<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03259139</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2013B0542</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03259139</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Exposure to Gun Violence in Video Games Increases Interest in Real Guns</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effect of Exposure to Gun Violence in Video Games on Children's Interest in Real Guns: A Randomized Clinical Trial</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Ohio State University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Ohio State University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      More American children die by accidental gun use than children in other developed countries.&#xD;
      One factor that can influence children's interest in guns is exposure to media containing&#xD;
      guns. The objective of this study is to test whether children who play a video game&#xD;
      containing guns will handle a real gun longer, will pull the trigger more times, and pull the&#xD;
      trigger while pointing the gun at themselves or another than children who see the same movie&#xD;
      without guns.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The design will be a 2 (player vs. observer) x 3 (nonviolent, violent with sword, violent&#xD;
      with gun) between-subjects study. Participants will randomly be assigned to conditions.&#xD;
      Participants will be tested in pairs. The participant in the player condition will play a&#xD;
      video game while the participant in the watcher condition will watch. The participants will&#xD;
      be in the same room, seated next to each other.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Video games will be chosen for the three conditions which have no violent content (nonviolent&#xD;
      condition), violent content with a sword as a weapon for the player (violent with sword&#xD;
      condition), and violent content with a gun as a weapon (violent with gun condition). All&#xD;
      games chosen will be age appropriate (rated E) and have a consistent perspective (i.e., 1st&#xD;
      person or 3rd person) between conditions. Participants will be asked how familiar they are&#xD;
      with the video game used to control for experience with the stimulus. Gameplay will last for&#xD;
      20 minutes.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The measures for experiment 3 will include the media habits, aggressive behavior, attitude&#xD;
      toward guns, and guns in the home measures listed for experiment 1. In addition, parents will&#xD;
      be asked if their children have taken a gun safety course and a behavioral measure will be&#xD;
      whether or not children handle a real (but non-firing) gun and whether they pull the trigger.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants will be tested in pairs, with a sibling or friend. Participants will be placed&#xD;
      in a room containing toys, with a camera on the wall. Participants will be told that they can&#xD;
      play with any of the toys in the room for the next 20 minutes. The toys will be placed will&#xD;
      be placed in drawers inside a cabinet. Inside the room, two brightly colored plastic Nerf&#xD;
      dart guns and two handguns will be placed in separate drawers, as in previous research. The&#xD;
      handguns will be modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handguns contain no&#xD;
      bullets. They do, however, contain a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is&#xD;
      depressed with sufficient force to discharge the weapon. This allows us to distinguish&#xD;
      reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who only handle the gun. Parents will&#xD;
      be asked to predict whether their child will handle the real gun and pull the trigger. The&#xD;
      researcher and the parents will be able to watch the session via a monitor in a control room.&#xD;
      A thorough debriefing will follow (see attachment). The investigators also have received&#xD;
      letters of support from the Director of the School of Communication and from the Chief of&#xD;
      Police (see attachments). The investigators predict the highest levels of playing with guns&#xD;
      and firing them among participants who see a violent clip containing guns.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">July 1, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">August 24, 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">August 24, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Factorial Assignment</intervention_model>
    <intervention_model_description>Participants are randomly assigned to play a non-violent video game, a violent video game containing swords, or a violent video game containing guns.</intervention_model_description>
    <primary_purpose>Other</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
    <masking_description>Participants did not know which condition they were in. Participants' parents were aware of the deception (hidden guns) and what condition their children were in. Research personnel knew conditions as well. Research assistants who transcribed recorded laboratory sessions did not know what condition they were coding (eg. what type of game they played)</masking_description>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Time Spent Holding Gun</measure>
    <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
    <description>Time (in seconds) participant spent holding the real firearm during the play session</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Number of Trigger Pulls</measure>
    <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
    <description>Number of times participant pulled trigger of real firearm during the play session</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Number of Trigger Pulls Aimed at Self or Other</measure>
    <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
    <description>Trigger pulls while the firearm is aimed at the child holding the firearm or the other participant.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">250</enrollment>
  <condition>Psychology, Social</condition>
  <condition>Adolescent Behavior</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental: Violence with guns</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental: Violence without guns</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control: No violence</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Video games and violence</intervention_name>
    <description>Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Control: No violence</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental: Violence with guns</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Experimental: Violence without guns</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age 8-12yrs, had not participated in study prior, was able to schedule participation&#xD;
             with a known peer (8-12yo).&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Younger than 8yo, older than 12yo, had participated in study prior, could not schedule&#xD;
             participation with a known peer (8-12yo)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>8 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>12 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Ohio State University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Columbus</city>
        <state>Ohio</state>
        <zip>43210</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>April 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 22, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 22, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 23, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <results_first_submitted>June 25, 2019</results_first_submitted>
  <results_first_submitted_qc>April 28, 2020</results_first_submitted_qc>
  <results_first_posted type="Actual">May 11, 2020</results_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 28, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 28, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">May 11, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Ohio State University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Brad Bushman</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor of Communication &amp; Psychology</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>adolescent</keyword>
  <keyword>gun</keyword>
  <keyword>violence</keyword>
  <keyword>media</keyword>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Undecided</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>The investigators are considering making individual participant data available, but need to determine steps and appropriateness according to our institutional IRB board.</ipd_description>
  </patient_data>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>No</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>April 5, 2019</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/39/NCT03259139/Prot_SAP_000.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>

  <clinical_results>

    <participant_flow>
      <pre_assignment_details>Participants were both randomly assigned to condition (i.e. non-violent, sword, gun conditions) and to be either a player or watcher.</pre_assignment_details>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="P1">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P2">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P3">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P4">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P5">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P6">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <period_list>
        <period>
          <title>Overall Study</title>
          <milestone_list>
            <milestone>
              <title>STARTED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="42"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="42"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="42"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="42"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="41"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Eligible</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="41"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Outlier Elimination</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="41"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="39"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="39"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>Found Handgun</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="38"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="38"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="37"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="37"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="35"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="35"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="38"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="38"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="37"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="37"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="35"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="35"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>NOT COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="4"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="4"/>
                <participants group_id="P3" count="5"/>
                <participants group_id="P4" count="5"/>
                <participants group_id="P5" count="6"/>
                <participants group_id="P6" count="6"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
          </milestone_list>
        </period>
      </period_list>
    </participant_flow>

    <baseline>
      <population>Children between the ages of 8 - 12, tested in pairs. Several children were excluded from the analysis, either for not meeting study criteria (n=4), for being identified as outliers (n=4), or for not finding the handguns (n=22). Figures here are after exclusions.</population>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="B1">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B2">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B3">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B4">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B5">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B6">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B7">
          <title>Total</title>
          <description>Total of all reporting groups</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <analyzed_list>
        <analyzed>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <scope>Overall</scope>
          <count_list>
            <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
            <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
            <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
            <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
            <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
            <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
            <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
          </count_list>
        </analyzed>
      </analyzed_list>
      <measure_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Age</title>
          <population>NOTE: One parent or guardian did not provide this information on their child. This child was in the &quot;No Violence (player)&quot; condition. As such, measures for that condition were calculated with 34 instead of 35 participants.</population>
          <units>years</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="34"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="219"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="9.66" spread="1.60"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="10.08" spread="1.50"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="9.97" spread="1.21"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="9.95" spread="1.41"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="9.88" spread="1.40"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="9.82" spread="1.36"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="9.94" spread="1.45"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Sex: Female, Male</title>
          <population>This information was available for all 220 participants.</population>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Female</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="16"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="15"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="11"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="15"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="13"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="21"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="91"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Male</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="22"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="23"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="26"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="22"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="22"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="14"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="129"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Race/Ethnicity, Customized</title>
          <population>NOTE: One parent or guardian did not provide this information on their child. This child was in the &quot;No Violence (player)&quot; condition. As such, measures for that condition were calculated with 34 instead of 35 participants.</population>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>White</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="34"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="219"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="28"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="28"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="28"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="26"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="26"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="27"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="163"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Black</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="25"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Latino</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Asian</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Mixed race or other</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="23"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Region of Enrollment</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>United States</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <count group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <count group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="38"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="38"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="37"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B4" value="37"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B5" value="35"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B6" value="35"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B7" value="220"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </measure_list>
    </baseline>

    <outcome_list>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Time Spent Holding Gun</title>
        <description>Time (in seconds) participant spent holding the real firearm during the play session</description>
        <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
        <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Control: No Violence (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Time Spent Holding Gun</title>
          <description>Time (in seconds) participant spent holding the real firearm during the play session</description>
          <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
          <units>Seconds</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="38"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="29.57" spread="15.28"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="21.14" spread="10.92"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="82.86" spread="25.79"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="48.62" spread="24.77"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="61.52" spread="17.77"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="68.40" spread="17.59"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Number of Trigger Pulls</title>
        <description>Number of times participant pulled trigger of real firearm during the play session</description>
        <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
        <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Control: No Violence (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Player)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Number of Trigger Pulls</title>
          <description>Number of times participant pulled trigger of real firearm during the play session</description>
          <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
          <units>Number of trigger pulls</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="38"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="2.31" spread="1.60"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="1.97" spread="1.20"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="4.19" spread="1.74"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="2.22" spread="1.45"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="6.45" spread="2.60"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="8.79" spread="3.38"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>Number of Trigger Pulls Aimed at Self or Other</title>
        <description>Trigger pulls while the firearm is aimed at the child holding the firearm or the other participant.</description>
        <time_frame>20 minute play session</time_frame>
        <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Control: No Violence</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O3">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O4">
            <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O5">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O6">
            <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
            <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Number of Trigger Pulls Aimed at Self or Other</title>
          <description>Trigger pulls while the firearm is aimed at the child holding the firearm or the other participant.</description>
          <population>NOTE: players and observers were collapsed into a single category for analysis</population>
          <units>Number of trigger pulls</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Error</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="35"/>
                <count group_id="O3" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O4" value="37"/>
                <count group_id="O5" value="38"/>
                <count group_id="O6" value="38"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.20" spread="0.20"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.09" spread="0.09"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O3" value="1.97" spread="1.22"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O4" value="0.84" spread="0.53"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O5" value="2.42" spread="1.17"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O6" value="3.68" spread="1.74"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
    </outcome_list>

    <reported_events>
      <time_frame>1 week, as reported by parents in a follow-up email</time_frame>
      <desc>This study did not pose any serious risk to the participants.</desc>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="E1">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E2">
          <title>Experimental: Violence With Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which includes guns.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E3">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E4">
          <title>Experimental: Violence Without Guns (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E5">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Player)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E6">
          <title>Control: No Violence (Watcher)</title>
          <description>Participants in this condition will watch a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.&#xD;
Video games and violence: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <serious_events>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, all-cause mortality</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, serious adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </serious_events>
      <other_events>
        <frequency_threshold>0</frequency_threshold>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, other adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="38"/>
                <counts group_id="E3" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E4" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="37"/>
                <counts group_id="E5" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
                <counts group_id="E6" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="35"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </other_events>
    </reported_events>

    <certain_agreements>
      <pi_employee>All Principal Investigators ARE employed by the organization sponsoring the study.</pi_employee>
      <restrictive_agreement>There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed. </restrictive_agreement>
    </certain_agreements>
    <limitations_and_caveats>Study setting was in a lab, i.e. not a natural setting, which may have caused subjects to be more likely to not think the guns are real. The game used was not very violent due to ethical reasons, so the effects may be larger with more violent games.</limitations_and_caveats>
    <point_of_contact>
      <name_or_title>Dr. Brad Bushman</name_or_title>
      <organization>The Ohio State University</organization>
      <phone>614-688-8779</phone>
      <email>bushman.20@osu.edu</email>
    </point_of_contact>
  </clinical_results>
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03259139
org study id: 2013B0542
nct id: NCT03259139
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
More American children die by accidental gun use than children in other developed countries.
      One factor that can influence children's interest in guns is exposure to media containing
      guns. The objective of this study is to test whether children who play a video game
      containing guns will handle a real gun longer, will pull the trigger more times, and pull the
      trigger while pointing the gun at themselves or another than children who see the same movie
      without guns.
The design will be a 2 (player vs. observer) x 3 (nonviolent, violent with sword, violent
      with gun) between-subjects study. Participants will randomly be assigned to conditions.
      Participants will be tested in pairs. The participant in the player condition will play a
      video game while the participant in the watcher condition will watch. The participants will
      be in the same room, seated next to each other.

      Video games will be chosen for the three conditions which have no violent content (nonviolent
      condition), violent content with a sword as a weapon for the player (violent with sword
      condition), and violent content with a gun as a weapon (violent with gun condition). All
      games chosen will be age appropriate (rated E) and have a consistent perspective (i.e., 1st
      person or 3rd person) between conditions. Participants will be asked how familiar they are
      with the video game used to control for experience with the stimulus. Gameplay will last for
      20 minutes.

      The measures for experiment 3 will include the media habits, aggressive behavior, attitude
      toward guns, and guns in the home measures listed for experiment 1. In addition, parents will
      be asked if their children have taken a gun safety course and a behavioral measure will be
      whether or not children handle a real (but non-firing) gun and whether they pull the trigger.

      Participants will be tested in pairs, with a sibling or friend. Participants will be placed
      in a room containing toys, with a camera on the wall. Participants will be told that they can
      play with any of the toys in the room for the next 20 minutes. The toys will be placed will
      be placed in drawers inside a cabinet. Inside the room, two brightly colored plastic Nerf
      dart guns and two handguns will be placed in separate drawers, as in previous research. The
      handguns will be modified so they cannot fire. Inside the magazine, the handguns contain no
      bullets. They do, however, contain a sensor that counts the number of times the trigger is
      depressed with sufficient force to discharge the weapon. This allows us to distinguish
      reliably the children who pull the trigger from those who only handle the gun. Parents will
      be asked to predict whether their child will handle the real gun and pull the trigger. The
      researcher and the parents will be able to watch the session via a monitor in a control room.
      A thorough debriefing will follow (see attachment). The investigators also have received
      letters of support from the Director of the School of Communication and from the Chief of
      Police (see attachments). The investigators predict the highest levels of playing with guns
      and firing them among participants who see a violent clip containing guns.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Factorial Assignment
intervention model description: Participants are randomly assigned to play a non-violent video game, a violent video game containing swords, or a violent video game containing guns.
primary purpose: Other
masking: Single (Participant)
masking description: Participants did not know which condition they were in. Participants' parents were aware of the deception (hidden guns) and what condition their children were in. Research personnel knew conditions as well. Research assistants who transcribed recorded laboratory sessions did not know what condition they were coding (eg. what type of game they played)
measure: Time Spent Holding Gun
time frame: 20 minute play session
description: Time (in seconds) participant spent holding the real firearm during the play session
measure: Number of Trigger Pulls
time frame: 20 minute play session
description: Number of times participant pulled trigger of real firearm during the play session
measure: Number of Trigger Pulls Aimed at Self or Other
time frame: 20 minute play session
description: Trigger pulls while the firearm is aimed at the child holding the firearm or the other participant.
arm group label: Experimental: Violence with guns
arm group type: Experimental
description: Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which includes guns.
arm group label: Experimental: Violence without guns
arm group type: Experimental
description: Participants in this condition will play a video game with violent content which does not include guns. Instead, the violence will include weapons such as swords.
arm group label: Control: No violence
arm group type: Other
description: Participants in this condition will play a video game which contains no violent content or weapons.
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Video games and violence
description: Participants will be randomly assigned to play a video game which contains either (1) no violent content, (2) violent content with swords, or (3) violent content with guns. The game, rated E, is age appropriate and modded to include guns in the appropriate condition.
arm group label: Control: No violence
arm group label: Experimental: Violence with guns
arm group label: Experimental: Violence without guns
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 8 Years
maximum age: 12 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: United States
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Ohio State University
investigator full name: Brad Bushman
investigator title: Professor of Communication & Psychology
sharing ipd: Undecided
ipd description: The investigators are considering making individual participant data available, but need to determine steps and appropriateness according to our institutional IRB board.
provided document: 
participant flow: 
baseline: 
outcome list: 
reported events: 
certain agreements: 
limitations and caveats: Study setting was in a lab, i.e. not a natural setting, which may have caused subjects to be more likely to not think the guns are real. The game used was not very violent due to ethical reasons, so the effects may be larger with more violent games.
point of contact: 