will receive a link to access The Mindfulness and
      Acceptance Workbook for Depression (Strosahl & Robinson, 2008), based on a modern cognitive
      behavioral therapy that combines acceptance and mindfulness methods with values and behavior
      change methods (Hayes, Strosahl & Wilson, 2011). The primary treatment components in this
      book are psychoeducation (introducing the ACT model of depression), values and goals,
      mindfulness, acceptance, defusion, committed action, and "rewriting" inflexible life stories.

      An additional subset of study participants will be given their choice of the two self-help
      books described above after completing the baseline assessment. Participants who are
      randomized to receive their choice of book will be provided a brief description of the
      contents of each book before making a decision.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two active self-help interventions, or their choice of intervention, for the duration of the study.
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Change in Depression, Anxiety and Stress
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) : a self-report measure of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Higher scores indicate higher negative emotional states of depression, anxiety, and stress. This measure assesses each of these symptoms as a distinct subscale. Items are rated on a 4-point scale ranging from 0 "did not apply to me at all" to 3 "applied to me very much, or most of the time." Ranges for depression, anxiety, and stress are 0-28, 0-20, and 0-33, respectively.
measure: Self-Stigma of Depression Scale (SSDS; Barney, Griffiths, Christensen, & Jorm, 2010)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The SSDS is a 16-item measure of self-directed stigma about one's own experience of depression and consists of subscales of shame, self-blame, social inadequacy, and help-seeking inhibition. The measure generates four subscales for shame, self-blame, help-seeking inhibition, and feelings of social inadequacy, with higher scores indicating greater presence of these experiences. The subscales are summed to calculate a total score which ranges from 16 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater overall self-stigma.
measure: Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II; Bond et al., 2011)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The AAQ-II is a 10-item measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance. Items are rated on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 "never true" to 7 "always true." A total score is calculated by reverse coding so that higher scores indicate greater psychological flexibility.
measure: Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ; Gillanders et al., 2014)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The CFQ is a 7-item measure of cognitive fusion. Items are rated on a 7-point scale, ranging from 1 "never true" to 7 "always true." Total scores range from 7 to 49 with higher scores indicating greater levels of cognitive fusion.
measure: The Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS; Kanter, Mulick, Busch, Berlin, & Martell, 2007)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The BADS is a 25-item measure of approach and avoidance behaviors in depression, separated into two subscales. Two additional subscales measure work/school and social impairment due to depressive symptoms. Within each subscale, higher scores indicate greater frequency of these behaviors.
measure: Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire-Frequency (ATQ-30; Hollon & Kendall, 1980)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The ATQ is a 30-item measure of the frequency of automatic negative self-statements associated with depression. Items are rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 1 "not at all" to 5 "all the time," with higher scores indicating a greater frequency of automatic thoughts.
measure: Thought Control Questionnaire-Reappraisal Subscale (TCQ; Wells & Davies, 1994)
time frame: Baseline, midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline), and follow-up (3-months after posttreatment)
description: The TCQ-Reappraisal subscale is 6-item measure of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts. Items are rated on a 4 point scale ranging from 1 "never" to 4 "almost always" indicating the frequency of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts. Total scores range from 6 to 24, with higher scores indicating greater frequency of cognitive reappraisal of negative thoughts.
measure: Adherence to self-help book
time frame: Midtreatment (5 weeks after baseline), posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline)
description: Participants will be asked to rate their adherence to the exercises in the book with a single question on 7-point scale from "Did all recommended assignments" to "Did no recommended assignments," with higher scores indicating a greater proportion of the assignments were completed. This is adapted from previous studies of self-help adherence (Abramowitz, Moore, Braddock, & Harrington, 2009).
measure: Satisfaction with self-help book
time frame: Posttreatment (10 weeks after baseline)
description: Participants will be asked to rate 7 items evaluating their satisfaction with the self-help book on a 6-point scale from "Strongly disagree" to "Strongly agree." The scale produces a total score ranging from 7 to 42, with higher scores indicating greater satisfaction with the book. These items have been used to evaluate program satisfaction in previous self-help research conducted by our lab (e.g., Levin, Pierce, & Schoendorff, in press).
arm group label: ACT self-help book condition
arm group type: Experimental
description: Participants in this condition will be asked to read The Mindfulness and Acceptance Workbook for Depression by Strosahl and Robinson (2008), a self-help book based on acceptance and commitment therapy.
arm group label: CBT self-help book condition
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Participants in this condition will be asked to read Cognitive Behavioral Workbook for Depression by Knaus (2006), a self-help book based on acceptance and commitment therapy.
arm group label: Choice of two self-help books
arm group type: Other
description: Participants in this condition will have the option of receiving either the self-help book by Strosahl and Robinson (2008) or the book by Knaus (2006).
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: The Mindfulness and Acceptance Workbook for Depression
description: Participants assigned to this condition will be asked to read this self-help book over an 8-week period.
arm group label: ACT self-help book condition
arm group label: Choice of two self-help books
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: The Cognitive Behavioral Workbook for Depression
description: Participants assigned to this condition will be asked to read this self-help book over an 8-week period.
arm group label: CBT self-help book condition
arm group label: Choice of two self-help books
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Michael Levin, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Utah State University
facility: 
country: United States
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responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Utah State University
investigator full name: Michael Levin
investigator title: Associate Professor
mesh term: Depression
sharing ipd: Undecided