<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03270033</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>B2017:053</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03270033</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Intravenous Dexmedetomidine, Dexamethasone and Interscalene Block Duration After Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery</brief_title>
  <official_title>Analgesic Duration of Interscalene Block After Outpatient Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery With Intravenous Dexamethasone, Dexmedetomidine or Their Combination: A Randomized Controlled Trial</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Manitoba</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Manitoba</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      In this single-centre, double-blinded, randomized controlled superiority trial, 189&#xD;
      participants having outpatient, arthroscopic shoulder surgery will be randomized into 3 equal&#xD;
      sized groups. All participants will receive a standardized interscalene brachial plexus block&#xD;
      and 4mg of dexamethasone or 50mcg of dexmedetomidine or both intravenously just prior to&#xD;
      their surgery. The purpose of this study is to provide a head to head comparison of two types&#xD;
      intravenous adjuncts to ISB, corticosteroids and alpha 2 agonists, and determine if their&#xD;
      combination, or either one alone provides superior postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic&#xD;
      shoulder surgery patients, as well as possibly show a synergistic relationship between the&#xD;
      two adjuncts. The investigators hypothesize the combination of adjuncts will provide a longer&#xD;
      duration of analgesia compared to either single agent.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      BACKGROUND &amp; RATIONALE Optimal postoperative analgesia is very important in the ambulatory&#xD;
      arthroscopic shoulder surgery patient population; interscalene blocks are used for this&#xD;
      surgery because they reduce acute pain and have opioid sparing effects postoperatively. While&#xD;
      older patients, higher ASA grades and more complex arthroscopic procedures are risk factors&#xD;
      for unplanned overnight admissions, in the ambulatory surgery setting, poor analgesia is one&#xD;
      of the most common reasons a patient visits a health care provider after their surgery.&#xD;
      Approximately 30 % of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery globally experience&#xD;
      significant postoperative pain within the first 24 hours post surgery. In light of this,&#xD;
      interscalene brachial plexus blockade (ISB) has been found to be the most effective and&#xD;
      preferred method of analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgeries when compared to&#xD;
      subacromial/intra-articular injections, cryotherapy and oral pain medications. ISB usually&#xD;
      consists of a single injection of local anesthetic, anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes prior to&#xD;
      shoulder surgery. Although ISB reduces postoperative pain in arthroscopic shoulder surgeries,&#xD;
      the length of analgesia from a single injection of local anesthetic is limited to 6 to 15&#xD;
      hours after surgery. Due to the limited duration of analgesia, interscalene catheters have&#xD;
      been studied for prolongation of analgesia via continuous infusion of local anesthetics.&#xD;
      Although continuous catheter infusions are effective and feasible, there exist several&#xD;
      complications such as dyspnea, peripheral neuropathies, nausea, and practical challenges that&#xD;
      limit their wider application in an ambulatory setting. Recently, different adjuncts given in&#xD;
      combination with local anesthetics have been used to prolong the analgesic duration of a&#xD;
      single injection ISB. These adjuncts have been given by both the intravenous and by the&#xD;
      perineural routes, where perineural means the adjunct is injected with the local anesthetic&#xD;
      around the brachial plexus.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, has been shown in multiple studies to prolong the&#xD;
      duration of analgesia of the ISB compared to placebo when administered either perineurally or&#xD;
      intravenously. A recently completed large trial (in press) at our centre showed that the&#xD;
      duration of analgesia (mean (standard deviation), in hours (h)) with 4mg of intravenous&#xD;
      dexamethasone (24.0 (4.6)h) is not significantly different from 8mg (24.8 (6.4)h) and only&#xD;
      slightly shorter than perineural dexamethasone doses of 4mg (25.4 (6.6)h) or 8mg (27.2&#xD;
      (8.5)h). The 4mg intravenous dose was favored given the established safety of the intravenous&#xD;
      route, its approximately equivalent effectiveness compared to the higher 8mg dose and the&#xD;
      absence of differences in adverse effects between groups.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2 adrenergic agonist with sedative and analgesic&#xD;
      properties, has also been shown to potentiate peripheral nerve blockade and prolong the&#xD;
      duration of analgesia versus placebo when used as an adjunct to local anesthetic for regional&#xD;
      anesthesia, including interscalene block. Most studies have compared perineural&#xD;
      dexmedetomidine to placebo, as is the case for other adjuncts such as dexamethasone, even&#xD;
      though there is less experience with the perineural route for dexmedetomidine compared to&#xD;
      dexamethasone. Interestingly, a recent study found both intravenous and perineural&#xD;
      dexmedetomidine reduced the 24 hour opioid consumption and comparably prolonged the duration&#xD;
      of ISB analgesia compared to placebo. In a recent meta-analysis, a 50-60ug Dexmedetomidine&#xD;
      perineural or intravenous dose maximized sensory block duration while minimizing hemodynamic&#xD;
      side effects.&#xD;
&#xD;
      To our knowledge, there are no published studies comparing the analgesic duration of ISB&#xD;
      between dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine, and no studies have evaluated whether there is&#xD;
      additional benefit to administering these widely available medications in combination. Three&#xD;
      ongoing studies are comparing dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as single adjuncts, without a&#xD;
      combination. All three of these studies are using the perineural route, despite the&#xD;
      established safety and effectiveness of the intravenous route for both drugs. With this study&#xD;
      we are seeking to improve our patients' postoperative experience with superior analgesia by&#xD;
      better defining the relative analgesic effectiveness of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine&#xD;
      when given alone or in combination as intravenous adjuncts to ISB.&#xD;
&#xD;
      OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES&#xD;
&#xD;
      In outpatients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery with Interscalene Block:&#xD;
&#xD;
      I. To determine if there is a significant increase in duration of analgesia when combining&#xD;
      intravenous dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine compared to administering each adjunct&#xD;
      individually. We hypothesize the combination of adjuncts will provide a longer duration of&#xD;
      analgesia compared to either single agent.&#xD;
&#xD;
      II. To compare the effect of Dexamethasone to Dexmedetomidine on duration of analgesia when&#xD;
      given individually. We hypothesize that there will be no significant difference between the&#xD;
      two adjuncts.&#xD;
&#xD;
      METHODS This single-centre, double-blinded, randomized controlled superiority trial has three&#xD;
      parallel groups and 1:1:1 randomization. Consenting and eligible adult ambulatory patients&#xD;
      undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery will receive preoperative, ultrasound guided ISB&#xD;
      with 30 millilitres (mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine and 4mg of preservative free dexamethasone or&#xD;
      50mcg of dexmedetomidine or both intravenously. The remainder of the intraoperative and&#xD;
      postoperative care is at the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist and surgeon. The&#xD;
      primary outcome is analgesic block duration. The power analysis for this study was based on&#xD;
      published results from previous studies, as well as our recent work. With a two-tailed alpha&#xD;
      error of 0.05, and a standard deviation of 5.0 hours in each group, 180 total patients would&#xD;
      provide greater than 90% power to detect a difference of 3.0 hours in block duration. To&#xD;
      account for a 5% attrition rate we propose recruiting 63 patients per group (189 patient's&#xD;
      total). Outcomes will be assessed by chart review and telephone follow up on postoperative&#xD;
      day one, postoperative day 2 (if necessary), and postoperative day 14.&#xD;
&#xD;
      After collecting 102 primary outcomes, we will compare the primary outcome between the&#xD;
      combination and each of the single adjuncts. At this point the study will be 90% powered to&#xD;
      detect a difference of 6.0h in block duration, even if the standard deviations are higher&#xD;
      than expected, at 7.5 hours. If the combination is superior to both of the single agents, the&#xD;
      study will be terminated. The principle investigator cancelled this interim analysis on 18&#xD;
      December 2017 after consultation with the study statistician and research team. After&#xD;
      reconsidering the original power calculations, the clinically plausible differences between&#xD;
      groups, and the high level of statistical significance recommended for interim analyses, it&#xD;
      was determined that this interim analysis would be very unlikely to convincingly demonstrate&#xD;
      the superiority of the combination over the single agents. As of 18 December 2017 90 patients&#xD;
      have participated in the study and recruitment is on schedule. The entire research team has&#xD;
      been and will continue to be blinded to outcome data by group assignment until all 189&#xD;
      patients have participated, which is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2018.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The primary outcome analysis will analyze by intention to treat only those patients who were&#xD;
      randomized and did receive an attempt at an interscalene block. A secondary analysis will&#xD;
      exclude patients who had a &quot;failed&quot; interscalene block in the post anesthesia care unit. A&#xD;
      tertiary analysis will be a multivariable analysis adjusted for demographics, preoperative&#xD;
      naproxen use, use of general anesthesia, cumulative analgesic use and failed interscalene&#xD;
      block.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">September 18, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">October 13, 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">April 14, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 4</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Duration of analgesia after ISB</measure>
    <time_frame>Time-to-event outcome measure, assessed up to the end of postoperative day 3 (approximately 84 hours from performance of the block</time_frame>
    <description>Time from block performance to the first time shoulder pain was experienced after the surgery, rounded to the nearest 0.1 hours, as reported by the participant at telephone follow-up on postoperative day one, or if necessary, postoperative day 2.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Block Success or Failure</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 5 hours after the performance of the block.</time_frame>
    <description>The block will be considered &quot;failed&quot; if the patient required opioid analgesia for surgical site pain during their stay in the post anesthesia care unit, as determined by the patient's nurse. At our facility, patients are discharged home directly from the post anesthesia care unit.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cumulative Analgesic Consumption in the post anesthesia care unit</measure>
    <time_frame>&quot;Change&quot; outcome measure: From admission to the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 2.5 hours after performance of the block), to discharge from the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 4 hours after performance of the block)</time_frame>
    <description>Measured as equivalent milligrams of morphine</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cumulative Analgesic Consumption from post anesthesia care unit discharge until the time the primary outcome occurred</measure>
    <time_frame>&quot;Change&quot; outcome measure: From discharge from the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 5 hours after performance of the block), to the occurrence of the primary outcome (an expected average of 28 hours after performance of the block)</time_frame>
    <description>Measured as equivalent milligrams of morphine</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Unplanned Postoperative Hospital Admission, as reported at telephone follow up or chart review</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at telephone follow up on postoperative day one and chart review</time_frame>
    <description>Transfer or admission to hospital during the postoperative period between admission to the post anesthesia care unit and telephone follow up on postoperative day one</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>New Persistent Neurologic Symptoms</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at postoperative day 14</time_frame>
    <description>Patient will be asked whether they are experiencing any tingling, numbness or weakness in the surgical limb, or hoarseness or dyspnea. Patients answering yes to any of the above will have a detailed telephone assessment and be reassessed by telephone at 6 months postoperatively</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Post anesthesia care unit length of stay in minutes</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after performance of the block.</time_frame>
    <description>Amount of time between admission and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The QoR-15 questionnaire</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at postoperative day one.</time_frame>
    <description>A standardized and validated 15 item questionnaire consisting exclusively of 11 point integer scale questions (10 = all the time, 0 = none of the time) designed to assess quality of recovery, physical and mental wellbeing in patients recovering from surgery. A total composite score is measured as the total of all 15 individual scores.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Intraoperative and post anesthesia care unit use of cardiovascular medications, as recorded in the patient's chart</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after the performance of the block</time_frame>
    <description>The use of Intraoperative vasopressors, inotropes, antimuscarinics or antihypertensives at any time between the performance of the block and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Adverse events previously related to the inter scalene block and unlikely related to dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine, as recorded in the patient's chart.</measure>
    <time_frame>Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after the performance of the block</time_frame>
    <description>The occurrence of seizure, systemic local anesthetic toxicity, pneumothorax, hemothorax, epidural spread of local anesthetic, or hoarse voice at any time between the performance of the block and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">198</enrollment>
  <condition>Pain, Postoperative</condition>
  <condition>Shoulder Joint Disorder</condition>
  <condition>Ambulatory Surgical Procedures</condition>
  <condition>Brachial Plexus Block</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Dexamethasone</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>4 milligrams dexamethasone administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Dexmedetomidine</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>50 micrograms dexmedetomidine administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>4 milligrams dexamethasone and 50 micrograms dexmedetomidine administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Dexamethasone</intervention_name>
    <description>0.4 millilitres (mL) of 10 milligram per mL sterile, preservative free solution diluted in 50 or 100mL of normal saline and administered once, over approximately 15 minutes, in the immediate preoperative period.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Dexamethasone</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Dexamethasone Omega Unidose (Omega Laboratories Limited)</other_name>
    <other_name>Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate USP (1 millilitre vial)</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Dexmedetomidine</intervention_name>
    <description>0.5 millilitres (mL) of 100 microgram per mL sterile, preservative free solution diluted in 50 or 100mL of normal saline and administered once, over approximately 15 minutes, in the immediate preoperative period.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Dexmedetomidine</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Precedex (Hospira Healthcare Corporation)</other_name>
    <other_name>Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Elective ambulatory surgery patients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Including rotator cuff repair&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Stabilization procedures&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Acromioplasty&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Debridement and distal clavicle excision&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patient refusal&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diabetes&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Coagulopathy significant enough to be a contraindication to regional anesthesia as&#xD;
             determined by the attending anesthesiologist&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Sensitivity to local anesthetics, dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Contralateral vocal cord paralysis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Contralateral diaphragmatic paralysis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Surgical limb brachial plexus neuropathy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Interscalene block site infection&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Systemic glucocorticoids in the last 2 weeks&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Epidural or intraarticular steroid injection in the past 3 months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Chronic opioid use defined as daily use for the last two weeks&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Active peptic ulcer disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  End-stage renal disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Cirrhotic liver disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ventricular dysfunction&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Advanced heart block&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous participation in the study.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Thomas C Mutter, MD MSc</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Assistant Professor</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Pan Am Surgical Centre</name>
      <address>
        <city>Winnipeg</city>
        <state>Manitoba</state>
        <zip>R3M 3E4</zip>
        <country>Canada</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Canada</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brattwall M, Jildenstal P, Warren Stomberg M, Jakobsson JG. Upper extremity nerve block: how can benefit, duration, and safety be improved? An update. F1000Res. 2016 May 18;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-907. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7292.1. eCollection 2016.</citation>
    <PMID>27239291</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sultan J, Marflow KZ, Roy B. Unplanned overnight admissions in day-case arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Surgeon. 2012 Feb;10(1):16-9. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2010.11.033. Epub 2011 Jan 20.</citation>
    <PMID>22233552</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Fortier J, Chung F, Su J. Unanticipated admission after ambulatory surgery--a prospective study. Can J Anaesth. 1998 Jul;45(7):612-9. doi: 10.1007/BF03012088.</citation>
    <PMID>9717590</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hughes MS, Matava MJ, Wright RW, Brophy RH, Smith MV. Interscalene brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Jul 17;95(14):1318-24. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.01116. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>23864181</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Warrender WJ, Syed UAM, Hammoud S, Emper W, Ciccotti MG, Abboud JA, Freedman KB. Pain Management After Outpatient Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;45(7):1676-1686. doi: 10.1177/0363546516667906. Epub 2016 Oct 13.</citation>
    <PMID>27729319</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Fredrickson MJ, Krishnan S, Chen CY. Postoperative analgesia for shoulder surgery: a critical appraisal and review of current techniques. Anaesthesia. 2010 Jun;65(6):608-624. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06231.x.</citation>
    <PMID>20565394</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Fredrickson MJ, Leightley P, Wong A, Chaddock M, Abeysekera A, Frampton C. An analysis of 1505 consecutive patients receiving continuous interscalene analgesia at home: a multicentre prospective safety study. Anaesthesia. 2016 Apr;71(4):373-9. doi: 10.1111/anae.13385. Epub 2016 Feb 5.</citation>
    <PMID>26849172</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Marhofer P, Anderl W, Heuberer P, Fritz M, Kimberger O, Marhofer D, Klug W, Blasl J. A retrospective analysis of 509 consecutive interscalene catheter insertions for ambulatory surgery. Anaesthesia. 2015 Jan;70(1):41-6. doi: 10.1111/anae.12840. Epub 2014 Sep 10.</citation>
    <PMID>25209310</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>YaDeau JT, Gordon MA, Goytizolo EA, Lin Y, Fields KG, Goon AK, Holck G, Miu TW, Gulotta LV, Dines DM, Craig EV. Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone, and Ropivacaine for Interscalene Nerve Blockade: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded, Ropivacaine Dose-Response Study. Pain Med. 2016 May;17(5):940-60. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv010. Epub 2015 Dec 14.</citation>
    <PMID>26814246</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chalifoux F, Colin F, St-Pierre P, Godin N, Brulotte V. Low dose intravenous dexamethasone (4 mg and 10 mg) significantly prolongs the analgesic duration of single-shot interscalene block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. Can J Anaesth. 2017 Mar;64(3):280-289. doi: 10.1007/s12630-016-0796-6. Epub 2017 Jan 3.</citation>
    <PMID>28050801</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Routman HD, Israel LR, Moor MA, Boltuch AD. Local injection of liposomal bupivacaine combined with intravenous dexamethasone reduces postoperative pain and hospital stay after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017 Apr;26(4):641-647. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.033. Epub 2016 Nov 15.</citation>
    <PMID>27856266</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Webb BG, Sallay PI, McMurray SD, Misamore GW. Comparison of Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block Performed With and Without Steroids. Orthopedics. 2016 Nov 1;39(6):e1100-e1103. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20160819-02. Epub 2016 Aug 30.</citation>
    <PMID>27575034</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rosenfeld DM, Ivancic MG, Hattrup SJ, Renfree KJ, Watkins AR, Hentz JG, Gorlin AW, Spiro JA, Trentman TL. Perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as adjuncts to local anaesthetic brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery. Anaesthesia. 2016 Apr;71(4):380-8. doi: 10.1111/anae.13409. Epub 2016 Feb 22.</citation>
    <PMID>26899862</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Desmet M, Vanneste B, Reynvoet M, Van Cauwelaert J, Verhelst L, Pottel H, Missant C, Van de Velde M. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous dexamethasone combined with interscalene brachial plexus blockade for shoulder surgery. Anaesthesia. 2015 Oct;70(10):1180-5. doi: 10.1111/anae.13156. Epub 2015 Jun 17.</citation>
    <PMID>26082203</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Jadon A, Dixit S, Kedia SK, Chakraborty S, Agrawal A, Sinha N. Interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopic surgery: Prospective randomised controlled study of effects of 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5% ropivacaine with dexamethasone. Indian J Anaesth. 2015 Mar;59(3):171-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.153039.</citation>
    <PMID>25838589</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Woo JH, Kim YJ, Kim DY, Cho S. Dose-dependency of dexamethasone on the analgesic effect of interscalene block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery using ropivacaine 0.5%: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Sep;32(9):650-5. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000213.</citation>
    <PMID>25603389</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, Tsodikov A, Felder TK, Kapeller M, Gerner P, Brummett CM. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;39(1):37-47. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000033.</citation>
    <PMID>24317234</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bengisun ZK, Ekmekci P, Akan B, Koroglu A, Tuzuner F. The effect of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for interscalene block for postoperative pain management after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Clin J Pain. 2014 Dec;30(12):1057-61. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000065.</citation>
    <PMID>24366001</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Abdallah FW, Dwyer T, Chan VW, Niazi AU, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Oldfield S, Patel R, Oh J, Brull R. IV and Perineural Dexmedetomidine Similarly Prolong the Duration of Analgesia after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized, Three-arm, Triple-masked, Placebo-controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Mar;124(3):683-95. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000983.</citation>
    <PMID>26649424</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Velazquez-Delgado E, Gaspar-Carrillo SP, Pena-Riveron AA, Mejia-Terrazas GE. Postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine in interscalene block. Comparative study. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2017 Mar;64(3):137-143. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Sep 9. English, Spanish.</citation>
    <PMID>27616331</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Vorobeichik L, Brull R, Abdallah FW. Evidence basis for using perineural dexmedetomidine to enhance the quality of brachial plexus nerve blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Feb;118(2):167-181. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew411.</citation>
    <PMID>28100520</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Keplinger M, Marhofer P, Kettner SC, Marhofer D, Kimberger O, Zeitlinger M. A pharmacodynamic evaluation of dexmedetomidine as an additive drug to ropivacaine for peripheral nerve blockade: A randomised, triple-blind, controlled study in volunteers. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Nov;32(11):790-6. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000246.</citation>
    <PMID>25695189</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2010 Jul;1(2):100-7. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.72352. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>21350618</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx, New York. The Analgesic Duration of Dexmedetomidine Compared to Dexamethasone as Adjuncts to Single Shot Interscalene Block In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2016- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02653144 NLM Identifier: NCT02653144</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences; Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Dexamethasone Compared With Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Ropivacaine for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2016- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02787018 NLM Identifier: NCT02787018</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Government Medical College and Hospital; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical and Hospital, Chandigarh, India. A randomised double blind study comparing dexmedetomidine with dexamethasone as an adjunct to ropivacaine in ultrasound guided interscalene block for shoulder surgery In: Clinical Trials Registry India [Internet]. New Delhi: database publisher (India). 2015- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=11447 Identifier: CTRI/2015/08/006124</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Waldron NH, Jones CA, Gan TJ, Allen TK, Habib AS. Impact of perioperative dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia and side-effects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Feb;110(2):191-200. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes431. Epub 2012 Dec 5.</citation>
    <PMID>23220857</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Stark PA, Myles PS, Burke JA. Development and psychometric evaluation of a postoperative quality of recovery score: the QoR-15. Anesthesiology. 2013 Jun;118(6):1332-40. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318289b84b.</citation>
    <PMID>23411725</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>April 2019</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>August 29, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 30, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">September 1, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 15, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 15, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 16, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Manitoba</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Thomas Mutter</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Assistant Professor of Anesthesia</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Shoulder Joint</keyword>
  <keyword>Arthroscopy</keyword>
  <keyword>Ambulatory surgical procedures</keyword>
  <keyword>Pain, Postoperative</keyword>
  <keyword>Brachial Plexus Block</keyword>
  <keyword>Corticosteroid</keyword>
  <keyword>Dexamethasone</keyword>
  <keyword>Dexmedetomidine</keyword>
  <keyword>Bupivacaine</keyword>
  <keyword>Alpha 2 agonist</keyword>
  <keyword>Postoperative analgesia</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Joint Diseases</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Pain, Postoperative</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Dexamethasone</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Dexamethasone acetate</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Dexmedetomidine</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Dexamethasone 21-phosphate</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>BB 1101</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03270033
org study id: B2017:053
nct id: NCT03270033
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
In this single-centre, double-blinded, randomized controlled superiority trial, 189
      participants having outpatient, arthroscopic shoulder surgery will be randomized into 3 equal
      sized groups. All participants will receive a standardized interscalene brachial plexus block
      and 4mg of dexamethasone or 50mcg of dexmedetomidine or both intravenously just prior to
      their surgery. The purpose of this study is to provide a head to head comparison of two types
      intravenous adjuncts to ISB, corticosteroids and alpha 2 agonists, and determine if their
      combination, or either one alone provides superior postoperative analgesia in arthroscopic
      shoulder surgery patients, as well as possibly show a synergistic relationship between the
      two adjuncts. The investigators hypothesize the combination of adjuncts will provide a longer
      duration of analgesia compared to either single agent.
BACKGROUND & RATIONALE Optimal postoperative analgesia is very important in the ambulatory
      arthroscopic shoulder surgery patient population; interscalene blocks are used for this
      surgery because they reduce acute pain and have opioid sparing effects postoperatively. While
      older patients, higher ASA grades and more complex arthroscopic procedures are risk factors
      for unplanned overnight admissions, in the ambulatory surgery setting, poor analgesia is one
      of the most common reasons a patient visits a health care provider after their surgery.
      Approximately 30 % of patients undergoing arthroscopic surgery globally experience
      significant postoperative pain within the first 24 hours post surgery. In light of this,
      interscalene brachial plexus blockade (ISB) has been found to be the most effective and
      preferred method of analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgeries when compared to
      subacromial/intra-articular injections, cryotherapy and oral pain medications. ISB usually
      consists of a single injection of local anesthetic, anywhere from 5 to 30 minutes prior to
      shoulder surgery. Although ISB reduces postoperative pain in arthroscopic shoulder surgeries,
      the length of analgesia from a single injection of local anesthetic is limited to 6 to 15
      hours after surgery. Due to the limited duration of analgesia, interscalene catheters have
      been studied for prolongation of analgesia via continuous infusion of local anesthetics.
      Although continuous catheter infusions are effective and feasible, there exist several
      complications such as dyspnea, peripheral neuropathies, nausea, and practical challenges that
      limit their wider application in an ambulatory setting. Recently, different adjuncts given in
      combination with local anesthetics have been used to prolong the analgesic duration of a
      single injection ISB. These adjuncts have been given by both the intravenous and by the
      perineural routes, where perineural means the adjunct is injected with the local anesthetic
      around the brachial plexus.

      Dexamethasone, a potent glucocorticoid, has been shown in multiple studies to prolong the
      duration of analgesia of the ISB compared to placebo when administered either perineurally or
      intravenously. A recently completed large trial (in press) at our centre showed that the
      duration of analgesia (mean (standard deviation), in hours (h)) with 4mg of intravenous
      dexamethasone (24.0 (4.6)h) is not significantly different from 8mg (24.8 (6.4)h) and only
      slightly shorter than perineural dexamethasone doses of 4mg (25.4 (6.6)h) or 8mg (27.2
      (8.5)h). The 4mg intravenous dose was favored given the established safety of the intravenous
      route, its approximately equivalent effectiveness compared to the higher 8mg dose and the
      absence of differences in adverse effects between groups.

      Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α2 adrenergic agonist with sedative and analgesic
      properties, has also been shown to potentiate peripheral nerve blockade and prolong the
      duration of analgesia versus placebo when used as an adjunct to local anesthetic for regional
      anesthesia, including interscalene block. Most studies have compared perineural
      dexmedetomidine to placebo, as is the case for other adjuncts such as dexamethasone, even
      though there is less experience with the perineural route for dexmedetomidine compared to
      dexamethasone. Interestingly, a recent study found both intravenous and perineural
      dexmedetomidine reduced the 24 hour opioid consumption and comparably prolonged the duration
      of ISB analgesia compared to placebo. In a recent meta-analysis, a 50-60ug Dexmedetomidine
      perineural or intravenous dose maximized sensory block duration while minimizing hemodynamic
      side effects.

      To our knowledge, there are no published studies comparing the analgesic duration of ISB
      between dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine, and no studies have evaluated whether there is
      additional benefit to administering these widely available medications in combination. Three
      ongoing studies are comparing dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine as single adjuncts, without a
      combination. All three of these studies are using the perineural route, despite the
      established safety and effectiveness of the intravenous route for both drugs. With this study
      we are seeking to improve our patients' postoperative experience with superior analgesia by
      better defining the relative analgesic effectiveness of dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine
      when given alone or in combination as intravenous adjuncts to ISB.

      OBJECTIVES AND HYPOTHESES

      In outpatients undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery with Interscalene Block:

      I. To determine if there is a significant increase in duration of analgesia when combining
      intravenous dexamethasone and dexmedetomidine compared to administering each adjunct
      individually. We hypothesize the combination of adjuncts will provide a longer duration of
      analgesia compared to either single agent.

      II. To compare the effect of Dexamethasone to Dexmedetomidine on duration of analgesia when
      given individually. We hypothesize that there will be no significant difference between the
      two adjuncts.

      METHODS This single-centre, double-blinded, randomized controlled superiority trial has three
      parallel groups and 1:1:1 randomization. Consenting and eligible adult ambulatory patients
      undergoing arthroscopic shoulder surgery will receive preoperative, ultrasound guided ISB
      with 30 millilitres (mL) of 0.5% bupivacaine and 4mg of preservative free dexamethasone or
      50mcg of dexmedetomidine or both intravenously. The remainder of the intraoperative and
      postoperative care is at the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist and surgeon. The
      primary outcome is analgesic block duration. The power analysis for this study was based on
      published results from previous studies, as well as our recent work. With a two-tailed alpha
      error of 0.05, and a standard deviation of 5.0 hours in each group, 180 total patients would
      provide greater than 90% power to detect a difference of 3.0 hours in block duration. To
      account for a 5% attrition rate we propose recruiting 63 patients per group (189 patient's
      total). Outcomes will be assessed by chart review and telephone follow up on postoperative
      day one, postoperative day 2 (if necessary), and postoperative day 14.

      After collecting 102 primary outcomes, we will compare the primary outcome between the
      combination and each of the single adjuncts. At this point the study will be 90% powered to
      detect a difference of 6.0h in block duration, even if the standard deviations are higher
      than expected, at 7.5 hours. If the combination is superior to both of the single agents, the
      study will be terminated. The principle investigator cancelled this interim analysis on 18
      December 2017 after consultation with the study statistician and research team. After
      reconsidering the original power calculations, the clinically plausible differences between
      groups, and the high level of statistical significance recommended for interim analyses, it
      was determined that this interim analysis would be very unlikely to convincingly demonstrate
      the superiority of the combination over the single agents. As of 18 December 2017 90 patients
      have participated in the study and recruitment is on schedule. The entire research team has
      been and will continue to be blinded to outcome data by group assignment until all 189
      patients have participated, which is expected to occur in the second quarter of 2018.

      The primary outcome analysis will analyze by intention to treat only those patients who were
      randomized and did receive an attempt at an interscalene block. A secondary analysis will
      exclude patients who had a "failed" interscalene block in the post anesthesia care unit. A
      tertiary analysis will be a multivariable analysis adjusted for demographics, preoperative
      naproxen use, use of general anesthesia, cumulative analgesic use and failed interscalene
      block.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Duration of analgesia after ISB
time frame: Time-to-event outcome measure, assessed up to the end of postoperative day 3 (approximately 84 hours from performance of the block
description: Time from block performance to the first time shoulder pain was experienced after the surgery, rounded to the nearest 0.1 hours, as reported by the participant at telephone follow-up on postoperative day one, or if necessary, postoperative day 2.
measure: Block Success or Failure
time frame: Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 5 hours after the performance of the block.
description: The block will be considered "failed" if the patient required opioid analgesia for surgical site pain during their stay in the post anesthesia care unit, as determined by the patient's nurse. At our facility, patients are discharged home directly from the post anesthesia care unit.
measure: Cumulative Analgesic Consumption in the post anesthesia care unit
time frame: "Change" outcome measure: From admission to the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 2.5 hours after performance of the block), to discharge from the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 4 hours after performance of the block)
description: Measured as equivalent milligrams of morphine
measure: Cumulative Analgesic Consumption from post anesthesia care unit discharge until the time the primary outcome occurred
time frame: "Change" outcome measure: From discharge from the post anesthesia care unit (an expected average of 5 hours after performance of the block), to the occurrence of the primary outcome (an expected average of 28 hours after performance of the block)
description: Measured as equivalent milligrams of morphine
measure: Unplanned Postoperative Hospital Admission, as reported at telephone follow up or chart review
time frame: Assessed at telephone follow up on postoperative day one and chart review
description: Transfer or admission to hospital during the postoperative period between admission to the post anesthesia care unit and telephone follow up on postoperative day one
measure: New Persistent Neurologic Symptoms
time frame: Assessed at postoperative day 14
description: Patient will be asked whether they are experiencing any tingling, numbness or weakness in the surgical limb, or hoarseness or dyspnea. Patients answering yes to any of the above will have a detailed telephone assessment and be reassessed by telephone at 6 months postoperatively
measure: Post anesthesia care unit length of stay in minutes
time frame: Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after performance of the block.
description: Amount of time between admission and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit.
measure: The QoR-15 questionnaire
time frame: Assessed at postoperative day one.
description: A standardized and validated 15 item questionnaire consisting exclusively of 11 point integer scale questions (10 = all the time, 0 = none of the time) designed to assess quality of recovery, physical and mental wellbeing in patients recovering from surgery. A total composite score is measured as the total of all 15 individual scores.
measure: Intraoperative and post anesthesia care unit use of cardiovascular medications, as recorded in the patient's chart
time frame: Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after the performance of the block
description: The use of Intraoperative vasopressors, inotropes, antimuscarinics or antihypertensives at any time between the performance of the block and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit
measure: Adverse events previously related to the inter scalene block and unlikely related to dexamethasone or dexmedetomidine, as recorded in the patient's chart.
time frame: Assessed at discharge from the post anesthesia care unit, an expected average of 4 hours after the performance of the block
description: The occurrence of seizure, systemic local anesthetic toxicity, pneumothorax, hemothorax, epidural spread of local anesthetic, or hoarse voice at any time between the performance of the block and discharge from the post anesthesia care unit.
arm group label: Dexamethasone
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: 4 milligrams dexamethasone administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block
arm group label: Dexmedetomidine
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: 50 micrograms dexmedetomidine administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block
arm group label: Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: 4 milligrams dexamethasone and 50 micrograms dexmedetomidine administered once intravenously with a 30 millilitres 0.5% bupivacaine interscalene brachial plexus block
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Dexamethasone
description: 0.4 millilitres (mL) of 10 milligram per mL sterile, preservative free solution diluted in 50 or 100mL of normal saline and administered once, over approximately 15 minutes, in the immediate preoperative period.
arm group label: Dexamethasone
arm group label: Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine
other name: Dexamethasone Omega Unidose (Omega Laboratories Limited)
other name: Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate USP (1 millilitre vial)
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Dexmedetomidine
description: 0.5 millilitres (mL) of 100 microgram per mL sterile, preservative free solution diluted in 50 or 100mL of normal saline and administered once, over approximately 15 minutes, in the immediate preoperative period.
arm group label: Dexamethasone and Dexmedetomidine
arm group label: Dexmedetomidine
other name: Precedex (Hospira Healthcare Corporation)
other name: Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride for Injection
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Thomas C Mutter, MD MSc
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Assistant Professor
facility: 
country: Canada
citation: Brattwall M, Jildenstal P, Warren Stomberg M, Jakobsson JG. Upper extremity nerve block: how can benefit, duration, and safety be improved? An update. F1000Res. 2016 May 18;5:F1000 Faculty Rev-907. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.7292.1. eCollection 2016.
PMID: 27239291
citation: Sultan J, Marflow KZ, Roy B. Unplanned overnight admissions in day-case arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Surgeon. 2012 Feb;10(1):16-9. doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2010.11.033. Epub 2011 Jan 20.
PMID: 22233552
citation: Fortier J, Chung F, Su J. Unanticipated admission after ambulatory surgery--a prospective study. Can J Anaesth. 1998 Jul;45(7):612-9. doi: 10.1007/BF03012088.
PMID: 9717590
citation: Hughes MS, Matava MJ, Wright RW, Brophy RH, Smith MV. Interscalene brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a systematic review. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013 Jul 17;95(14):1318-24. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.L.01116. No abstract available.
PMID: 23864181
citation: Warrender WJ, Syed UAM, Hammoud S, Emper W, Ciccotti MG, Abboud JA, Freedman KB. Pain Management After Outpatient Shoulder Arthroscopy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Sports Med. 2017 Jun;45(7):1676-1686. doi: 10.1177/0363546516667906. Epub 2016 Oct 13.
PMID: 27729319
citation: Fredrickson MJ, Krishnan S, Chen CY. Postoperative analgesia for shoulder surgery: a critical appraisal and review of current techniques. Anaesthesia. 2010 Jun;65(6):608-624. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2009.06231.x.
PMID: 20565394
citation: Fredrickson MJ, Leightley P, Wong A, Chaddock M, Abeysekera A, Frampton C. An analysis of 1505 consecutive patients receiving continuous interscalene analgesia at home: a multicentre prospective safety study. Anaesthesia. 2016 Apr;71(4):373-9. doi: 10.1111/anae.13385. Epub 2016 Feb 5.
PMID: 26849172
citation: Marhofer P, Anderl W, Heuberer P, Fritz M, Kimberger O, Marhofer D, Klug W, Blasl J. A retrospective analysis of 509 consecutive interscalene catheter insertions for ambulatory surgery. Anaesthesia. 2015 Jan;70(1):41-6. doi: 10.1111/anae.12840. Epub 2014 Sep 10.
PMID: 25209310
citation: YaDeau JT, Gordon MA, Goytizolo EA, Lin Y, Fields KG, Goon AK, Holck G, Miu TW, Gulotta LV, Dines DM, Craig EV. Buprenorphine, Clonidine, Dexamethasone, and Ropivacaine for Interscalene Nerve Blockade: A Prospective, Randomized, Blinded, Ropivacaine Dose-Response Study. Pain Med. 2016 May;17(5):940-60. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnv010. Epub 2015 Dec 14.
PMID: 26814246
citation: Chalifoux F, Colin F, St-Pierre P, Godin N, Brulotte V. Low dose intravenous dexamethasone (4 mg and 10 mg) significantly prolongs the analgesic duration of single-shot interscalene block after arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study. Can J Anaesth. 2017 Mar;64(3):280-289. doi: 10.1007/s12630-016-0796-6. Epub 2017 Jan 3.
PMID: 28050801
citation: Routman HD, Israel LR, Moor MA, Boltuch AD. Local injection of liposomal bupivacaine combined with intravenous dexamethasone reduces postoperative pain and hospital stay after shoulder arthroplasty. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2017 Apr;26(4):641-647. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2016.09.033. Epub 2016 Nov 15.
PMID: 27856266
citation: Webb BG, Sallay PI, McMurray SD, Misamore GW. Comparison of Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block Performed With and Without Steroids. Orthopedics. 2016 Nov 1;39(6):e1100-e1103. doi: 10.3928/01477447-20160819-02. Epub 2016 Aug 30.
PMID: 27575034
citation: Rosenfeld DM, Ivancic MG, Hattrup SJ, Renfree KJ, Watkins AR, Hentz JG, Gorlin AW, Spiro JA, Trentman TL. Perineural versus intravenous dexamethasone as adjuncts to local anaesthetic brachial plexus block for shoulder surgery. Anaesthesia. 2016 Apr;71(4):380-8. doi: 10.1111/anae.13409. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
PMID: 26899862
citation: Desmet M, Vanneste B, Reynvoet M, Van Cauwelaert J, Verhelst L, Pottel H, Missant C, Van de Velde M. A randomised controlled trial of intravenous dexamethasone combined with interscalene brachial plexus blockade for shoulder surgery. Anaesthesia. 2015 Oct;70(10):1180-5. doi: 10.1111/anae.13156. Epub 2015 Jun 17.
PMID: 26082203
citation: Jadon A, Dixit S, Kedia SK, Chakraborty S, Agrawal A, Sinha N. Interscalene brachial plexus block for shoulder arthroscopic surgery: Prospective randomised controlled study of effects of 0.5% ropivacaine and 0.5% ropivacaine with dexamethasone. Indian J Anaesth. 2015 Mar;59(3):171-6. doi: 10.4103/0019-5049.153039.
PMID: 25838589
citation: Woo JH, Kim YJ, Kim DY, Cho S. Dose-dependency of dexamethasone on the analgesic effect of interscalene block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery using ropivacaine 0.5%: A randomised controlled trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Sep;32(9):650-5. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000213.
PMID: 25603389
citation: Fritsch G, Danninger T, Allerberger K, Tsodikov A, Felder TK, Kapeller M, Gerner P, Brummett CM. Dexmedetomidine added to ropivacaine extends the duration of interscalene brachial plexus blocks for elective shoulder surgery when compared with ropivacaine alone: a single-center, prospective, triple-blind, randomized controlled trial. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Jan-Feb;39(1):37-47. doi: 10.1097/AAP.0000000000000033.
PMID: 24317234
citation: Bengisun ZK, Ekmekci P, Akan B, Koroglu A, Tuzuner F. The effect of adding dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for interscalene block for postoperative pain management after arthroscopic shoulder surgery. Clin J Pain. 2014 Dec;30(12):1057-61. doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000065.
PMID: 24366001
citation: Abdallah FW, Dwyer T, Chan VW, Niazi AU, Ogilvie-Harris DJ, Oldfield S, Patel R, Oh J, Brull R. IV and Perineural Dexmedetomidine Similarly Prolong the Duration of Analgesia after Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: A Randomized, Three-arm, Triple-masked, Placebo-controlled Trial. Anesthesiology. 2016 Mar;124(3):683-95. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000983.
PMID: 26649424
citation: Velazquez-Delgado E, Gaspar-Carrillo SP, Pena-Riveron AA, Mejia-Terrazas GE. Postoperative analgesia with dexmedetomidine in interscalene block. Comparative study. Rev Esp Anestesiol Reanim. 2017 Mar;64(3):137-143. doi: 10.1016/j.redar.2016.07.005. Epub 2016 Sep 9. English, Spanish.
PMID: 27616331
citation: Vorobeichik L, Brull R, Abdallah FW. Evidence basis for using perineural dexmedetomidine to enhance the quality of brachial plexus nerve blocks: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2017 Feb;118(2):167-181. doi: 10.1093/bja/aew411.
PMID: 28100520
citation: Keplinger M, Marhofer P, Kettner SC, Marhofer D, Kimberger O, Zeitlinger M. A pharmacodynamic evaluation of dexmedetomidine as an additive drug to ropivacaine for peripheral nerve blockade: A randomised, triple-blind, controlled study in volunteers. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2015 Nov;32(11):790-6. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000246.
PMID: 25695189
citation: Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D. CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials. J Pharmacol Pharmacother. 2010 Jul;1(2):100-7. doi: 10.4103/0976-500X.72352. No abstract available.
PMID: 21350618
citation: Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx, New York. The Analgesic Duration of Dexmedetomidine Compared to Dexamethasone as Adjuncts to Single Shot Interscalene Block In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2016- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02653144 NLM Identifier: NCT02653144
citation: B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences; Dharan, Sunsari, Nepal. Dexamethasone Compared With Dexmedetomidine as an Adjuvant to Ropivacaine for Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block In: ClinicalTrials.gov [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 2016- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02787018 NLM Identifier: NCT02787018
citation: Government Medical College and Hospital; Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Government Medical and Hospital, Chandigarh, India. A randomised double blind study comparing dexmedetomidine with dexamethasone as an adjunct to ropivacaine in ultrasound guided interscalene block for shoulder surgery In: Clinical Trials Registry India [Internet]. New Delhi: database publisher (India). 2015- [cited 2017 March 5]. Available from: http://www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=11447 Identifier: CTRI/2015/08/006124
citation: Waldron NH, Jones CA, Gan TJ, Allen TK, Habib AS. Impact of perioperative dexamethasone on postoperative analgesia and side-effects: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Feb;110(2):191-200. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes431. Epub 2012 Dec 5.
PMID: 23220857
citation: Stark PA, Myles PS, Burke JA. Development and psychometric evaluation of a postoperative quality of recovery score: the QoR-15. Anesthesiology. 2013 Jun;118(6):1332-40. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318289b84b.
PMID: 23411725
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Manitoba
investigator full name: Thomas Mutter
investigator title: Assistant Professor of Anesthesia
mesh term: Joint Diseases
mesh term: Pain, Postoperative
mesh term: Dexamethasone
mesh term: Dexamethasone acetate
mesh term: Dexmedetomidine
mesh term: Dexamethasone 21-phosphate
mesh term: BB 1101