<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03289923</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>170147</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>17-M-0147</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03289923</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Concurrent fMRI-guided rTMS and Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes</brief_title>
  <official_title>Concurrent fMRI-guided rTMS and Cognitive Therapy for the Treatment of Major Depressive Episodes</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)</agency>
      <agency_class>NIH</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>National Institutes of Health Clinical Center (CC)</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Background:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a treatment for depression. It&#xD;
      stimulates the brain. Researchers want to see if using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans&#xD;
      helps locate the best area for rTMS in each person. They also want to find other ways to make&#xD;
      it more effective.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Objective:&#xD;
&#xD;
      To study the effects of combining MRI- guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and&#xD;
      talk therapy on the brain in people with depression.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Eligibility:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Adults ages 18-75 with a major depressive disorder and current depression. If taking an&#xD;
      antidepressant, should have been doing so for at least 4 weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Design:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants will be screened with medical and psychiatric history, psychiatric evaluation,&#xD;
      physical exam, and blood and urine tests.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Phase 1 is 1-4 visits in 1 week. Participants will have:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Brain MRI. Participants will lie on a table in a scanner.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Questions about their medical history and psychology symptoms&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Tests of mood and thinking&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Tests of brain activity. Participants may do tasks during these tests:&#xD;
&#xD;
             -  A cone with magnetic detectors is put on the head.&#xD;
&#xD;
             -  A cap with electrodes is put on the scalp.&#xD;
&#xD;
             -  TMS. A brief electrical current passes through a wire coil on the scalp.&#xD;
&#xD;
             -  A metal disk will be placed on the arm. A nerve will be stimulated with a small&#xD;
                electrical shock.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Phase 2 is about 6 to 7 weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  There will be 30 daily sessions of combined therapy and repetitive TMS (rTMS) for 6&#xD;
           weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Participants will receive rTMS and another therapy by computer.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  For rTMS, repeated pulses will pass through the coil.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  This is followed by up to 3 additional visits, when:&#xD;
&#xD;
             -  Participants will repeat Phase 1 tests&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Participants will rate their depression symptoms.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Phase 3 is 3 visits over 3 months. Participants will rate their depression symptoms and&#xD;
      repeat some of the previous questionnaires and tests of mood and thinking.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Objective&#xD;
&#xD;
      Despite the growing use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment&#xD;
      for unipolar major depression, its typical effect sizes have been modest, and both&#xD;
      methodological and conceptual challenges remain regarding how to optimize its efficacy. Two&#xD;
      key elements have been missing from current work: first, to take an RDoC approach and link&#xD;
      the treatment to a comprehensive model of the neurocircuitry underlying depression, where&#xD;
      applying such a model to personalize the site of stimulation is likely to significantly&#xD;
      improve the efficacy of rTMS; and second, to maximize neural changes to the engaged&#xD;
      depression network by utilizing cognitive paired associate stimulation (C-PAS), a technique&#xD;
      we have developed over the last decade in which noninvasive stimulation is applied to the&#xD;
      targeted region while the circuit is engaged in processing related to desired behavior (here,&#xD;
      through the simultaneous use of cognitive behavioral therapy). The concurrent firing in the&#xD;
      emotional regulation circuit caused by TMS pulses and by the CBT will lead to neural&#xD;
      plasticity according to the Hebbian conception of fire together, wire together, while&#xD;
      repeated stimulation over the course of multiple TMS sessions will induce neuroplasticity to&#xD;
      accelerate and strengthen those changes, which are expected to be therapeutic. We thus intend&#xD;
      to test a novel integrative multimodal treatment for MDD consisting of a theory-based&#xD;
      protocol for individualized optimization of rTMS site of stimulation plus concurrent&#xD;
      behavioral interventions targeting the same dysfunctional neural circuitry. Our targeting&#xD;
      procedure is based on recent developments in the psychology and neurobiology of&#xD;
      self-regulation which offer a promising conceptual framework for identifying neural network&#xD;
      mechanisms of action in rTMS for depression, as well as for developing guidelines for&#xD;
      individualized rTMS treatment. As preliminary data, we report initial feasibility data from a&#xD;
      clinical paradigm in which five adults with major depressionreceived TMS to the left middle&#xD;
      frontal gyrus targeted on an individual basis using fMRI, while simultaneously receiving a&#xD;
      previously validated self-regulation-based psychotherapy. Here, we will test this&#xD;
      individualized method in a larger randomized trial.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Study Population&#xD;
&#xD;
      The study population will consist of 50 individuals between the 18 and 65 years of age, with&#xD;
      a diagnosis of treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Study Design&#xD;
&#xD;
      This single site study is a proof-of-concept clinical trial to test both functional states&#xD;
      associated with an antidepressant response to a six week course of C-PAS using concomitant&#xD;
      SST and 10 Hz rTMS neuronavigated to left DLPFC, as well as the feasibility and safety of&#xD;
      such a course for long-term improvement in depressive symptoms. The proposed study will be&#xD;
      conducted over 3 phases. Phase I will consist of screening, consent, and baseline measures.&#xD;
      Screening will occur under the ETPB screening protocol (01-M-0254). Phase II will consist of&#xD;
      a 6-week double-blind sham controlled trial of neuronavigated TMS cognitive therapy.&#xD;
      Participants will be randomized to two groups, receiving either Active or Sham&#xD;
      fMRI-guided-TMS, while involved in a cognitive therapy session. Subjects will participate in&#xD;
      30 daily sessions over 6 weeks, with MRI sessions both prior to and immediately after the&#xD;
      course of TMS. Additionally, MEG may optionally be performed at baseline, immediately after&#xD;
      the first TMS/SST session, and immediately after the entire course of TMS, and an optional&#xD;
      battery of TMS/EEG excitability and plasticity measures may be performed pre- and&#xD;
      post-TMS/SST course. In Phase III, the study team will provide standard of care for&#xD;
      depression for up to three months, and will prescribe a relapse prevention strategy, in&#xD;
      consultation with the referring physician, including TMS (which is consistent with standard&#xD;
      of care).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Outcome Measures&#xD;
&#xD;
      Primary outcome measures are change in magnitude of BOLD signal recorded in pre- and post-TMS&#xD;
      course MRI sessions, in the DLPFC region targeted with TMS based on individual activations in&#xD;
      that region found at baseline using the priming task, and pre- and post-TMS course&#xD;
      connectivity changes between DLPFC (measured with DTI and resting state functional&#xD;
      connectivity), and other regions associated with the emotional regulation network,&#xD;
      specifically OFC, medial PFC, precuneus, and ACC. Pre and post TMS course change in&#xD;
      depression severity scores (HDRS, MADRS) will also be found, in order to look for&#xD;
      correlations with these MRI measures. Secondary outcome measures will be ratings from the&#xD;
      BSL, C-SSRS, CTQ, HAM-A, NIH-BFI, PANAS, RBANS, RRS, SHAPS, and TLEQ, as well as&#xD;
      electrophysiological changes using MEG and EEG measures.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">May 17, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">March 1, 2029</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">March 1, 2029</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in magnitude of Bold signal</measure>
    <time_frame>6 weeks after initiating intervention</time_frame>
    <description>change in magnitude of BOLD signal with fMRI bold signal from DLPFC</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Electrophysiological changes using MEG and EEG measures</measure>
    <time_frame>6 weeks after initiating intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Recordings of brain activity</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Clinical Rating Scales: BSL, C-SSRS, CTQ, HAM-A, NIH-BFI, PANAS, RBANS, RRS, SHAPS, and TLEQ,</measure>
    <time_frame>Variable: some 6 weeks after initiating intervention; others weekly</time_frame>
    <description>Clinical symptom scales from which we derive scores</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">50</enrollment>
  <condition>Major Depressive Disorder</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Active TMS+ Cognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>active</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham TMS + Cognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>inactive</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham TMS + Cognitive therapy</intervention_name>
    <description>Placebo Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with cognitive therapy</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham TMS + Cognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Active TMS + Cognitive therapy</intervention_name>
    <description>Active Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with cognitive therapy.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Active TMS+ Cognitive Therapy</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        -  INCLUSION CRITERIA:&#xD;
&#xD;
               1. 18 to 75 years of age.&#xD;
&#xD;
               2. Use of effective method of birth control for women able to become pregnant&#xD;
&#xD;
               3. Native English language speaker&#xD;
&#xD;
               4. Major Depressive Episode Diagnosis, Severity, and Duration:&#xD;
&#xD;
                    1. Subjects will meet the DSM-IV-TR primary diagnosis of initial or recurrent&#xD;
                       Major Depressive Disorder by DSM-IV-TR criteria&#xD;
&#xD;
                    2. HAM-D score &gt; 17 and Item 1 score greater than or equal to 2. Alternatively:&#xD;
                       At the initial screening and beginning of Phase II, subjects must have a&#xD;
                       baseline score on the MADRS &gt;= 20 and YMRS of &lt; 12.&#xD;
&#xD;
                    3. Duration of current episode &gt;8 weeks. The definition of an episode is&#xD;
                       demarcated by a period of &gt;2 months when the subject did not meet full&#xD;
                       criteria for the DSM-IV-TR definition of Major Depressive Episode. Maximum&#xD;
                       duration of current episode cannot exceed 5 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
               5. Current or past history of lack of response to at least one adequate&#xD;
                  antidepressant trial, operationally defined using the Antidepressant Treatment&#xD;
                  History Form (ATHF); a failed adequate trial of ECT would count as an adequate&#xD;
                  antidepressant trial (unless the ECT occurred within the last year, in which case&#xD;
                  the participant will be excluded).&#xD;
&#xD;
               6. If currently on a stable dose of antidepressant medication, the dosage has been&#xD;
                  unchanged for at least four weeks prior to study entry. The medication must be&#xD;
                  continued, and at the same dosage throughout study participation.&#xD;
&#xD;
               7. Each subject must have a level of understanding sufficient to agree to all&#xD;
                  required tests and examinations and sign an informed consent document.&#xD;
&#xD;
               8. All subjects must have undergone a screening assessment under protocol 01-M-0254,&#xD;
                  The Evaluation of Patients with Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Healthy Volunteers&#xD;
                  .&#xD;
&#xD;
               9. Subjects are willing and able to adhere to the intensive treatment schedule and&#xD;
                  all required study visits.&#xD;
&#xD;
        EXCLUSION CRITERIA:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Pregnant or nursing women or women who plan to become pregnant in the next 20 weeks&#xD;
             while in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
             Persons who are able to get pregnant must be willing to use at least one form of&#xD;
             effective birth control during the entire period of study participation (or until last&#xD;
             clinical labs and rating) and have a negative pregnancy test at screening.&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Current or recent (within the past 6 months) diagnosis of substance abuse or&#xD;
             dependence (excluding nicotine and caffeine)&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Past or current history of tinnitus&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Non-native English language speaker&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. History of seizure except those therapeutically induced by ECT (childhood febrile&#xD;
             seizures are acceptable and these subjects may be included in the study), history of&#xD;
             epilepsy in self or first degree relatives, stroke, brain surgery, participants with&#xD;
             history of any head trauma within 6 months of screening, or beyond 6 months prior to&#xD;
             screening, history of head trauma with evidence of traumatic abnormality appearing on&#xD;
             their brain scan, or with loss of consciousness &gt;5 min, or with other sequelae,&#xD;
             excluding headache, lasting &gt; 24 hours will not be included in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Diagnosed with the following conditions (current unless otherwise stated):&#xD;
&#xD;
               1. Any other current primary Axis I mood or psychotic disorder, including bipolar&#xD;
                  disorder, with the exception of most anxiety disorders (including generalized&#xD;
                  anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (also known as social phobia),&#xD;
                  specific phobia, panic disorder with and without agoraphobia, posttraumatic&#xD;
                  stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety secondary to medical condition, acute stress&#xD;
                  disorder (ASD)), although with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and&#xD;
                  substance-induced anxiety disorder excluded. While these anxiety disorders can be&#xD;
                  comorbid, they must be stable and the MDD must be the primary diagnosis.&#xD;
&#xD;
               2. Depression secondary to a general medical condition, or substance-induced.&#xD;
&#xD;
               3. Any bipolar disorder or psychotic disorder (lifetime), including schizoaffective&#xD;
                  disorder, or major depression with psychotic features in this or previous&#xD;
                  episodes.&#xD;
&#xD;
               4. Eating disorder (current or within the past year).&#xD;
&#xD;
               5. Obsessive compulsive disorder (lifetime).&#xD;
&#xD;
               6. Subjects meeting criteria for Axis II cluster A or B diagnosis based upon DSM-IV&#xD;
                  TR criteria, which in the judgment of the Investigator may hinder the subjects in&#xD;
                  completing the procedures required by the study protocol.&#xD;
&#xD;
          7. Subjects currently engaged or planning to engage in other treatment during the course&#xD;
             of Phases I and II of the study (including behavior therapy, or other types of&#xD;
             individual, family, or group psychotherapy/counseling), or subjects planning to start&#xD;
             an antidepressant medication during the course of Phases I and II.&#xD;
&#xD;
          8. Increased risk of seizure for any reason, including prior diagnosis of increased&#xD;
             intracranial pressure (such as after large infarctions or trauma), or currently taking&#xD;
             medication that, in the opinion of the investigator, significantly lowers the seizure&#xD;
             threshold.&#xD;
&#xD;
          9. Subjects with an unstable or serious medical or neurological disorder.&#xD;
&#xD;
         10. Presence of any medical illness likely to alter brain morphology and/or physiology&#xD;
             (e.g., hypertension, diabetes) unless if controlled by medications.&#xD;
&#xD;
         11. Presence of any implants, prosthesis, or other permanent alteration of the body that,&#xD;
             in the opinion of the investigator, would be unsafe with MRI or TMS or that would&#xD;
             produce an artifact that would compromise the integrity of data.&#xD;
&#xD;
         12. Subjects who have hearing loss that has been clinically evaluated and diagnosed&#xD;
&#xD;
         13. Participants who are uncomfortable in small closed spaces (have claustrophobia),&#xD;
             unable to lie comfortably supine for up to 90 minutes, and would feel uncomfortable in&#xD;
             the MRI machine (for subjects doing imaging component of the study only).&#xD;
&#xD;
         14. Subjects with any of the following treatment histories:&#xD;
&#xD;
               1. Lifetime history of TMS treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
               2. Lifetime history of treatment with Deep Brain Stimulation or Vagus Nerve&#xD;
                  Stimulation.&#xD;
&#xD;
               3. Use of any investigational drug or device within 4 weeks of starting the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
         15. Clinically significant abnormal lab tests&#xD;
&#xD;
         16. Positive HIV test&#xD;
&#xD;
         17. Subjects who, in the investigator s judgment, pose a current serious suicidal or&#xD;
             homicidal risk.&#xD;
&#xD;
         18. A current NIMH employee/staff or their immediate family member.&#xD;
&#xD;
         19. A positive test for COVID-19 or symptoms consistent with COVID-19 infection&#xD;
&#xD;
         20. Subjects who have allergies to lidocaine or previous adverse reaction to lidocaine.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>75 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Sarah H Lisanby, M.D.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Ekaete C Ekpo</last_name>
    <phone>(301) 827-1874</phone>
    <email>ekaete.ekpo@nih.gov</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>Sarah H Lisanby, M.D.</last_name>
    <phone>(301) 339-4831</phone>
    <email>lisanbysh@mail.nih.gov</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>National Institutes of Health Clinical Center</name>
      <address>
        <city>Bethesda</city>
        <state>Maryland</state>
        <zip>20892</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>For more information at the NIH Clinical Center contact Office of Patient Recruitment (OPR)</last_name>
      <phone>800-411-1222</phone>
      <phone_ext>TTY8664111010</phone_ext>
      <email>prpl@cc.nih.gov</email>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>https://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/cgi/detail.cgi?A_2017-M-0147.html</url>
    <description>NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page</description>
  </link>
  <verification_date>August 31, 2023</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 20, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>September 20, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">September 21, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>September 2, 2023</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>September 2, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">September 6, 2023</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)</keyword>
  <keyword>Major Depressive Disorder</keyword>
  <keyword>Cognitive Therapy</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Depressive Disorder</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Depression</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Depressive Disorder, Major</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03289923
org study id: 170147
secondary id: 17-M-0147
nct id: NCT03289923
lead sponsor: 
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Background:

      Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a treatment for depression. It
      stimulates the brain. Researchers want to see if using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans
      helps locate the best area for rTMS in each person. They also want to find other ways to make
      it more effective.

      Objective:

      To study the effects of combining MRI- guided transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and
      talk therapy on the brain in people with depression.

      Eligibility:

      Adults ages 18-75 with a major depressive disorder and current depression. If taking an
      antidepressant, should have been doing so for at least 4 weeks.

      Design:

      Participants will be screened with medical and psychiatric history, psychiatric evaluation,
      physical exam, and blood and urine tests.

      Phase 1 is 1-4 visits in 1 week. Participants will have:

        -  Brain MRI. Participants will lie on a table in a scanner.

        -  Questions about their medical history and psychology symptoms

        -  Tests of mood and thinking

        -  Tests of brain activity. Participants may do tasks during these tests:

             -  A cone with magnetic detectors is put on the head.

             -  A cap with electrodes is put on the scalp.

             -  TMS. A brief electrical current passes through a wire coil on the scalp.

             -  A metal disk will be placed on the arm. A nerve will be stimulated with a small
                electrical shock.

      Phase 2 is about 6 to 7 weeks.

        -  There will be 30 daily sessions of combined therapy and repetitive TMS (rTMS) for 6
           weeks.

        -  Participants will receive rTMS and another therapy by computer.

        -  For rTMS, repeated pulses will pass through the coil.

        -  This is followed by up to 3 additional visits, when:

             -  Participants will repeat Phase 1 tests

        -  Participants will rate their depression symptoms.

      Phase 3 is 3 visits over 3 months. Participants will rate their depression symptoms and
      repeat some of the previous questionnaires and tests of mood and thinking.
Objective

      Despite the growing use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a treatment
      for unipolar major depression, its typical effect sizes have been modest, and both
      methodological and conceptual challenges remain regarding how to optimize its efficacy. Two
      key elements have been missing from current work: first, to take an RDoC approach and link
      the treatment to a comprehensive model of the neurocircuitry underlying depression, where
      applying such a model to personalize the site of stimulation is likely to significantly
      improve the efficacy of rTMS; and second, to maximize neural changes to the engaged
      depression network by utilizing cognitive paired associate stimulation (C-PAS), a technique
      we have developed over the last decade in which noninvasive stimulation is applied to the
      targeted region while the circuit is engaged in processing related to desired behavior (here,
      through the simultaneous use of cognitive behavioral therapy). The concurrent firing in the
      emotional regulation circuit caused by TMS pulses and by the CBT will lead to neural
      plasticity according to the Hebbian conception of fire together, wire together, while
      repeated stimulation over the course of multiple TMS sessions will induce neuroplasticity to
      accelerate and strengthen those changes, which are expected to be therapeutic. We thus intend
      to test a novel integrative multimodal treatment for MDD consisting of a theory-based
      protocol for individualized optimization of rTMS site of stimulation plus concurrent
      behavioral interventions targeting the same dysfunctional neural circuitry. Our targeting
      procedure is based on recent developments in the psychology and neurobiology of
      self-regulation which offer a promising conceptual framework for identifying neural network
      mechanisms of action in rTMS for depression, as well as for developing guidelines for
      individualized rTMS treatment. As preliminary data, we report initial feasibility data from a
      clinical paradigm in which five adults with major depressionreceived TMS to the left middle
      frontal gyrus targeted on an individual basis using fMRI, while simultaneously receiving a
      previously validated self-regulation-based psychotherapy. Here, we will test this
      individualized method in a larger randomized trial.

      Study Population

      The study population will consist of 50 individuals between the 18 and 65 years of age, with
      a diagnosis of treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

      Study Design

      This single site study is a proof-of-concept clinical trial to test both functional states
      associated with an antidepressant response to a six week course of C-PAS using concomitant
      SST and 10 Hz rTMS neuronavigated to left DLPFC, as well as the feasibility and safety of
      such a course for long-term improvement in depressive symptoms. The proposed study will be
      conducted over 3 phases. Phase I will consist of screening, consent, and baseline measures.
      Screening will occur under the ETPB screening protocol (01-M-0254). Phase II will consist of
      a 6-week double-blind sham controlled trial of neuronavigated TMS cognitive therapy.
      Participants will be randomized to two groups, receiving either Active or Sham
      fMRI-guided-TMS, while involved in a cognitive therapy session. Subjects will participate in
      30 daily sessions over 6 weeks, with MRI sessions both prior to and immediately after the
      course of TMS. Additionally, MEG may optionally be performed at baseline, immediately after
      the first TMS/SST session, and immediately after the entire course of TMS, and an optional
      battery of TMS/EEG excitability and plasticity measures may be performed pre- and
      post-TMS/SST course. In Phase III, the study team will provide standard of care for
      depression for up to three months, and will prescribe a relapse prevention strategy, in
      consultation with the referring physician, including TMS (which is consistent with standard
      of care).

      Outcome Measures

      Primary outcome measures are change in magnitude of BOLD signal recorded in pre- and post-TMS
      course MRI sessions, in the DLPFC region targeted with TMS based on individual activations in
      that region found at baseline using the priming task, and pre- and post-TMS course
      connectivity changes between DLPFC (measured with DTI and resting state functional
      connectivity), and other regions associated with the emotional regulation network,
      specifically OFC, medial PFC, precuneus, and ACC. Pre and post TMS course change in
      depression severity scores (HDRS, MADRS) will also be found, in order to look for
      correlations with these MRI measures. Secondary outcome measures will be ratings from the
      BSL, C-SSRS, CTQ, HAM-A, NIH-BFI, PANAS, RBANS, RRS, SHAPS, and TLEQ, as well as
      electrophysiological changes using MEG and EEG measures.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Change in magnitude of Bold signal
time frame: 6 weeks after initiating intervention
description: change in magnitude of BOLD signal with fMRI bold signal from DLPFC
measure: Electrophysiological changes using MEG and EEG measures
time frame: 6 weeks after initiating intervention
description: Recordings of brain activity
measure: Clinical Rating Scales: BSL, C-SSRS, CTQ, HAM-A, NIH-BFI, PANAS, RBANS, RRS, SHAPS, and TLEQ,
time frame: Variable: some 6 weeks after initiating intervention; others weekly
description: Clinical symptom scales from which we derive scores
arm group label: Active TMS+ Cognitive Therapy
arm group type: Experimental
description: active
arm group label: Sham TMS + Cognitive Therapy
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: inactive
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Sham TMS + Cognitive therapy
description: Placebo Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with cognitive therapy
arm group label: Sham TMS + Cognitive Therapy
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Active TMS + Cognitive therapy
description: Active Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with cognitive therapy.
arm group label: Active TMS+ Cognitive Therapy
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 75 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Sarah H Lisanby, M.D.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
last name: Ekaete C Ekpo
phone: (301) 827-1874
email: ekaete.ekpo@nih.gov
last name: Sarah H Lisanby, M.D.
phone: (301) 339-4831
email: lisanbysh@mail.nih.gov
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
country: United States
url: https://clinicalstudies.info.nih.gov/cgi/detail.cgi?A_2017-M-0147.html
description: NIH Clinical Center Detailed Web Page
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Depressive Disorder
mesh term: Depression
mesh term: Depressive Disorder, Major