<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03786952</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>1R15MH116337-01A1</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>R15MH116337</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03786952</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Stress, Sex, and the Generalization of Fear</brief_title>
  <official_title>Stress, Sex, and the Generalization of Fear</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Ohio Northern University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)</agency>
      <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Ohio Northern University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The impact of well-known risk factors for such disorders (stress, biological sex,&#xD;
      anxiety-related dispositions) on fear generalization will be examined. Findings from this&#xD;
      study may provide insight into how these risk factors influence the development and/or&#xD;
      maintenance of psychological disorders that involve overgeneralization of fear and could&#xD;
      facilitate future approaches to their treatment.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Many researchers approach the etiology of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related mental&#xD;
      disorders from the perspective of classical conditioning processes gone awry. According to&#xD;
      this view, abnormal associative relationships between neutral, conditioned stimuli (CSs) and&#xD;
      aversive, unconditioned stimuli (USs) underlie pathological anxiety and result in unusually&#xD;
      intense fear memories or fear memories that cannot be properly extinguished. Recent work has&#xD;
      expanded this view by showing that many psychological disorders involving pathological&#xD;
      anxiety are associated with an exaggerated form of the commonly adaptive classical&#xD;
      conditioning phenomenon, stimulus generalization, leading individuals with such disorders to&#xD;
      respond with fear and anxiety to a variety of environmental contexts and cues that should not&#xD;
      be threatening. Few studies have been conducted in humans to better understand the process of&#xD;
      fear generalization, and factors that might influence susceptibility to overgeneralize fear&#xD;
      have yet to be assessed. It is well-known that stress, biological sex, and anxiety-related&#xD;
      dispositions of an individual increase one's susceptibility for pathological anxiety and&#xD;
      significantly impact fear learning; thus, it is possible that such factors, alone or in&#xD;
      combination, contribute to clinical anxiety by influencing fear generalization processes. Aim&#xD;
      1 of the present study is to determine the effects of acute stress and its physiological&#xD;
      correlates on fear generalization in human participants. Because acute stress profoundly&#xD;
      impacts cognitive brain areas that underlie generalization, it is predicted that acute stress&#xD;
      will enhance or impair fear generalization, depending on when the stressor is administered&#xD;
      relative to fear learning. Aim 2 is to assess the role of biological sex in fear&#xD;
      generalization and acute stress-induced changes in such processes. Females are more likely&#xD;
      than males to develop several psychological disorders that involve pathological anxiety, and&#xD;
      research has consistently reported sex-related differences in fear learning and&#xD;
      stress-induced alterations of fear learning, effects that have been associated with ovarian&#xD;
      hormones. Thus, it is predicted that females will exhibit greater fear generalization than&#xD;
      males that will be impacted differently by stress. It is also hypothesized that the observed&#xD;
      effects will correlate with estradiol and progesterone in females. The final aim of this&#xD;
      project (Aim 3) is to evaluate the relationship between childhood stress, dispositional&#xD;
      anxiety, and fear generalization. Early life stress has been repeatedly associated with&#xD;
      altered stress responses and the development of anxiety-related phenotypes, yet the influence&#xD;
      of childhood stress and trait anxiety on fear generalization have yet to be examined. This&#xD;
      study will be the first to examine how several factors that are known to increase&#xD;
      susceptibility for trauma-, stressor, and anxiety-related psychological disorders impact fear&#xD;
      generalization in human subjects. The resulting findings will provide important insight into&#xD;
      the etiology of such disorders, which could aid future approaches to their treatment.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">January 25, 2019</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">June 30, 2022</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">June 30, 2022</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Factorial Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Fear-potentiated Startle Responses to the CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
    <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 3 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), and (3) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials also included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, startle responses to NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to CS+ trials and from startle responses to CS- trials to create 2 separate fear-potentiated startle response measures: 1 for the CS+ and 1 for the CS-. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>EMG Responses to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of responses from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
    <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following the presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 10 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), (3) following each of 7 generalization stimuli and startle probe (GS trials), and (4) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. For each block, startle responses to the NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to the CS+, GSs, and CS- trials to create separate fear-potentiated startle response measures for each of the 9 different stimuli. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
    <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+ and CS- during acquisition on Day 1. Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after CS+ or CS- onset. Average skin conductance responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+, Generalization Stimuli, and CS- During Generalization Testing</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of responses from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
    <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+, 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and CS- during generalization testing on Day 2. Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after onset of the CS+, 7 GSs, or CS- onset.. Average skin conductance responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of the ratings from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+ and one presentation of the CS-. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. During each trial, participants pressed, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - were scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</measure>
    <time_frame>Average of ratings from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
    <description>Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+, one presentation of each of 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and one presentation of the CS-. Participants were instructed to press, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - was scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings for each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Baseline Salivary Cortisol (Nmol/l)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)</time_frame>
    <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary cortisol levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater cortisol responses to stress.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Baseline Salivary Alpha-amylase (U/ml)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to immediately after stress)</time_frame>
    <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then immediately after the manipulation. The change in salivary alpha-amylase levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater alpha-amylase responses to stress.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Average Subjective Pain, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</measure>
    <time_frame>Stress or sham control condition on Day 1</time_frame>
    <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the painfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of pain and 10 = unbearable pain. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective pain during the stressor.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Average Subjective Stress, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</measure>
    <time_frame>Stress or sham control condition on Day 1</time_frame>
    <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the stressfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of stress and 10 = unbearable stress. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective stress during the stressor.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Heart Rate (Bpm)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to during stress or sham control manipulation)</time_frame>
    <description>Heart rate (bpm) measurements were aken via the PPG module of the Biopac MP150 system from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then halfway through the manipulation.The change in heart rate was analyzed.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in Salivary Progesterone (pg/ml)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)</time_frame>
    <description>Saliva samples were collected from female participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary progesterone levels were analyzed.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Salivary Estradiol (pg/ml)</measure>
    <time_frame>Average across Day 1 (baseline) and Day 2 (baseline)</time_frame>
    <description>Salivary estradiol (pg/ml) was measured by enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics LLC) performed on saliva samples collected from female participants on Days 1 and 2.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>State Anxiety</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
    <description>The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The STAI provides scores (20-80) for state and trait anxiety. State anxiety was used for this measure and was a sum of 20 items from the STAI. The minimum score for state anxiety was 20, and the maximum score was 80. Higher scores represented higher levels of state anxiety.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
    <description>The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The questionnaire consists of 25 items and yields a score between 25 and 125. Higher scores represent greater levels of childhood trauma exposure.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Anxiety Sensitivity Index</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
    <description>The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The ASI consists of 18 items and yields a score that reflects an individual's dispositional anxiety sensitivity. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 72. Greater scores reflect a greater sensitivity to anxiety.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
    <description>The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The CES-D is a 20-item measure of symptoms of depression. The possible range for scores is 0-60 with higher scores suggesting more severe symptoms of depression.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
    <description>The PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The checklist is a 17-item measure of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 80. Greater scores reflect greater symptoms related to PTSD.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>8</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">606</enrollment>
  <condition>Psychological Stress</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, immediate, males</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Stress immediately before learning in males</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, delayed, males</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in males</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, immediate, males</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Sham control immediately before learning in males</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, delayed, males</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, immediate, females</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Stress immediately before learning in females</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, delayed, females</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in females</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, immediate, females</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Sham control immediately before learning in females</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, delayed, females</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Stress immediately before learning in males</intervention_name>
    <description>Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, immediate, males</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham control immediately before learning in males</intervention_name>
    <description>Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, immediate, males</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Stress 30 minutes before learning in males</intervention_name>
    <description>Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, delayed, males</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males</intervention_name>
    <description>Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, delayed, males</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Stress immediately before learning in females</intervention_name>
    <description>Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, immediate, females</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham control immediately before learning in females</intervention_name>
    <description>Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, immediate, females</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Stress 30 minutes before learning in females</intervention_name>
    <description>Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Stress, delayed, females</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females</intervention_name>
    <description>Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham control, delayed, females</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  18 years of age&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Registered student at Ohio Northern University in Ada, Ohio&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Regular use of tobacco or recreational drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, heroin, etc.)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous diagnosis of Raynaud's disease or peripheral vascular disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous diagnosis of skin diseases (e.g., severe psoriasis, eczema, scleroderma)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of syncope or vasovagal response to stress&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of any heart conditions or cardiovascular issues (e.g., high blood pressure)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of severe head trauma&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Current treatment with narcotics, beta-blockers, or steroids&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous diagnosis of substance use disorder&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Regular nightshift work&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Hearing loss&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Consumed alcohol in past 24 hours&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Engaged in strenuous exercise in past 24 hours&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ate or drank anything but water in past 2 hours&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Phillip Zoladz, Ph.D.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Ohio Northern University</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Ohio Northern University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Ada</city>
        <state>Ohio</state>
        <zip>45810</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>February 2023</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 18, 2018</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 20, 2018</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">December 26, 2018</study_first_posted>
  <results_first_submitted>December 16, 2022</results_first_submitted>
  <results_first_submitted_qc>February 23, 2023</results_first_submitted_qc>
  <results_first_posted type="Actual">March 23, 2023</results_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>February 23, 2023</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>February 23, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 23, 2023</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Ohio Northern University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Phillip Zoladz</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>stress</keyword>
  <keyword>sex</keyword>
  <keyword>fear</keyword>
  <keyword>generalization</keyword>
  <keyword>cortisol</keyword>
  <keyword>alpha-amylase</keyword>
  <keyword>estradiol</keyword>
  <keyword>progesterone</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Stress, Psychological</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>Raw data and data from descriptive/raw measures were submitted on a semi-annual basis to the NIMH Data Archive</ipd_description>
    <ipd_time_frame>Data were shared on a semi-annual basis, beginning in January 2020.</ipd_time_frame>
    <ipd_access_criteria>NIMH Data Archive</ipd_access_criteria>
  </patient_data>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol, Statistical Analysis Plan, and Informed Consent Form</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>Yes</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>October 7, 2019</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/52/NCT03786952/Prot_SAP_ICF_000.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>

  <clinical_results>

    <participant_flow>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="P1">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P2">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P3">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P4">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P5">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P6">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P7">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P8">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <period_list>
        <period>
          <title>Overall Study</title>
          <milestone_list>
            <milestone>
              <title>STARTED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="56"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="59"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="58"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="57"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="97"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="87"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="94"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="98"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="56"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="59"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="58"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="57"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="97"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="87"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="94"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="98"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>NOT COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P7" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P8" count="0"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
          </milestone_list>
        </period>
      </period_list>
    </participant_flow>

    <baseline>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="B1">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B2">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B3">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B4">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B5">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B6">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B7">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B8">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B9">
          <title>Total</title>
          <description>Total of all reporting groups</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <analyzed_list>
        <analyzed>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <scope>Overall</scope>
          <count_list>
            <count group_id="B1" value="56"/>
            <count group_id="B2" value="59"/>
            <count group_id="B3" value="58"/>
            <count group_id="B4" value="57"/>
            <count group_id="B5" value="97"/>
            <count group_id="B6" value="87"/>
            <count group_id="B7" value="94"/>
            <count group_id="B8" value="98"/>
            <count group_id="B9" value="606"/>
          </count_list>
        </analyzed>
      </analyzed_list>
      <measure_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Age</title>
          <units>years</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="19.38" spread="1.65"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="19.95" spread="1.79"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="19.19" spread="1.26"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="19.61" spread="1.32"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="18.77" spread="0.98"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="19.39" spread="3.06"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="18.84" spread="0.86"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="18.97" spread="1.16"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="19.19" spread="1.68"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Sex: Female, Male</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Female</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="97"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="87"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="94"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="98"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="376"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Male</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="56"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="59"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="58"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="57"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="230"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Ethnicity (NIH/OMB)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Hispanic or Latino</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="20"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Not Hispanic or Latino</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="55"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="57"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="56"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="56"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="93"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="87"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="88"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="94"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="586"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Unknown or Not Reported</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Race (NIH/OMB)</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>American Indian or Alaska Native</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="1"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Asian</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="27"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="1"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Black or African American</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="7"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="29"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>White</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="50"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="48"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="52"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="50"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="87"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="79"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="90"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="90"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="546"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>More than one race</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Unknown or Not Reported</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="2"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Region of Enrollment</title>
          <units>participants</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>United States</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="56"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="59"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="58"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="57"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="97"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="87"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="94"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="98"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="606"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Height</title>
          <units>inches</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="70" spread="2.83645"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="70.3051" spread="3.07523"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="71.1724" spread="2.34811"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="70.5088" spread="3.26301"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="64.7526" spread="3.06197"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="65.1552" spread="2.92375"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="65.734" spread="3.05567"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="65.0332" spread="3.00121"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="67.1894" spread="3.94860"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Weight</title>
          <units>pounds</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="175.6429" spread="39.54810"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="175.7458" spread="32.51980"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="182.5862" spread="37.76522"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="192.8772" spread="44.19400"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="146.1237" spread="34.88889"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="149.2989" spread="32.93020"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="154.7553" spread="36.01424"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B8" value="153.4286" spread="41.21405"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B9" value="162.5990" spread="40.33790"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </measure_list>
    </baseline>

    <outcome_list>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Fear-potentiated Startle Responses to the CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
        <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 3 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), and (3) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials also included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, startle responses to NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to CS+ trials and from startle responses to CS- trials to create 2 separate fear-potentiated startle response measures: 1 for the CS+ and 1 for the CS-. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
        <time_frame>Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some fear-potentiated startle responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Fear-potentiated Startle Responses to the CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
          <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 3 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), and (3) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials also included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, startle responses to NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to CS+ trials and from startle responses to CS- trials to create 2 separate fear-potentiated startle response measures: 1 for the CS+ and 1 for the CS-. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some fear-potentiated startle responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
          <units>Fear-potentiated startle (microvolts)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="71"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="71"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="72"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="52.059" spread="9.46"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="19.162" spread="7.955"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="44.388" spread="9.46"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="9.732" spread="7.955"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="42.123" spread="9.972"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="20.215" spread="8.385"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="47.904" spread="9.581"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="26.64" spread="8.056"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value="64.313" spread="7.051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value="14.437" spread="5.929"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value="75.269" spread="7.365"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value="33.479" spread="6.193"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value="61.243" spread="7.101"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value="26.584" spread="5.971"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value="62.828" spread="7.051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value="21.856" spread="5.929"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.453</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>EMG Responses to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</title>
        <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following the presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 10 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), (3) following each of 7 generalization stimuli and startle probe (GS trials), and (4) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. For each block, startle responses to the NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to the CS+, GSs, and CS- trials to create separate fear-potentiated startle response measures for each of the 9 different stimuli. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
        <time_frame>Average of responses from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some fear-potentiated startle responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O17">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O18">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O19">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O20">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O21">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O22">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O23">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O24">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O25">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O26">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O27">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O28">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O29">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O30">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O31">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O32">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O33">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O34">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O35">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O36">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O37">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O38">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O39">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O40">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O41">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O42">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O43">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O44">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O45">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O46">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O47">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O48">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O49">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O50">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O51">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O52">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O53">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O54">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O55">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O56">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O57">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O58">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O59">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O60">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O61">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O62">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O63">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O64">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O65">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O66">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O67">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O68">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O69">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O70">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O71">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O72">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>EMG Responses to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</title>
          <description>Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following the presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 10 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), (3) following each of 7 generalization stimuli and startle probe (GS trials), and (4) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. For each block, startle responses to the NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to the CS+, GSs, and CS- trials to create separate fear-potentiated startle response measures for each of the 9 different stimuli. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some fear-potentiated startle responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
          <units>Fear-potentiated startle (microvolts)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O17" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O18" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O19" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O20" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O21" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O22" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O23" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O24" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O25" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O26" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O27" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O28" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O29" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O30" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O31" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O32" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O33" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O34" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O35" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O36" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O37" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O38" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O39" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O40" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O41" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O42" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O43" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O44" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O45" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O46" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O47" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O48" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O49" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O50" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O51" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O52" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O53" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O54" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O55" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O56" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O57" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O58" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O59" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O60" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O61" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O62" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O63" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O64" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O65" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O66" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O67" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O68" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O69" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O70" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O71" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O72" value="76"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="52.059" spread="9.552"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="42.389" spread="8.467"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="24.461" spread="8.215"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="36.099" spread="7.563"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="25.637" spread="7.085"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="13.225" spread="7.130"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="36.013" spread="7.759"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="16.838" spread="7.797"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value="19.063" spread="7.897"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value="51.595" spread="9.552"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value="47.292" spread="8.467"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value="23.265" spread="8.215"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value="26.790" spread="7.563"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value="17.900" spread="7.085"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value="17.642" spread="7.130"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value="18.197" spread="7.759"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O17" value="17.472" spread="7.797"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O18" value="18.542" spread="7.897"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O19" value="59.295" spread="10.317"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O20" value="36.931" spread="9.146"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O21" value="29.738" spread="8.874"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O22" value="32.878" spread="8.169"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O23" value="31.296" spread="7.652"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O24" value="28.073" spread="7.701"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O25" value="32.893" spread="8.380"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O26" value="21.807" spread="8.422"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O27" value="25.547" spread="8.529"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O28" value="68.576" spread="9.668"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O29" value="52.235" spread="8.57"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O30" value="36.234" spread="8.315"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O31" value="33.031" spread="7.655"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O32" value="37.434" spread="7.171"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O33" value="22.264" spread="7.216"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O34" value="29.489" spread="7.853"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O35" value="27.508" spread="7.892"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O36" value="35.165" spread="7.993"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O37" value="59.043" spread="7.245"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O38" value="49.511" spread="6.422"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O39" value="37.996" spread="6.231"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O40" value="38.498" spread="5.737"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O41" value="32.051" spread="5.374"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O42" value="26.428" spread="5.408"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O43" value="48.603" spread="5.885"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O44" value="32.181" spread="5.914"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O45" value="19.585" spread="5.99"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O46" value="57.618" spread="7.563"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O47" value="51.025" spread="6.704"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O48" value="31.866" spread="6.505"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O49" value="36.741" spread="5.988"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O50" value="26.989" spread="5.609"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O51" value="23.399" spread="5.645"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O52" value="42.591" spread="6.143"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O53" value="25.380" spread="6.173"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O54" value="28.132" spread="6.252"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O55" value="51.693" spread="7.148"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O56" value="49.296" spread="6.336"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O57" value="29.101" spread="6.148"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O58" value="36.858" spread="5.660"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O59" value="28.705" spread="5.302"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O60" value="24.520" spread="5.335"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O61" value="37.415" spread="5.806"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O62" value="28.944" spread="5.835"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O63" value="24.180" spread="5.909"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O64" value="65.451" spread="7.101"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O65" value="61.473" spread="6.294"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O66" value="40.557" spread="6.107"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O67" value="42.141" spread="5.622"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O68" value="30.156" spread="5.267"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O69" value="34.117" spread="5.300"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O70" value="43.093" spread="5.768"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O71" value="34.696" spread="5.796"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O72" value="42.714" spread="5.870"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
              <group_id>O17</group_id>
              <group_id>O18</group_id>
              <group_id>O19</group_id>
              <group_id>O20</group_id>
              <group_id>O21</group_id>
              <group_id>O22</group_id>
              <group_id>O23</group_id>
              <group_id>O24</group_id>
              <group_id>O25</group_id>
              <group_id>O26</group_id>
              <group_id>O27</group_id>
              <group_id>O28</group_id>
              <group_id>O29</group_id>
              <group_id>O30</group_id>
              <group_id>O31</group_id>
              <group_id>O32</group_id>
              <group_id>O33</group_id>
              <group_id>O34</group_id>
              <group_id>O35</group_id>
              <group_id>O36</group_id>
              <group_id>O37</group_id>
              <group_id>O38</group_id>
              <group_id>O39</group_id>
              <group_id>O40</group_id>
              <group_id>O41</group_id>
              <group_id>O42</group_id>
              <group_id>O43</group_id>
              <group_id>O44</group_id>
              <group_id>O45</group_id>
              <group_id>O46</group_id>
              <group_id>O47</group_id>
              <group_id>O48</group_id>
              <group_id>O49</group_id>
              <group_id>O50</group_id>
              <group_id>O51</group_id>
              <group_id>O52</group_id>
              <group_id>O53</group_id>
              <group_id>O54</group_id>
              <group_id>O55</group_id>
              <group_id>O56</group_id>
              <group_id>O57</group_id>
              <group_id>O58</group_id>
              <group_id>O59</group_id>
              <group_id>O60</group_id>
              <group_id>O61</group_id>
              <group_id>O62</group_id>
              <group_id>O63</group_id>
              <group_id>O64</group_id>
              <group_id>O65</group_id>
              <group_id>O66</group_id>
              <group_id>O67</group_id>
              <group_id>O68</group_id>
              <group_id>O69</group_id>
              <group_id>O70</group_id>
              <group_id>O71</group_id>
              <group_id>O72</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.931</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
        <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+ and CS- during acquisition on Day 1. Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after CS+ or CS- onset. Average skin conductance responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
        <time_frame>Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some skin conductance responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
          <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+ and CS- during acquisition on Day 1. Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after CS+ or CS- onset. Average skin conductance responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some skin conductance responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
          <units>Skin conductance response (μSiemens)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="59"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="59"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="76"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value=".107" spread=".042"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value=".070" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value=".138" spread=".041"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".090" spread=".038"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value=".112" spread=".043"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value=".102" spread=".040"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".163" spread=".042"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value=".105" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value=".153" spread=".031"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value=".084" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value=".135" spread=".034"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value=".078" spread=".032"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value=".206" spread=".031"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value=".072" spread=".028"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value=".244" spread=".030"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value=".096" spread=".028"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.923</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+, Generalization Stimuli, and CS- During Generalization Testing</title>
        <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+, 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and CS- during generalization testing on Day 2. Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after onset of the CS+, 7 GSs, or CS- onset.. Average skin conductance responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
        <time_frame>Average of responses from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some skin conductance responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O17">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O18">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O19">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O20">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O21">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O22">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O23">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O24">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O25">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O26">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O27">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O28">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O29">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O30">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O31">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O32">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O33">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O34">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O35">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O36">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O37">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O38">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O39">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O40">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O41">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O42">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O43">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O44">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O45">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O46">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O47">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O48">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O49">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O50">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O51">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O52">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O53">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O54">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O55">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O56">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O57">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O58">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O59">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O60">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O61">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O62">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O63">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O64">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O65">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O66">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O67">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O68">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O69">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O70">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O71">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O72">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>Skin conductance responses to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Skin Conductance Responses to CS+, Generalization Stimuli, and CS- During Generalization Testing</title>
          <description>Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+, 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and CS- during generalization testing on Day 2. Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after onset of the CS+, 7 GSs, or CS- onset.. Average skin conductance responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some skin conductance responses were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., poor electrode conductance).</population>
          <units>Skin conductance response (μSiemens)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O17" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O18" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O19" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O20" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O21" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O22" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O23" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O24" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O25" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O26" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O27" value="31"/>
                <count group_id="O28" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O29" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O30" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O31" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O32" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O33" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O34" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O35" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O36" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O37" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O38" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O39" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O40" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O41" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O42" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O43" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O44" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O45" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O46" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O47" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O48" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O49" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O50" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O51" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O52" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O53" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O54" value="57"/>
                <count group_id="O55" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O56" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O57" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O58" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O59" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O60" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O61" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O62" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O63" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O64" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O65" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O66" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O67" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O68" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O69" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O70" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O71" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O72" value="75"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value=".193" spread=".049"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value=".156" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value=".103" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".114" spread=".043"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value=".072" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value=".046" spread=".040"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".241" spread=".053"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value=".246" spread=".049"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value=".094" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value=".270" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value=".262" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value=".140" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value=".177" spread=".041"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value=".095" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value=".118" spread=".038"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value=".254" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O17" value=".101" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O18" value=".116" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O19" value=".127" spread=".054"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O20" value=".154" spread=".051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O21" value=".081" spread=".043"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O22" value=".158" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O23" value=".041" spread=".042"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O24" value=".053" spread=".044"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O25" value=".260" spread=".058"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O26" value=".103" spread=".054"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O27" value=".138" spread=".042"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O28" value=".196" spread=".048"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O29" value=".212" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O30" value=".107" spread=".038"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O31" value=".129" spread=".041"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O32" value=".067" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O33" value=".035" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O34" value=".218" spread=".051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O35" value=".193" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O36" value=".075" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O37" value=".225" spread=".036"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O38" value=".184" spread=".035"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O39" value=".119" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O40" value=".168" spread=".032"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O41" value=".123" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O42" value=".132" spread=".03"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O43" value=".232" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O44" value=".196" spread=".036"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O45" value=".093" spread=".028"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O46" value=".213" spread=".040"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O47" value=".201" spread=".038"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O48" value=".098" spread=".032"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O49" value=".147" spread=".035"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O50" value=".085" spread=".031"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O51" value=".122" spread=".033"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O52" value=".252" spread=".043"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O53" value=".127" spread=".040"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O54" value=".074" spread=".031"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O55" value=".226" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O56" value=".199" spread=".035"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O57" value=".094" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O58" value=".150" spread=".032"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O59" value=".100" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O60" value=".097" spread=".030"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O61" value=".259" spread=".039"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O62" value=".137" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O63" value=".109" spread=".029"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O64" value=".243" spread=".035"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O65" value=".261" spread=".033"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O66" value=".100" spread=".028"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O67" value=".195" spread=".030"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O68" value=".113" spread=".027"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O69" value=".138" spread=".028"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O70" value=".326" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O71" value=".198" spread=".035"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O72" value=".158" spread=".027"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
              <group_id>O17</group_id>
              <group_id>O18</group_id>
              <group_id>O19</group_id>
              <group_id>O20</group_id>
              <group_id>O21</group_id>
              <group_id>O22</group_id>
              <group_id>O23</group_id>
              <group_id>O24</group_id>
              <group_id>O25</group_id>
              <group_id>O26</group_id>
              <group_id>O27</group_id>
              <group_id>O28</group_id>
              <group_id>O29</group_id>
              <group_id>O30</group_id>
              <group_id>O31</group_id>
              <group_id>O32</group_id>
              <group_id>O33</group_id>
              <group_id>O34</group_id>
              <group_id>O35</group_id>
              <group_id>O36</group_id>
              <group_id>O37</group_id>
              <group_id>O38</group_id>
              <group_id>O39</group_id>
              <group_id>O40</group_id>
              <group_id>O41</group_id>
              <group_id>O42</group_id>
              <group_id>O43</group_id>
              <group_id>O44</group_id>
              <group_id>O45</group_id>
              <group_id>O46</group_id>
              <group_id>O47</group_id>
              <group_id>O48</group_id>
              <group_id>O49</group_id>
              <group_id>O50</group_id>
              <group_id>O51</group_id>
              <group_id>O52</group_id>
              <group_id>O53</group_id>
              <group_id>O54</group_id>
              <group_id>O55</group_id>
              <group_id>O56</group_id>
              <group_id>O57</group_id>
              <group_id>O58</group_id>
              <group_id>O59</group_id>
              <group_id>O60</group_id>
              <group_id>O61</group_id>
              <group_id>O62</group_id>
              <group_id>O63</group_id>
              <group_id>O64</group_id>
              <group_id>O65</group_id>
              <group_id>O66</group_id>
              <group_id>O67</group_id>
              <group_id>O68</group_id>
              <group_id>O69</group_id>
              <group_id>O70</group_id>
              <group_id>O71</group_id>
              <group_id>O72</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.399</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
        <description>Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+ and one presentation of the CS-. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. During each trial, participants pressed, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - were scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
        <time_frame>Average of the ratings from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some US expectancy ratings were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., response pad malfunction) or participant error.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during the conditioning phase of acquisition on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition</title>
          <description>Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+ and one presentation of the CS-. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. During each trial, participants pressed, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - were scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some US expectancy ratings were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., response pad malfunction) or participant error.</population>
          <units>score on scale from -1 to +1</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="74"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="74"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="72"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="74"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="74"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value=".737" spread=".064"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="-.865" spread=".068"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value=".964" spread=".062"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="-.954" spread=".066"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value=".797" spread=".066"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="-.775" spread=".070"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".860" spread=".061"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="-.907" spread=".065"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value=".807" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value="-.782" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value=".867" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value="-.845" spread=".053"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value=".889" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value="-.840" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value=".881" spread=".047"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value="-.898" spread=".050"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.872</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</title>
        <description>Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+, one presentation of each of 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and one presentation of the CS-. Participants were instructed to press, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - was scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings for each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
        <time_frame>Average of ratings from all trials on Day 2</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some US expectancy ratings were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., response pad malfunction) or participant error.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O9">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O10">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O11">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O12">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O13">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O14">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O15">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O16">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O17">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O18">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O19">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O20">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O21">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O22">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O23">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O24">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O25">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O26">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O27">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O28">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O29">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O30">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O31">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O32">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O33">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O34">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O35">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O36">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O37">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O38">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O39">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O40">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O41">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O42">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O43">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O44">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O45">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O46">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O47">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O48">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O49">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O50">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O51">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O52">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O53">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O54">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O55">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O56">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O57">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O58">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O59">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O60">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O61">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O62">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O63">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O64">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS+</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS+ during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O65">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS1</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS1 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O66">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS2</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS2 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O67">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS3</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS3 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O68">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS4</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS4 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O69">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS5</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS5 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O70">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS6</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS6 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O71">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, GS7</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the GS7 during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O72">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females, CS-</title>
            <description>US expectancy ratings to the CS- during generalization testing on Day 2 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>US Expectancy Ratings to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing</title>
          <description>Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+, one presentation of each of 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and one presentation of the CS-. Participants were instructed to press, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked &quot;+&quot; if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked &quot;-&quot; if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked &quot;0&quot; if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - was scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings for each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some US expectancy ratings were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., response pad malfunction) or participant error.</population>
          <units>score on scale from -1 to +1</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O9" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O10" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O11" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O12" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O13" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O14" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O15" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O16" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O17" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O18" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O19" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O20" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O21" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O22" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O23" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O24" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O25" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O26" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O27" value="36"/>
                <count group_id="O28" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O29" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O30" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O31" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O32" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O33" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O34" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O35" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O36" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O37" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O38" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O39" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O40" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O41" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O42" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O43" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O44" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O45" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O46" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O47" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O48" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O49" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O50" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O51" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O52" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O53" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O54" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O55" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O56" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O57" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O58" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O59" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O60" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O61" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O62" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O63" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O64" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O65" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O66" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O67" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O68" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O69" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O70" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O71" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O72" value="80"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value=".217" spread=".119"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value=".140" spread=".094"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="-.357" spread=".111"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="-.527" spread=".095"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="-.822" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="-.810" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="-.907" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="-.984" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O9" value="-.961" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O10" value="-.089" spread=".116"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O11" value="-.067" spread=".092"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O12" value="-.533" spread=".109"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O13" value="-.519" spread=".093"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O14" value="-.807" spread=".068"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O15" value="-.874" spread=".067"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O16" value="-.889" spread=".049"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O17" value="-.911" spread=".044"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O18" value="-.948" spread=".044"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O19" value=".315" spread=".13"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O20" value=".204" spread=".103"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O21" value="-.130" spread=".121"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O22" value="-.296" spread=".104"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O23" value="-.593" spread=".076"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O24" value="-.676" spread=".075"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O25" value="-.833" spread=".055"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O26" value="-.907" spread=".049"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O27" value="-.870" spread=".049"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O28" value=".225" spread=".119"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O29" value=".016" spread=".094"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O30" value="-.411" spread=".111"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O31" value="-.496" spread=".095"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O32" value="-.740" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O33" value="-.814" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O34" value="-.837" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O35" value="-.899" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O36" value="-.907" spread=".045"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O37" value=".135" spread=".087"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O38" value=".093" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O39" value="-.447" spread=".082"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O40" value="-.489" spread=".070"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O41" value="-.768" spread=".051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O42" value="-.768" spread=".051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O43" value="-.808" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O44" value="-.865" spread=".033"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O45" value="-.882" spread=".033"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O46" value="-.010" spread=".096"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O47" value=".035" spread=".076"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O48" value="-.384" spread=".090"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O49" value="-.455" spread=".077"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O50" value="-.707" spread=".056"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O51" value="-.753" spread=".056"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O52" value="-.818" spread=".040"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O53" value="-.904" spread=".036"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O54" value="-.889" spread=".036"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O55" value=".116" spread=".090"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O56" value=".120" spread=".071"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O57" value="-.404" spread=".084"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O58" value="-.467" spread=".072"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O59" value="-.769" spread=".053"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O60" value="-.787" spread=".052"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O61" value="-.867" spread=".038"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O62" value="-.911" spread=".034"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O63" value="-.889" spread=".034"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O64" value=".171" spread=".087"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O65" value=".142" spread=".069"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O66" value="-.383" spread=".081"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O67" value="-.475" spread=".070"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O68" value="-.737" spread=".051"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O69" value="-.737" spread=".050"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O70" value="-.871" spread=".037"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O71" value="-.942" spread=".033"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O72" value="-.954" spread=".033"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
              <group_id>O9</group_id>
              <group_id>O10</group_id>
              <group_id>O11</group_id>
              <group_id>O12</group_id>
              <group_id>O13</group_id>
              <group_id>O14</group_id>
              <group_id>O15</group_id>
              <group_id>O16</group_id>
              <group_id>O17</group_id>
              <group_id>O18</group_id>
              <group_id>O19</group_id>
              <group_id>O20</group_id>
              <group_id>O21</group_id>
              <group_id>O22</group_id>
              <group_id>O23</group_id>
              <group_id>O24</group_id>
              <group_id>O25</group_id>
              <group_id>O26</group_id>
              <group_id>O27</group_id>
              <group_id>O28</group_id>
              <group_id>O29</group_id>
              <group_id>O30</group_id>
              <group_id>O31</group_id>
              <group_id>O32</group_id>
              <group_id>O33</group_id>
              <group_id>O34</group_id>
              <group_id>O35</group_id>
              <group_id>O36</group_id>
              <group_id>O37</group_id>
              <group_id>O38</group_id>
              <group_id>O39</group_id>
              <group_id>O40</group_id>
              <group_id>O41</group_id>
              <group_id>O42</group_id>
              <group_id>O43</group_id>
              <group_id>O44</group_id>
              <group_id>O45</group_id>
              <group_id>O46</group_id>
              <group_id>O47</group_id>
              <group_id>O48</group_id>
              <group_id>O49</group_id>
              <group_id>O50</group_id>
              <group_id>O51</group_id>
              <group_id>O52</group_id>
              <group_id>O53</group_id>
              <group_id>O54</group_id>
              <group_id>O55</group_id>
              <group_id>O56</group_id>
              <group_id>O57</group_id>
              <group_id>O58</group_id>
              <group_id>O59</group_id>
              <group_id>O60</group_id>
              <group_id>O61</group_id>
              <group_id>O62</group_id>
              <group_id>O63</group_id>
              <group_id>O64</group_id>
              <group_id>O65</group_id>
              <group_id>O66</group_id>
              <group_id>O67</group_id>
              <group_id>O68</group_id>
              <group_id>O69</group_id>
              <group_id>O70</group_id>
              <group_id>O71</group_id>
              <group_id>O72</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.998</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Change in Baseline Salivary Cortisol (Nmol/l)</title>
        <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary cortisol levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater cortisol responses to stress.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary cortisol levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Change in Baseline Salivary Cortisol (Nmol/l)</title>
          <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary cortisol levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater cortisol responses to stress.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
          <units>Change in cortisol (nmol/l)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="41"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="75"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="60"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="78"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="1.413" spread=".308"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="1.014" spread=".315"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="-.039" spread=".333"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".236" spread=".320"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value=".728" spread=".227"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value=".710" spread=".254"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".558" spread=".231"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="-.091" spread=".223"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.10</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Change in Baseline Salivary Alpha-amylase (U/ml)</title>
        <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then immediately after the manipulation. The change in salivary alpha-amylase levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater alpha-amylase responses to stress.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to immediately after stress)</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary alpha-amylase levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Change in Baseline Salivary Alpha-amylase (U/ml)</title>
          <description>Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then immediately after the manipulation. The change in salivary alpha-amylase levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater alpha-amylase responses to stress.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
          <units>Change in alpha-amylase (U/ml)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="39"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="40"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="55"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="70"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="73"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="4.210" spread="7.132"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="-12.943" spread="7.042"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="7.656" spread="7.528"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="-3.411" spread="6.792"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="17.561" spread="5.40"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="2.608" spread="6.005"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="5.090" spread="5.323"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="-3.601" spread="5.213"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.992</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Average Subjective Pain, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</title>
        <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the painfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of pain and 10 = unbearable pain. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective pain during the stressor.</description>
        <time_frame>Stress or sham control condition on Day 1</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not report subjective pain ratings.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average pain ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Average Subjective Pain, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</title>
          <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the painfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of pain and 10 = unbearable pain. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective pain during the stressor.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not report subjective pain ratings.</population>
          <units>score on a scale of 0-10</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="6.089" spread=".228"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="6.415" spread=".223"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value=".123" spread=".243"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".159" spread=".226"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="6.806" spread=".167"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="6.765" spread=".181"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".092" spread=".172"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value=".131" spread=".163"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.519</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Average Subjective Stress, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</title>
        <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the stressfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of stress and 10 = unbearable stress. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective stress during the stressor.</description>
        <time_frame>Stress or sham control condition on Day 1</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not report subjective stress ratings.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average stress ratings on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Average Subjective Stress, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report</title>
          <description>During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the stressfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of stress and 10 = unbearable stress. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective stress during the stressor.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not report subjective stress ratings.</population>
          <units>score on scale of 0-10</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="4.457" spread=".289"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="5.778" spread=".283"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value=".675" spread=".307"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".318" spread=".286"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="5.910" spread=".212"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="5.843" spread=".230"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".184" spread=".217"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value=".405" spread=".207"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.007</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Change in Heart Rate (Bpm)</title>
        <description>Heart rate (bpm) measurements were aken via the PPG module of the Biopac MP150 system from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then halfway through the manipulation.The change in heart rate was analyzed.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to during stress or sham control manipulation)</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some heart rate measurements were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., pulse oximeter malfunction).</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in heart rate on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Change in Heart Rate (Bpm)</title>
          <description>Heart rate (bpm) measurements were aken via the PPG module of the Biopac MP150 system from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then halfway through the manipulation.The change in heart rate was analyzed.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some heart rate measurements were unable to be obtained from participants due to technical issues (e.g., pulse oximeter malfunction).</population>
          <units>Change in heart rate (beats per minute)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="42"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="78"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="67"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="74"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="81"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="4.924" spread="1.159"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="3.922" spread="1.120"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="-.379" spread="1.235"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value=".345" spread="1.146"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="5.339" spread=".851"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="4.348" spread=".918"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value=".096" spread=".873"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="-1.337" spread=".835"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.457</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Change in Salivary Progesterone (pg/ml)</title>
        <description>Saliva samples were collected from female participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary progesterone levels were analyzed.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary progesterone levels on Day 1 in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary progesterone levels on Day 1 in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary progesterone levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Change in salivary progesterone levels on Day 1 in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Change in Salivary Progesterone (pg/ml)</title>
          <description>Saliva samples were collected from female participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary progesterone levels were analyzed.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some salivary cortisol levels were unable to be obtained due to a lack of adequate saliva.</population>
          <units>Change in progesterone (pg/ml)</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="64"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="52"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="60"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="61"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="247.165" spread="51.177"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="160.933" spread="56.776"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="197.625" spread="52.856"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="198.469" spread="52.421"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.415</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>Salivary Estradiol (pg/ml)</title>
        <description>Salivary estradiol (pg/ml) was measured by enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics LLC) performed on saliva samples collected from female participants on Days 1 and 2.</description>
        <time_frame>Average across Day 1 (baseline) and Day 2 (baseline)</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average estradiol levels in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average estradiol levels in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average estradiol levels in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average estradiol levels in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Salivary Estradiol (pg/ml)</title>
          <description>Salivary estradiol (pg/ml) was measured by enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics LLC) performed on saliva samples collected from female participants on Days 1 and 2.</description>
          <units>pg/ml</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="79"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="66"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="73"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="78"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="2.040" spread=".131"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="2.050" spread=".144"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.971" spread=".137"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="1.955" spread=".132"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.923</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>State Anxiety</title>
        <description>The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The STAI provides scores (20-80) for state and trait anxiety. State anxiety was used for this measure and was a sum of 20 items from the STAI. The minimum score for state anxiety was 20, and the maximum score was 80. Higher scores represented higher levels of state anxiety.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average state anxiety in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>State Anxiety</title>
          <description>The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The STAI provides scores (20-80) for state and trait anxiety. State anxiety was used for this measure and was a sum of 20 items from the STAI. The minimum score for state anxiety was 20, and the maximum score was 80. Higher scores represented higher levels of state anxiety.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
          <units>score on a scale of 20-80</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="38.395" spread="1.738"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="36.422" spread="1.699"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="37.868" spread="1.849"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="38.750" spread="1.718"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="43.213" spread="1.274"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="41.441" spread="1.382"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="40.868" spread="1.307"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="41.845" spread="1.244"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.981</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</title>
        <description>The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The questionnaire consists of 25 items and yields a score between 25 and 125. Higher scores represent greater levels of childhood trauma exposure.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Total CTQ score in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)</title>
          <description>The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The questionnaire consists of 25 items and yields a score between 25 and 125. Higher scores represent greater levels of childhood trauma exposure.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
          <units>score on a scale of 25-125</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="34.93" spread="1.836"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="32.600" spread="1.795"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="31.632" spread="1.953"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="34.909" spread="1.815"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="37.688" spread="1.346"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="34.471" spread="1.460"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="35.184" spread="1.381"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="35.333" spread="1.314"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.627</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>Anxiety Sensitivity Index</title>
        <description>The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The ASI consists of 18 items and yields a score that reflects an individual's dispositional anxiety sensitivity. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 72. Greater scores reflect a greater sensitivity to anxiety.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average anxiety sensitivity in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Anxiety Sensitivity Index</title>
          <description>The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The ASI consists of 18 items and yields a score that reflects an individual's dispositional anxiety sensitivity. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 72. Greater scores reflect a greater sensitivity to anxiety.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
          <units>score on a scale of 0-72</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="16.047" spread="1.649"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="15.933" spread="1.612"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="14.816" spread="1.754"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="14.591" spread="1.630"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="18.838" spread="1.209"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="16.882" spread="1.311"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="17.171" spread="1.240"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="15.619" spread="1.180"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.901</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)</title>
        <description>The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The CES-D is a 20-item measure of symptoms of depression. The possible range for scores is 0-60 with higher scores suggesting more severe symptoms of depression.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average CES-D score in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)</title>
          <description>The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The CES-D is a 20-item measure of symptoms of depression. The possible range for scores is 0-60 with higher scores suggesting more severe symptoms of depression.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
          <units>score of a scale of 0-60</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="12.767" spread="1.439"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="10.000" spread="1.407"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="15.579" spread="1.531"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="10.909" spread="1.423"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="15.950" spread="1.055"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="13.441" spread="1.144"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="13.974" spread="1.082"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="14.583" spread="1.030"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.166</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Other Pre-specified</type>
        <title>PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version</title>
        <description>The PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The checklist is a 17-item measure of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 80. Greater scores reflect greater symptoms related to PTSD.</description>
        <time_frame>Day 2 - following generalization testing</time_frame>
        <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in males stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in males stressed 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in males exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in males exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in females stressed immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in females exposed to stress 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O7">
            <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in females exposed to the sham manipulation immediately before learning</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O8">
            <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
            <description>Average PTSD score in females exposed to the sham manipulation 30 min before learning</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version</title>
          <description>The PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The checklist is a 17-item measure of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 80. Greater scores reflect greater symptoms related to PTSD.</description>
          <population>The overall number of participants analyzed is not consistent with the numbers in the participant flow module. Some participants did not complete the questionnaire.</population>
          <units>score on a scale of 0-80</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="43"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="45"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="44"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="80"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="68"/>
                <count group_id="O7" value="76"/>
                <count group_id="O8" value="84"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="31.628" spread="1.774"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="29.800" spread="1.734"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="34.868" spread="1.887"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="30.886" spread="1.754"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="36.088" spread="1.301"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="32.456" spread="1.411"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O7" value="34.868" spread="1.335"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O8" value="34.190" spread="1.269"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <analysis_list>
          <analysis>
            <group_id_list>
              <group_id>O1</group_id>
              <group_id>O2</group_id>
              <group_id>O3</group_id>
              <group_id>O4</group_id>
              <group_id>O5</group_id>
              <group_id>O6</group_id>
              <group_id>O7</group_id>
              <group_id>O8</group_id>
            </group_id_list>
            <non_inferiority_type>Superiority</non_inferiority_type>
            <p_value>0.252</p_value>
            <method>ANOVA</method>
          </analysis>
        </analysis_list>
      </outcome>
    </outcome_list>

    <reported_events>
      <time_frame>2 days, the length of the time of in-person experimental sessions</time_frame>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="E1">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E2">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E3">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E4">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Males</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E5">
          <title>Stress, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Stress immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Stress immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E6">
          <title>Stress, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Stress 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Stress 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E7">
          <title>Sham Control, Immediate, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control immediately before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control immediately before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E8">
          <title>Sham Control, Delayed, Females</title>
          <description>Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females&#xD;
Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <serious_events>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, all-cause mortality</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="56"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="59"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="58"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="57"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="97"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="87"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="94"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="98"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, serious adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="56"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="59"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="58"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="57"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="97"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="87"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="94"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="98"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </serious_events>
      <other_events>
        <frequency_threshold>0</frequency_threshold>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, other adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="56"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="59"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="58"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="57"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="97"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="87"/>
                <counts group_id="E7" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="94"/>
                <counts group_id="E8" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="98"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </other_events>
    </reported_events>

    <certain_agreements>
      <pi_employee>Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.</pi_employee>
      <restrictive_agreement>There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed. </restrictive_agreement>
    </certain_agreements>
    <point_of_contact>
      <name_or_title>Phillip Zoladz</name_or_title>
      <organization>Ohio Northern University</organization>
      <phone>419-772-2142</phone>
      <email>p-zoladz@onu.edu</email>
    </point_of_contact>
  </clinical_results>
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03786952
org study id: 1R15MH116337-01A1
secondary id: R15MH116337
nct id: NCT03786952
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The impact of well-known risk factors for such disorders (stress, biological sex,
      anxiety-related dispositions) on fear generalization will be examined. Findings from this
      study may provide insight into how these risk factors influence the development and/or
      maintenance of psychological disorders that involve overgeneralization of fear and could
      facilitate future approaches to their treatment.
Many researchers approach the etiology of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related mental
      disorders from the perspective of classical conditioning processes gone awry. According to
      this view, abnormal associative relationships between neutral, conditioned stimuli (CSs) and
      aversive, unconditioned stimuli (USs) underlie pathological anxiety and result in unusually
      intense fear memories or fear memories that cannot be properly extinguished. Recent work has
      expanded this view by showing that many psychological disorders involving pathological
      anxiety are associated with an exaggerated form of the commonly adaptive classical
      conditioning phenomenon, stimulus generalization, leading individuals with such disorders to
      respond with fear and anxiety to a variety of environmental contexts and cues that should not
      be threatening. Few studies have been conducted in humans to better understand the process of
      fear generalization, and factors that might influence susceptibility to overgeneralize fear
      have yet to be assessed. It is well-known that stress, biological sex, and anxiety-related
      dispositions of an individual increase one's susceptibility for pathological anxiety and
      significantly impact fear learning; thus, it is possible that such factors, alone or in
      combination, contribute to clinical anxiety by influencing fear generalization processes. Aim
      1 of the present study is to determine the effects of acute stress and its physiological
      correlates on fear generalization in human participants. Because acute stress profoundly
      impacts cognitive brain areas that underlie generalization, it is predicted that acute stress
      will enhance or impair fear generalization, depending on when the stressor is administered
      relative to fear learning. Aim 2 is to assess the role of biological sex in fear
      generalization and acute stress-induced changes in such processes. Females are more likely
      than males to develop several psychological disorders that involve pathological anxiety, and
      research has consistently reported sex-related differences in fear learning and
      stress-induced alterations of fear learning, effects that have been associated with ovarian
      hormones. Thus, it is predicted that females will exhibit greater fear generalization than
      males that will be impacted differently by stress. It is also hypothesized that the observed
      effects will correlate with estradiol and progesterone in females. The final aim of this
      project (Aim 3) is to evaluate the relationship between childhood stress, dispositional
      anxiety, and fear generalization. Early life stress has been repeatedly associated with
      altered stress responses and the development of anxiety-related phenotypes, yet the influence
      of childhood stress and trait anxiety on fear generalization have yet to be examined. This
      study will be the first to examine how several factors that are known to increase
      susceptibility for trauma-, stressor, and anxiety-related psychological disorders impact fear
      generalization in human subjects. The resulting findings will provide important insight into
      the etiology of such disorders, which could aid future approaches to their treatment.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Factorial Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Fear-potentiated Startle Responses to the CS+ and CS- During Acquisition
time frame: Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1
description: Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 3 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), and (3) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials also included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, startle responses to NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to CS+ trials and from startle responses to CS- trials to create 2 separate fear-potentiated startle response measures: 1 for the CS+ and 1 for the CS-. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).
measure: EMG Responses to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing
time frame: Average of responses from all trials on Day 2
description: Peak eyeblink startle responses 20-200 ms following the presentation of a startle probe were measured. Startle responses were assessed for each of 10 trial types: (1) following the startle probe alone [noise alone (NA) trials], (2) following the CS+ and startle probe (CS+ trials), (3) following each of 7 generalization stimuli and startle probe (GS trials), and (4) following the CS- and startle probe (CS- trials). Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of each trial type. For each block, startle responses to the NA trials were subtracted from startle responses to the CS+, GSs, and CS- trials to create separate fear-potentiated startle response measures for each of the 9 different stimuli. Average fear-potentiated startle responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.
measure: Skin Conductance Responses to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition
time frame: Average of the responses from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1
description: Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+ and CS- during acquisition on Day 1. Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after CS+ or CS- onset. Average skin conductance responses to the CS+ and CS- during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).
measure: Skin Conductance Responses to CS+, Generalization Stimuli, and CS- During Generalization Testing
time frame: Average of responses from all trials on Day 2
description: Electrodermal activity was measured following presentation of the CS+, 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and CS- during generalization testing on Day 2. Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, with each block including a single presentation of each stimulus. For each block, skin conductance responses were quantified by calculating the average increase in electrodermal activity (from a 1 s pre-stimulus baseline) 3-6 s after onset of the CS+, 7 GSs, or CS- onset.. Average skin conductance responses to each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear expression. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.
measure: US Expectancy Ratings to CS+ and CS- During Acquisition
time frame: Average of the ratings from trial block 13, trial block 14, trial block 15, and trial block 16 on Day 1
description: Participants were exposed to 16 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+ and one presentation of the CS-. During the last 12 blocks, CS+ trials included the presentation of an aversive US. During each trial, participants pressed, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked "+" if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked "-" if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked "0" if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - were scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings during the last 4 blocks of trials were used as an indicator of fear learning (greater responses to the CS+, relative to the CS-, indicated greater learning).
measure: US Expectancy Ratings to CS+, CS-, and Generalization Stimuli During Generalization Testing
time frame: Average of ratings from all trials on Day 2
description: Participants were exposed to 3 blocks of trials, and each block included 1 presentation of the CS+, one presentation of each of 7 generalization stimuli (GSs), and one presentation of the CS-. Participants were instructed to press, within 3 seconds of stimulus onset, a button marked "+" if they expected the stimulus to be followed by the US, a button marked "-" if they did not expect the stimulus to be followed by the US, or a button marked "0" if they were uncertain. For the purpose of data analysis, + was scored as +1, - was scored as -1, and 0 was scored as 0. Average expectancy ratings for each stimulus across all 3 blocks were used as an indicator of fear. Greater scores for the generalization stimuli (GS) indicated a greater generalization of fear.
measure: Change in Baseline Salivary Cortisol (Nmol/l)
time frame: Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)
description: Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary cortisol levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater cortisol responses to stress.
measure: Change in Baseline Salivary Alpha-amylase (U/ml)
time frame: Day 1 (change from baseline to immediately after stress)
description: Saliva samples were collected from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then immediately after the manipulation. The change in salivary alpha-amylase levels was analyzed. Greater levels indicated greater alpha-amylase responses to stress.
measure: Average Subjective Pain, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report
time frame: Stress or sham control condition on Day 1
description: During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the painfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of pain and 10 = unbearable pain. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective pain during the stressor.
measure: Average Subjective Stress, as Assessed by Verbal Self Report
time frame: Stress or sham control condition on Day 1
description: During the stress or sham control manipulation, participants rated the stressfulness of the water bath at 1-minute intervals on an 11-point scale ranging from 0-10, with 0 = lack of stress and 10 = unbearable stress. The obtained ratings were averaged and analyzed. Greater ratings indicated greater subjective stress during the stressor.
measure: Change in Heart Rate (Bpm)
time frame: Day 1 (change from baseline to during stress or sham control manipulation)
description: Heart rate (bpm) measurements were aken via the PPG module of the Biopac MP150 system from participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then halfway through the manipulation.The change in heart rate was analyzed.
measure: Change in Salivary Progesterone (pg/ml)
time frame: Day 1 (change from baseline to 25 min post-stress)
description: Saliva samples were collected from female participants prior to undergoing the stress or sham control condition (baseline) and then 25 min later. The change in salivary progesterone levels were analyzed.
measure: Salivary Estradiol (pg/ml)
time frame: Average across Day 1 (baseline) and Day 2 (baseline)
description: Salivary estradiol (pg/ml) was measured by enzyme immunoassay (Salimetrics LLC) performed on saliva samples collected from female participants on Days 1 and 2.
measure: State Anxiety
time frame: Day 2 - following generalization testing
description: The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The STAI provides scores (20-80) for state and trait anxiety. State anxiety was used for this measure and was a sum of 20 items from the STAI. The minimum score for state anxiety was 20, and the maximum score was 80. Higher scores represented higher levels of state anxiety.
measure: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)
time frame: Day 2 - following generalization testing
description: The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The questionnaire consists of 25 items and yields a score between 25 and 125. Higher scores represent greater levels of childhood trauma exposure.
measure: Anxiety Sensitivity Index
time frame: Day 2 - following generalization testing
description: The Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The ASI consists of 18 items and yields a score that reflects an individual's dispositional anxiety sensitivity. The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 72. Greater scores reflect a greater sensitivity to anxiety.
measure: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
time frame: Day 2 - following generalization testing
description: The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The CES-D is a 20-item measure of symptoms of depression. The possible range for scores is 0-60 with higher scores suggesting more severe symptoms of depression.
measure: PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version
time frame: Day 2 - following generalization testing
description: The PTSD Checklist - Civilian Version was administered following generalization testing on Day 2. The checklist is a 17-item measure of symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The minimum score is 0, and the maximum score is 80. Greater scores reflect greater symptoms related to PTSD.
arm group label: Stress, immediate, males
arm group type: Experimental
description: Stress immediately before learning in males
arm group label: Stress, delayed, males
arm group type: Experimental
description: Stress 30 minutes before learning in males
arm group label: Sham control, immediate, males
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: Sham control immediately before learning in males
arm group label: Sham control, delayed, males
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males
arm group label: Stress, immediate, females
arm group type: Experimental
description: Stress immediately before learning in females
arm group label: Stress, delayed, females
arm group type: Experimental
description: Stress 30 minutes before learning in females
arm group label: Sham control, immediate, females
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: Sham control immediately before learning in females
arm group label: Sham control, delayed, females
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Stress immediately before learning in males
description: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Stress, immediate, males
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Sham control immediately before learning in males
description: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Sham control, immediate, males
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Stress 30 minutes before learning in males
description: Male participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Stress, delayed, males
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Sham control 30 minutes before learning in males
description: Male participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Sham control, delayed, males
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Stress immediately before learning in females
description: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Immediately following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Stress, immediate, females
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Sham control immediately before learning in females
description: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) immediately prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Immediately following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Sham control, immediate, females
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Stress 30 minutes before learning in females
description: Female participants will be exposed to the socially evaluated cold pressor test 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of ice cold water for up to 3 minutes. The participants will also be informed that they are being videotaped for analysis of facial expressions and be asked to stare at a camera throughout the manipulation. Thirty minutes following the acute stressor, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Stress, delayed, females
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Sham control 30 minutes before learning in females
description: Female participants will be exposed to the sham control condition (no stress) 30 minutes prior to fear learning. Participants will place their dominant hand in a bath of lukewarm water for up to 3 minutes. Thirty minutes following the sham control condition, participants will undergo the acquisition phase of fear conditioning.
arm group label: Sham control, delayed, females
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Phillip Zoladz, Ph.D.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Ohio Northern University
facility: 
country: United States
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Ohio Northern University
investigator full name: Phillip Zoladz
investigator title: Professor
mesh term: Stress, Psychological
sharing ipd: Yes
ipd description: Raw data and data from descriptive/raw measures were submitted on a semi-annual basis to the NIMH Data Archive
ipd time frame: Data were shared on a semi-annual basis, beginning in January 2020.
ipd access criteria: NIMH Data Archive
provided document: 
participant flow: 
baseline: 
outcome list: 
reported events: 
certain agreements: 
point of contact: 