<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03811782</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>UW17-049</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03811782</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effect of Single-task, Dual-task and Analogy Training During Gait Rehabilitation</brief_title>
  <official_title>Examining Conscious Motor Processing and the Effect of Single-task, Dual-task and Analogy Training on Walking During Rehabilitation by Older Adults at Risk of Falling in Hong Kong: A Randomized Controlled Trial</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>The University of Hong Kong</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>The University of Hong Kong</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The study aims to examine the effect of single-task, dual-task and analogy training during&#xD;
      gait rehabilitation on conscious motor processing propensity, balance, walking ability and&#xD;
      fear of falling by older adults at risk of falling in Hong Kong. One-hundred and five healthy&#xD;
      older adults will be recruited from elderly community centres in Hong Kong by convenience&#xD;
      sampling. They will be randomly assigned into 3 groups (i.e., single-task walking group&#xD;
      (active control group), dual-task walking group and analogy walking group). Participants in&#xD;
      different groups will have training sessions (about 45 minutes each) three times per week for&#xD;
      4 weeks in a group of 5 participants. A total of 12 sessions will be completed by each&#xD;
      participant. All training sessions will be conducted by experienced Hong Kong registered&#xD;
      Physiotherapists. In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance&#xD;
      training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand&#xD;
      manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters&#xD;
      walkway with different instructions in different walking groups (20 minutes) and cool down (5&#xD;
      minutes). Participants in the different groups will receive different instructions during&#xD;
      walking training. Well- developed single-task (explicit), dual-task and analogy instructions&#xD;
      will be utilized in the single-task walking group, dual-task walking group and analogy&#xD;
      walking group, respectively. Each participant will undergo assessment sessions (total 3&#xD;
      assessment sessions) before training at baseline (T0), just after completion of all training&#xD;
      sessions (T1) and 6 months after completion of all training sessions (T2). In the baseline&#xD;
      assessment, a structural questionnaire will be used to ask for demographics, detailed history&#xD;
      of fall incident, detailed medical history, social history and social-economic status of the&#xD;
      participants. A battery of assessments will be done to assess physical and cognitive&#xD;
      abilities of the participants in all assessment sessions. Single-task walking ability,&#xD;
      dual-task walking ability, functional gait and balance assessment, cognitive function,&#xD;
      fearing of falling and propensity for conscious motor processing.&#xD;
&#xD;
      All participants will also be asked to record their number of falls prospectively at the time&#xD;
      between T1 (completion of all training sessions) and T2 (6 months after completion of all&#xD;
      training sessions) using a calendar. The number of falls within the 6-month follow- up period&#xD;
      will then be collected.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">October 1, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">August 31, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">August 31, 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline propensity for conscious motor processing</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline propensity for conscious motor processing upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline propensity for conscious motor processing at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline single-task walking ability</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline single-task walking ability upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline single-task walking ability at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline dual-task walking ability</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, &amp; Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, &amp; Marsiske, 2008)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline dual-task walking ability upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, &amp; Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, &amp; Marsiske, 2008)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline dual-task walking ability at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, &amp; Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, &amp; Marsiske, 2008)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests time</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests (TU&amp;G(Podsiadlo &amp; Richardson, 1991)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests time upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests (TU&amp;G(Podsiadlo &amp; Richardson, 1991)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests time at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>Timed 'Up &amp; Go' Tests (TU&amp;G(Podsiadlo &amp; Richardson, 1991)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline Berg Balance Scale score</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams &amp; Gayton, 1989)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Berg Balance Scale score upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams &amp; Gayton, 1989)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline Berg Balance Scale score at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams &amp; Gayton, 1989)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive function</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>The Chinese version Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-C) (Folstein et al., 1975; Chiu et al., 1994). A mark of 24 or above out of 30 is required to meet the inclusion criteria.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Baseline fear of falling</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the start of training</time_frame>
    <description>Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, &amp; Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette &amp; Parker, 1994; Hellström &amp; Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline fear of falling upon completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)</time_frame>
    <description>Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, &amp; Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette &amp; Parker, 1994; Hellström &amp; Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change from baseline fear of falling at 6 months after the completion of training</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, &amp; Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette &amp; Parker, 1994; Hellström &amp; Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Number of falls between T1 and T2 (post training to 6 months after completion of training)</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months after the completion of Training</time_frame>
    <description>Record of the the number of falls prospectively at the time between T1 (completion of all training sessions) and T2 (6 months after completion of all training sessions) using a calendar.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">105</enrollment>
  <condition>Fall</condition>
  <condition>Balance</condition>
  <condition>Reinvestment Propensity</condition>
  <condition>Gait Rehabilitation</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Single-task Training Group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Single-task walking group</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Dual-task Training Group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dual-task walking group</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Analogy Training Group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Analogy walking group</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Single-task Training</intervention_name>
    <description>In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Single-task Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).</description>
    <arm_group_label>Single-task Training Group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Dual-task Training</intervention_name>
    <description>In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Dual-task Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).</description>
    <arm_group_label>Dual-task Training Group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Analogy Training</intervention_name>
    <description>In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Analogy Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).</description>
    <arm_group_label>Analogy Training Group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age 65 or above;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  No history of cerebral vascular disease, Parkinson's disease or other neurological&#xD;
             deficit;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-C) (Folstein, Folstein, &amp;&#xD;
             McHuge, 1975; Chiu, Lee, Chung, &amp; Kwong, 1994) total score of equal or more than 24;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to walk independently indoor for at least 10 meters;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Older adults with moderate to high risk of falling, as indicated by the score of less&#xD;
             than 24 out of 28 in the Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986).&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Any potential participant who cannot meet the inclusion criteria.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>65 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Thomson Wai Lung WONG</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>The University of Hong Kong</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Thomson Wai Lung WONG</last_name>
    <phone>(852) 28315258</phone>
    <email>wongtwl@hku.hk</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>The HKJC Building for Interdisciplinary Research</name>
      <address>
        <city>Hong Kong</city>
        <country>Hong Kong</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Thomson Wong</last_name>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Hong Kong</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>March 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 10, 2019</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 18, 2019</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">January 22, 2019</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 23, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 23, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 25, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>The University of Hong Kong</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Dr. Thomson Wai-Lung Wong</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Assistant Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>conscious motor processing</keyword>
  <keyword>single-task training</keyword>
  <keyword>dual-task training</keyword>
  <keyword>analogy training</keyword>
  <keyword>gait rehabilitation</keyword>
  <keyword>reinvestment propensity</keyword>
  <keyword>balance</keyword>
  <keyword>fear of falling</keyword>
  <keyword>older adults</keyword>
  <keyword>Hong Kong</keyword>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03811782
org study id: UW17-049
nct id: NCT03811782
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
The study aims to examine the effect of single-task, dual-task and analogy training during
      gait rehabilitation on conscious motor processing propensity, balance, walking ability and
      fear of falling by older adults at risk of falling in Hong Kong. One-hundred and five healthy
      older adults will be recruited from elderly community centres in Hong Kong by convenience
      sampling. They will be randomly assigned into 3 groups (i.e., single-task walking group
      (active control group), dual-task walking group and analogy walking group). Participants in
      different groups will have training sessions (about 45 minutes each) three times per week for
      4 weeks in a group of 5 participants. A total of 12 sessions will be completed by each
      participant. All training sessions will be conducted by experienced Hong Kong registered
      Physiotherapists. In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance
      training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand
      manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters
      walkway with different instructions in different walking groups (20 minutes) and cool down (5
      minutes). Participants in the different groups will receive different instructions during
      walking training. Well- developed single-task (explicit), dual-task and analogy instructions
      will be utilized in the single-task walking group, dual-task walking group and analogy
      walking group, respectively. Each participant will undergo assessment sessions (total 3
      assessment sessions) before training at baseline (T0), just after completion of all training
      sessions (T1) and 6 months after completion of all training sessions (T2). In the baseline
      assessment, a structural questionnaire will be used to ask for demographics, detailed history
      of fall incident, detailed medical history, social history and social-economic status of the
      participants. A battery of assessments will be done to assess physical and cognitive
      abilities of the participants in all assessment sessions. Single-task walking ability,
      dual-task walking ability, functional gait and balance assessment, cognitive function,
      fearing of falling and propensity for conscious motor processing.

      All participants will also be asked to record their number of falls prospectively at the time
      between T1 (completion of all training sessions) and T2 (6 months after completion of all
      training sessions) using a calendar. The number of falls within the 6-month follow- up period
      will then be collected.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Baseline propensity for conscious motor processing
time frame: Before the start of training
description: The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.
measure: Change from baseline propensity for conscious motor processing upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.
measure: Change from baseline propensity for conscious motor processing at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: The Chinese version Movement Specific Reinvestment Scale (MSRS-C) (Masters et al., 2005; Wong et al., 2015a; Wong et al., 2015b). The MSRS-C includes two sub-scales: Conscious motor processing and Movement self-consciousness. The scores for both sub-scales ranges from 5-30. A higher score indicate a higher propensity for conscious motor processing.
measure: Baseline single-task walking ability
time frame: Before the start of training
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)
measure: Change from baseline single-task walking ability upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)
measure: Change from baseline single-task walking ability at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed (Bohannon, 1997)
measure: Baseline dual-task walking ability
time frame: Before the start of training
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, & Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, & Marsiske, 2008)
measure: Change from baseline dual-task walking ability upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, & Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, & Marsiske, 2008)
measure: Change from baseline dual-task walking ability at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: 10 meters comfortable and fast walking speed with concurrent verbal or visual-spatial dual-tasks of auditory stroop task (Siu, Catena, Chou, van Donkelaar, & Woollacott, 2008) or clock test (Plummer-D'Amato, Altmann, Saracino, Fox, Behrman, & Marsiske, 2008)
measure: Baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score
time frame: Before the start of training
description: Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986).
measure: Change from baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986)
measure: Change from baseline Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool score at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: Tinetti Balance Assessment Tool (Tinetti, 1986)
measure: Baseline Timed 'Up & Go' Tests time
time frame: Before the start of training
description: Timed 'Up & Go' Tests (TU&G(Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991)
measure: Change from baseline Timed 'Up & Go' Tests time upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: Timed 'Up & Go' Tests (TU&G(Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991)
measure: Change from baseline Timed 'Up & Go' Tests time at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: Timed 'Up & Go' Tests (TU&G(Podsiadlo & Richardson, 1991)
measure: Baseline Berg Balance Scale score
time frame: Before the start of training
description: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams & Gayton, 1989)
measure: Change from baseline Berg Balance Scale score upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams & Gayton, 1989)
measure: Change from baseline Berg Balance Scale score at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: Berg Balance Scale (BBS) (Berg, Wood Dauphinee, Williams & Gayton, 1989)
measure: Cognitive function
time frame: Before the start of training
description: The Chinese version Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-C) (Folstein et al., 1975; Chiu et al., 1994). A mark of 24 or above out of 30 is required to meet the inclusion criteria.
measure: Baseline fear of falling
time frame: Before the start of training
description: Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, & Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette & Parker, 1994; Hellström & Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.
measure: Change from baseline fear of falling upon completion of training
time frame: Upon completion of 12 Training Sessions (4 weeks of training)
description: Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, & Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette & Parker, 1994; Hellström & Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.
measure: Change from baseline fear of falling at 6 months after the completion of training
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: Fall Efficacy Scale (FES-13) (Tinetti, Richman, & Powell L, 1990; Tinetti, Leon, Doucette & Parker, 1994; Hellström & Lindmark, 1999). The FES-13 score ranges from 16-64. A higher score indicates greater fear of falling.
measure: Number of falls between T1 and T2 (post training to 6 months after completion of training)
time frame: 6 months after the completion of Training
description: Record of the the number of falls prospectively at the time between T1 (completion of all training sessions) and T2 (6 months after completion of all training sessions) using a calendar.
arm group label: Single-task Training Group
arm group type: Experimental
description: Single-task walking group
arm group label: Dual-task Training Group
arm group type: Experimental
description: Dual-task walking group
arm group label: Analogy Training Group
arm group type: Experimental
description: Analogy walking group
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Single-task Training
description: In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Single-task Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).
arm group label: Single-task Training Group
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Dual-task Training
description: In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Dual-task Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).
arm group label: Dual-task Training Group
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Analogy Training
description: In each training session, all groups will have warm-up (5 minutes), balance training (5 minutes), body transport training (5 minutes), body transport with hand manipulation training (5 minutes), walking training with various difficulties in a 10 meters walkway with Analogy Training instructions (20 minutes) and cool down (5 minutes).
arm group label: Analogy Training Group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 65 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Thomson Wai Lung WONG
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: The University of Hong Kong
last name: Thomson Wai Lung WONG
phone: (852) 28315258
email: wongtwl@hku.hk
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: Hong Kong
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: The University of Hong Kong
investigator full name: Dr. Thomson Wai-Lung Wong
investigator title: Assistant Professor