<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03768934</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>00007318-4.2</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03768934</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Use of Airtime Incentives to Improve Short Message Service Surveys in Colombia and Tanzania</brief_title>
  <official_title>A Randomized Controlled Trial of Airtime Incentives to Improve Short Message Service (SMS) Survey Performance in Colombia and Tanzania</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>The Bloomberg Family Foundation, Inc.</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Ifakara Health Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This study evaluates the effect of four different airtime incentive amounts on short message&#xD;
      service (SMS) survey cooperation, response, refusal and contact rates, as compared to control&#xD;
      group, in Colombia and Tanzania.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Using random digit dialing (RDD) sampling technique, participants were randomized to one of&#xD;
      four airtime incentive amounts contingent on them completing the noncommunicable disease risk&#xD;
      factor survey. This mobile phone survey will be sent as a short message service (SMS). In SMS&#xD;
      surveys, participants use their touch tone key pad to answer written questions. (i.e. If you&#xD;
      are male, press 1; If you are female, press 2). This study will be conducted in both Colombia&#xD;
      and Tanzania.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">February 19, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">April 26, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">April 26, 2019</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Participants will be randomized to one of four airtime amounts: 1) no incentive; 2) 1X incentive; 3) 2X incentive or 4) a lottery incentive, in which one out of every 20 participants will receive the incentive.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Other</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Cooperate Rate #1</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of one month</time_frame>
    <description>As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, cooperation rate is defined as I/(I+P+R) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, and R is refusals and breakoffs.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Response Rate #4</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of one month</time_frame>
    <description>As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, response rate is defined as (I+P)/(I+P+R+eU) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, R is refusals and breakoffs, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Refusal Rate #2</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of one month</time_frame>
    <description>As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, refusal rate is defined as (R)/(I+P+R+eU) where R is refusals and breakoffs, I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Contact Rate #2</measure>
    <time_frame>Through study completion, an average of one month</time_frame>
    <description>As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, contact rate is defined as (I+P+R)/(I+P+R+eU) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, R is refusals and breakoffs, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>4</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">2151</enrollment>
  <condition>Surveys and Questionnaires</condition>
  <condition>Noncommunicable Diseases</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>No airtime incentive for completing the survey</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>1X Incentive</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>1X airtime incentive</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>2X incentive</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>2X airtime incentive</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Lottery Incentive</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Lottery airtime incentive where odds of winning lottery are 1 out of 20</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>1X airtime incentive</intervention_name>
    <description>An incentive given in the form of airtime.</description>
    <arm_group_label>1X Incentive</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>2X airtime Incentive</intervention_name>
    <description>An incentive given in the form of airtime.</description>
    <arm_group_label>2X incentive</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Lottery airtime incentive</intervention_name>
    <description>An incentive given in the form of airtime.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Lottery Incentive</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Access to a mobile phone&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Greater or equal to 18 years of age&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  In Colombia, conversant in the Spanish language. In Tanzania, conversant in the&#xD;
             Swahili language.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Less than 18 years of age&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Adnan A Hyder, PhD, MBBS</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>George W Pariyo, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Instituto de Salud Publica Pontificia Universidad Javeriana</name>
      <address>
        <city>Bogota</city>
        <state>D.c.</state>
        <country>Colombia</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Ifakara Health Institute</name>
      <address>
        <city>Dar Es Salaam</city>
        <country>Tanzania</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Colombia</country>
    <country>Tanzania</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gibson DG, Pariyo GW, Wosu AC, Greenleaf AR, Ali J, Ahmed S, Labrique AB, Islam K, Masanja H, Rutebemberwa E, Hyder AA. Evaluation of Mechanisms to Improve Performance of Mobile Phone Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Research Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017 May 5;6(5):e81. doi: 10.2196/resprot.7534.</citation>
    <PMID>28476729</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gibson DG, Pereira A, Farrenkopf BA, Labrique AB, Pariyo GW, Hyder AA. Mobile Phone Surveys for Collecting Population-Level Estimates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e139. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7428.</citation>
    <PMID>28476725</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gibson DG, Farrenkopf BA, Pereira A, Labrique AB, Pariyo GW. The Development of an Interactive Voice Response Survey for Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Estimation: Technical Assessment and Cognitive Testing. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e112. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7340.</citation>
    <PMID>28476724</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hyder AA, Wosu AC, Gibson DG, Labrique AB, Ali J, Pariyo GW. Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors and Mobile Phones: A Proposed Research Agenda. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e133. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7246.</citation>
    <PMID>28476722</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>August 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 5, 2018</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 6, 2018</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">December 7, 2018</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>August 7, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>August 7, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">August 11, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>mobile phone surveys</keyword>
  <keyword>short message service</keyword>
  <keyword>incentive</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Noncommunicable Diseases</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03768934
org study id: 00007318-4.2
nct id: NCT03768934
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This study evaluates the effect of four different airtime incentive amounts on short message
      service (SMS) survey cooperation, response, refusal and contact rates, as compared to control
      group, in Colombia and Tanzania.
Using random digit dialing (RDD) sampling technique, participants were randomized to one of
      four airtime incentive amounts contingent on them completing the noncommunicable disease risk
      factor survey. This mobile phone survey will be sent as a short message service (SMS). In SMS
      surveys, participants use their touch tone key pad to answer written questions. (i.e. If you
      are male, press 1; If you are female, press 2). This study will be conducted in both Colombia
      and Tanzania.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: Participants will be randomized to one of four airtime amounts: 1) no incentive; 2) 1X incentive; 3) 2X incentive or 4) a lottery incentive, in which one out of every 20 participants will receive the incentive.
primary purpose: Other
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Cooperate Rate #1
time frame: Through study completion, an average of one month
description: As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, cooperation rate is defined as I/(I+P+R) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, and R is refusals and breakoffs.
measure: Response Rate #4
time frame: Through study completion, an average of one month
description: As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, response rate is defined as (I+P)/(I+P+R+eU) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, R is refusals and breakoffs, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.
measure: Refusal Rate #2
time frame: Through study completion, an average of one month
description: As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, refusal rate is defined as (R)/(I+P+R+eU) where R is refusals and breakoffs, I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.
measure: Contact Rate #2
time frame: Through study completion, an average of one month
description: As defined by American Association for Public Opinion Research, contact rate is defined as (I+P+R)/(I+P+R+eU) where I is complete interviews, P is partial interviews, R is refusals and breakoffs, and eU is the estimated eligible proportion of unknowns.
arm group label: Control
arm group type: No Intervention
description: No airtime incentive for completing the survey
arm group label: 1X Incentive
arm group type: Experimental
description: 1X airtime incentive
arm group label: 2X incentive
arm group type: Experimental
description: 2X airtime incentive
arm group label: Lottery Incentive
arm group type: Experimental
description: Lottery airtime incentive where odds of winning lottery are 1 out of 20
intervention type: Other
intervention name: 1X airtime incentive
description: An incentive given in the form of airtime.
arm group label: 1X Incentive
intervention type: Other
intervention name: 2X airtime Incentive
description: An incentive given in the form of airtime.
arm group label: 2X incentive
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Lottery airtime incentive
description: An incentive given in the form of airtime.
arm group label: Lottery Incentive
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Adnan A Hyder, PhD, MBBS
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
last name: George W Pariyo, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health
facility: 
facility: 
country: Colombia
country: Tanzania
citation: Gibson DG, Pariyo GW, Wosu AC, Greenleaf AR, Ali J, Ahmed S, Labrique AB, Islam K, Masanja H, Rutebemberwa E, Hyder AA. Evaluation of Mechanisms to Improve Performance of Mobile Phone Surveys in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Research Protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017 May 5;6(5):e81. doi: 10.2196/resprot.7534.
PMID: 28476729
citation: Gibson DG, Pereira A, Farrenkopf BA, Labrique AB, Pariyo GW, Hyder AA. Mobile Phone Surveys for Collecting Population-Level Estimates in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Literature Review. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e139. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7428.
PMID: 28476725
citation: Gibson DG, Farrenkopf BA, Pereira A, Labrique AB, Pariyo GW. The Development of an Interactive Voice Response Survey for Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factor Estimation: Technical Assessment and Cognitive Testing. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e112. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7340.
PMID: 28476724
citation: Hyder AA, Wosu AC, Gibson DG, Labrique AB, Ali J, Pariyo GW. Noncommunicable Disease Risk Factors and Mobile Phones: A Proposed Research Agenda. J Med Internet Res. 2017 May 5;19(5):e133. doi: 10.2196/jmir.7246.
PMID: 28476722
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Noncommunicable Diseases
sharing ipd: No