<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03790774</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>STUDY00018984</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>R01DC009834-09S1</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03790774</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Neurofeedback in Alzheimer's Disease</brief_title>
  <official_title>Neurofeedback in Alzheimer's Disease</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Oregon Health and Science University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Institutes of Health (NIH)</agency>
      <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)</agency>
      <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Oregon Health and Science University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
    <is_us_export>No</is_us_export>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This study will evaluate behavioral and electrophysiological changes in a sample of adults&#xD;
      with possible or probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), before and after undergoing training&#xD;
      using a brain-computer interface (BCI) system with neurofeedback based on&#xD;
      electroencephalography (EEG). Participants will repeatedly complete a letter viewing task and&#xD;
      receive visual and auditory cues about their brainwaves. The study team hypothesizes that&#xD;
      exposure to this EEG-based biofeedback intervention (neurofeedback) will result in a&#xD;
      reduction of theta activity (brainwaves in the range of 4-8 Hz). The study team also predicts&#xD;
      that exposure to the neurofeedback intervention will result in increased performance on&#xD;
      reading, attention, and working memory tasks.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      This study is a single case research design (SCRD) that will enroll adults with possible or&#xD;
      probable AD. Participants will complete a 9 to 13 week testing schedule to deliver a BCI&#xD;
      EEG-based neurofeedback intervention. All study visits will occur at participants' place of&#xD;
      residence.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Prospective participants will schedule an introductory consent/screening visit with the&#xD;
      research team. All participants with AD will be required to enroll with a &quot;study partner&quot;&#xD;
      (authorized representative or caretaker) to assist with scheduling and adherence as they&#xD;
      progress through the study. Participants who pass screening criteria will continue to&#xD;
      participate in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Eligible participants will complete between 3 and 7 weekly baseline assessments, beginning&#xD;
      approximately 1 week after the screening visit. In accordance with SCRD standards,&#xD;
      performance on outcome measures will be actively monitored during the baseline period. The&#xD;
      intervention portion of the study will be triggered sometime during the 3-7 week baseline&#xD;
      testing window, once participant performance on the primary outcomes is determined to be&#xD;
      stable by the study team.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Following baseline testing, participants will begin a 6-week intervention period with 3 BCI&#xD;
      EEG-based neurofeedback sessions per week. A single follow-up visit will be completed&#xD;
      approximately one month after the final intervention visit.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Because of the inclusion of adults with decisional impairments in this study, participants&#xD;
      with AD will be required to enroll with an accompanying &quot;study partner&quot; (e.g., spouse,&#xD;
      caregiver or authorized representative), who will be required to attend all testing visits&#xD;
      with the participant and assist with scheduling and adherence. Study partners will be&#xD;
      formally enrolled and asked to complete a brief set of questionnaires (e.g., details about&#xD;
      the primary participant and their interactions with the primary participant), but they will&#xD;
      not receive other testing or intervention materials directly.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Terminated</overall_status>
  <why_stopped>
    Due to COVID-19 concerns and restrictions in our at-risk population, interactions were halted.&#xD;
  </why_stopped>
  <start_date type="Actual">June 6, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">August 1, 2020</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">June 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>N/A</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Single Group Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: within-session change in theta band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in theta band activity (4-8 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: between-session change in theta band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (4-8 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement IV: Sentence Reading Fluency</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants must read and answer questions about the semantic accuracy of short sentences. Accuracy and speed are recorded.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Letter Cancellation Task: speed</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants must identify all instances of a target letter (e.g., &quot;Z&quot;) on a piece of paper. Speed of completion will be recorded in seconds.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Letter Cancellation Task: accuracy</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants must identify all instances of a target letter (e.g., &quot;Z&quot;) on a piece of paper. Accuracy will be quantified as the number of targets omitted (e.g., 2 targets missed).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Forwards and Backwards Letter Span Task</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will view a series of letters and attempt to report them back to researchers either in sequence (forwards), or in reverse order (backwards). Letter series will differ in length, starting with two items and increasing in length. Accuracy will be reported and a working memory span will be generated based on performance.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The Reading Confidence and Emotions Questionnaire (RCEQ)</measure>
    <time_frame>Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will answer a series of 22 self-reported likert-scaled questions (each item ranging 1-10) about their confidence and emotions regarding various aspects of reading. This inventory assesses general attitudes about the act of reading, and also perceived changes in reading ability for respondents who have experienced stroke, head injury, or other issues that may have affected their reading ability. Single item scores are not summed for this inventory.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Discourse Comprehension Test</measure>
    <time_frame>Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will read and/or listen to a series of short stories and answer questions about the content of the test passages.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th Edition: Digit Span Subtest</measure>
    <time_frame>Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)</time_frame>
    <description>Participants will listen to a series of digits and attempt to report them back to researchers either in sequence (forwards), in reverse order (backwards), or ordered based on value (sequencing). Digit series will differ in length, starting with two items and increasing in length, up to nine digits. Respondents continue within each trial (forward; backward; sequencing) until they incorrectly respond to two trials in a row for the same sequence length. Total number of points (1 point per correct trial) are tallied per condition: 16 points maximum per condition; 48 points total. This test provides a measure of working memory performance.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>BCI letter identification task metrics: AUC</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG signals acquired during the letter viewing task are used to generate on-line estimates of target and non-target EEG profiles. Model fitting accuracy (area under the curve; AUC) will be calculated from a calibration sub-task.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>BCI letter identification task metrics: ITR</measure>
    <time_frame>Weekly during baseline; three times per week during interventionOnce per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG signals acquired during the letter viewing task are used to generate on-line estimates of target and non-target EEG profiles during a calibration sub-task. Model fitting efficiency (information transfer rate; ITR) will be calculated from a copy-phrase sub-task as a measure of how quickly (bits/minute) the system is able to reverse-identify a target based on the pre-determined EEG profiles.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: within-session change in alpha band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in alpha band activity (8-12 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: between-session change in alpha band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (8-12 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: within-session change in beta band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in beta band activity (13-30 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>EEG spectral content: between-session change in beta band activity</measure>
    <time_frame>Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)</time_frame>
    <description>EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (13-30 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>1</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">5</enrollment>
  <condition>Alzheimer Disease</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Neurofeedback</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Three times per week, for six weeks, participants will receive biofeedback about the quality of their electroencephalograms (EEG; neurofeedback) during a letter identification task.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Neurofeedback</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants receive intermittent visual and auditory cues to adjust their attentional engagement with a letter identification task.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Neurofeedback</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Consensus diagnosis of possible or probable AD as determined by the OHSU Alzheimer's&#xD;
             Disease Center (ADC) weekly meeting&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age 50-100 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Possible or probable Alzheimer's disease as indicated by a Global Clinical Dementia&#xD;
             Rating score of 0.5 or 1, with language impairment ≥0.5 on the supplemental Clinical&#xD;
             Dementia Rating (CDR; form B4, section 2, #10) or similar clinical indicator of&#xD;
             language difficulty&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Passed screening on the adapted BCI screening task presentations on a computer&#xD;
             monitor, perceive visual/auditory feedback signals, and tolerate an EEG recording&#xD;
             apparatus&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Reading impairment as measured by Discourse Comprehension Test&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Unstable medication regimen or use of EEG-altering prescription medications&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Anticipation of major medical interventions which may interrupt study proceedings,&#xD;
             including upcoming surgeries&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Unwilling or unable to follow study protocol, including unstable schedule with&#xD;
             frequent trips&#xD;
&#xD;
               -  Note: AD participants must enroll with &quot;study partners&quot; (legally authorized&#xD;
                  representatives or designated caretakers) in order to participate. To qualify for&#xD;
                  the study, a study partner must spend an average of ≥10 hours per week&#xD;
                  interacting with the primary AD participant.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>50 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>100 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Barry S Oken</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Oregon Health and Science University</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Oregon Health &amp; Science University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Portland</city>
        <state>Oregon</state>
        <zip>97239</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>March 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 14, 2018</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 27, 2018</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 2, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 1, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 1, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 3, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Oregon Health and Science University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Barry S. Oken</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor and Director</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Alzheimer Disease</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03790774
org study id: STUDY00018984
secondary id: R01DC009834-09S1
nct id: NCT03790774
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
is us export: No
This study will evaluate behavioral and electrophysiological changes in a sample of adults
      with possible or probable Alzheimer's disease (AD), before and after undergoing training
      using a brain-computer interface (BCI) system with neurofeedback based on
      electroencephalography (EEG). Participants will repeatedly complete a letter viewing task and
      receive visual and auditory cues about their brainwaves. The study team hypothesizes that
      exposure to this EEG-based biofeedback intervention (neurofeedback) will result in a
      reduction of theta activity (brainwaves in the range of 4-8 Hz). The study team also predicts
      that exposure to the neurofeedback intervention will result in increased performance on
      reading, attention, and working memory tasks.
This study is a single case research design (SCRD) that will enroll adults with possible or
      probable AD. Participants will complete a 9 to 13 week testing schedule to deliver a BCI
      EEG-based neurofeedback intervention. All study visits will occur at participants' place of
      residence.

      Prospective participants will schedule an introductory consent/screening visit with the
      research team. All participants with AD will be required to enroll with a "study partner"
      (authorized representative or caretaker) to assist with scheduling and adherence as they
      progress through the study. Participants who pass screening criteria will continue to
      participate in the study.

      Eligible participants will complete between 3 and 7 weekly baseline assessments, beginning
      approximately 1 week after the screening visit. In accordance with SCRD standards,
      performance on outcome measures will be actively monitored during the baseline period. The
      intervention portion of the study will be triggered sometime during the 3-7 week baseline
      testing window, once participant performance on the primary outcomes is determined to be
      stable by the study team.

      Following baseline testing, participants will begin a 6-week intervention period with 3 BCI
      EEG-based neurofeedback sessions per week. A single follow-up visit will be completed
      approximately one month after the final intervention visit.

      Because of the inclusion of adults with decisional impairments in this study, participants
      with AD will be required to enroll with an accompanying "study partner" (e.g., spouse,
      caregiver or authorized representative), who will be required to attend all testing visits
      with the participant and assist with scheduling and adherence. Study partners will be
      formally enrolled and asked to complete a brief set of questionnaires (e.g., details about
      the primary participant and their interactions with the primary participant), but they will
      not receive other testing or intervention materials directly.
allocation: N/A
intervention model: Single Group Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: EEG spectral content: within-session change in theta band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in theta band activity (4-8 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.
measure: EEG spectral content: between-session change in theta band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (4-8 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.
measure: Change in Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement IV: Sentence Reading Fluency
time frame: Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: Participants must read and answer questions about the semantic accuracy of short sentences. Accuracy and speed are recorded.
measure: Change in Letter Cancellation Task: speed
time frame: Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: Participants must identify all instances of a target letter (e.g., "Z") on a piece of paper. Speed of completion will be recorded in seconds.
measure: Change in Letter Cancellation Task: accuracy
time frame: Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: Participants must identify all instances of a target letter (e.g., "Z") on a piece of paper. Accuracy will be quantified as the number of targets omitted (e.g., 2 targets missed).
measure: Change in Forwards and Backwards Letter Span Task
time frame: Once per week for 9-13 weeks (throughout baseline and intervention phases); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: Participants will view a series of letters and attempt to report them back to researchers either in sequence (forwards), or in reverse order (backwards). Letter series will differ in length, starting with two items and increasing in length. Accuracy will be reported and a working memory span will be generated based on performance.
measure: The Reading Confidence and Emotions Questionnaire (RCEQ)
time frame: Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)
description: Participants will answer a series of 22 self-reported likert-scaled questions (each item ranging 1-10) about their confidence and emotions regarding various aspects of reading. This inventory assesses general attitudes about the act of reading, and also perceived changes in reading ability for respondents who have experienced stroke, head injury, or other issues that may have affected their reading ability. Single item scores are not summed for this inventory.
measure: Discourse Comprehension Test
time frame: Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)
description: Participants will read and/or listen to a series of short stories and answer questions about the content of the test passages.
measure: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale 4th Edition: Digit Span Subtest
time frame: Once during screening visit at beginning of study (week 0); once during follow-up visit (week 17)
description: Participants will listen to a series of digits and attempt to report them back to researchers either in sequence (forwards), in reverse order (backwards), or ordered based on value (sequencing). Digit series will differ in length, starting with two items and increasing in length, up to nine digits. Respondents continue within each trial (forward; backward; sequencing) until they incorrectly respond to two trials in a row for the same sequence length. Total number of points (1 point per correct trial) are tallied per condition: 16 points maximum per condition; 48 points total. This test provides a measure of working memory performance.
measure: BCI letter identification task metrics: AUC
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase)
description: EEG signals acquired during the letter viewing task are used to generate on-line estimates of target and non-target EEG profiles. Model fitting accuracy (area under the curve; AUC) will be calculated from a calibration sub-task.
measure: BCI letter identification task metrics: ITR
time frame: Weekly during baseline; three times per week during interventionOnce per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase)
description: EEG signals acquired during the letter viewing task are used to generate on-line estimates of target and non-target EEG profiles during a calibration sub-task. Model fitting efficiency (information transfer rate; ITR) will be calculated from a copy-phrase sub-task as a measure of how quickly (bits/minute) the system is able to reverse-identify a target based on the pre-determined EEG profiles.
measure: EEG spectral content: within-session change in alpha band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in alpha band activity (8-12 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.
measure: EEG spectral content: between-session change in alpha band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (8-12 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.
measure: EEG spectral content: within-session change in beta band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in beta band activity (13-30 Hz) between the start and end of the letter identification task will be quantified.
measure: EEG spectral content: between-session change in beta band activity
time frame: Once per week for 3-7 weeks (baseline phase); three times per week for 6 weeks (intervention phase); once, 4 weeks after the final intervention visit (follow-up)
description: EEG will be collected during the BCI letter identification task and spectral content will be assessed continuously throughout the task. Changes in average theta band activity (13-30 Hz) between subsequent study visits will be quantified.
arm group label: Neurofeedback
arm group type: Experimental
description: Three times per week, for six weeks, participants will receive biofeedback about the quality of their electroencephalograms (EEG; neurofeedback) during a letter identification task.
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Neurofeedback
description: Participants receive intermittent visual and auditory cues to adjust their attentional engagement with a letter identification task.
arm group label: Neurofeedback
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 50 Years
maximum age: 100 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Barry S Oken
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University
facility: 
country: United States
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University
investigator full name: Barry S. Oken
investigator title: Professor and Director
mesh term: Alzheimer Disease