<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03237234</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>SCIMS1-703</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03237234</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Enhancing Corticospinal Activation for Improved Walking Function</brief_title>
  <official_title>SCIMS Project 1: Enhancing Corticospinal Activation for Improved Walking Function</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Shepherd Center, Atlanta GA</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research</agency>
      <agency_class>U.S. Fed</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Shepherd Center, Atlanta GA</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>Yes</is_fda_regulated_device>
    <is_us_export>No</is_us_export>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      For many people with spinal cord injury (SCI), the goal of walking is a high priority. There&#xD;
      are many approaches available to restore walking function after SCI; however, these&#xD;
      approaches often involve extensive rehabilitation training and access to facilities,&#xD;
      qualified staff, and advanced technology that make practicing walking at home difficult. For&#xD;
      this reason, developing training approaches that could be easily performed in the home would&#xD;
      be of great value. In addition, non-invasive brain stimulation has the potential to increase&#xD;
      the effectiveness of communication between the brain and spinal cord. Combining motor skill&#xD;
      training with brain stimulation may further enhance the restoration of function in persons&#xD;
      with SCI. Based on these findings, the primary aim of this proof-of-concept study is to&#xD;
      inform future intervention development. To meet this aim, we will determine if&#xD;
      moderate-intensity, motor skill training can improve walking-related outcomes among persons&#xD;
      with SCI and to determine if the addition of non-invasive brain stimulation will result in&#xD;
      greater improvements in function compared to training alone.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      For many people with spinal cord injury (SCI), the goal of walking is a high priority. There&#xD;
      are many approaches available to restore walking function after SCI; however, these&#xD;
      approaches often involve access to intensive training programs, facilities, qualified staff,&#xD;
      and advanced technology that make practicing walking at home difficult. For this reason,&#xD;
      developing training approaches that could be easily performed in the home would be of great&#xD;
      value. In addition, research suggests that enhancing brain excitability might have benefits&#xD;
      for improving the communication between the brain and spinal cord. Transcranial direct&#xD;
      current stimulation (tDCS) is a type of non-invasive brain stimulation that has been shown to&#xD;
      directly increase brain excitability, which may make it easier for the brain and nervous&#xD;
      system to respond to training. Combining motor skill exercises with brain stimulation may&#xD;
      enhance the restoration of walking function in persons with SCI. Based on these findings, the&#xD;
      primary aim of this proof-of-concept study is to inform future intervention development. To&#xD;
      meet this aim, we will determine if moderate-intensity, motor skill training can improve&#xD;
      walking-related outcomes among persons with SCI and to determine if the addition of&#xD;
      non-invasive brain stimulation will result in greater improvements in function compared to&#xD;
      training alone.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants in the proposed study will complete one baseline testing session, 3 motor&#xD;
      training sessions, and one follow-up session over 5 consecutive days. During the first and&#xD;
      fifth sessions, participants will complete assessments only, which will take approximately&#xD;
      2-3 hours each day. During the second, third, and fourth sessions, participants will perform&#xD;
      a series of 6 standing motor skill exercises designed to challenge balance, lower extremity&#xD;
      coordination, agility, and speed. Participants will be randomized to either a motor training&#xD;
      only group or a motor training + tDCS group. The motor training + tDCS group will receive&#xD;
      brain stimulation during the motor skill training, while the motor training only group will&#xD;
      receive sensory level brain stimulation only. Each participant will complete the 6 motor&#xD;
      skill exercise circuit 4 times. Motor training exercise sessions will last approximately&#xD;
      25-30 minutes and will be preceded and followed by assessments of walking function,&#xD;
      spasticity, and ankle strength in order to determine changes in these measures over time.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">March 1, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">July 1, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">March 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>10 Meter Walk Test (Walk Speed)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Walking speed was the primary outcome measure for walking function, as speed has been the standard measure used in the literature and allowed us to assess outcomes relative to other published studies. Walking speed was determined using the 10-Meter Walk Test. Participants completed 3 walk trials at each time point, separated by 2 minutes of seated rest. The average walking speed of 3 walks was calculated and used in the analyses. Data reported were obtained at baseline at Day 1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day 5 (D5), 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Cadence)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Cadence for each walk trial was computed using the GAITRite system, and the average cadence across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Weaker Limb)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the weaker limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Stronger Limb)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the stronger limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Step Length Symmetry - Symmetry Index)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs were collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average step length of each lower limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system. Lower limbs were classified as stronger or weaker according to manual muscle test scores collected at baseline (D1). The average step length for the stronger and weaker limbs was used to calculate the step symmetry index (SI) using the following formula: SI = ((SLs - SLw)/0.5(SLs + SLw)) x 100; where SLs = stronger limb stride length and SLw = weaker limb stride length. Final values are reported as the absolute % of the ratio difference in step length between the stronger and weaker limbs. A SI value of 0% indicates perfect interlimb step symmetry. Higher SI values indicate greater interlimb step length asymmetry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Maximal Isometric Dorsiflexor Strength</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Ankle dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior) strength was measured with the subject seated and with the test foot strapped to a handheld dynamometer. An ankle dorsiflexion test was selected based on evidence indicating that the tibialis anterior is under the greatest corticospinal control. Maximum dorsiflexion force was calculated based on the highest force measured over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Berg Balance Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which has been found to be valid for use in persons with SCI. The BBS total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median score for each group was calculated. The total range of scores for the BBS equals 0-56, with higher scores from baseline indicating greater balance performance and lower scores from baseline indicating worsened balance performance. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I)</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>The fear of falling may be a major concern for persons with mobility impairments and may limit one's confidence or ability to perform activities of daily living. Fear of falling may also limit an individual's performance of specific overground motor tasks irrespective of functional ability to perform that task. Therefore, the fear of falling was an important factor to consider relative to the mobility interventions employed in the present study. The FES-I total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median for each group was recorded. The total range of scores possible for the FES-I is equal to 16-64, with lower total scores indicating decreased fear of falling. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>The Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes (SCATS) was used to assess the impact of motor skill training + sham stimulation and motor training + tDCS on spasticity. SCATS is well correlated with electrophysiological measures of spasticity and is better correlated with self-reported measures of spasm frequency than the Ashworth test. Total SCATS scores for each limb were summed and median values were obtained for each group. The total range of scores possible for the SCATS is 0-18, with a total score of 0 indicating no lower limb spasticity and higher total scores indicating greater spasticity severity. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Modified 5-Times Sit-to-Stand</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>The modified 5-times sit-to-stand test was used as a measure of functional lower extremity strength. In this test, the participant was seated on a mat table with height adjusted to 80% of lower extremity length. The time required to complete 5 repetitions of standing up and sitting down (without using the upper extremities for assistance) was recorded. The average time to complete the test was calculated at each time point for each group. Lower sit-to-stand times indicate greater functional lower extremity strength. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Maximal Isometric Quadriceps Strength</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Knee extensor (quadriceps) strength was measured with participants seated, with the test leg strapped to a handheld dynamometer. Prior studies have shown that a single session of tDCS improves quadriceps strength in persons with stroke. Maximum knee extensor force was analyzed based on the maximum force produced over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>2 Minute Walk Test</measure>
    <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
    <description>Functional walking capacity was measured based on 2-minute walk test distance. The use of the 2-minute rather than the 6-minute walk test allowed us to include individuals whose impairments result in inability to walk for 6 minutes. Total distance walked in 2-minutes was recorded for each participant at each time point, and the average distance was calculated for each group. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">25</enrollment>
  <condition>Spinal Cord Injuries</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Motor Training + Sham tDCS</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Sham Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Motor Training + tDCS</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Motor Skill Training</intervention_name>
    <description>Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MT, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Motor Training + Sham tDCS</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Motor Training + tDCS</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)</intervention_name>
    <description>The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MT activities. As reported previously, participants in the MT-only group will receive sham tDCS to maintain analogous study procedures.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Motor Training + tDCS</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have a spinal cord injury (neurological level C3-T10);&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Chronic SCI (12 months or greater);&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Neurological impairment classification C or D;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to stand for at least 5 minutes (with or without an assistive device);&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to move each leg independently for at least 3 steps;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to rise from sit to stand with moderate assistance from one person;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ability and willingness to consent and authorize use of personal health information.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Progressive spinal lesions including degenerative, or progressive vascular disorders&#xD;
             of the spine and/or spinal cord;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Injuries below the neurological spinal level of T10;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of cardiovascular irregularities;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Altered cognitive status;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of orthopedic conditions that would adversely affect participation in&#xD;
             exercise;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Implanted metallic objects in the head;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of seizures;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Inability and unwillingness to consent and authorize use of personal health&#xD;
             information.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Shepherd Center, Inc.</name>
      <address>
        <city>Atlanta</city>
        <state>Georgia</state>
        <zip>30309</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>December 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 13, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 28, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Actual">August 2, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <results_first_submitted>July 26, 2021</results_first_submitted>
  <results_first_submitted_qc>September 17, 2021</results_first_submitted_qc>
  <results_first_posted type="Actual">October 14, 2021</results_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>December 29, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>December 29, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">January 12, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Shepherd Center, Atlanta GA</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Edelle Field-Fote, PT, PhD</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Director of Spinal Cord Injury Research</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Spinal Cord Injuries</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>No</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>August 27, 2019</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/34/NCT03237234/Prot_SAP_001.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>

  <clinical_results>

    <participant_flow>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="P1">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MT, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="P2">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
MST: Motor skill training will consist of activities performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <period_list>
        <period>
          <title>Overall Study</title>
          <milestone_list>
            <milestone>
              <title>STARTED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="14"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="11"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="14"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="11"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
            <milestone>
              <title>NOT COMPLETED</title>
              <participants_list>
                <participants group_id="P1" count="0"/>
                <participants group_id="P2" count="0"/>
              </participants_list>
            </milestone>
          </milestone_list>
        </period>
      </period_list>
    </participant_flow>

    <baseline>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="B1">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (sham-tDCS).&#xD;
MST: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B2">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
MST: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="B3">
          <title>Total</title>
          <description>Total of all reporting groups</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <analyzed_list>
        <analyzed>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <scope>Overall</scope>
          <count_list>
            <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
            <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
            <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
          </count_list>
        </analyzed>
      </analyzed_list>
      <measure_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Age</title>
          <units>years</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="46.7" spread="15"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="50.5" spread="10.7"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="48.4" spread="13.2"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Sex: Female, Male</title>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <title>Female</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="7"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
                <category>
                  <title>Male</title>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="10"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="18"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Race and Ethnicity Not Collected</title>
          <population>Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant.</population>
          <units>Participants</units>
          <param>Count of Participants</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="0"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="0"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Region of Enrollment</title>
          <units>participants</units>
          <param>Number</param>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>United States</title>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>10 Meter Walk Test (walk speed)</title>
          <units>m/sec</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="0.72" spread="0.53"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="0.64" spread="0.51"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="0.69" spread="0.51"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Cadence)</title>
          <units>strides/min</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="73.9" spread="34.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="70.7" spread="38.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="72.5" spread="35.5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (symmetry index)</title>
          <units>Absolute %</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="14.6" spread="12.2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="12.3" spread="7.4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="13.6" spread="10.2"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (stride length -weaker limb)</title>
          <units>cm</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="106.6" spread="33.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="95.0" spread="33.4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="101.5" spread="33.3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (stride length - stronger limb)</title>
          <units>cm</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="106.8" spread="33.1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="94.4" spread="32.9"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="101.3" spread="33.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
        <measure>
          <title>Ankle Dorsiflexor Strength (MVC force)</title>
          <units>lbs</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <analyzed_list>
                <analyzed>
                  <units>Participants</units>
                  <scope>Class</scope>
                  <count_list>
                    <count group_id="B1" value="14"/>
                    <count group_id="B2" value="11"/>
                    <count group_id="B3" value="25"/>
                  </count_list>
                </analyzed>
              </analyzed_list>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="B1" value="61.9" spread="35.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B2" value="66.1" spread="19.9"/>
                    <measurement group_id="B3" value="63.8" spread="29.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </measure_list>
    </baseline>

    <outcome_list>
      <outcome>
        <type>Primary</type>
        <title>10 Meter Walk Test (Walk Speed)</title>
        <description>Walking speed was the primary outcome measure for walking function, as speed has been the standard measure used in the literature and allowed us to assess outcomes relative to other published studies. Walking speed was determined using the 10-Meter Walk Test. Participants completed 3 walk trials at each time point, separated by 2 minutes of seated rest. The average walking speed of 3 walks was calculated and used in the analyses. Data reported were obtained at baseline at Day 1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day 5 (D5), 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>10 Meter Walk Test (Walk Speed)</title>
          <description>Walking speed was the primary outcome measure for walking function, as speed has been the standard measure used in the literature and allowed us to assess outcomes relative to other published studies. Walking speed was determined using the 10-Meter Walk Test. Participants completed 3 walk trials at each time point, separated by 2 minutes of seated rest. The average walking speed of 3 walks was calculated and used in the analyses. Data reported were obtained at baseline at Day 1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day 5 (D5), 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>m/sec</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.72" spread="0.53"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.64" spread="0.51"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="0.85" spread="0.56"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="0.78" spread="0.46"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Cadence)</title>
        <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Cadence for each walk trial was computed using the GAITRite system, and the average cadence across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Cadence)</title>
          <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Cadence for each walk trial was computed using the GAITRite system, and the average cadence across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>strides/min</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="73.9" spread="34.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="70.7" spread="38.5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="81.5" spread="34.9"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="82.1" spread="34.9"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Weaker Limb)</title>
        <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the weaker limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Weaker Limb)</title>
          <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the weaker limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>cm</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="106.6" spread="33.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="95.0" spread="33.4"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="114.7" spread="35.6"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="104.5" spread="27.8"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Stronger Limb)</title>
        <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the stronger limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Stronger Limb)</title>
          <description>Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the stronger limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>cm</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="106.7" spread="33.1"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="94.4" spread="32.9"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="114.5" spread="35.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="103.7" spread="28.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Step Length Symmetry - Symmetry Index)</title>
        <description>Step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs were collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average step length of each lower limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system. Lower limbs were classified as stronger or weaker according to manual muscle test scores collected at baseline (D1). The average step length for the stronger and weaker limbs was used to calculate the step symmetry index (SI) using the following formula: SI = ((SLs - SLw)/0.5(SLs + SLw)) x 100; where SLs = stronger limb stride length and SLw = weaker limb stride length. Final values are reported as the absolute % of the ratio difference in step length between the stronger and weaker limbs. A SI value of 0% indicates perfect interlimb step symmetry. Higher SI values indicate greater interlimb step length asymmetry.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Step Length Symmetry - Symmetry Index)</title>
          <description>Step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs were collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average step length of each lower limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system. Lower limbs were classified as stronger or weaker according to manual muscle test scores collected at baseline (D1). The average step length for the stronger and weaker limbs was used to calculate the step symmetry index (SI) using the following formula: SI = ((SLs - SLw)/0.5(SLs + SLw)) x 100; where SLs = stronger limb stride length and SLw = weaker limb stride length. Final values are reported as the absolute % of the ratio difference in step length between the stronger and weaker limbs. A SI value of 0% indicates perfect interlimb step symmetry. Higher SI values indicate greater interlimb step length asymmetry.</description>
          <units>Absolute % of step length diff ratio</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="14.6" spread="12.2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="12.3" spread="7.4"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="16.2" spread="20.8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="13.6" spread="11.8"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Maximal Isometric Dorsiflexor Strength</title>
        <description>Ankle dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior) strength was measured with the subject seated and with the test foot strapped to a handheld dynamometer. An ankle dorsiflexion test was selected based on evidence indicating that the tibialis anterior is under the greatest corticospinal control. Maximum dorsiflexion force was calculated based on the highest force measured over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Maximal Isometric Dorsiflexor Strength</title>
          <description>Ankle dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior) strength was measured with the subject seated and with the test foot strapped to a handheld dynamometer. An ankle dorsiflexion test was selected based on evidence indicating that the tibialis anterior is under the greatest corticospinal control. Maximum dorsiflexion force was calculated based on the highest force measured over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>lbs</units>
          <param>Median</param>
          <dispersion>Inter-Quartile Range</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="57.7" lower_limit="34.4" upper_limit="72.8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="68.3" lower_limit="57.3" upper_limit="82.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="49.3" lower_limit="31.8" upper_limit="64.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="72.9" lower_limit="57.6" upper_limit="92.9"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Berg Balance Scale</title>
        <description>Balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which has been found to be valid for use in persons with SCI. The BBS total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median score for each group was calculated. The total range of scores for the BBS equals 0-56, with higher scores from baseline indicating greater balance performance and lower scores from baseline indicating worsened balance performance. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Berg Balance Scale</title>
          <description>Balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which has been found to be valid for use in persons with SCI. The BBS total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median score for each group was calculated. The total range of scores for the BBS equals 0-56, with higher scores from baseline indicating greater balance performance and lower scores from baseline indicating worsened balance performance. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Median</param>
          <dispersion>Inter-Quartile Range</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="38.0" lower_limit="25.5" upper_limit="50.8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="46.0" lower_limit="39.0" upper_limit="51.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="41.5" lower_limit="29.3" upper_limit="46.8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="49.0" lower_limit="39.5" upper_limit="54.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I)</title>
        <description>The fear of falling may be a major concern for persons with mobility impairments and may limit one's confidence or ability to perform activities of daily living. Fear of falling may also limit an individual's performance of specific overground motor tasks irrespective of functional ability to perform that task. Therefore, the fear of falling was an important factor to consider relative to the mobility interventions employed in the present study. The FES-I total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median for each group was recorded. The total range of scores possible for the FES-I is equal to 16-64, with lower total scores indicating decreased fear of falling. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I)</title>
          <description>The fear of falling may be a major concern for persons with mobility impairments and may limit one's confidence or ability to perform activities of daily living. Fear of falling may also limit an individual's performance of specific overground motor tasks irrespective of functional ability to perform that task. Therefore, the fear of falling was an important factor to consider relative to the mobility interventions employed in the present study. The FES-I total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median for each group was recorded. The total range of scores possible for the FES-I is equal to 16-64, with lower total scores indicating decreased fear of falling. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Median</param>
          <dispersion>Inter-Quartile Range</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="34.0" lower_limit="29.3" upper_limit="40.0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="33.0" lower_limit="30.5" upper_limit="43.5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="33.5" lower_limit="28.5" upper_limit="36.8"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="28.0" lower_limit="26.0" upper_limit="43.5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes</title>
        <description>The Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes (SCATS) was used to assess the impact of motor skill training + sham stimulation and motor training + tDCS on spasticity. SCATS is well correlated with electrophysiological measures of spasticity and is better correlated with self-reported measures of spasm frequency than the Ashworth test. Total SCATS scores for each limb were summed and median values were obtained for each group. The total range of scores possible for the SCATS is 0-18, with a total score of 0 indicating no lower limb spasticity and higher total scores indicating greater spasticity severity. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes</title>
          <description>The Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes (SCATS) was used to assess the impact of motor skill training + sham stimulation and motor training + tDCS on spasticity. SCATS is well correlated with electrophysiological measures of spasticity and is better correlated with self-reported measures of spasm frequency than the Ashworth test. Total SCATS scores for each limb were summed and median values were obtained for each group. The total range of scores possible for the SCATS is 0-18, with a total score of 0 indicating no lower limb spasticity and higher total scores indicating greater spasticity severity. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>score on a scale</units>
          <param>Median</param>
          <dispersion>Inter-Quartile Range</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="4.0" lower_limit="2.0" upper_limit="7.5"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="4.0" lower_limit="2.0" upper_limit="6.5"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="6.0" lower_limit="3.5" upper_limit="7.0"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="4.0" lower_limit="1.0" upper_limit="7.0"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Modified 5-Times Sit-to-Stand</title>
        <description>The modified 5-times sit-to-stand test was used as a measure of functional lower extremity strength. In this test, the participant was seated on a mat table with height adjusted to 80% of lower extremity length. The time required to complete 5 repetitions of standing up and sitting down (without using the upper extremities for assistance) was recorded. The average time to complete the test was calculated at each time point for each group. Lower sit-to-stand times indicate greater functional lower extremity strength. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Modified 5-Times Sit-to-Stand</title>
          <description>The modified 5-times sit-to-stand test was used as a measure of functional lower extremity strength. In this test, the participant was seated on a mat table with height adjusted to 80% of lower extremity length. The time required to complete 5 repetitions of standing up and sitting down (without using the upper extremities for assistance) was recorded. The average time to complete the test was calculated at each time point for each group. Lower sit-to-stand times indicate greater functional lower extremity strength. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>seconds</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="13.7" spread="5.2"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="21.9" spread="17.3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="14.9" spread="7.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="19.6" spread="15.8"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>Maximal Isometric Quadriceps Strength</title>
        <description>Knee extensor (quadriceps) strength was measured with participants seated, with the test leg strapped to a handheld dynamometer. Prior studies have shown that a single session of tDCS improves quadriceps strength in persons with stroke. Maximum knee extensor force was analyzed based on the maximum force produced over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>Maximal Isometric Quadriceps Strength</title>
          <description>Knee extensor (quadriceps) strength was measured with participants seated, with the test leg strapped to a handheld dynamometer. Prior studies have shown that a single session of tDCS improves quadriceps strength in persons with stroke. Maximum knee extensor force was analyzed based on the maximum force produced over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>lbs</units>
          <param>Median</param>
          <dispersion>Inter-Quartile Range</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="86.7" lower_limit="63.6" upper_limit="114.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="92.1" lower_limit="78.5" upper_limit="118.1"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="84.4" lower_limit="52.5" upper_limit="90.4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="103.5" lower_limit="85.4" upper_limit="131.9"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
      <outcome>
        <type>Secondary</type>
        <title>2 Minute Walk Test</title>
        <description>Functional walking capacity was measured based on 2-minute walk test distance. The use of the 2-minute rather than the 6-minute walk test allowed us to include individuals whose impairments result in inability to walk for 6 minutes. Total distance walked in 2-minutes was recorded for each participant at each time point, and the average distance was calculated for each group. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
        <time_frame>D1, D5</time_frame>
        <group_list>
          <group group_id="O1">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
          </group>
          <group group_id="O2">
            <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
            <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
          </group>
        </group_list>
        <measure>
          <title>2 Minute Walk Test</title>
          <description>Functional walking capacity was measured based on 2-minute walk test distance. The use of the 2-minute rather than the 6-minute walk test allowed us to include individuals whose impairments result in inability to walk for 6 minutes. Total distance walked in 2-minutes was recorded for each participant at each time point, and the average distance was calculated for each group. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.</description>
          <units>m</units>
          <param>Mean</param>
          <dispersion>Standard Deviation</dispersion>
          <analyzed_list>
            <analyzed>
              <units>Participants</units>
              <scope>Measure</scope>
              <count_list>
                <count group_id="O1" value="14"/>
                <count group_id="O2" value="11"/>
              </count_list>
            </analyzed>
          </analyzed_list>
          <class_list>
            <class>
              <title>Day 1 (D1)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="83.1" spread="49.4"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="77.1" spread="55.3"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
            <class>
              <title>Day 5 (D5)</title>
              <category_list>
                <category>
                  <measurement_list>
                    <measurement group_id="O1" value="93.7" spread="50.3"/>
                    <measurement group_id="O2" value="86.7" spread="50.7"/>
                  </measurement_list>
                </category>
              </category_list>
            </class>
          </class_list>
        </measure>
      </outcome>
    </outcome_list>

    <reported_events>
      <time_frame>Adverse event queries and documentation were performed for each participant beginning at baseline on Day 1 and concluding following the last day of data collection on Day 5, which is the time course over which participants were enrolled in the study.</time_frame>
      <group_list>
        <group group_id="E1">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + Sham tDCS (MST+Sham-tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+sham-tDCS).&#xD;
MST: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.</description>
        </group>
        <group group_id="E2">
          <title>Motor Skill Training + tDCS (MST+tDCS)</title>
          <description>Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (MST+tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.&#xD;
Motor Skill Training: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MST, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.&#xD;
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MST activities.</description>
        </group>
      </group_list>
      <serious_events>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, all-cause mortality</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, serious adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </serious_events>
      <other_events>
        <frequency_threshold>0</frequency_threshold>
        <default_assessment>Non-systematic Assessment</default_assessment>
        <category_list>
          <category>
            <title>Total</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Total, other adverse events</sub_title>
                <counts group_id="E1" subjects_affected="2" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" subjects_affected="6" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
          <category>
            <title>General disorders</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Mild Headache</sub_title>
                <description>3 participants experienced mild headache following stimulation.</description>
                <counts group_id="E1" events="0" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" events="3" subjects_affected="3" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Moderate Headache</sub_title>
                <description>1 participant reported a moderate headache following intervention.</description>
                <counts group_id="E1" events="1" subjects_affected="1" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" events="0" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
          <category>
            <title>Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Muscle Soreness</sub_title>
                <description>2 participants experienced muscle soreness following motor training.</description>
                <counts group_id="E1" events="0" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" events="2" subjects_affected="2" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
          <category>
            <title>Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders</title>
            <event_list>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Suprapubic Catheter Irritation</sub_title>
                <description>1 participant reported skin irritation following motor training.</description>
                <counts group_id="E1" events="0" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" events="1" subjects_affected="1" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
              <event>
                <sub_title>Thumb Blister</sub_title>
                <description>1 participant developed a blister on the thumb from holding on to a fixed bar during motor training.</description>
                <counts group_id="E1" events="1" subjects_affected="1" subjects_at_risk="14"/>
                <counts group_id="E2" events="0" subjects_affected="0" subjects_at_risk="11"/>
              </event>
            </event_list>
          </category>
        </category_list>
      </other_events>
    </reported_events>

    <certain_agreements>
      <pi_employee>Principal Investigators are NOT employed by the organization sponsoring the study.</pi_employee>
      <restrictive_agreement>There is NOT an agreement between Principal Investigators and the Sponsor (or its agents) that restricts the PI's rights to discuss or publish trial results after the trial is completed. </restrictive_agreement>
    </certain_agreements>
    <point_of_contact>
      <name_or_title>Dr. Edelle C. Field-Fote</name_or_title>
      <organization>Shepherd Center</organization>
      <phone>404-603-4274</phone>
      <email>edee.field-fote@shepherd.org</email>
    </point_of_contact>
  </clinical_results>
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03237234
org study id: SCIMS1-703
nct id: NCT03237234
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: Yes
is us export: No
For many people with spinal cord injury (SCI), the goal of walking is a high priority. There
      are many approaches available to restore walking function after SCI; however, these
      approaches often involve extensive rehabilitation training and access to facilities,
      qualified staff, and advanced technology that make practicing walking at home difficult. For
      this reason, developing training approaches that could be easily performed in the home would
      be of great value. In addition, non-invasive brain stimulation has the potential to increase
      the effectiveness of communication between the brain and spinal cord. Combining motor skill
      training with brain stimulation may further enhance the restoration of function in persons
      with SCI. Based on these findings, the primary aim of this proof-of-concept study is to
      inform future intervention development. To meet this aim, we will determine if
      moderate-intensity, motor skill training can improve walking-related outcomes among persons
      with SCI and to determine if the addition of non-invasive brain stimulation will result in
      greater improvements in function compared to training alone.
For many people with spinal cord injury (SCI), the goal of walking is a high priority. There
      are many approaches available to restore walking function after SCI; however, these
      approaches often involve access to intensive training programs, facilities, qualified staff,
      and advanced technology that make practicing walking at home difficult. For this reason,
      developing training approaches that could be easily performed in the home would be of great
      value. In addition, research suggests that enhancing brain excitability might have benefits
      for improving the communication between the brain and spinal cord. Transcranial direct
      current stimulation (tDCS) is a type of non-invasive brain stimulation that has been shown to
      directly increase brain excitability, which may make it easier for the brain and nervous
      system to respond to training. Combining motor skill exercises with brain stimulation may
      enhance the restoration of walking function in persons with SCI. Based on these findings, the
      primary aim of this proof-of-concept study is to inform future intervention development. To
      meet this aim, we will determine if moderate-intensity, motor skill training can improve
      walking-related outcomes among persons with SCI and to determine if the addition of
      non-invasive brain stimulation will result in greater improvements in function compared to
      training alone.

      Participants in the proposed study will complete one baseline testing session, 3 motor
      training sessions, and one follow-up session over 5 consecutive days. During the first and
      fifth sessions, participants will complete assessments only, which will take approximately
      2-3 hours each day. During the second, third, and fourth sessions, participants will perform
      a series of 6 standing motor skill exercises designed to challenge balance, lower extremity
      coordination, agility, and speed. Participants will be randomized to either a motor training
      only group or a motor training + tDCS group. The motor training + tDCS group will receive
      brain stimulation during the motor skill training, while the motor training only group will
      receive sensory level brain stimulation only. Each participant will complete the 6 motor
      skill exercise circuit 4 times. Motor training exercise sessions will last approximately
      25-30 minutes and will be preceded and followed by assessments of walking function,
      spasticity, and ankle strength in order to determine changes in these measures over time.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: 10 Meter Walk Test (Walk Speed)
time frame: D1, D5
description: Walking speed was the primary outcome measure for walking function, as speed has been the standard measure used in the literature and allowed us to assess outcomes relative to other published studies. Walking speed was determined using the 10-Meter Walk Test. Participants completed 3 walk trials at each time point, separated by 2 minutes of seated rest. The average walking speed of 3 walks was calculated and used in the analyses. Data reported were obtained at baseline at Day 1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day 5 (D5), 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Cadence)
time frame: D1, D5
description: Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Cadence for each walk trial was computed using the GAITRite system, and the average cadence across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Weaker Limb)
time frame: D1, D5
description: Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the weaker limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Stride Length - Stronger Limb)
time frame: D1, D5
description: Gait quality was quantified by spatiotemporal gait characteristics (cadence [strides/min], stride length [cm] and step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs) collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average stride length of the stronger limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system, and the average stride length across three walks was used in the analyses. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Spatiotemporal Gait Characteristic (Step Length Symmetry - Symmetry Index)
time frame: D1, D5
description: Step length [cm] of the weaker and stronger limbs were collected via instrumented walkway (GAITRite, CIR Systems Inc., NJ, USA) as participants completed three, 10-Meter Walk Test trials at each time point. Average step length of each lower limb for each walk trial was computed from data obtained from the GAITRite system. Lower limbs were classified as stronger or weaker according to manual muscle test scores collected at baseline (D1). The average step length for the stronger and weaker limbs was used to calculate the step symmetry index (SI) using the following formula: SI = ((SLs - SLw)/0.5(SLs + SLw)) x 100; where SLs = stronger limb stride length and SLw = weaker limb stride length. Final values are reported as the absolute % of the ratio difference in step length between the stronger and weaker limbs. A SI value of 0% indicates perfect interlimb step symmetry. Higher SI values indicate greater interlimb step length asymmetry.
measure: Maximal Isometric Dorsiflexor Strength
time frame: D1, D5
description: Ankle dorsiflexion (tibialis anterior) strength was measured with the subject seated and with the test foot strapped to a handheld dynamometer. An ankle dorsiflexion test was selected based on evidence indicating that the tibialis anterior is under the greatest corticospinal control. Maximum dorsiflexion force was calculated based on the highest force measured over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Berg Balance Scale
time frame: D1, D5
description: Balance was measured using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), which has been found to be valid for use in persons with SCI. The BBS total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median score for each group was calculated. The total range of scores for the BBS equals 0-56, with higher scores from baseline indicating greater balance performance and lower scores from baseline indicating worsened balance performance. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Falls Efficacy Scale-International Version (FES-I)
time frame: D1, D5
description: The fear of falling may be a major concern for persons with mobility impairments and may limit one's confidence or ability to perform activities of daily living. Fear of falling may also limit an individual's performance of specific overground motor tasks irrespective of functional ability to perform that task. Therefore, the fear of falling was an important factor to consider relative to the mobility interventions employed in the present study. The FES-I total score was calculated for each participant at each time point, and the median for each group was recorded. The total range of scores possible for the FES-I is equal to 16-64, with lower total scores indicating decreased fear of falling. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes
time frame: D1, D5
description: The Spinal Cord Assessment Tool for Spastic Reflexes (SCATS) was used to assess the impact of motor skill training + sham stimulation and motor training + tDCS on spasticity. SCATS is well correlated with electrophysiological measures of spasticity and is better correlated with self-reported measures of spasm frequency than the Ashworth test. Total SCATS scores for each limb were summed and median values were obtained for each group. The total range of scores possible for the SCATS is 0-18, with a total score of 0 indicating no lower limb spasticity and higher total scores indicating greater spasticity severity. Data reported were obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Modified 5-Times Sit-to-Stand
time frame: D1, D5
description: The modified 5-times sit-to-stand test was used as a measure of functional lower extremity strength. In this test, the participant was seated on a mat table with height adjusted to 80% of lower extremity length. The time required to complete 5 repetitions of standing up and sitting down (without using the upper extremities for assistance) was recorded. The average time to complete the test was calculated at each time point for each group. Lower sit-to-stand times indicate greater functional lower extremity strength. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: Maximal Isometric Quadriceps Strength
time frame: D1, D5
description: Knee extensor (quadriceps) strength was measured with participants seated, with the test leg strapped to a handheld dynamometer. Prior studies have shown that a single session of tDCS improves quadriceps strength in persons with stroke. Maximum knee extensor force was analyzed based on the maximum force produced over three attempts. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
measure: 2 Minute Walk Test
time frame: D1, D5
description: Functional walking capacity was measured based on 2-minute walk test distance. The use of the 2-minute rather than the 6-minute walk test allowed us to include individuals whose impairments result in inability to walk for 6 minutes. Total distance walked in 2-minutes was recorded for each participant at each time point, and the average distance was calculated for each group. Results are reported for data obtained at baseline Day-1 (D1) and at follow-up on Day-5, 24-hours post-intervention.
arm group label: Motor Training + Sham tDCS
arm group type: Sham Comparator
description: Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training while receiving sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
arm group label: Motor Training + tDCS
arm group type: Experimental
description: Individuals will participate in 3 consecutive sessions of lower extremity motor skill training combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) delivered at 2mA to the motor cortex.
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Motor Skill Training
description: Motor skill training will consist of activities that will be performed while standing to promote upright control (the toe-tapping activity will be performed while seated). Participants will perform each of the 6 different activities for one minute each, until 4 cycles of the circuit have been completed (approximately 25 minutes total). Motor training activities will be performed at an intensity of 40-59% of heart rate reserve (HRR). Toe tapping will provide the opportunity for scheduled rest. During MT, all participants will wear a heart rate monitor to ensure that the optimal HR range is achieved. HRR will be calculated from resting and peak heart rate measures obtained during baseline testing via administration of a graded-exercise test.
arm group label: Motor Training + Sham tDCS
arm group label: Motor Training + tDCS
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
description: The tDCS electrode placement is based on procedures shown to improve gait and balance in a single session when used in combination with gait training activities. tDCS electrodes can simultaneously activate the bilateral leg motor areas when placed at the midline of the scalp slightly anterior to the vertex (anode) and at the inion (cathode), with a current intensity of 2mA. The tDCS device is lightweight, and can be worn in a backpack during the MT activities. As reported previously, participants in the MT-only group will receive sham tDCS to maintain analogous study procedures.
arm group label: Motor Training + tDCS
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 65 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: United States
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Shepherd Center, Atlanta GA
investigator full name: Edelle Field-Fote, PT, PhD
investigator title: Director of Spinal Cord Injury Research
mesh term: Spinal Cord Injuries
provided document: 
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