<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03236987</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>PI2017_843_0010</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03236987</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>CLArithromycin Versus AZIthromycin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Lung Infections</brief_title>
  <acronym>CLAZI</acronym>
  <official_title>CLArithromycin Versus AZIthromycin in the Treatment of Mycobacterium Avium Complex (MAC) Lung Infections</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Amiens</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      MAC lung infections are a growing public health problem. The ATS / IDSA 2007 guidelines for&#xD;
      the treatment of these non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections recommend the use of a&#xD;
      macrolide or azalide (clarithromycin or azithromycin), rifampicin or rifabutin and&#xD;
      ethambutol.&#xD;
&#xD;
      For MAC disseminated infections, several studies have compared combinations containing&#xD;
      clarithromycin or azithromycin and found no significant difference in efficacy. No randomized&#xD;
      controlled trials have been performed for pulmonary infections to compare clarithromycin and&#xD;
      azithromycin in terms of efficacy. Clarithromycin is often used as a first-line treatment in&#xD;
      France, but its tolerance is often poor, particularly in terms of risk of hepatitis, metallic&#xD;
      taste in the mouth, nausea or vomiting, and it interacts with many drugs via cytochrome p450&#xD;
      . In particular, it increases the toxicity of rifabutin, in particular in terms of uveitis.&#xD;
      Azithromycin has fewer side effects especially less digestive toxicity and drug interactions&#xD;
      than clarithromycin.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The hypothesis is therefore that the efficacy of azithromycin would be non-inferior in&#xD;
      comparison with that of clarithromycin.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      1. Scientific rationale and general description:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent all mycobacteria not belonging to the&#xD;
           Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This group of mycobacteria was discovered recently&#xD;
           and has demonstrated pulmonary pathogenicity. The presence of a NTM in a respiratory&#xD;
           specimen is therefore not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of a lung infection. The&#xD;
           ATS/IDSA 2007 guidelines require clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria to&#xD;
           distinguish infection from colonisation.&#xD;
&#xD;
           The main NTM isolated and responsible of NTM pulmonary infections in France is&#xD;
           Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MAC organisms are common in many environmental sites,&#xD;
           including water, soil and in animals. Up to now, the main hypothesis for transmission is&#xD;
           inhalation of MAC via aerosol during the shower. Three classical clinical and&#xD;
           radiological patterns are described for MAC: the fibrocavitary lung disease, the nodular&#xD;
           bronchiectatic disease and the hypersensitivity disease. This last pattern classically&#xD;
           doesn't need any antibiotics. So, this study will focus only on the two first patterns:&#xD;
           fibrocavitary form and nodular-bronchiectatic form.&#xD;
&#xD;
           The limitations for effective therapy were the absence of antimicrobial agents with low&#xD;
           toxicity and good in vivo activity against the organism. The major therapeutic advance&#xD;
           is the introduction of the newer macrolides, clarithromycin and azithromycin, which have&#xD;
           substantial efficacy in vitro and clinical activity against MAC. Structurally,&#xD;
           azithromycin is an azalide. However, because of the close similarity of azalides to&#xD;
           macrolides, the term &quot;macrolide&quot; is often used to refer to azithromycin and&#xD;
           clarithromycin. As macrolides are the cornerstone of MAC treatment, their use in&#xD;
           monotherapy is responsible of selection of macrolides MAC resistant strains that are&#xD;
           associated with microbiological and clinical relapse. This is why all international&#xD;
           guidelines and all experts recommended the use of macrolides with at least two companion&#xD;
           drugs, classically rifampicin and ethambutol.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Treatment of MAC lung disease is long and not well tolerated. Despite treatment,&#xD;
           microbiological failure or early relapse occurs in 20-30% of patients. One of the main&#xD;
           failure explanations in NTM disease is the spontaneous treatment stop by the patient,&#xD;
           due to adverse effects. Even if clarithromycin is often used in first line in France and&#xD;
           is the only one macrolide with indication in its Summary of Product Characteristics, its&#xD;
           tolerance is often poor. Adult patients generally cannot tolerate clarithromycin at more&#xD;
           than 1,000 mg/day. The most common toxicities seen with clarithomycin are&#xD;
           gastro-intestinal (metallic taste, nausea, and vomiting) and it interacts with numerous&#xD;
           drugs via P450 cytochrome. Moreover, clarithromycin enhances rifabutin toxicity,&#xD;
           especially uveitis. Azithromycin toxicity is dose and serum-level related. Most adult&#xD;
           patients with MAC lung disease do not tolerate azithromycin doses of greater than 300&#xD;
           mg/day because of frequent adverse events, including gastrointestinal symptoms&#xD;
           (primarily diarrhea).&#xD;
&#xD;
           The main hypothesis is the non-inferiority of azithromycin containing regimen efficacy&#xD;
           in comparison to clarithromycin. Moreover differences in intracellular concentration of&#xD;
           azithromycin and clarithromycin may result in differences in efficacy and safety. The&#xD;
           investigators also suggest that intracellular concentration of azithromycin or&#xD;
           clarithromycin may be correlated with microbiological success at 6 months of treatment.&#xD;
           If this study could demonstrate that azithromycin is not inferior to clarithromycin in&#xD;
           term of efficacy, azithromycin could be used in first line to improve patient tolerance&#xD;
           and adherence to the treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. Study design and randomization method:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The CLAZI study is a multicentre, controlled open-label clinical trial studying two treatment&#xD;
      regimens containing two molecules, rifampin and ethambutol, in combination with a third&#xD;
      randomized molecule, either clarithromycin or azithromycin.&#xD;
&#xD;
      41 centres located in France will participate.&#xD;
&#xD;
      After having confirmed the presence of all inclusion criteria and the absence of all&#xD;
      exclusion criteria, and after having obtained the patient's free and informed consent, the&#xD;
      patient will be included and randomized to one of the treatment regimens. An interactive web&#xD;
      response system will be used to randomize patients using a minimization algorithm stratified&#xD;
      on centre, radiological form (nodular bronchiectatic form and fibrocavitary form).&#xD;
&#xD;
      3. Study treatment procedure:&#xD;
&#xD;
      After inclusion, the patients will receive the treatment as follow:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Rifampin 10 mg/kg once daily on an empty stomach (600 mg for patients weighing more than&#xD;
           50 kg, 450 mg for patients weighing less than 50 kg) at least 30 minutes before a meal,&#xD;
           in combination with ethambutol 15 to 20 mg/kg once daily and clarithromycin 1,000 mg/day&#xD;
           in two divided doses&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Rifampin 10 mg/kg once daily on an empty stomach (600 mg for patients weighing more than&#xD;
           50 kg, 450 mg for patients weighing less than 50 kg) at least 30 minutes before a meal,&#xD;
           in combination with ethambutol 15 to 20 mg/kg once daily and azithromycin 250 mg once&#xD;
           daily&#xD;
&#xD;
      Treatments will not be provided because they are prescribed in their indication. They will be&#xD;
      issued in the dispensary. The compliance of treatment will be evaluated for each period by&#xD;
      the investigator, from the book of compliance, given to the patient at the beginning of&#xD;
      treatment and bring each consultation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      4. Study procedures: The planned inclusion period is 48 months. However, the number of&#xD;
      inclusions will be evaluated at 18 months in order to request extension of the inclusion&#xD;
      period, if necessary. Each patient will be followed for the first 12 months of treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Monitoring will be performed throughout treatment, comprising:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Monitoring of liver function tests (transaminases, gamma GT, alkaline phosphatase,&#xD;
           bilirubin) weekly for the first two weeks, then monthly throughout treatment. Liver&#xD;
           function tests will be repeated more frequently whenever an abnormality is detected.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  CBC, clotting parameters at M1 then only in the presence of abnormal liver function&#xD;
           tests.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Monthly ophthalmological examination (colour vision and, if abnormal, visual field&#xD;
           examination) and an additional consultation if the patient reports any symptoms.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Depending on the patient's concomitant treatment and any possible drug interactions,&#xD;
           pharmacological assays of the patient's usual medications (e.g. digoxin) left to the&#xD;
           discretion of the patient's clinician.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Electrocardiogram two weeks after starting treatment&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Clinical surveillance&#xD;
&#xD;
      A nested pharmacokinetic study will be done on 100 patients with peak serum and mononuclear&#xD;
      cells concentration of azithromycin and clarithromycin and their main metabolites (D&#xD;
      azithromycin and 14OH clarithromycin respectively). Indeed, a correlation could exist between&#xD;
      intracellular concentration and microbiological success. These dosages will be done at 1 and&#xD;
      6 months.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Dosages in hair samples will be done at M6, as it is the best reflect of macrolides use.&#xD;
      Indeed, most drugs present in the bloodstream also reach and stay in the forming hair where&#xD;
      their concentrations can be measured and interpreted as an overall chronic exposure.&#xD;
&#xD;
      For all patients, a baseline assessment will be performed on inclusion and the same criteria&#xD;
      will then be assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months in order to determine the clinical and&#xD;
      radiological outcome.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Long-term follow-up of the included patients will be proposed, with recording of any new&#xD;
      adverse effects emerging at the end of treatment (between 12 and 18 months), any relapses,&#xD;
      and survival at 18, 24, 36 months and, whenever possible, 5 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
      If a patient who initially clears sputum, but then turns positive again while still on&#xD;
      therapy could be a failure of treatment or a re-infection. To distinguish between failure and&#xD;
      re-infection, genotyping will be performed.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Relapse is defined by the presence of two positive cultures on respiratory specimens obtained&#xD;
      at least 6 months after stopping treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Cure is defined by classical bacteriological criteria, i.e. 2 negative cultures during the&#xD;
      last 3 months of treatment and 3 years after stopping treatment. When specimens are not&#xD;
      obtained 3 years after stopping treatment, the definition of clinical cure will be based on&#xD;
      the absence of relapse at 3 years in survivors.&#xD;
&#xD;
      5. Statistical methods: Quantitative variables will be presented as the mean ± standard&#xD;
      deviation or the median [range] and qualitative variables as percentage.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Analysis of the primary point:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Non-inferiority will be established if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence&#xD;
      interval of the difference in the proportion of 6-month negative sputum rate between the two&#xD;
      groups (Control arm - Experimental arm) is lower than the non-inferiority margin (10%).&#xD;
      Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed followed by a per protocol analysis. A multiple&#xD;
      imputations analysis will be performed if more than 5% of the data are missing for the&#xD;
      primary endpoint. Farrington-Manning p-value for non-inferiority will be calculated and a&#xD;
      two-sided p-value &lt; 0.05 will be required for statistical significance.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Analyses of secondary endpoints:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  The tolerance and safety will be compared between the two arms with a χ2 or Fisher exact&#xD;
           test as appropriate.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Clinical improvement will be compared with Student or Wilcoxon test and radiological&#xD;
           improvement with χ2 or Fisher exact test.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  The 3, and 12-month sputum conversion rate will be compared with a χ2 or Fisher exact&#xD;
           test as appropriate and asymptotic or exact 95% confidence intervals will be given.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  12-month death will be compared with χ2 or Fisher exact test and Kaplan-Meier curves&#xD;
           will be displayed graphically.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Serum and mononuclear cells concentration of azithromycin and clarithromycin and their&#xD;
           metabolites will be compared with Student or Wilcoxon test.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  For each arm, association between azithromycin/clarithromycin intracellular&#xD;
           concentration in circulating mononuclear cells and microbiological success at 6 month&#xD;
           will be assessed with a logistic regression model.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  For each arm, association between azithromycin/clarithromycin intracellular&#xD;
           concentration in circulating mononuclear cells and tolerability of treatment will be&#xD;
           assessed with a logistic regression model.&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Association between MAC species (avium, intracellulare and chimaera) and 6-month&#xD;
           conversion will be assessed with a logistic regression model with adjustment by the&#xD;
           treatment arm.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Given the substantial number of analyses for secondary endpoints, the step-down Bonferonni&#xD;
      procedure will be used to control the type I error rate.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Statistical analysis will be performed using SAS® version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Recruiting</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">February 5, 2018</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">February 1, 2025</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">February 1, 2025</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 3</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Culture results of respiratory specimens taken 6 months after starting treatment.</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
    <description>Three spontaneous sputum specimens will be obtained at baseline and 6 months. If it's not possible to obtain good quality specimens, the clinician may perform three hypertonic aerosol-induced sputum specimens on 3 consecutive days. In the absence of sputum (spontaneous or induced), bronchoscopic aspiration and two post-bronchoscopy sputum specimens will be performed.&#xD;
Microscopic examination will be performed after auramine or Ziehl-Neelsen stain.&#xD;
Specimens will be cultured at 37°C after decontamination on Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium and Coletsos medium. Results will be expressed quantitatively as the number of colonies per tube according to a logarithmic scale. Culture on liquid medium will also be performed.&#xD;
The analysis will be based on the Mycobacteria National Reference Centre microscopy, culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Clinical improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>3 months</time_frame>
    <description>Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 3 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :&#xD;
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;&#xD;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;&#xD;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;&#xD;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)&#xD;
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Clinical improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
    <description>Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 6 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :&#xD;
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;&#xD;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;&#xD;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;&#xD;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)&#xD;
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Clinical improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 12 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :&#xD;
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;&#xD;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;&#xD;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;&#xD;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)&#xD;
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Radiological improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>3 months</time_frame>
    <description>Chest x-ray will be realised at baseline and at 3 months and described according to :&#xD;
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)&#xD;
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Radiological improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>6 months</time_frame>
    <description>Chest x-ray and chest high-resolution CT will be realised at baseline and at 6 months.&#xD;
Chest x-ray will be described according to:&#xD;
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)&#xD;
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)&#xD;
Chest CT will be described according to:&#xD;
type of lesion: nodules, micronodules, bronchiectasis, mass, interstitial syndrome (and its type)&#xD;
precise site of the segment(s) involved&#xD;
number of lesions&#xD;
dimensions of the various lesions (long and short axes) and volume, whenever possible.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Radiological improvement</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Chest x-ray and chest high-resolution CT will be realised at baseline and at 12 months.&#xD;
Chest x-ray will be described according to:&#xD;
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)&#xD;
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)&#xD;
Chest CT will be described according to:&#xD;
type of lesion: nodules, micronodules, bronchiectasis, mass, interstitial syndrome (and its type)&#xD;
precise site of the segment(s) involved&#xD;
number of lesions&#xD;
dimensions of the various lesions (long and short axes) and volume, whenever possible.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Sputum conversion (culture results of respiratory specimens)</measure>
    <time_frame>3 months</time_frame>
    <description>Microbiological specimens, preferably 3 sputum specimens, will be obtained and processed at 3 months after treatment according to the same modalities as at baseline.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Sputum conversion (culture results of respiratory specimens)</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>Microbiological specimens, preferably 3 sputum specimens, will be obtained and processed at 12 months after treatment according to the same modalities as at baseline.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Survival analysis</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>The 12-month mortality will be determined by the survival at that date. The date of any death occurring during treatment will be recorded and the interval between the start of treatment and death will be calculated. The cause of death will be investigated and reported.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Safety as assessed by adverse events according to the Rhodes scale, and hematological, gastrointestinal and renal toxicities according to the WHO toxicity scale</measure>
    <time_frame>12 months</time_frame>
    <description>All adverse events will be notified according to the recommendations. Particular attention will be paid to gastrointestinal adverse effects (the incidence of nausea and vomiting will be recorded). These adverse events will be assessed at each visit according to the Rhodes scale.&#xD;
Haematological, gastrointestinal and renal toxicities will be scored according to the WHO toxicity scale.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">424</enrollment>
  <condition>Lung Infection</condition>
  <condition>Mycobacterium Avium Complex</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Clarithromycin 1000 MG</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>The patient will received a combination of 3 antibiotics :&#xD;
Rifampicin (10mg/kg once daily)&#xD;
Ethambutol (15 to 20 mg/kg once daily)&#xD;
Clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily)</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Azithromycin 250 MG</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>The patient will received a combination of 3 antibiotics :&#xD;
Rifampicin (10mg/kg once daily)&#xD;
Ethambutol (15 to 20 mg/kg once daily)&#xD;
Azithromycin (250 mg once daily)</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Clarithromycin 1000 MG</intervention_name>
    <description>The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a daily antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Clarithromycin, Ethambutol and Rifampicin.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Clarithromycin 1000 MG</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>ZECLAR</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Azithromycin 250 mg</intervention_name>
    <description>The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a daily antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin, Ethambutol and Rifampicin.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Azithromycin 250 MG</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>ZITHROMAX</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Rifampicin</intervention_name>
    <description>The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a dailty antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin or Clarithromycin (according to the randomisation), Ethambutol and Rifampicin.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Azithromycin 250 MG</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Clarithromycin 1000 MG</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>RIFADINE</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Ethambutol</intervention_name>
    <description>The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a dailty antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin or Clarithromycin (according to the randomisation), Ethambutol and Rifampicin.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Azithromycin 250 MG</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Clarithromycin 1000 MG</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>DEXAMBUTOL</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  patients 18 years of age or older&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  having a positive Mycobacterium avium complex sample showing the ATS / IDSA infection&#xD;
             criteria and requiring treatment&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ATS / IDSA infection criteria combine clinico-radiological criteria, associated with&#xD;
             microbiological criteria&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  the exclusion of any other diagnosis on the thoracic CT, fibroscopy and&#xD;
             bacteriological samples&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Known hypersensitivity to one of the study molecules (rifampicin, ethambutol,&#xD;
             azithromycin, clarithromycin)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Relapse of an MAC infection,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Strain resistant to macrolides, based on genotyping susceptibility testing (genotyping&#xD;
             susceptibility testing must be done before inclusion)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Treatment that interacts with cytochrome p450 that can not be replaced by another&#xD;
             therapeutic,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  HIV serology 1 and 2,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Renal insufficiency with creatinine clearance less than 30 ml / min,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnancy and breast feeding,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Contra-indication to one of the antibiotics,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Impossibility to follow the protocol due in particular to drug addiction according to&#xD;
             the investigator,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Limited life expectancy, less than 6 months,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patient already participating in a clinical trial on a medical treatment or a&#xD;
             therapeutic strategy for non-tuberculous mycobacteria.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Arnaud COLLIN</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>CHU Amiens-Picardie</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Claire ANDREJAK, PhD</last_name>
    <phone>+33322087893</phone>
    <email>andrejak.claire@chu-amiens.fr</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>CHU Amiens Picardie</name>
      <address>
        <city>Amiens</city>
        <state>Picardie</state>
        <zip>80054</zip>
        <country>France</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Not yet recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Claire ANDREJAK, PhD</last_name>
      <phone>+33322455960</phone>
      <email>andrejak.claire@chu-amiens.fr</email>
    </contact>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Saint Joseph Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Marseille</city>
        <zip>13000</zip>
        <country>France</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
    <contact>
      <last_name>Audoly Cristina, PH</last_name>
      <phone>+334 91 80 67 05</phone>
      <email>caudoly@hopital-saint-joseph.fr</email>
    </contact>
    <contact_backup>
      <last_name>Bezirganyan Kristina</last_name>
      <phone>+334 91 80 65 00</phone>
      <email>kbezirganyan@hopital-saint-joseph.fr</email>
    </contact_backup>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>France</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>March 2023</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>May 11, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 1, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 2, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 21, 2023</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 21, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 22, 2023</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>MAC</keyword>
  <keyword>Clarithromycin</keyword>
  <keyword>Azithromycin</keyword>
  <keyword>Efficacy</keyword>
  <keyword>Safety</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Infections</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Communicable Diseases</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Mycobacterium Infections</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Azithromycin</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Clarithromycin</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Rifampin</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Ethambutol</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03236987
org study id: PI2017_843_0010
nct id: NCT03236987
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
MAC lung infections are a growing public health problem. The ATS / IDSA 2007 guidelines for
      the treatment of these non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections recommend the use of a
      macrolide or azalide (clarithromycin or azithromycin), rifampicin or rifabutin and
      ethambutol.

      For MAC disseminated infections, several studies have compared combinations containing
      clarithromycin or azithromycin and found no significant difference in efficacy. No randomized
      controlled trials have been performed for pulmonary infections to compare clarithromycin and
      azithromycin in terms of efficacy. Clarithromycin is often used as a first-line treatment in
      France, but its tolerance is often poor, particularly in terms of risk of hepatitis, metallic
      taste in the mouth, nausea or vomiting, and it interacts with many drugs via cytochrome p450
      . In particular, it increases the toxicity of rifabutin, in particular in terms of uveitis.
      Azithromycin has fewer side effects especially less digestive toxicity and drug interactions
      than clarithromycin.

      The hypothesis is therefore that the efficacy of azithromycin would be non-inferior in
      comparison with that of clarithromycin.
1. Scientific rationale and general description:

           Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) represent all mycobacteria not belonging to the
           Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. This group of mycobacteria was discovered recently
           and has demonstrated pulmonary pathogenicity. The presence of a NTM in a respiratory
           specimen is therefore not sufficient to confirm the diagnosis of a lung infection. The
           ATS/IDSA 2007 guidelines require clinical, radiological and microbiological criteria to
           distinguish infection from colonisation.

           The main NTM isolated and responsible of NTM pulmonary infections in France is
           Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MAC organisms are common in many environmental sites,
           including water, soil and in animals. Up to now, the main hypothesis for transmission is
           inhalation of MAC via aerosol during the shower. Three classical clinical and
           radiological patterns are described for MAC: the fibrocavitary lung disease, the nodular
           bronchiectatic disease and the hypersensitivity disease. This last pattern classically
           doesn't need any antibiotics. So, this study will focus only on the two first patterns:
           fibrocavitary form and nodular-bronchiectatic form.

           The limitations for effective therapy were the absence of antimicrobial agents with low
           toxicity and good in vivo activity against the organism. The major therapeutic advance
           is the introduction of the newer macrolides, clarithromycin and azithromycin, which have
           substantial efficacy in vitro and clinical activity against MAC. Structurally,
           azithromycin is an azalide. However, because of the close similarity of azalides to
           macrolides, the term "macrolide" is often used to refer to azithromycin and
           clarithromycin. As macrolides are the cornerstone of MAC treatment, their use in
           monotherapy is responsible of selection of macrolides MAC resistant strains that are
           associated with microbiological and clinical relapse. This is why all international
           guidelines and all experts recommended the use of macrolides with at least two companion
           drugs, classically rifampicin and ethambutol.

           Treatment of MAC lung disease is long and not well tolerated. Despite treatment,
           microbiological failure or early relapse occurs in 20-30% of patients. One of the main
           failure explanations in NTM disease is the spontaneous treatment stop by the patient,
           due to adverse effects. Even if clarithromycin is often used in first line in France and
           is the only one macrolide with indication in its Summary of Product Characteristics, its
           tolerance is often poor. Adult patients generally cannot tolerate clarithromycin at more
           than 1,000 mg/day. The most common toxicities seen with clarithomycin are
           gastro-intestinal (metallic taste, nausea, and vomiting) and it interacts with numerous
           drugs via P450 cytochrome. Moreover, clarithromycin enhances rifabutin toxicity,
           especially uveitis. Azithromycin toxicity is dose and serum-level related. Most adult
           patients with MAC lung disease do not tolerate azithromycin doses of greater than 300
           mg/day because of frequent adverse events, including gastrointestinal symptoms
           (primarily diarrhea).

           The main hypothesis is the non-inferiority of azithromycin containing regimen efficacy
           in comparison to clarithromycin. Moreover differences in intracellular concentration of
           azithromycin and clarithromycin may result in differences in efficacy and safety. The
           investigators also suggest that intracellular concentration of azithromycin or
           clarithromycin may be correlated with microbiological success at 6 months of treatment.
           If this study could demonstrate that azithromycin is not inferior to clarithromycin in
           term of efficacy, azithromycin could be used in first line to improve patient tolerance
           and adherence to the treatment.

        2. Study design and randomization method:

      The CLAZI study is a multicentre, controlled open-label clinical trial studying two treatment
      regimens containing two molecules, rifampin and ethambutol, in combination with a third
      randomized molecule, either clarithromycin or azithromycin.

      41 centres located in France will participate.

      After having confirmed the presence of all inclusion criteria and the absence of all
      exclusion criteria, and after having obtained the patient's free and informed consent, the
      patient will be included and randomized to one of the treatment regimens. An interactive web
      response system will be used to randomize patients using a minimization algorithm stratified
      on centre, radiological form (nodular bronchiectatic form and fibrocavitary form).

      3. Study treatment procedure:

      After inclusion, the patients will receive the treatment as follow:

        -  Rifampin 10 mg/kg once daily on an empty stomach (600 mg for patients weighing more than
           50 kg, 450 mg for patients weighing less than 50 kg) at least 30 minutes before a meal,
           in combination with ethambutol 15 to 20 mg/kg once daily and clarithromycin 1,000 mg/day
           in two divided doses

        -  Rifampin 10 mg/kg once daily on an empty stomach (600 mg for patients weighing more than
           50 kg, 450 mg for patients weighing less than 50 kg) at least 30 minutes before a meal,
           in combination with ethambutol 15 to 20 mg/kg once daily and azithromycin 250 mg once
           daily

      Treatments will not be provided because they are prescribed in their indication. They will be
      issued in the dispensary. The compliance of treatment will be evaluated for each period by
      the investigator, from the book of compliance, given to the patient at the beginning of
      treatment and bring each consultation.

      4. Study procedures: The planned inclusion period is 48 months. However, the number of
      inclusions will be evaluated at 18 months in order to request extension of the inclusion
      period, if necessary. Each patient will be followed for the first 12 months of treatment.

      Monitoring will be performed throughout treatment, comprising:

        -  Monitoring of liver function tests (transaminases, gamma GT, alkaline phosphatase,
           bilirubin) weekly for the first two weeks, then monthly throughout treatment. Liver
           function tests will be repeated more frequently whenever an abnormality is detected.

        -  CBC, clotting parameters at M1 then only in the presence of abnormal liver function
           tests.

        -  Monthly ophthalmological examination (colour vision and, if abnormal, visual field
           examination) and an additional consultation if the patient reports any symptoms.

        -  Depending on the patient's concomitant treatment and any possible drug interactions,
           pharmacological assays of the patient's usual medications (e.g. digoxin) left to the
           discretion of the patient's clinician.

        -  Electrocardiogram two weeks after starting treatment

        -  Clinical surveillance

      A nested pharmacokinetic study will be done on 100 patients with peak serum and mononuclear
      cells concentration of azithromycin and clarithromycin and their main metabolites (D
      azithromycin and 14OH clarithromycin respectively). Indeed, a correlation could exist between
      intracellular concentration and microbiological success. These dosages will be done at 1 and
      6 months.

      Dosages in hair samples will be done at M6, as it is the best reflect of macrolides use.
      Indeed, most drugs present in the bloodstream also reach and stay in the forming hair where
      their concentrations can be measured and interpreted as an overall chronic exposure.

      For all patients, a baseline assessment will be performed on inclusion and the same criteria
      will then be assessed at 3, 6 and 12 months in order to determine the clinical and
      radiological outcome.

      Long-term follow-up of the included patients will be proposed, with recording of any new
      adverse effects emerging at the end of treatment (between 12 and 18 months), any relapses,
      and survival at 18, 24, 36 months and, whenever possible, 5 years.

      If a patient who initially clears sputum, but then turns positive again while still on
      therapy could be a failure of treatment or a re-infection. To distinguish between failure and
      re-infection, genotyping will be performed.

      Relapse is defined by the presence of two positive cultures on respiratory specimens obtained
      at least 6 months after stopping treatment.

      Cure is defined by classical bacteriological criteria, i.e. 2 negative cultures during the
      last 3 months of treatment and 3 years after stopping treatment. When specimens are not
      obtained 3 years after stopping treatment, the definition of clinical cure will be based on
      the absence of relapse at 3 years in survivors.

      5. Statistical methods: Quantitative variables will be presented as the mean ± standard
      deviation or the median [range] and qualitative variables as percentage.

      Analysis of the primary point:

      Non-inferiority will be established if the upper limit of the two-sided 95% confidence
      interval of the difference in the proportion of 6-month negative sputum rate between the two
      groups (Control arm - Experimental arm) is lower than the non-inferiority margin (10%).
      Intention-to-treat analysis will be performed followed by a per protocol analysis. A multiple
      imputations analysis will be performed if more than 5% of the data are missing for the
      primary endpoint. Farrington-Manning p-value for non-inferiority will be calculated and a
      two-sided p-value < 0.05 will be required for statistical significance.

      Analyses of secondary endpoints:

        -  The tolerance and safety will be compared between the two arms with a χ2 or Fisher exact
           test as appropriate.

        -  Clinical improvement will be compared with Student or Wilcoxon test and radiological
           improvement with χ2 or Fisher exact test.

        -  The 3, and 12-month sputum conversion rate will be compared with a χ2 or Fisher exact
           test as appropriate and asymptotic or exact 95% confidence intervals will be given.

        -  12-month death will be compared with χ2 or Fisher exact test and Kaplan-Meier curves
           will be displayed graphically.

        -  Serum and mononuclear cells concentration of azithromycin and clarithromycin and their
           metabolites will be compared with Student or Wilcoxon test.

        -  For each arm, association between azithromycin/clarithromycin intracellular
           concentration in circulating mononuclear cells and microbiological success at 6 month
           will be assessed with a logistic regression model.

        -  For each arm, association between azithromycin/clarithromycin intracellular
           concentration in circulating mononuclear cells and tolerability of treatment will be
           assessed with a logistic regression model.

        -  Association between MAC species (avium, intracellulare and chimaera) and 6-month
           conversion will be assessed with a logistic regression model with adjustment by the
           treatment arm.

      Given the substantial number of analyses for secondary endpoints, the step-down Bonferonni
      procedure will be used to control the type I error rate.

      Statistical analysis will be performed using SAS® version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Culture results of respiratory specimens taken 6 months after starting treatment.
time frame: 6 months
description: Three spontaneous sputum specimens will be obtained at baseline and 6 months. If it's not possible to obtain good quality specimens, the clinician may perform three hypertonic aerosol-induced sputum specimens on 3 consecutive days. In the absence of sputum (spontaneous or induced), bronchoscopic aspiration and two post-bronchoscopy sputum specimens will be performed.
Microscopic examination will be performed after auramine or Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
Specimens will be cultured at 37°C after decontamination on Lowenstein-Jensen solid medium and Coletsos medium. Results will be expressed quantitatively as the number of colonies per tube according to a logarithmic scale. Culture on liquid medium will also be performed.
The analysis will be based on the Mycobacteria National Reference Centre microscopy, culture and antibiotic susceptibility test results.
measure: Clinical improvement
time frame: 3 months
description: Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 3 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).
measure: Clinical improvement
time frame: 6 months
description: Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 6 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).
measure: Clinical improvement
time frame: 12 months
description: Several criteria will be determined at baseline and at 12 months and then compared to assess clinical improvement :
Presence or absence of cough, sputum, dyspnoea, chest pain and wheezing using a 5-point analogue scale (0=no symptom, 4=permanent symptoms) ;
WHO performance status scored from 0 to 4 ;
Global score from 0 to 24, taking into account the score of the 5 respiratory symptoms and the WHO performance status ;
Presence of blood-stained sputum (haemoptysis greater than 50 mL or requiring specialized medical intervention)
Weight in kg (patient weighed in underwear on the same scales, variations taken into account when greater than 5% of the baseline weight).
measure: Radiological improvement
time frame: 3 months
description: Chest x-ray will be realised at baseline and at 3 months and described according to :
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)
measure: Radiological improvement
time frame: 6 months
description: Chest x-ray and chest high-resolution CT will be realised at baseline and at 6 months.
Chest x-ray will be described according to:
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)
Chest CT will be described according to:
type of lesion: nodules, micronodules, bronchiectasis, mass, interstitial syndrome (and its type)
precise site of the segment(s) involved
number of lesions
dimensions of the various lesions (long and short axes) and volume, whenever possible.
measure: Radiological improvement
time frame: 12 months
description: Chest x-ray and chest high-resolution CT will be realised at baseline and at 12 months.
Chest x-ray will be described according to:
type of lesion: opacity/solitary pulmonary nodule, excavated opacity/ fibrocavitary disease, interstitial syndrome (multiple nodule, dense airspace disease)
precise site (upper lobe, right middle or lower lobe, left lower or upper lobe)
Chest CT will be described according to:
type of lesion: nodules, micronodules, bronchiectasis, mass, interstitial syndrome (and its type)
precise site of the segment(s) involved
number of lesions
dimensions of the various lesions (long and short axes) and volume, whenever possible.
measure: Sputum conversion (culture results of respiratory specimens)
time frame: 3 months
description: Microbiological specimens, preferably 3 sputum specimens, will be obtained and processed at 3 months after treatment according to the same modalities as at baseline.
measure: Sputum conversion (culture results of respiratory specimens)
time frame: 12 months
description: Microbiological specimens, preferably 3 sputum specimens, will be obtained and processed at 12 months after treatment according to the same modalities as at baseline.
measure: Survival analysis
time frame: 12 months
description: The 12-month mortality will be determined by the survival at that date. The date of any death occurring during treatment will be recorded and the interval between the start of treatment and death will be calculated. The cause of death will be investigated and reported.
measure: Safety as assessed by adverse events according to the Rhodes scale, and hematological, gastrointestinal and renal toxicities according to the WHO toxicity scale
time frame: 12 months
description: All adverse events will be notified according to the recommendations. Particular attention will be paid to gastrointestinal adverse effects (the incidence of nausea and vomiting will be recorded). These adverse events will be assessed at each visit according to the Rhodes scale.
Haematological, gastrointestinal and renal toxicities will be scored according to the WHO toxicity scale.
arm group label: Clarithromycin 1000 MG
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: The patient will received a combination of 3 antibiotics :
Rifampicin (10mg/kg once daily)
Ethambutol (15 to 20 mg/kg once daily)
Clarithromycin (500 mg twice daily)
arm group label: Azithromycin 250 MG
arm group type: Experimental
description: The patient will received a combination of 3 antibiotics :
Rifampicin (10mg/kg once daily)
Ethambutol (15 to 20 mg/kg once daily)
Azithromycin (250 mg once daily)
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Clarithromycin 1000 MG
description: The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a daily antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Clarithromycin, Ethambutol and Rifampicin.
arm group label: Clarithromycin 1000 MG
other name: ZECLAR
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Azithromycin 250 mg
description: The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a daily antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin, Ethambutol and Rifampicin.
arm group label: Azithromycin 250 MG
other name: ZITHROMAX
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Rifampicin
description: The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a dailty antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin or Clarithromycin (according to the randomisation), Ethambutol and Rifampicin.
arm group label: Azithromycin 250 MG
arm group label: Clarithromycin 1000 MG
other name: RIFADINE
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Ethambutol
description: The patient will be received for at least 12 months, a dailty antibiotic treatment who is a combination of Azithromycin or Clarithromycin (according to the randomisation), Ethambutol and Rifampicin.
arm group label: Azithromycin 250 MG
arm group label: Clarithromycin 1000 MG
other name: DEXAMBUTOL
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Arnaud COLLIN
role: Study Director
affiliation: CHU Amiens-Picardie
last name: Claire ANDREJAK, PhD
phone: +33322087893
email: andrejak.claire@chu-amiens.fr
facility: 
status: Not yet recruiting
contact: 
facility: 
status: Recruiting
contact: 
contact backup: 
country: France
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Infections
mesh term: Communicable Diseases
mesh term: Mycobacterium Infections
mesh term: Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection
mesh term: Azithromycin
mesh term: Clarithromycin
mesh term: Rifampin
mesh term: Ethambutol