<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03825627</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2018-02028</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03825627</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>From Attention to Behavior: Increasing Behavioral Inhibition</brief_title>
  <acronym>tDCS</acronym>
  <official_title>From Attention to Behavior: Increasing Behavioral Inhibition Through Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Pedophilia</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Zurich</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Zurich</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This project will investigate if transcranial direct current stimulation can be used as&#xD;
      treatment for Pedophilia. Treatment efficacy will be evaluated with behavioral tasks and the&#xD;
      recording of eye-movement.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Pedophilia is an important motivation for sexual offenses involving children, including child&#xD;
      pornography and sexual contacts with children (henceforth, pedosexual behavior). Indeed,&#xD;
      approximately half of individuals convicted for sexual offenses against children have a&#xD;
      Pedophilic disorder and offenders with a Pedophilic disorder are much more likely to sexually&#xD;
      reoffend.&#xD;
&#xD;
      A promising line of research has examined the neurocognitive basis of pedophilia. Pedophilic&#xD;
      individuals display altered activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) when&#xD;
      attending to child-related stimuli. This brain area is involved in the cognitive control of&#xD;
      sexual arousal. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been examined as a&#xD;
      non-invasive method to increase activity in the dlPCF, ultimately increasing inhibitory&#xD;
      control over impulses. Accumulating evidence also shows that individuals have an attentional&#xD;
      bias towards sexually preferred stimuli. These attentional processes can be investigated by&#xD;
      recording eye movements. Early automatic eye movements are particularly relevant in&#xD;
      discriminating individuals with pedophilia from those without pedophilia.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The proposed study will examine the effects of tDCS over the dlPFC of pedophilic individuals&#xD;
      and healthy controls, while they complete a task requiring controlled attention to virtual&#xD;
      (computer-generated) images of children and adults. In two separate sessions, participants&#xD;
      will be randomly assigned to an active and a placebo (sham) tDCS condition. Eye movements&#xD;
      will be recorded during the task.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators expect to observe a conflict between automatic and controlled attention&#xD;
      when participants are presented with their sexually preferred stimuli. Specifically, the&#xD;
      investigators expect pedophiles to show an attentional bias towards virtual child stimuli.&#xD;
      The investigators predict that the attentional conflict will be reduced when tDCS is applied,&#xD;
      compared to the sham condition. If the attentional bias is a key cognitive feature of sexual&#xD;
      interest, the investigators expect to measure changes in reported or indirectly assessed&#xD;
      sexual preferences.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">June 1, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">December 31, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">October 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Investigator)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Entry Time</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of 10 months. The outcome measure is not an event but a performance measure recorded for every participant in every session.</time_frame>
    <description>In the Antisaccade task entry time will be recorded with an eye-tracker in both active and sham tDCS conditions. Time to first fixation (entry time) is defined as the time from stimulus onset to the first fixation directed to the target stimulus. This index can be treated as reaction time (RT) and will provide a measure of controlled attention. The location of the first fixation indicates which stimulus captures subject's automatic attention. The proportion of correct/incorrect fixations (%) will inform us about automatic attentional processes. Thus entry time is a single performance index measured with a unit of time, in this case Milliseconds (ms). Every participant's performance in the Antisaccade task will be measured with entry time (ms) as well as the percentage (%) of correct responses. Since the task is not difficult, the percentage values only serve to check for compliance with task instructions. The real focus of the study lies in the RT as recorded with entry time in ms.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>differential AAT index (∆RT)</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of 10 months. The outcome measure is not an event but a performance measure recorded for every participant in every session.</time_frame>
    <description>In the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) the differential AAT index (∆RT) will be recorded in both active and sham tDCS condition using the response on the joystick. The proportion of correct/incorrect responses (%) will inform us about automatic attentional processes. Thus the ∆RT is a single performance index for speed tests measured with a unit of time, in this case Milliseconds (ms). It gives information on how fast participants responded using the joystick. In addition, the percentage (%) of correct responses with the joystick will be recorded. Since the task is not difficult, the percentage values only serve to check for compliance and if task instructions were understood. The real focus of the study lies in the RT as recorded with ∆RT in ms.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>4</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">76</enrollment>
  <condition>Pedophilia</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Antisaccade Task (active tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>During the antisaccade task, the investigators will show participants computer-generated images depicting clothed and sexually relevant (nude) children, young adults and adults of both genders. Images will be drawn from the Virtual People Set and the Not-Real-People Set (Pacific Psychological Assessment Corporation, 2004). Pedophilic participants are expected to show a sexual preference towards a prepubescent body scheme whereas stimuli displaying adolescence and adulthood (sexual maturity) are expected to be sexually preferred by the teleiophilic control participants. In this arm active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used to influence performance.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Antisaccade Task (sham tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>During the antisaccade task, the investigators will show participants computer-generated images depicting clothed and sexually relevant (nude) children, young adults and adults of both genders. Images will be drawn from the Virtual People Set and the Not-Real-People Set (Pacific Psychological Assessment Corporation, 2004). Pedophilic participants are expected to show a sexual preference towards a prepubescent body scheme whereas stimuli displaying adolescence and adulthood (sexual maturity) are expected to be sexually preferred by the teleiophilic control participants. In this arm sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used during the task.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Approach Avoidance Task (active tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>During the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), participants will look at a series of images depicting children and adults wearing swimsuits. The images were sampled from internet advertisements and do not constitute legally objectionable material. When sourcing the images, rigorous attention was paid to meet the criteria for fair use indicated by the American Psychological Association. There are 160 images in total. Half of the images will be used in the active and the other half in the sham condition (i.e., 20 female adults, 20 female children, 20 male adults, and 20 male children per condition). In this arm active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used to influence performance.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Approach Avoidance Task (sham tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>During the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), participants will look at a series of images depicting children and adults wearing swimsuits. The images were sampled from internet advertisements and do not constitute legally objectionable material. When sourcing the images, rigorous attention was paid to meet the criteria for fair use indicated by the American Psychological Association. There are 160 images in total. Half of the images will be used in the active and the other half in the sham condition (i.e., 20 female adults, 20 female children, 20 male adults, and 20 male children per condition). In this arm sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used during the task.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation</intervention_name>
    <description>Conductive saline-soaked rubber electrodes super-imposed on sponge plates will be placed on the scalp at F3 (active electrode, 4.4×4.4cm) and on the contralateral supraorbital area (reference electrode, 5.1×10.2cm).&#xD;
Stimulation will be applied using a battery-driven constant-current regulator (Oasis Pro, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). For each stimulation, the direct current is initially increased in a ramp-like fashion over 10 s until reaching 2 milliampere (mA) and will be similarly decreased at the end of stimulation.&#xD;
In the active tDCS condition, stimulation will be maintained for 20 min; in the sham condition, it will be turned off after 15 s of stimulation, with a ramp-up/down of 10 s (i.e., 35 s total).</description>
    <arm_group_label>Antisaccade Task (active tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Antisaccade Task (sham tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Approach Avoidance Task (active tDCS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Approach Avoidance Task (sham tDCS)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        Patients&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnosed with pedophilia (further psychiatric illnesses possible)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Sufficient German language skills&#xD;
&#xD;
        Controls:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Not diagnosed with Pedophilia (or other psychiatric illnesses)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Sufficient German language skills&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        Patients&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Prior head injury with loss of consciousness for at least 5 min&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Neurological diagnosis (including epilepsy) or prior medical conditions with possible&#xD;
             central nervous system sequelae&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Metallic implants inside the brain or any electrical medical device (e.g. pacemaker)&#xD;
             in the body&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Visual or hearing impairment, to the extent that it interferes with task instructions&#xD;
&#xD;
        Current medication in patients (antiandrogenic medication among the pedophilic subjects, in&#xD;
        particular) will be recorded and acknowledged as a covariate.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Controls&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Prior head injury with loss of consciousness for at least 5 min&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Neurological diagnosis (including epilepsy) or prior medical conditions with possible&#xD;
             central nervous system sequelae&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Metallic implants inside the brain or any electrical medical device (e.g. pacemaker)&#xD;
             in the body&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Visual or hearing impairment, to the extent that it interferes with task instructions&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Current or previous pedophilic sexual interest&#xD;
&#xD;
        For both groups further exclusion (prematurely) will occur if initial data shows that&#xD;
        participants don't comply with instructions or if questionnaires hint toward a lack of&#xD;
        sexual interest in general.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Nathalie Brackmann, Dr.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Department of Forensic Psychiatry</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Nathalie Brackmann, Dr.</last_name>
    <phone>+41 (0)52 304 93 01</phone>
    <email>nathalie.brackmann@puk.zh.ch</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>Anastasios Ziogas, M.Sc.</last_name>
    <email>anastasios.ziogas@puk.zh.ch</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich</name>
      <address>
        <city>Zürich</city>
        <country>Switzerland</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Nathalie Brackmann, PhD</last_name>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Switzerland</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dombert B, Mokros A, Bruckner E, Schlegl V, Antfolk J, Backstrom A, Zappala A, Osterheider M, Santtila P. The virtual people set: developing computer-generated stimuli for the assessment of pedophilic sexual interest. Sex Abuse. 2013 Dec;25(6):557-82. doi: 10.1177/1079063212469062. Epub 2013 Jan 7.</citation>
    <PMID>23296092</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cacioppo JT, Priester JR, Berntson GG. Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993 Jul;65(1):5-17. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.65.1.5.</citation>
    <PMID>8355142</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ettinger U, Ffytche DH, Kumari V, Kathmann N, Reuter B, Zelaya F, Williams SC. Decomposing the neural correlates of antisaccade eye movements using event-related FMRI. Cereb Cortex. 2008 May;18(5):1148-59. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm147. Epub 2007 Aug 28.</citation>
    <PMID>17728263</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Fromberger P, Jordan K, Steinkrauss H, von Herder J, Witzel J, Stolpmann G, Kroner-Herwig B, Muller JL. Diagnostic accuracy of eye movements in assessing pedophilia. J Sex Med. 2012 Jul;9(7):1868-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02754.x. Epub 2012 Apr 30.</citation>
    <PMID>22548761</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Oberlader VA, Ettinger U, Banse R, Schmidt AF. Development of a Cued Pro- and Antisaccade Paradigm: An Indirect Measure to Explore Automatic Components of Sexual Interest. Arch Sex Behav. 2017 Nov;46(8):2377-2388. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0839-7. Epub 2016 Oct 17.</citation>
    <PMID>27752855</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Phaf RH, Mohr SE, Rotteveel M, Wicherts JM. Approach, avoidance, and affect: a meta-analysis of approach-avoidance tendencies in manual reaction time tasks. Front Psychol. 2014 May 8;5:378. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00378. eCollection 2014.</citation>
    <PMID>24847292</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Poeppl TB, Nitschke J, Santtila P, Schecklmann M, Langguth B, Greenlee MW, Osterheider M, Mokros A. Association between brain structure and phenotypic characteristics in pedophilia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 May;47(5):678-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.003. Epub 2013 Feb 9.</citation>
    <PMID>23399486</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Weidacker K, Kargel C, Massau C, Weiss S, Kneer J, Krueger THC, Schiffer B. Approach and Avoidance Tendencies Toward Picture Stimuli of (Pre-)Pubescent Children and Adults: An Investigation in Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Samples. Sex Abuse. 2018 Oct;30(7):781-802. doi: 10.1177/1079063217697134. Epub 2017 Mar 20.</citation>
    <PMID>29188755</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>August 2019</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 22, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 29, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 31, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>August 8, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>August 8, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 13, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Pedophilia</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03825627
org study id: 2018-02028
nct id: NCT03825627
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This project will investigate if transcranial direct current stimulation can be used as
      treatment for Pedophilia. Treatment efficacy will be evaluated with behavioral tasks and the
      recording of eye-movement.
Pedophilia is an important motivation for sexual offenses involving children, including child
      pornography and sexual contacts with children (henceforth, pedosexual behavior). Indeed,
      approximately half of individuals convicted for sexual offenses against children have a
      Pedophilic disorder and offenders with a Pedophilic disorder are much more likely to sexually
      reoffend.

      A promising line of research has examined the neurocognitive basis of pedophilia. Pedophilic
      individuals display altered activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) when
      attending to child-related stimuli. This brain area is involved in the cognitive control of
      sexual arousal. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been examined as a
      non-invasive method to increase activity in the dlPCF, ultimately increasing inhibitory
      control over impulses. Accumulating evidence also shows that individuals have an attentional
      bias towards sexually preferred stimuli. These attentional processes can be investigated by
      recording eye movements. Early automatic eye movements are particularly relevant in
      discriminating individuals with pedophilia from those without pedophilia.

      The proposed study will examine the effects of tDCS over the dlPFC of pedophilic individuals
      and healthy controls, while they complete a task requiring controlled attention to virtual
      (computer-generated) images of children and adults. In two separate sessions, participants
      will be randomly assigned to an active and a placebo (sham) tDCS condition. Eye movements
      will be recorded during the task.

      The investigators expect to observe a conflict between automatic and controlled attention
      when participants are presented with their sexually preferred stimuli. Specifically, the
      investigators expect pedophiles to show an attentional bias towards virtual child stimuli.
      The investigators predict that the attentional conflict will be reduced when tDCS is applied,
      compared to the sham condition. If the attentional bias is a key cognitive feature of sexual
      interest, the investigators expect to measure changes in reported or indirectly assessed
      sexual preferences.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
measure: Entry Time
time frame: Through study completion, an average of 10 months. The outcome measure is not an event but a performance measure recorded for every participant in every session.
description: In the Antisaccade task entry time will be recorded with an eye-tracker in both active and sham tDCS conditions. Time to first fixation (entry time) is defined as the time from stimulus onset to the first fixation directed to the target stimulus. This index can be treated as reaction time (RT) and will provide a measure of controlled attention. The location of the first fixation indicates which stimulus captures subject's automatic attention. The proportion of correct/incorrect fixations (%) will inform us about automatic attentional processes. Thus entry time is a single performance index measured with a unit of time, in this case Milliseconds (ms). Every participant's performance in the Antisaccade task will be measured with entry time (ms) as well as the percentage (%) of correct responses. Since the task is not difficult, the percentage values only serve to check for compliance with task instructions. The real focus of the study lies in the RT as recorded with entry time in ms.
measure: differential AAT index (∆RT)
time frame: Through study completion, an average of 10 months. The outcome measure is not an event but a performance measure recorded for every participant in every session.
description: In the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) the differential AAT index (∆RT) will be recorded in both active and sham tDCS condition using the response on the joystick. The proportion of correct/incorrect responses (%) will inform us about automatic attentional processes. Thus the ∆RT is a single performance index for speed tests measured with a unit of time, in this case Milliseconds (ms). It gives information on how fast participants responded using the joystick. In addition, the percentage (%) of correct responses with the joystick will be recorded. Since the task is not difficult, the percentage values only serve to check for compliance and if task instructions were understood. The real focus of the study lies in the RT as recorded with ∆RT in ms.
arm group label: Antisaccade Task (active tDCS)
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: During the antisaccade task, the investigators will show participants computer-generated images depicting clothed and sexually relevant (nude) children, young adults and adults of both genders. Images will be drawn from the Virtual People Set and the Not-Real-People Set (Pacific Psychological Assessment Corporation, 2004). Pedophilic participants are expected to show a sexual preference towards a prepubescent body scheme whereas stimuli displaying adolescence and adulthood (sexual maturity) are expected to be sexually preferred by the teleiophilic control participants. In this arm active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used to influence performance.
arm group label: Antisaccade Task (sham tDCS)
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: During the antisaccade task, the investigators will show participants computer-generated images depicting clothed and sexually relevant (nude) children, young adults and adults of both genders. Images will be drawn from the Virtual People Set and the Not-Real-People Set (Pacific Psychological Assessment Corporation, 2004). Pedophilic participants are expected to show a sexual preference towards a prepubescent body scheme whereas stimuli displaying adolescence and adulthood (sexual maturity) are expected to be sexually preferred by the teleiophilic control participants. In this arm sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used during the task.
arm group label: Approach Avoidance Task (active tDCS)
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: During the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), participants will look at a series of images depicting children and adults wearing swimsuits. The images were sampled from internet advertisements and do not constitute legally objectionable material. When sourcing the images, rigorous attention was paid to meet the criteria for fair use indicated by the American Psychological Association. There are 160 images in total. Half of the images will be used in the active and the other half in the sham condition (i.e., 20 female adults, 20 female children, 20 male adults, and 20 male children per condition). In this arm active Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used to influence performance.
arm group label: Approach Avoidance Task (sham tDCS)
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: During the Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT), participants will look at a series of images depicting children and adults wearing swimsuits. The images were sampled from internet advertisements and do not constitute legally objectionable material. When sourcing the images, rigorous attention was paid to meet the criteria for fair use indicated by the American Psychological Association. There are 160 images in total. Half of the images will be used in the active and the other half in the sham condition (i.e., 20 female adults, 20 female children, 20 male adults, and 20 male children per condition). In this arm sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation will be used during the task.
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
description: Conductive saline-soaked rubber electrodes super-imposed on sponge plates will be placed on the scalp at F3 (active electrode, 4.4×4.4cm) and on the contralateral supraorbital area (reference electrode, 5.1×10.2cm).
Stimulation will be applied using a battery-driven constant-current regulator (Oasis Pro, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada). For each stimulation, the direct current is initially increased in a ramp-like fashion over 10 s until reaching 2 milliampere (mA) and will be similarly decreased at the end of stimulation.
In the active tDCS condition, stimulation will be maintained for 20 min; in the sham condition, it will be turned off after 15 s of stimulation, with a ramp-up/down of 10 s (i.e., 35 s total).
arm group label: Antisaccade Task (active tDCS)
arm group label: Antisaccade Task (sham tDCS)
arm group label: Approach Avoidance Task (active tDCS)
arm group label: Approach Avoidance Task (sham tDCS)
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 65 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Nathalie Brackmann, Dr.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Department of Forensic Psychiatry
last name: Nathalie Brackmann, Dr.
phone: +41 (0)52 304 93 01
email: nathalie.brackmann@puk.zh.ch
last name: Anastasios Ziogas, M.Sc.
email: anastasios.ziogas@puk.zh.ch
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: Switzerland
citation: Dombert B, Mokros A, Bruckner E, Schlegl V, Antfolk J, Backstrom A, Zappala A, Osterheider M, Santtila P. The virtual people set: developing computer-generated stimuli for the assessment of pedophilic sexual interest. Sex Abuse. 2013 Dec;25(6):557-82. doi: 10.1177/1079063212469062. Epub 2013 Jan 7.
PMID: 23296092
citation: Cacioppo JT, Priester JR, Berntson GG. Rudimentary determinants of attitudes. II: Arm flexion and extension have differential effects on attitudes. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1993 Jul;65(1):5-17. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.65.1.5.
PMID: 8355142
citation: Ettinger U, Ffytche DH, Kumari V, Kathmann N, Reuter B, Zelaya F, Williams SC. Decomposing the neural correlates of antisaccade eye movements using event-related FMRI. Cereb Cortex. 2008 May;18(5):1148-59. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhm147. Epub 2007 Aug 28.
PMID: 17728263
citation: Fromberger P, Jordan K, Steinkrauss H, von Herder J, Witzel J, Stolpmann G, Kroner-Herwig B, Muller JL. Diagnostic accuracy of eye movements in assessing pedophilia. J Sex Med. 2012 Jul;9(7):1868-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02754.x. Epub 2012 Apr 30.
PMID: 22548761
citation: Oberlader VA, Ettinger U, Banse R, Schmidt AF. Development of a Cued Pro- and Antisaccade Paradigm: An Indirect Measure to Explore Automatic Components of Sexual Interest. Arch Sex Behav. 2017 Nov;46(8):2377-2388. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0839-7. Epub 2016 Oct 17.
PMID: 27752855
citation: Phaf RH, Mohr SE, Rotteveel M, Wicherts JM. Approach, avoidance, and affect: a meta-analysis of approach-avoidance tendencies in manual reaction time tasks. Front Psychol. 2014 May 8;5:378. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00378. eCollection 2014.
PMID: 24847292
citation: Poeppl TB, Nitschke J, Santtila P, Schecklmann M, Langguth B, Greenlee MW, Osterheider M, Mokros A. Association between brain structure and phenotypic characteristics in pedophilia. J Psychiatr Res. 2013 May;47(5):678-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.01.003. Epub 2013 Feb 9.
PMID: 23399486
citation: Weidacker K, Kargel C, Massau C, Weiss S, Kneer J, Krueger THC, Schiffer B. Approach and Avoidance Tendencies Toward Picture Stimuli of (Pre-)Pubescent Children and Adults: An Investigation in Pedophilic and Nonpedophilic Samples. Sex Abuse. 2018 Oct;30(7):781-802. doi: 10.1177/1079063217697134. Epub 2017 Mar 20.
PMID: 29188755
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Pedophilia
sharing ipd: No