<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03794869</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>UAL-477</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03794869</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Short-term Effects of Exercise Program Versus Electropuncture in Patients With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</brief_title>
  <official_title>Short-term Effects of Exercise Program Versus Electropuncture on Pain, Depression, Range of Motion and Disability, in Patients With Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain: A Randomized Clinical Trial.</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Universidad de Almeria</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Universidad de Almeria</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This study evaluate the effectiveness that exists when performing a treatment based on a&#xD;
      table of exercises for strengthening the lumbar muscles versus a treatment based on&#xD;
      electropuncture in patients with chronic low back pain.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Low back pain has a high prevalence in all European countries, appearing as the main cause of&#xD;
      activity limitation in people under 45 years of age. It has got a high recurrence, which&#xD;
      decreases the activities of daily life, facilitates the focus of attention to pain and&#xD;
      increases the fear of movement, with the consequent muscular atrophy. A serie cases will be&#xD;
      conducted comparing a a table of exercises versus electropuncture.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness that exists when performing a tratment based on a table&#xD;
      of exercises for strengthening the lumbar muscles versus a treatment based on&#xD;
      electropuncture.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Methods: A sample of 12 subjects with chronic low back pain will be assigned to an exercise&#xD;
      program or dry electropuncture treatment (EPS), during 4 weeks (2 sessions/week). The&#xD;
      measurement variables selected for the study were the followings: Straight Leg Raise,&#xD;
      Vasalva, Gaesslen test, algometry (pressure pain threshold), goniometry (measurement of the&#xD;
      range of motion), Scale of disability for low back pain of Oswestry, Beck's Depression&#xD;
      Inventory (BDI), Visual Analogue Scale (EVA), Mcquade's Test and the Roland-Morrys'&#xD;
      Questionnaire, developing a pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">April 15, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">May 16, 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">April 16, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
    <masking_description>Single-Blind</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Algometry</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>An instrument for measuring the degree of sensitivity to pain.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Goniometry</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>Measurement of the range of motion</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Beck's Depression Inventory</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>The state of depression will be determined with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-applied 21-item questionnaire that assesses a wide spectrum of depressive symptoms. It focuses on the cognitive components of depression, which represent around 50% of the total questionnaire score.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Visual Analog Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>Pain will be assessed with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which assesses the pain intensity and degree of relief experienced by the patient (scored of 0 = no pain; 10 = unbearable pain).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index.</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>It has 10 items associated to activities of daily living, each item has a puntuation fron 0 to 5 points</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Roland-Morrys' Questionnaire</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>This is a self-reported questionnaire consisting in 24 items reflecting limitations in different activities of daily living attributed to low back pain including walking, vending over, sitting, lying down, dressing, sleeping, self-care and daily activities</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mcquade Test</measure>
    <time_frame>At baseline and immediate post-treatment</time_frame>
    <description>It measures the isometric endurance of trunk flexion muscles</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">68</enrollment>
  <condition>Low Back Pain</condition>
  <condition>Exercise Program</condition>
  <condition>Electroacupuncture</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Exercise program</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>It will be consist in a program of lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercises and strengthening of the core: awareness of breathing, front and side plate abdominal, glute bridge/hip elevations, lift extended leg, pelvic tilt, hamstring stretch, strengthening lower abdominals, cat-camel posture, trunk rotations with flexed knees, rolling in sitting and lumbar extension with hip extensión in prone</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Apply dry needles in a tight band of some of the muscles that most affect the appearance of low back pain, such as: paravertebral, lumbar quadrate, gluteus medius and pyramidal, and administer analgesic microcurrents.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)</intervention_name>
    <description>Apply dry needles in a tight band of some of the muscles that most affect the appearance of low back pain, such as: paravertebral, lumbar quadrate, gluteus medius and pyramidal, and administer analgesic microcurrents.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Exercise program</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Exercise program</intervention_name>
    <description>It will be consist in a program of lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercises and strengthening of CORE.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Chronic non-specific low back pain persisting ≥ 3 months.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age between 25 and 60 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Not currently receiving physical therapy.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of lumbar stenosis.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of clinical signs of radiculopathy.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnosis of spondylolisthesis.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnosis of fibromyalgia.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Treatment with corticosteroid or pharmachological medication within the paset 2 weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  A history of spinal surgery.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Central or peripheral nervous system disease&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>25 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>60 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Almeria University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Almeria</city>
        <zip>04001</zip>
        <country>Spain</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Spain</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Haas M, Groupp E, Kraemer DF. Dose-response for chiropractic care of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2004 Sep-Oct;4(5):574-83. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2004.02.008.</citation>
    <PMID>15363431</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Pérez Guisado J. Contribución al estudio de la lumbalgia inespecífica. Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol. 2006;20(2).</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hernandez GA, Zamora Salas JD. [Exercise as a treatment for low back pain management]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2017 Jan-Feb;19(1):123-128. doi: 10.15446/rsap.v19n1.61910. Spanish.</citation>
    <PMID>30137166</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sekendiz B, Cug M, Korkusuz F. Effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in sedentary women. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Nov;24(11):3032-40. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d82e70. Erratum In: J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jan;25(1):286.</citation>
    <PMID>20940644</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Castro-Sanchez AM, Lara-Palomo IC, Mataran-Penarrocha GA, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Sanchez-Labraca N, Arroyo-Morales M. Kinesio Taping reduces disability and pain slightly in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2012;58(2):89-95. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70088-7. Erratum In: J Physiother. 2012;58(3):143.</citation>
    <PMID>22613238</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Faria NM. Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:1. doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005874. Epub 2015 Oct 20.</citation>
    <PMID>26487293</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lizier DT, Pérez V, Sakata K. Ejercicios para el tratamiento de la lumbálgia inespecífica. Rev. Bras. Anestesiol. 2012;62(6):842-846.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mehrparvar AH, Heydari M, Mirmohammadi SJ, Mostaghaci M, Davari MH, Taheri M. Ergonomic intervention, workplace exercises and musculoskeletal complaints: a comparative study. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2014 Jul 16;28:69. eCollection 2014.</citation>
    <PMID>25405134</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Goldby LJ, Moore AP, Doust J, Trew ME. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 1;31(10):1083-93. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000216464.37504.64.</citation>
    <PMID>16648741</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Slade SC, Keating JL. Trunk-strengthening exercises for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006 Feb;29(2):163-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.12.011.</citation>
    <PMID>16461178</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Slade SC, Keating JL. Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 May;30(4):301-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.03.010.</citation>
    <PMID>17509439</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Angel Garcia D, Martinez Nicolas I, Saturno Hernandez PJ, Lopez Soriano F. [Clinical approach to chronic lumbar pain: a systematic review of recommendations included in existing practice guidelines]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2015 Jan-Apr;38(1):117-30. doi: 10.23938/ASSN.0059. Spanish.</citation>
    <PMID>25963464</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Barlas P, Ting SL, Chesterton LS, Jones PW, Sim J. Effects of intensity of electroacupuncture upon experimental pain in healthy human volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2006 May;122(1-2):81-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.012. Epub 2006 Mar 9.</citation>
    <PMID>16527396</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mayor D. Electroacupunture: a practical manual and resource. Churchill Livingstone, 2007.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hamza MA, Ghoname EA, White PF, Craig WF, Ahmed HE, Gajraj NM, Vakharia AS, Noe CE. Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Anesthesiology. 1999 Dec;91(6):1622-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00012.</citation>
    <PMID>10598602</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Tsukayama H, Yamashita H, Amagai H, Tanno Y. Randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of electroacupuncture and TENS for low back pain: a preliminary study for a pragmatic trial. Acupunct Med. 2002 Dec;20(4):175-80. doi: 10.1136/aim.20.4.175.</citation>
    <PMID>12512791</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Baldry PE. Acupunture, trigger points and musculoeskeletal pain, 2ª ed. London: Churchill Livingstone;1993.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Arroyo Fernández R, Martón Villalvilla R, Baldán Bernardino N, Mayoral del Moral O, Salvat Salvat I. Fisioterapia invasiva del síndrome de dolor miofascial: manual de punción seca de puntos gatillos. Panamericana; 2017.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sanabria AM. Prevalencia de dolor lumbar y su relación con factores de riesgo biomecánicos en personal de enfermería. 2015;37(4):319-330.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Vera-García F. Core stability: evaluación y criterios para su entrenamiento. Rev. Andaluza de Medicina del Deporte. 2015;(8(3):130-137.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Waddell G, Newton M, Henderson I, Somerville D, Main CJ. A Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ) and the role of fear-avoidance beliefs in chronic low back pain and disability. Pain. 1993 Feb;52(2):157-168. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(93)90127-B.</citation>
    <PMID>8455963</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Piovesan EJ, Tatsui CE, Kowacs PA, Lange MC, Pacheco C, Werneck LC. [Using algometry of pressure measuring the threshold of trigeminal pain perception in normal volunteers: a new protocol of studies]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2001 Mar;59(1):92-6. doi: 10.1590/s0004-282x2001000100019. French.</citation>
    <PMID>11299439</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Martín S, Arroyo R, Baldán N, Martín T, Mayoral O. Electroestimulación percutánea del punto gatillo miofascial: efectos de la frecuencia sobre el umbral de dolor a la presión. Cuest Fisioter. 2014;43(2):110-120.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Manning DC, Rowlingson JC. Back pain and the role of neural blockade. Neural blockade in clinical anesthesia and management of pain. 3º ed. Philadelphia 1998;879.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Medrano García R, Varela Hernández A, de la Torre Rosés M, Mendoza Cisneros R. Propuesta de modificación del algoritmo europeo de manejo de la lumbalgia inespecífica. 2010;14(4).</citation>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>January 2019</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 3, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 3, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 7, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>January 6, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>January 6, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">January 9, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Universidad de Almeria</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>PhD(Lecturer)</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>chronic low back pain</keyword>
  <keyword>physical therapy</keyword>
  <keyword>randomized clinical trial</keyword>
  <keyword>exercise program</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Back Pain</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Low Back Pain</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03794869
org study id: UAL-477
nct id: NCT03794869
lead sponsor: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This study evaluate the effectiveness that exists when performing a treatment based on a
      table of exercises for strengthening the lumbar muscles versus a treatment based on
      electropuncture in patients with chronic low back pain.
Low back pain has a high prevalence in all European countries, appearing as the main cause of
      activity limitation in people under 45 years of age. It has got a high recurrence, which
      decreases the activities of daily life, facilitates the focus of attention to pain and
      increases the fear of movement, with the consequent muscular atrophy. A serie cases will be
      conducted comparing a a table of exercises versus electropuncture.

      Objective: Evaluate the effectiveness that exists when performing a tratment based on a table
      of exercises for strengthening the lumbar muscles versus a treatment based on
      electropuncture.

      Methods: A sample of 12 subjects with chronic low back pain will be assigned to an exercise
      program or dry electropuncture treatment (EPS), during 4 weeks (2 sessions/week). The
      measurement variables selected for the study were the followings: Straight Leg Raise,
      Vasalva, Gaesslen test, algometry (pressure pain threshold), goniometry (measurement of the
      range of motion), Scale of disability for low back pain of Oswestry, Beck's Depression
      Inventory (BDI), Visual Analogue Scale (EVA), Mcquade's Test and the Roland-Morrys'
      Questionnaire, developing a pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
masking description: Single-Blind
measure: Algometry
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: An instrument for measuring the degree of sensitivity to pain.
measure: Goniometry
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: Measurement of the range of motion
measure: Beck's Depression Inventory
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: The state of depression will be determined with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), a self-applied 21-item questionnaire that assesses a wide spectrum of depressive symptoms. It focuses on the cognitive components of depression, which represent around 50% of the total questionnaire score.
measure: Visual Analog Scale
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: Pain will be assessed with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), which assesses the pain intensity and degree of relief experienced by the patient (scored of 0 = no pain; 10 = unbearable pain).
measure: Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Index.
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: It has 10 items associated to activities of daily living, each item has a puntuation fron 0 to 5 points
measure: Roland-Morrys' Questionnaire
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: This is a self-reported questionnaire consisting in 24 items reflecting limitations in different activities of daily living attributed to low back pain including walking, vending over, sitting, lying down, dressing, sleeping, self-care and daily activities
measure: Mcquade Test
time frame: At baseline and immediate post-treatment
description: It measures the isometric endurance of trunk flexion muscles
arm group label: Exercise program
arm group type: Experimental
description: It will be consist in a program of lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercises and strengthening of the core: awareness of breathing, front and side plate abdominal, glute bridge/hip elevations, lift extended leg, pelvic tilt, hamstring stretch, strengthening lower abdominals, cat-camel posture, trunk rotations with flexed knees, rolling in sitting and lumbar extension with hip extensión in prone
arm group label: Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Apply dry needles in a tight band of some of the muscles that most affect the appearance of low back pain, such as: paravertebral, lumbar quadrate, gluteus medius and pyramidal, and administer analgesic microcurrents.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)
description: Apply dry needles in a tight band of some of the muscles that most affect the appearance of low back pain, such as: paravertebral, lumbar quadrate, gluteus medius and pyramidal, and administer analgesic microcurrents.
arm group label: Exercise program
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Exercise program
description: It will be consist in a program of lumbo-pelvic stabilization exercises and strengthening of CORE.
arm group label: Percutaneous electrostimulation treatment (EPS)
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 25 Years
maximum age: 60 Years
healthy volunteers: No
facility: 
country: Spain
citation: Haas M, Groupp E, Kraemer DF. Dose-response for chiropractic care of chronic low back pain. Spine J. 2004 Sep-Oct;4(5):574-83. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2004.02.008.
PMID: 15363431
citation: Pérez Guisado J. Contribución al estudio de la lumbalgia inespecífica. Rev Cubana Ortop Traumatol. 2006;20(2).
citation: Hernandez GA, Zamora Salas JD. [Exercise as a treatment for low back pain management]. Rev Salud Publica (Bogota). 2017 Jan-Feb;19(1):123-128. doi: 10.15446/rsap.v19n1.61910. Spanish.
PMID: 30137166
citation: Sekendiz B, Cug M, Korkusuz F. Effects of Swiss-ball core strength training on strength, endurance, flexibility, and balance in sedentary women. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Nov;24(11):3032-40. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d82e70. Erratum In: J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Jan;25(1):286.
PMID: 20940644
citation: Castro-Sanchez AM, Lara-Palomo IC, Mataran-Penarrocha GA, Fernandez-Sanchez M, Sanchez-Labraca N, Arroyo-Morales M. Kinesio Taping reduces disability and pain slightly in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. J Physiother. 2012;58(2):89-95. doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70088-7. Erratum In: J Physiother. 2012;58(3):143.
PMID: 22613238
citation: Meucci RD, Fassa AG, Faria NM. Prevalence of chronic low back pain: systematic review. Rev Saude Publica. 2015;49:1. doi: 10.1590/S0034-8910.2015049005874. Epub 2015 Oct 20.
PMID: 26487293
citation: Lizier DT, Pérez V, Sakata K. Ejercicios para el tratamiento de la lumbálgia inespecífica. Rev. Bras. Anestesiol. 2012;62(6):842-846.
citation: Mehrparvar AH, Heydari M, Mirmohammadi SJ, Mostaghaci M, Davari MH, Taheri M. Ergonomic intervention, workplace exercises and musculoskeletal complaints: a comparative study. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2014 Jul 16;28:69. eCollection 2014.
PMID: 25405134
citation: Goldby LJ, Moore AP, Doust J, Trew ME. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 1;31(10):1083-93. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000216464.37504.64.
PMID: 16648741
citation: Slade SC, Keating JL. Trunk-strengthening exercises for chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006 Feb;29(2):163-73. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2005.12.011.
PMID: 16461178
citation: Slade SC, Keating JL. Unloaded movement facilitation exercise compared to no exercise or alternative therapy on outcomes for people with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2007 May;30(4):301-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2007.03.010.
PMID: 17509439
citation: Angel Garcia D, Martinez Nicolas I, Saturno Hernandez PJ, Lopez Soriano F. [Clinical approach to chronic lumbar pain: a systematic review of recommendations included in existing practice guidelines]. An Sist Sanit Navar. 2015 Jan-Apr;38(1):117-30. doi: 10.23938/ASSN.0059. Spanish.
PMID: 25963464
citation: Barlas P, Ting SL, Chesterton LS, Jones PW, Sim J. Effects of intensity of electroacupuncture upon experimental pain in healthy human volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Pain. 2006 May;122(1-2):81-9. doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.01.012. Epub 2006 Mar 9.
PMID: 16527396
citation: Mayor D. Electroacupunture: a practical manual and resource. Churchill Livingstone, 2007.
citation: Hamza MA, Ghoname EA, White PF, Craig WF, Ahmed HE, Gajraj NM, Vakharia AS, Noe CE. Effect of the duration of electrical stimulation on the analgesic response in patients with low back pain. Anesthesiology. 1999 Dec;91(6):1622-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199912000-00012.
PMID: 10598602
citation: Tsukayama H, Yamashita H, Amagai H, Tanno Y. Randomised controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of electroacupuncture and TENS for low back pain: a preliminary study for a pragmatic trial. Acupunct Med. 2002 Dec;20(4):175-80. doi: 10.1136/aim.20.4.175.
PMID: 12512791
citation: Baldry PE. Acupunture, trigger points and musculoeskeletal pain, 2ª ed. London: Churchill Livingstone;1993.
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responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Universidad de Almeria
investigator full name: Adelaida María Castro-Sánchez
investigator title: PhD(Lecturer)
mesh term: Back Pain
mesh term: Low Back Pain