<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03229356</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>IRB00124880</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03229356</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>An EPIC Based BPA to Enhance Quit Line Referral and Use</brief_title>
  <official_title>An EPIC Based BPA to Enhance Quit Line Referral and Use</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Johns Hopkins University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Maryland Department of Health and Mental Hygiene</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Johns Hopkins University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. Given the&#xD;
      magnitude of the problem, interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation have the&#xD;
      potential to make large changes in improving health outcomes. Resources to aid with smoking&#xD;
      cessation such as telephone-based counseling are generally underutilized. The electronic&#xD;
      medical record (EMR) in use at Johns Hopkins has limited decision support to promote referral&#xD;
      to the Maryland Quit Line, a free smoking cessation counseling resource. The investigators&#xD;
      propose a cluster randomized trial (Implementation-RCT hybrid design) with a waitlist control&#xD;
      at the 22 Johns Hopkins Community Physicians (JHCP) sites, which offer primary care. The&#xD;
      intervention will include a multi-modality intervention to promote provider use of smoking&#xD;
      cessation resources which include an Epic-based Best Practice Advisory (BPA) that allows&#xD;
      providers to electronically refer to the Maryland State Quit Line, educational materials, and&#xD;
      provider visits with Quit Line representatives to review use of smoking cessation practices.&#xD;
      Sites will be randomized to one of three arms with increasing support: 1) six-month waitlist&#xD;
      control; 2) BPA with optional educational modules; 3) BPA with online educational modules, a&#xD;
      quick-reference educational document, and additional visit with Quit Line representatives.&#xD;
      The investigators hypothesize that by implementing a new Epic BPA that allows providers to&#xD;
      easily refer to the Maryland Quit Line electronically, investigators will increase use of&#xD;
      this resource. The investigators also hypothesize that adding additional educational&#xD;
      materials and having Quit Line representatives perform educational outreach visits will&#xD;
      further increase use of the Quit Line and will increase prescription of medications to assist&#xD;
      with smoking cessation. Ultimately The investigators hope to improve patient care by&#xD;
      increasing providers' use the Maryland Quit Line and pharmacotherapy. The investigators hope&#xD;
      that the use of these resources will decrease smoking rates and thereby improve patient&#xD;
      health and outcomes while improving JHCP quality metrics.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. Given the&#xD;
      magnitude of the problem, interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation have the&#xD;
      potential to make large changes in improving health outcomes. Resources to aid with smoking&#xD;
      cessation such as telephone-based counseling are generally underutilized. The electronic&#xD;
      medical record (EMR) in use at Johns Hopkins has limited decision support to promote referral&#xD;
      to the Maryland Quit Line, a free smoking cessation counseling resource. The investigators&#xD;
      propose a cluster randomized trial (Implementation-RCT hybrid design) with a waitlist control&#xD;
      at the 22 Johns Hopkins Community Physicians (JHCP) sites, which offer primary care. The&#xD;
      intervention will include a multi-modality intervention to promote provider use of smoking&#xD;
      cessation resources which include an Epic-based Best Practice Advisory (BPA) that allows&#xD;
      providers to electronically refer to the Maryland State Quit Line, educational materials, and&#xD;
      provider visits with Quit Line representatives to review use of smoking cessation practices.&#xD;
      Sites will be randomized to one of three arms with increasing support: 1) six-month waitlist&#xD;
      control; 2) BPA with optional educational modules; 3) BPA with online educational modules, a&#xD;
      quick-reference educational document, and additional visit with Quit Line representatives.&#xD;
      The investigators hypothesize that by implementing a new Epic BPA that allows providers to&#xD;
      easily refer to the Maryland Quit Line electronically, The investigators will increase use of&#xD;
      this resource. The investigators also hypothesize that adding additional educational&#xD;
      materials and having Quit Line representatives perform educational outreach visits will&#xD;
      further increase use of the Quit Line and will increase prescription of medications to assist&#xD;
      with smoking cessation. Ultimately, the investigators hope to improve patient care by&#xD;
      increasing providers' use the Maryland Quit Line and pharmacotherapy. The investigators hope&#xD;
      that the use of these resources will decrease smoking rates and thereby improve patient&#xD;
      health and outcomes while improving JHCP quality metrics.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The primary goal of this study is to test the effectiveness of instituting an Epic BPA in&#xD;
      increasing Maryland Quit Line referrals. The secondary goals are to measure the BPA's effect&#xD;
      and the effect of additional provider education on patient engagement with the Quit Line, and&#xD;
      on prescription of medications that aid in smoking cessation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Aim 1: In a three-arm, cluster randomized trial, to test the effectiveness of an Epic BPA&#xD;
      with provider educational support and provider detailing in provision of smoking cessation&#xD;
      services.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 1: An Epic-based BPA to prompt providers to electronically refer people who are&#xD;
      ready to quit smoking to the Maryland Quit Line will increase use of this service compared to&#xD;
      waitlist control.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 2: An Epic-based BPA supplemented with educational materials and academic&#xD;
      detailing will increase Quit-Line referral compared to control.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis 3: Additional provider support including educational materials, in-person academic&#xD;
      detailing, will increase successful referrals to the Quit Line and prescription of cessation&#xD;
      pharmacotherapy compared to waitlist control and BPA only&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">April 18, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">May 30, 2019</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">May 30, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Provider electronic referrals to the Maryland Quit line</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
    <description>Number of referrals made out of total eligible for referral</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Prescription of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Nicotine replacement, Varenicline or Bupropion</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Patient Engagement with the Quit Line</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
    <description>Number of interactions of the patient with the quit line and use of services</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Provider electronic referrals to the Maryland Quit line</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Number of referrals made out of total eligible for referral</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Patient Engagement with the Quit Line</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Number of interactions of the patient with the quit line and use of services</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">22</enrollment>
  <condition>Smoking Cessation</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Waitlist Control</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>BPA will be rolled out to waitlist control sites after 6 months</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Best Practices Advisory (BPA)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Clinicians will receive an email describing the BPA and order set, along with internet links to MD Quit Line without additional supplemental education.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>BPA+ Enhanced Education</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Clinicians will receive an email describing the new smoking BPA, educational materials offered, and a small tutorial on using the BPA and a new smoking cessation smart set in Epic. Education materials will include the educational hand out and academic detailing from Maryland Quit Line counselors.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Best Practices Advisory (BPA)</intervention_name>
    <description>BPA: The BPA is an Epic prompt that fires when a provider opens an encounter with a patient who is actively smoking. Providers will be asked to assess smoking cessation readiness and to refer patients to the free Maryland Quit Line if the patient is receptive. The Quit Line will receive an electronic referral with the patient's details. A Quit Line certified smoking cessation counselor will then call the patient at a later date and provide counseling. Receptive patient will receive up to four calls. They will receive counseling from a trained quit coach and be offered free access to NRT.&#xD;
Quit Line: This free telephone-based counseling service is offered to smoker in Maryland. Services offered include on-the-phone smoking cessation counseling and free nicotine replacement.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Best Practices Advisory (BPA)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>BPA + Enhanced Education</intervention_name>
    <description>BPA with Quitline Referral plus 1)Consolidated educational hand out: The hand out will include a information about counseling, pharmacotherapy, and cessation referrals 2)Online modules: Providers will be directed to optional, self-paced educational modules through the Maryland HABITS program 3)Academic detailing: This will include a single session during a clinic day in which counseling experts from the MD Quit Line will visit providers in their practice setting.</description>
    <arm_group_label>BPA+ Enhanced Education</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Johns Hopkins Community Physicians Primary Care Practices (Internal Medicine and&#xD;
             Family Medicine)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  None&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Geetanjali Chander, MD, MHS</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Johns Hopkins University</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Johns Hopkins Community Physcians</name>
      <address>
        <city>Baltimore</city>
        <state>Maryland</state>
        <zip>21211</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hu SS, Neff L, Agaku IT, Cox S, Day HR, Holder-Hayes E, King BA. Tobacco Product Use Among Adults - United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Jul 15;65(27):685-91. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6527a1.</citation>
    <PMID>27416365</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, Perera R, Lancaster T. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 12;(8):CD002850. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub3.</citation>
    <PMID>23934971</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sharifi M, Adams WG, Winickoff JP, Guo J, Reid M, Boynton-Jarrett R. Enhancing the electronic health record to increase counseling and quit-line referral for parents who smoke. Acad Pediatr. 2014 Sep-Oct;14(5):478-84. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.03.017.</citation>
    <PMID>25169159</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bernstein SL, Rosner J, DeWitt M, Hsiao A, Dziura J, Toll B. Design and implementation of decision support for tobacco dependence treatment in an inpatient electronic medical record. Implement Sci. 2015;10(S1):A1. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-10-S1-A1.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Boyle R, Solberg L, Fiore M. Use of electronic health records to support smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 30;2014(12):CD008743. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008743.pub3.</citation>
    <PMID>25547090</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Carson KV, Verbiest ME, Crone MR, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Assendelft WJ, Smith BJ. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;2012(5):CD000214. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000214.pub2.</citation>
    <PMID>22592671</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>O'Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, Forsetlund L, Bainbridge D, Freemantle N, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Harvey EL. Educational outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;2007(4):CD000409. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000409.pub2.</citation>
    <PMID>17943742</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Principles of educational outreach ('academic detailing') to improve clinical decision making. JAMA. 1990 Jan 26;263(4):549-56.</citation>
    <PMID>2104640</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>May 2020</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 11, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 24, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">July 25, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>May 29, 2020</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>May 29, 2020</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">June 2, 2020</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <pending_results>
    <submitted>April 13, 2022</submitted>
    <returned>January 17, 2023</returned>
    <submitted>February 3, 2023</submitted>
  </pending_results>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03229356
org study id: IRB00124880
nct id: NCT03229356
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. Given the
      magnitude of the problem, interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation have the
      potential to make large changes in improving health outcomes. Resources to aid with smoking
      cessation such as telephone-based counseling are generally underutilized. The electronic
      medical record (EMR) in use at Johns Hopkins has limited decision support to promote referral
      to the Maryland Quit Line, a free smoking cessation counseling resource. The investigators
      propose a cluster randomized trial (Implementation-RCT hybrid design) with a waitlist control
      at the 22 Johns Hopkins Community Physicians (JHCP) sites, which offer primary care. The
      intervention will include a multi-modality intervention to promote provider use of smoking
      cessation resources which include an Epic-based Best Practice Advisory (BPA) that allows
      providers to electronically refer to the Maryland State Quit Line, educational materials, and
      provider visits with Quit Line representatives to review use of smoking cessation practices.
      Sites will be randomized to one of three arms with increasing support: 1) six-month waitlist
      control; 2) BPA with optional educational modules; 3) BPA with online educational modules, a
      quick-reference educational document, and additional visit with Quit Line representatives.
      The investigators hypothesize that by implementing a new Epic BPA that allows providers to
      easily refer to the Maryland Quit Line electronically, investigators will increase use of
      this resource. The investigators also hypothesize that adding additional educational
      materials and having Quit Line representatives perform educational outreach visits will
      further increase use of the Quit Line and will increase prescription of medications to assist
      with smoking cessation. Ultimately The investigators hope to improve patient care by
      increasing providers' use the Maryland Quit Line and pharmacotherapy. The investigators hope
      that the use of these resources will decrease smoking rates and thereby improve patient
      health and outcomes while improving JHCP quality metrics.
Smoking is the number one cause of preventable death in the United States. Given the
      magnitude of the problem, interventions aimed at promoting smoking cessation have the
      potential to make large changes in improving health outcomes. Resources to aid with smoking
      cessation such as telephone-based counseling are generally underutilized. The electronic
      medical record (EMR) in use at Johns Hopkins has limited decision support to promote referral
      to the Maryland Quit Line, a free smoking cessation counseling resource. The investigators
      propose a cluster randomized trial (Implementation-RCT hybrid design) with a waitlist control
      at the 22 Johns Hopkins Community Physicians (JHCP) sites, which offer primary care. The
      intervention will include a multi-modality intervention to promote provider use of smoking
      cessation resources which include an Epic-based Best Practice Advisory (BPA) that allows
      providers to electronically refer to the Maryland State Quit Line, educational materials, and
      provider visits with Quit Line representatives to review use of smoking cessation practices.
      Sites will be randomized to one of three arms with increasing support: 1) six-month waitlist
      control; 2) BPA with optional educational modules; 3) BPA with online educational modules, a
      quick-reference educational document, and additional visit with Quit Line representatives.
      The investigators hypothesize that by implementing a new Epic BPA that allows providers to
      easily refer to the Maryland Quit Line electronically, The investigators will increase use of
      this resource. The investigators also hypothesize that adding additional educational
      materials and having Quit Line representatives perform educational outreach visits will
      further increase use of the Quit Line and will increase prescription of medications to assist
      with smoking cessation. Ultimately, the investigators hope to improve patient care by
      increasing providers' use the Maryland Quit Line and pharmacotherapy. The investigators hope
      that the use of these resources will decrease smoking rates and thereby improve patient
      health and outcomes while improving JHCP quality metrics.

      The primary goal of this study is to test the effectiveness of instituting an Epic BPA in
      increasing Maryland Quit Line referrals. The secondary goals are to measure the BPA's effect
      and the effect of additional provider education on patient engagement with the Quit Line, and
      on prescription of medications that aid in smoking cessation.

      Aim 1: In a three-arm, cluster randomized trial, to test the effectiveness of an Epic BPA
      with provider educational support and provider detailing in provision of smoking cessation
      services.

      Hypothesis 1: An Epic-based BPA to prompt providers to electronically refer people who are
      ready to quit smoking to the Maryland Quit Line will increase use of this service compared to
      waitlist control.

      Hypothesis 2: An Epic-based BPA supplemented with educational materials and academic
      detailing will increase Quit-Line referral compared to control.

      Hypothesis 3: Additional provider support including educational materials, in-person academic
      detailing, will increase successful referrals to the Quit Line and prescription of cessation
      pharmacotherapy compared to waitlist control and BPA only
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Provider electronic referrals to the Maryland Quit line
time frame: 6 months
description: Number of referrals made out of total eligible for referral
measure: Prescription of Pharmacotherapy for Smoking Cessation
time frame: 12 months
description: Nicotine replacement, Varenicline or Bupropion
measure: Patient Engagement with the Quit Line
time frame: 6 months
description: Number of interactions of the patient with the quit line and use of services
measure: Provider electronic referrals to the Maryland Quit line
time frame: 12 months
description: Number of referrals made out of total eligible for referral
measure: Patient Engagement with the Quit Line
time frame: 12 months
description: Number of interactions of the patient with the quit line and use of services
arm group label: Waitlist Control
arm group type: No Intervention
description: BPA will be rolled out to waitlist control sites after 6 months
arm group label: Best Practices Advisory (BPA)
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Clinicians will receive an email describing the BPA and order set, along with internet links to MD Quit Line without additional supplemental education.
arm group label: BPA+ Enhanced Education
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Clinicians will receive an email describing the new smoking BPA, educational materials offered, and a small tutorial on using the BPA and a new smoking cessation smart set in Epic. Education materials will include the educational hand out and academic detailing from Maryland Quit Line counselors.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Best Practices Advisory (BPA)
description: BPA: The BPA is an Epic prompt that fires when a provider opens an encounter with a patient who is actively smoking. Providers will be asked to assess smoking cessation readiness and to refer patients to the free Maryland Quit Line if the patient is receptive. The Quit Line will receive an electronic referral with the patient's details. A Quit Line certified smoking cessation counselor will then call the patient at a later date and provide counseling. Receptive patient will receive up to four calls. They will receive counseling from a trained quit coach and be offered free access to NRT.
Quit Line: This free telephone-based counseling service is offered to smoker in Maryland. Services offered include on-the-phone smoking cessation counseling and free nicotine replacement.
arm group label: Best Practices Advisory (BPA)
intervention type: Other
intervention name: BPA + Enhanced Education
description: BPA with Quitline Referral plus 1)Consolidated educational hand out: The hand out will include a information about counseling, pharmacotherapy, and cessation referrals 2)Online modules: Providers will be directed to optional, self-paced educational modules through the Maryland HABITS program 3)Academic detailing: This will include a single session during a clinic day in which counseling experts from the MD Quit Line will visit providers in their practice setting.
arm group label: BPA+ Enhanced Education
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Geetanjali Chander, MD, MHS
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Johns Hopkins University
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Hu SS, Neff L, Agaku IT, Cox S, Day HR, Holder-Hayes E, King BA. Tobacco Product Use Among Adults - United States, 2013-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Jul 15;65(27):685-91. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6527a1.
PMID: 27416365
citation: Stead LF, Hartmann-Boyce J, Perera R, Lancaster T. Telephone counselling for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Aug 12;(8):CD002850. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD002850.pub3.
PMID: 23934971
citation: Sharifi M, Adams WG, Winickoff JP, Guo J, Reid M, Boynton-Jarrett R. Enhancing the electronic health record to increase counseling and quit-line referral for parents who smoke. Acad Pediatr. 2014 Sep-Oct;14(5):478-84. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2014.03.017.
PMID: 25169159
citation: Bernstein SL, Rosner J, DeWitt M, Hsiao A, Dziura J, Toll B. Design and implementation of decision support for tobacco dependence treatment in an inpatient electronic medical record. Implement Sci. 2015;10(S1):A1. doi:10.1186/1748-5908-10-S1-A1.
citation: Boyle R, Solberg L, Fiore M. Use of electronic health records to support smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Dec 30;2014(12):CD008743. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008743.pub3.
PMID: 25547090
citation: Carson KV, Verbiest ME, Crone MR, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Assendelft WJ, Smith BJ. Training health professionals in smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 May 16;2012(5):CD000214. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000214.pub2.
PMID: 22592671
citation: O'Brien MA, Rogers S, Jamtvedt G, Oxman AD, Odgaard-Jensen J, Kristoffersen DT, Forsetlund L, Bainbridge D, Freemantle N, Davis DA, Haynes RB, Harvey EL. Educational outreach visits: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;2007(4):CD000409. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000409.pub2.
PMID: 17943742
citation: Soumerai SB, Avorn J. Principles of educational outreach ('academic detailing') to improve clinical decision making. JAMA. 1990 Jan 26;263(4):549-56.
PMID: 2104640
responsible party type: Sponsor
sharing ipd: No
submitted: April 13, 2022
returned: January 17, 2023
submitted: February 3, 2023