<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03828500</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>PRACTICE_2019_001</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03828500</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Preoperative Fasting for Ambulatory Cataract Surgery: The PRACTICE Study</brief_title>
  <acronym>PRACTICE</acronym>
  <official_title>Preoperative Fasting for Ambulatory Cataract Surgery: A Time-Interrupted Prospective Study</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Toronto</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Toronto</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    <is_us_export>Yes</is_us_export>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The current standard for cataract surgery is phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL)&#xD;
      implantation. In this procedure, topical anesthesia has become favoured over local anesthetic&#xD;
      blocks due to potential serious complications resulting from retrobulbar or peribulbar&#xD;
      anesthesia. Routinely, intravenous sedation is used to supplement the topical anesthesia. If&#xD;
      patients are not fasted, there is the potential to reduce preoperative discomfort and&#xD;
      anxiety, ultimately improving the satisfaction with the care received. An additional benefit&#xD;
      is that liberal fasting policies allow for flexibility in the scheduling of cases,&#xD;
      particularly for urgent or semi-urgent situations. Clinical practice guidelines for cataract&#xD;
      surgery published by the Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS) recommend that fasting is&#xD;
      unnecessary if only topical anesthesia is used without intravenous (IV) opiates or sedation.&#xD;
      In general, these suggestions are in agreement with guidelines from the United Kingdom's&#xD;
      Royal College of Ophthalmologists, who note that &quot;it is unnecessary to fast patients for&#xD;
      local anesthetic cataract surgery.&quot; According to the CAS practice guidelines, the same&#xD;
      fasting restrictions are applied when IV sedation or anesthesia with peripheral nerve blocks&#xD;
      (e.g. retrobulbar or peribulbar blocks) are administered. At our centre at the Kensington Eye&#xD;
      Institute (KEI) in Toronto, Canada, almost all cataract patients receive fentanyl and&#xD;
      midazolam, with propofol given only in rare circumstances with close observation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This research project at the Kensington Eye Institute will consist of two phases, namely a&#xD;
      prospective, consecutive observational analysis and a prospective time-interrupted study. In&#xD;
      the first phase, an observational analysis will be conducted in which consecutive cataract&#xD;
      surgery patients will be surveyed with a validated questionnaire to assess their&#xD;
      satisfaction. Inclusion criteria will include any cataract patient scheduled for surgery who&#xD;
      is willing and able to participate in the study, with fully informed consent provided.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Previously published literature has evaluated the use of a patient satisfaction questionnaire&#xD;
      regarding preoperative fasting, which includes items on hunger, thirst, hoarseness of voice,&#xD;
      difficulty breathing, pain, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, shivering and problems with&#xD;
      concentration. A Research Assistant will complete the questionnaire with all patients&#xD;
      preoperatively at KEI, as well as a baseline demographic checklist that will include the&#xD;
      patient's age, gender, laterality, surgeon, length of time fasted for solids and clear&#xD;
      liquids, as well as the type and amount of solids and liquids. Secondary endpoints will be&#xD;
      collected postoperatively and will include the incidence of aspiration, nausea and vomiting,&#xD;
      as well as the rate of cancellations of surgeries directly related to issues with fasting&#xD;
      guidelines. The first phase of the study will be used to conduct an appropriate sample size&#xD;
      calculation, which will ensure that our second phase is not underpowered for the primary&#xD;
      efficacy endpoint.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In the second phase, a time-interrupted prospective study will be established with the&#xD;
      following two arms: (1) experimental arm: patients will be encouraged by the Research&#xD;
      Assistant to drink clear fluids right up to the 2 hour limit as specified in the latest ASA&#xD;
      and CAS guidelines, with no intervention applied for solids, and (2): control arm: standard&#xD;
      of care without any encouragement to drink clear fluids up to the 2 hour limit. Patients will&#xD;
      be assigned to groups based on month, so that the first month of study execution will enroll&#xD;
      all patients into the experimental arm, the second month will enroll only into the control&#xD;
      arm, and that subsequent months will alternate enrollment in a similar method.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Given the design, the study will be in accordance with the latest ASA and CAS preoperative&#xD;
      fasting guidelines, and will not involve any use of financial or other methods of coercion to&#xD;
      incentivize patients that are randomly assigned to the experimental arm. The encouragement&#xD;
      process will only involve the Research Assistant asking and encouraging the patient to drink&#xD;
      a standardized quantity of clear fluid (up to 400mL of water, coffee, tea, apple or cranberry&#xD;
      juice and maximum of 2 teaspoons of sugar) up to the ASA and CAS mandated guideline of 2&#xD;
      hours preoperatively, with the patient making the final determination of whether to comply.&#xD;
      Following the encouragement process, a demographics and satisfaction questionnaire will be&#xD;
      administered to each patient preoperatively, as well as another satisfaction questionnaire&#xD;
      administered following the surgery. Baseline demographics, primary and secondary endpoints&#xD;
      will remain consistent with the first phase.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Not yet recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Anticipated">January 31, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">August 31, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">August 30, 2019</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Health Services Research</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
    <masking_description>Not masked</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Demographic baseline parameters</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately post-operatively</time_frame>
    <description>Patient number, age, gender, surgery on left or right eye, surgeon, fasting time - solids (hours), fasting time - clear liquids (hours), solid foods eaten in last 24 hours, liquids drank in last 24 hours</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Satisfaction Questionnaire</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately post-operatively</time_frame>
    <description>Hunger, thirst, voice hoarseness, difficulty breathing, pain, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, shivering, difficulty in concentration&#xD;
Scale name: patient satisfaction with preoperative fasting questionnaire&#xD;
For this scale, the following choices will be provided for each item: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.&#xD;
Strongly agree and agree options represent a worse outcome. Strongly disagree and disagree options represent a better outcome.&#xD;
The scores from individual items will be averaged to yield a total score.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Regarding patient satisfaction survey</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately post-operatively</time_frame>
    <description>The proportion of participants that believe the survey is effective, clear, relevant, simple and consistent in measuring distress and burden of preoperative fasting. The number of participants that suggest further questions to add to the existing survey.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Rates of postoperative aspiration</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately post-operatively</time_frame>
    <description>The proportion of patients in sample sustaining aspiration postoperatively.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Rates of cancellation of surgery due to preoperative fasting requirement violation</measure>
    <time_frame>Immediately post-operatively</time_frame>
    <description>The proportion of cataract surgery patients at the surgical centre in the study timeframe needing to have surgery cancelled due to preoperative fasting requirement violation</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">150</enrollment>
  <condition>Cataract Extraction</condition>
  <condition>Fasting</condition>
  <condition>Aspiration Pneumonitis</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental Arm</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>encouraged by Research Assistant to drink clear fluids up to 2 hour limit. Arm 2 - standard of care</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control Arm</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Assistant-encouraged fasting up to ASA/CAS guideline limits</intervention_name>
    <description>Research Assistant encourages patient to drink clear fluids up to 2 hour limit before surgery, in accordance with the latest ASA and CAS guidelines.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental Arm</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  any cataract patient scheduled for surgery at the Kensington Eye Institute who is&#xD;
             willing and able to participate in the study, with fully informed consent provided.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>N/A</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Sherif El-Defrawy, MD, PhD, FRCSC</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Kensington Eye Institute</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Mano Chandrakumar, MSc</last_name>
    <phone>4169787931</phone>
    <email>mchandrakumar@KensingtonHealth.org</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Kensington Eye Institute</name>
      <address>
        <city>Toronto</city>
        <state>Ontario</state>
        <zip>M5T 3A9</zip>
        <country>Canada</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Canada</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hosoda Y, Kuriyama S, Jingami Y, Hattori H, Hayashi H, Matsumoto M. A comparison of patient pain and visual outcome using topical anesthesia versus regional anesthesia during cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Jun 20;10:1139-44. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S109360. eCollection 2016.</citation>
    <PMID>27382247</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Smith R. Cataract extraction without retrobulbar anaesthetic injection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990 Apr;74(4):205-7. doi: 10.1136/bjo.74.4.205.</citation>
    <PMID>2337544</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Pandey SK, Werner L, Apple DJ, Agarwal A, Agarwal A, Agarwal S. No-anesthesia clear corneal phacoemulsification versus topical and topical plus intracameral anesthesia. Randomized clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Oct;27(10):1643-50. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)00793-3.</citation>
    <PMID>11687365</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Canadian Ophthalmological Society Cataract Surgery Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cataract surgery in the adult eye. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct;43 Suppl 1:S7-57. doi: 10.1139/i08-133. No abstract available. English, French.</citation>
    <PMID>19177161</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Cataract Surgery Guidelines. London, UK: Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2004.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dobson G, Chong M, Chow L, Flexman A, Kurrek M, Laflamme C, Lagace A, Stacey S, Thiessen B. Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia - Revised Edition 2018. Can J Anaesth. 2018 Jan;65(1):76-104. doi: 10.1007/s12630-017-0995-9. Epub 2017 Dec 14.</citation>
    <PMID>29243160</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bopp C, Hofer S, Klein A, Weigand MA, Martin E, Gust R. A liberal preoperative fasting regimen improves patient comfort and satisfaction with anesthesia care in day-stay minor surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011 Jul;77(7):680-6. Epub 2009 Feb 4.</citation>
    <PMID>19190563</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-393. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>28045707</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>January 2019</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 30, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 31, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">February 4, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>January 31, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>January 31, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">February 4, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Toronto</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Sherif El-Defrawy</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Chair and Professor of Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Cataract</keyword>
  <keyword>Cataract Extraction</keyword>
  <keyword>Fasting</keyword>
  <keyword>Preoperative Period</keyword>
  <keyword>Interrupted Time Series Analysis</keyword>
  <keyword>Guideline</keyword>
  <keyword>Patient Care</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Pneumonia</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Pneumonia, Aspiration</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Cataract</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03828500
org study id: PRACTICE_2019_001
nct id: NCT03828500
lead sponsor: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
is us export: Yes
The current standard for cataract surgery is phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL)
      implantation. In this procedure, topical anesthesia has become favoured over local anesthetic
      blocks due to potential serious complications resulting from retrobulbar or peribulbar
      anesthesia. Routinely, intravenous sedation is used to supplement the topical anesthesia. If
      patients are not fasted, there is the potential to reduce preoperative discomfort and
      anxiety, ultimately improving the satisfaction with the care received. An additional benefit
      is that liberal fasting policies allow for flexibility in the scheduling of cases,
      particularly for urgent or semi-urgent situations. Clinical practice guidelines for cataract
      surgery published by the Canadian Ophthalmological Society (COS) recommend that fasting is
      unnecessary if only topical anesthesia is used without intravenous (IV) opiates or sedation.
      In general, these suggestions are in agreement with guidelines from the United Kingdom's
      Royal College of Ophthalmologists, who note that "it is unnecessary to fast patients for
      local anesthetic cataract surgery." According to the CAS practice guidelines, the same
      fasting restrictions are applied when IV sedation or anesthesia with peripheral nerve blocks
      (e.g. retrobulbar or peribulbar blocks) are administered. At our centre at the Kensington Eye
      Institute (KEI) in Toronto, Canada, almost all cataract patients receive fentanyl and
      midazolam, with propofol given only in rare circumstances with close observation.

      This research project at the Kensington Eye Institute will consist of two phases, namely a
      prospective, consecutive observational analysis and a prospective time-interrupted study. In
      the first phase, an observational analysis will be conducted in which consecutive cataract
      surgery patients will be surveyed with a validated questionnaire to assess their
      satisfaction. Inclusion criteria will include any cataract patient scheduled for surgery who
      is willing and able to participate in the study, with fully informed consent provided.

      Previously published literature has evaluated the use of a patient satisfaction questionnaire
      regarding preoperative fasting, which includes items on hunger, thirst, hoarseness of voice,
      difficulty breathing, pain, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, shivering and problems with
      concentration. A Research Assistant will complete the questionnaire with all patients
      preoperatively at KEI, as well as a baseline demographic checklist that will include the
      patient's age, gender, laterality, surgeon, length of time fasted for solids and clear
      liquids, as well as the type and amount of solids and liquids. Secondary endpoints will be
      collected postoperatively and will include the incidence of aspiration, nausea and vomiting,
      as well as the rate of cancellations of surgeries directly related to issues with fasting
      guidelines. The first phase of the study will be used to conduct an appropriate sample size
      calculation, which will ensure that our second phase is not underpowered for the primary
      efficacy endpoint.

      In the second phase, a time-interrupted prospective study will be established with the
      following two arms: (1) experimental arm: patients will be encouraged by the Research
      Assistant to drink clear fluids right up to the 2 hour limit as specified in the latest ASA
      and CAS guidelines, with no intervention applied for solids, and (2): control arm: standard
      of care without any encouragement to drink clear fluids up to the 2 hour limit. Patients will
      be assigned to groups based on month, so that the first month of study execution will enroll
      all patients into the experimental arm, the second month will enroll only into the control
      arm, and that subsequent months will alternate enrollment in a similar method.

      Given the design, the study will be in accordance with the latest ASA and CAS preoperative
      fasting guidelines, and will not involve any use of financial or other methods of coercion to
      incentivize patients that are randomly assigned to the experimental arm. The encouragement
      process will only involve the Research Assistant asking and encouraging the patient to drink
      a standardized quantity of clear fluid (up to 400mL of water, coffee, tea, apple or cranberry
      juice and maximum of 2 teaspoons of sugar) up to the ASA and CAS mandated guideline of 2
      hours preoperatively, with the patient making the final determination of whether to comply.
      Following the encouragement process, a demographics and satisfaction questionnaire will be
      administered to each patient preoperatively, as well as another satisfaction questionnaire
      administered following the surgery. Baseline demographics, primary and secondary endpoints
      will remain consistent with the first phase.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Health Services Research
masking: None (Open Label)
masking description: Not masked
measure: Demographic baseline parameters
time frame: Immediately post-operatively
description: Patient number, age, gender, surgery on left or right eye, surgeon, fasting time - solids (hours), fasting time - clear liquids (hours), solid foods eaten in last 24 hours, liquids drank in last 24 hours
measure: Satisfaction Questionnaire
time frame: Immediately post-operatively
description: Hunger, thirst, voice hoarseness, difficulty breathing, pain, agitation, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, shivering, difficulty in concentration
Scale name: patient satisfaction with preoperative fasting questionnaire
For this scale, the following choices will be provided for each item: strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree.
Strongly agree and agree options represent a worse outcome. Strongly disagree and disagree options represent a better outcome.
The scores from individual items will be averaged to yield a total score.
measure: Regarding patient satisfaction survey
time frame: Immediately post-operatively
description: The proportion of participants that believe the survey is effective, clear, relevant, simple and consistent in measuring distress and burden of preoperative fasting. The number of participants that suggest further questions to add to the existing survey.
measure: Rates of postoperative aspiration
time frame: Immediately post-operatively
description: The proportion of patients in sample sustaining aspiration postoperatively.
measure: Rates of cancellation of surgery due to preoperative fasting requirement violation
time frame: Immediately post-operatively
description: The proportion of cataract surgery patients at the surgical centre in the study timeframe needing to have surgery cancelled due to preoperative fasting requirement violation
arm group label: Experimental Arm
arm group type: Experimental
description: encouraged by Research Assistant to drink clear fluids up to 2 hour limit. Arm 2 - standard of care
arm group label: Control Arm
arm group type: No Intervention
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Assistant-encouraged fasting up to ASA/CAS guideline limits
description: Research Assistant encourages patient to drink clear fluids up to 2 hour limit before surgery, in accordance with the latest ASA and CAS guidelines.
arm group label: Experimental Arm
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: N/A
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Sherif El-Defrawy, MD, PhD, FRCSC
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Kensington Eye Institute
last name: Mano Chandrakumar, MSc
phone: 4169787931
email: mchandrakumar@KensingtonHealth.org
facility: 
country: Canada
citation: Hosoda Y, Kuriyama S, Jingami Y, Hattori H, Hayashi H, Matsumoto M. A comparison of patient pain and visual outcome using topical anesthesia versus regional anesthesia during cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol. 2016 Jun 20;10:1139-44. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S109360. eCollection 2016.
PMID: 27382247
citation: Smith R. Cataract extraction without retrobulbar anaesthetic injection. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990 Apr;74(4):205-7. doi: 10.1136/bjo.74.4.205.
PMID: 2337544
citation: Pandey SK, Werner L, Apple DJ, Agarwal A, Agarwal A, Agarwal S. No-anesthesia clear corneal phacoemulsification versus topical and topical plus intracameral anesthesia. Randomized clinical trial. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2001 Oct;27(10):1643-50. doi: 10.1016/s0886-3350(01)00793-3.
PMID: 11687365
citation: Canadian Ophthalmological Society Cataract Surgery Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee. Canadian Ophthalmological Society evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for cataract surgery in the adult eye. Can J Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct;43 Suppl 1:S7-57. doi: 10.1139/i08-133. No abstract available. English, French.
PMID: 19177161
citation: Royal College of Ophthalmologists. Cataract Surgery Guidelines. London, UK: Royal College of Ophthalmologists, 2004.
citation: Dobson G, Chong M, Chow L, Flexman A, Kurrek M, Laflamme C, Lagace A, Stacey S, Thiessen B. Guidelines to the Practice of Anesthesia - Revised Edition 2018. Can J Anaesth. 2018 Jan;65(1):76-104. doi: 10.1007/s12630-017-0995-9. Epub 2017 Dec 14.
PMID: 29243160
citation: Bopp C, Hofer S, Klein A, Weigand MA, Martin E, Gust R. A liberal preoperative fasting regimen improves patient comfort and satisfaction with anesthesia care in day-stay minor surgery. Minerva Anestesiol. 2011 Jul;77(7):680-6. Epub 2009 Feb 4.
PMID: 19190563
citation: Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):376-393. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001452. No abstract available.
PMID: 28045707
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Toronto
investigator full name: Sherif El-Defrawy
investigator title: Chair and Professor of Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences
mesh term: Pneumonia
mesh term: Pneumonia, Aspiration
mesh term: Cataract
sharing ipd: No