<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03812146</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>1250312</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>1R34AA026745-01</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03812146</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Primary Care Treatment Integrating Motivation and Exposure</brief_title>
  <acronym>PC-TIME</acronym>
  <official_title>An Integrated Brief Alcohol and PTSD Intervention for Veterans in Primary Care</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Syracuse VA Medical Center</agency>
      <agency_class>U.S. Fed</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)</agency>
      <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Syracuse VA Medical Center</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This project aims to develop and test an integrated brief intervention to reduce heavy&#xD;
      alcohol use and PTSD severity in veterans receiving Veterans Affairs Primary Care. Standard&#xD;
      brief alcohol interventions have been unsuccessful in reducing heavy drinking in traumatized&#xD;
      individuals and current integrated treatment for alcohol use disorder and PTSD are too long&#xD;
      to be delivered in Primary Care. Therefore, this application addresses this gap by developing&#xD;
      an intervention tailored to the specific needs of heavy drinking veterans who have co-&#xD;
      occurring PTSD. This study aims to incorporate two evidenced-based interventions: Brief&#xD;
      Motivational Interviewing (BMI) with Prolonged Exposure for Primary Care (PE-PC). This newly&#xD;
      developed brief intervention will be piloted in an open trial to gather veteran participant&#xD;
      feedback and develop clinician training and fidelity procedures.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">March 1, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">November 23, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">July 15, 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Open clinical trial</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)-5 Severity Rating</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>This 30-item structured interview assesses DSM-5 symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder. It includes assessment of traumatic events and symptom severity ratings are based on symptom frequency and intensity. CAPS-5 total symptom severity score ranges 0-80, with higher scores representing higher severity (worse outcome).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Average Number of Drinks Per Drinking Day</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>The Timeline Follow-back instrument is presented as a 30-day calendar and it is used to obtain count estimates of daily drinking.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>PTSD Checklist-5</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>This 21-item self-report measure asks respondents to rate how much they have been bothered by DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in the past month on a 0-4 Likert-type scale. The scale ranges from 0-84 with 84 being the most severe PTSD. The total score was used to indicate PTSD severity at post-treatment.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Post-intervention Treatment Engagement</measure>
    <time_frame>20 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>With HIPAA authorization, information from participants' VA administrative data will be extracted to assess if treatment condition relates to engagement in specialty treatment. Number of mental health or substance use visits attended between enrollment and 20 week follow-up will be extracted for each participant.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">63</enrollment>
  <condition>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic</condition>
  <condition>Alcohol-Related Disorders</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>PC-TIME</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>PC-TAU</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>PC-TIME</intervention_name>
    <description>PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
    <arm_group_label>PC-TIME</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>PC-TAU</intervention_name>
    <description>PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
    <arm_group_label>PC-TAU</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  A score of 8-25 for men, 6-25 for women on the AUDIT and have past month drinking&#xD;
             (i.e., have not quit drinking over the last month)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Score ≥30 on the PTSD Checklist-5 (PCL-5) and report a traumatic event on the&#xD;
             Criterion A screener&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Score of a 26 or higher on the AUDIT&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  gross cognitive impairment as assessed by the Mini Mental Status Exam&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  current symptoms of mania or psychosis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  currently in need of detox services&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have had a suicide attempt in the last two months or a current intent to commit&#xD;
             suicide as assessed on the P4 Screener. (Patients with recent suicide attempts or&#xD;
             intent may be enrolled following receipt of suicide prevention services)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Are currently receiving psychotherapy for heavy drinking or PTSD outside of PC within&#xD;
             the last 2 months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have started or changed the dose of a psychotropic medication for heavy drinking or&#xD;
             PTSD in the last two months that was prescribed outside of VA PC&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have a preference to be directly referred to VA specialty care for heavy drinking or&#xD;
             PTSD.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Kyle Possemato, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Syracuse VA Medical Center</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Buffalo VA Medical Center</name>
      <address>
        <city>Buffalo</city>
        <state>New York</state>
        <zip>14215</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Syracuse Veterans Affairs Medical Center</name>
      <address>
        <city>Syracuse</city>
        <state>New York</state>
        <zip>13210</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rauch SA, Morales KH, Zubritsky C, Knott K, Oslin D. Posttraumatic stress, depression, and health among older adults in primary care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;14(4):316-24. doi: 10.1097/01.JGP.0000199382.96115.86.</citation>
    <PMID>16582040</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Possemato K, Maisto SA, Wade M, Barrie K, McKenzie S, Lantinga LJ, Ouimette P. Ecological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in combat veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015 Dec;29(4):894-905. doi: 10.1037/adb0000129.</citation>
    <PMID>26727007</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Monti PM, Mastroleo NR, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Kahler CW, Operario D. Brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and HIV/sexual risk behavior in emergency department patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016 Jul;84(7):580-91. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000097. Epub 2016 Mar 17.</citation>
    <PMID>26985726</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cigrang JA, Rauch SA, Mintz J, Brundige A, Avila LL, Bryan CJ, Goodie JL, Peterson AL; STRONG STAR Consortium. Treatment of active duty military with PTSD in primary care: A follow-up report. J Anxiety Disord. 2015 Dec;36:110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Oct 22.</citation>
    <PMID>26519833</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cigrang JA, Rauch SA, Mintz J, Brundige AR, Mitchell JA, Najera E, Litz BT, Young-McCaughan S, Roache JD, Hembree EA, Goodie JL, Sonnek SM, Peterson AL; STRONG STAR Consortium. Moving effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder to primary care: A randomized controlled trial with active duty military. Fam Syst Health. 2017 Dec;35(4):450-462. doi: 10.1037/fsh0000315.</citation>
    <PMID>29283612</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mills KL, Teesson M, Back SE, Brady KT, Baker AL, Hopwood S, Sannibale C, Barrett EL, Merz S, Rosenfeld J, Ewer PL. Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Aug 15;308(7):690-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.9071.</citation>
    <PMID>22893166</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Possemato K, Maisto SA, Wade M, Barrie K, Johnson EM, Ouimette PC. Natural Course of Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Use Disorder Among Recent Combat Veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2017 Jun;30(3):279-287. doi: 10.1002/jts.22192. Epub 2017 Jun 6.</citation>
    <PMID>28585777</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mastroleo NR, Magill M, Barnett NP, Borsari B. A pilot study of two supervision approaches for peer-led alcohol interventions with mandated college students. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 May;75(3):458-66. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.458.</citation>
    <PMID>24766758</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>October 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 18, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 18, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 22, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <results_first_submitted>October 4, 2022</results_first_submitted>
  <results_first_submitted_qc>October 26, 2022</results_first_submitted_qc>
  <results_first_posted type="Actual">November 16, 2022</results_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>October 26, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>October 26, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">November 16, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Alcohol-Related Disorders</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>Once all data collection is complete and the coded database is finalized, IPD will be shared according to PI discretion. For instance, IPD may be shared to be used in meta-analyses or other review papers. No identifiable participant information will be shared.</ipd_description>
    <ipd_info_type>Study Protocol</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Informed Consent Form (ICF)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Clinical Study Report (CSR)</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_info_type>Analytic Code</ipd_info_type>
    <ipd_time_frame>The data will be available once the database is finalized and will remain available in the future.</ipd_time_frame>
    <ipd_access_criteria>Access to the data can be obtained by emailing the PIs and describing the reason the data is needed.</ipd_access_criteria>
  </patient_data>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>No</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>May 6, 2021</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/46/NCT03812146/Prot_SAP_000.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>

  <clinical_results>

    <participant_flow>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="P1">
          <title>PC-TIME</title>
          <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P2">
          <title>PC-TAU</title>
          <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <period_list>
        <period>
          <title>Overall Study</title>
          <milestone_list>
            <milestone>
              <title>STARTED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="33"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="30"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="26"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="29"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>NOT COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="7"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="1"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
          </milestone_list>
        </period>
      </period_list>
    </participant_flow>

    <baseline>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="B1">
          <title>PC-TIME</title>
          <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B2">
          <title>PC-TAU</title>
          <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B3">
          <title>Total</title>
          <description>Total of all reporting groups</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <analyzed_list>
        <analyzed>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <scope>Overall</scope>
          <count_list>
            <count group_id="B1" value="33"/>
            <count group_id="B2" value="30"/>
            <count group_id="B3" value="63"/>
          </count_list>
        </analyzed>
      </analyzed_list>
      <measure_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Age</title>
          <units>years</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="45.48" spread="12.62"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="50.13" spread="12.80"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="47.70" spread="12.82"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Sex: Female, Male</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Female</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="8"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Male</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="29"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="26"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="55"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Hispanic or Latino</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="6"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Not Hispanic or Latino</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="27"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="27"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="54"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Unknown or Not Reported</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Race (NIH/OMB)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>American Indian or Alaska Native</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="1"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Asian</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Black or African American</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="12"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>White</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="24"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="23"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="47"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>More than one race</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Unknown or Not Reported</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Region of Enrollment</title>
          <units>participants</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>United States</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="33"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="30"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="63"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>CAPS-5 PTSD Severity</title>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="34.30" spread="10.91"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="34.03" spread="8.39"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="34.17" spread="9.72"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Checklist-5</title>
          <description>PTSD Checklist measures PTSD severity. The scale ranges from 0 to 84 with 84 being the most sever PTSD.</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="46.45" spread="12.29"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="46.17" spread="13.01"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="46.32" spread="12.53"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>average drinks per drinking day</title>
          <units>drinks per day</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3.83" spread="2.02"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="3.72" spread="2.89"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3.76" spread="2.50"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </measure_list>
    </baseline>

    <outcome_list>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)-5 Severity Rating</title>
        <description>This 30-item structured interview assesses DSM-5 symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder. It includes assessment of traumatic events and symptom severity ratings are based on symptom frequency and intensity. CAPS-5 total symptom severity score ranges 0-80, with higher scores representing higher severity (worse outcome).</description>
        <time_frame>Baseline and 8 weeks</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>PC-TIME</title>
            <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>PC-TAU</title>
            <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)-5 Severity Rating</title>
          <description>This 30-item structured interview assesses DSM-5 symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder. It includes assessment of traumatic events and symptom severity ratings are based on symptom frequency and intensity. CAPS-5 total symptom severity score ranges 0-80, with higher scores representing higher severity (worse outcome).</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="24"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="29"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="28.46" spread="13.35"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="33.45" spread="11.41"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Average Number of Drinks Per Drinking Day</title>
        <description>The Timeline Follow-back instrument is presented as a 30-day calendar and it is used to obtain count estimates of daily drinking.</description>
        <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>PC-TIME</title>
            <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>PC-TAU</title>
            <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Average Number of Drinks Per Drinking Day</title>
          <description>The Timeline Follow-back instrument is presented as a 30-day calendar and it is used to obtain count estimates of daily drinking.</description>
          <units>drinks per day</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="33"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="30"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="2.34" spread="2.05"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="3.72" spread="2.73"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>PTSD Checklist-5</title>
        <description>This 21-item self-report measure asks respondents to rate how much they have been bothered by DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in the past month on a 0-4 Likert-type scale. The scale ranges from 0-84 with 84 being the most severe PTSD. The total score was used to indicate PTSD severity at post-treatment.</description>
        <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>PC-TIME</title>
            <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>PC-TAU</title>
            <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>PTSD Checklist-5</title>
          <description>This 21-item self-report measure asks respondents to rate how much they have been bothered by DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in the past month on a 0-4 Likert-type scale. The scale ranges from 0-84 with 84 being the most severe PTSD. The total score was used to indicate PTSD severity at post-treatment.</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="33"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="30"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="34.17" spread="15.89"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="43.40" spread="11.92"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Post-intervention Treatment Engagement</title>
        <description>With HIPAA authorization, information from participants' VA administrative data will be extracted to assess if treatment condition relates to engagement in specialty treatment. Number of mental health or substance use visits attended between enrollment and 20 week follow-up will be extracted for each participant.</description>
        <time_frame>20 weeks</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>PC-TIME</title>
            <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>PC-TAU</title>
            <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Post-intervention Treatment Engagement</title>
          <description>With HIPAA authorization, information from participants' VA administrative data will be extracted to assess if treatment condition relates to engagement in specialty treatment. Number of mental health or substance use visits attended between enrollment and 20 week follow-up will be extracted for each participant.</description>
          <units>number of visits</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="33"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="30"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="5.61" spread="4.14"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="5.73" spread="5.73"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
    </outcome_list>

    <reported_events>
      <time_frame>20 weeks</time_frame>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="E1">
          <title>PC-TIME</title>
          <description>PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.&#xD;
PC-TIME: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E2">
          <title>PC-TAU</title>
          <description>Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.&#xD;
PC-TAU: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <serious_events>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, all-cause mortality</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="33"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="30"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, serious adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="33"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="30"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </serious_events>
      <other_events>
        <frequency_threshold>0</frequency_threshold>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, other adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="33"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="30"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </other_events>
    </reported_events>

    <certain_agreements>
      <pi_employee>Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.</pi_employee>
      <restrictive_agreement>There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed. </restrictive_agreement>
    </certain_agreements>
    <point_of_contact>
      <name_or_title>Dr. Kyle Possemato</name_or_title>
      <organization>VA Center for Integrated Healthcare</organization>
      <phone>315-425-4400 ext 53551</phone>
      <email>Kyle.Possemato@va.gov</email>
    </point_of_contact>
  </clinical_results>
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03812146
org study id: 1250312
secondary id: 1R34AA026745-01
nct id: NCT03812146
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This project aims to develop and test an integrated brief intervention to reduce heavy
      alcohol use and PTSD severity in veterans receiving Veterans Affairs Primary Care. Standard
      brief alcohol interventions have been unsuccessful in reducing heavy drinking in traumatized
      individuals and current integrated treatment for alcohol use disorder and PTSD are too long
      to be delivered in Primary Care. Therefore, this application addresses this gap by developing
      an intervention tailored to the specific needs of heavy drinking veterans who have co-
      occurring PTSD. This study aims to incorporate two evidenced-based interventions: Brief
      Motivational Interviewing (BMI) with Prolonged Exposure for Primary Care (PE-PC). This newly
      developed brief intervention will be piloted in an open trial to gather veteran participant
      feedback and develop clinician training and fidelity procedures.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
intervention model description: Open clinical trial
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Change in Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS)-5 Severity Rating
time frame: Baseline and 8 weeks
description: This 30-item structured interview assesses DSM-5 symptoms of Posttraumatic stress disorder. It includes assessment of traumatic events and symptom severity ratings are based on symptom frequency and intensity. CAPS-5 total symptom severity score ranges 0-80, with higher scores representing higher severity (worse outcome).
measure: Average Number of Drinks Per Drinking Day
time frame: 8 weeks
description: The Timeline Follow-back instrument is presented as a 30-day calendar and it is used to obtain count estimates of daily drinking.
measure: PTSD Checklist-5
time frame: 8 weeks
description: This 21-item self-report measure asks respondents to rate how much they have been bothered by DSM-5 PTSD symptoms in the past month on a 0-4 Likert-type scale. The scale ranges from 0-84 with 84 being the most severe PTSD. The total score was used to indicate PTSD severity at post-treatment.
measure: Post-intervention Treatment Engagement
time frame: 20 weeks
description: With HIPAA authorization, information from participants' VA administrative data will be extracted to assess if treatment condition relates to engagement in specialty treatment. Number of mental health or substance use visits attended between enrollment and 20 week follow-up will be extracted for each participant.
arm group label: PC-TIME
arm group type: Experimental
description: PC-TIME consists of meeting with a behavioral health provider for 5, 30-minute sessions that will be delivered over the course of 8 weeks (spaced about 1-2 weeks apart). PC-TIME sessions integrate two effective treatments: motivational enhancement therapy approaches and brief Prolonged Exposure.
arm group label: PC-TAU
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Primary Care - treatment as usual. Participants in PC-TAU will be referred to the PCMHI mental health provider within their primary care team, and will receive whichever care or intervention is typically provided. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team.
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: PC-TIME
description: PC-TIME consists of five, 30-minute sessions delivered over 8 weeks. Intervention will be delivered by a behavioral health provider and will consist of brief Prolonged Exposure for PTSD integrated with aspects of the Motivational Interviewing counseling approach.
arm group label: PC-TIME
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: PC-TAU
description: PC-TAU consists of Brief Advice intervention from their PC medical provider that is built into the electronic medical record as a mandatory response to a positive screen. In addition, patients who score positive on the AUDIT-C or PC-PTSD are offered a referral to the PCMHI provider within the PC clinic. PCMHI in VA consists of licensed, independent providers (typically psychologists or clinical social workers) providing brief assessment and interventions to veterans and consultation to other members of the PC team. PCMHI sessions are typically focused on assessment, psycho-education, and supportive counseling.
arm group label: PC-TAU
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Kyle Possemato, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Syracuse VA Medical Center
facility: 
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Rauch SA, Morales KH, Zubritsky C, Knott K, Oslin D. Posttraumatic stress, depression, and health among older adults in primary care. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2006 Apr;14(4):316-24. doi: 10.1097/01.JGP.0000199382.96115.86.
PMID: 16582040
citation: Possemato K, Maisto SA, Wade M, Barrie K, McKenzie S, Lantinga LJ, Ouimette P. Ecological momentary assessment of PTSD symptoms and alcohol use in combat veterans. Psychol Addict Behav. 2015 Dec;29(4):894-905. doi: 10.1037/adb0000129.
PMID: 26727007
citation: Monti PM, Mastroleo NR, Barnett NP, Colby SM, Kahler CW, Operario D. Brief motivational intervention to reduce alcohol and HIV/sexual risk behavior in emergency department patients: A randomized controlled trial. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2016 Jul;84(7):580-91. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000097. Epub 2016 Mar 17.
PMID: 26985726
citation: Cigrang JA, Rauch SA, Mintz J, Brundige A, Avila LL, Bryan CJ, Goodie JL, Peterson AL; STRONG STAR Consortium. Treatment of active duty military with PTSD in primary care: A follow-up report. J Anxiety Disord. 2015 Dec;36:110-4. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.10.003. Epub 2015 Oct 22.
PMID: 26519833
citation: Cigrang JA, Rauch SA, Mintz J, Brundige AR, Mitchell JA, Najera E, Litz BT, Young-McCaughan S, Roache JD, Hembree EA, Goodie JL, Sonnek SM, Peterson AL; STRONG STAR Consortium. Moving effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder to primary care: A randomized controlled trial with active duty military. Fam Syst Health. 2017 Dec;35(4):450-462. doi: 10.1037/fsh0000315.
PMID: 29283612
citation: Mills KL, Teesson M, Back SE, Brady KT, Baker AL, Hopwood S, Sannibale C, Barrett EL, Merz S, Rosenfeld J, Ewer PL. Integrated exposure-based therapy for co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and substance dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012 Aug 15;308(7):690-9. doi: 10.1001/jama.2012.9071.
PMID: 22893166
citation: Possemato K, Maisto SA, Wade M, Barrie K, Johnson EM, Ouimette PC. Natural Course of Co-Occurring PTSD and Alcohol Use Disorder Among Recent Combat Veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2017 Jun;30(3):279-287. doi: 10.1002/jts.22192. Epub 2017 Jun 6.
PMID: 28585777
citation: Mastroleo NR, Magill M, Barnett NP, Borsari B. A pilot study of two supervision approaches for peer-led alcohol interventions with mandated college students. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2014 May;75(3):458-66. doi: 10.15288/jsad.2014.75.458.
PMID: 24766758
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Alcohol-Related Disorders
mesh term: Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
sharing ipd: Yes
ipd description: Once all data collection is complete and the coded database is finalized, IPD will be shared according to PI discretion. For instance, IPD may be shared to be used in meta-analyses or other review papers. No identifiable participant information will be shared.
ipd info type: Study Protocol
ipd info type: Statistical Analysis Plan (SAP)
ipd info type: Informed Consent Form (ICF)
ipd info type: Clinical Study Report (CSR)
ipd info type: Analytic Code
ipd time frame: The data will be available once the database is finalized and will remain available in the future.
ipd access criteria: Access to the data can be obtained by emailing the PIs and describing the reason the data is needed.
provided document: 
participant flow: 
baseline: 
outcome list: 
reported events: 
certain agreements: 
point of contact: 