<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03007459</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>3281</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03007459</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>The Health of Competitive Fitness Athletes</brief_title>
  <official_title>The Health of Competitive Fitness Athletes, a Cohort Study of Female Fitness Athletes and Physical Active Control's During and After Three Months of Fitness Contest Dieting</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>National Dairy Council</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Fitness athletes emphasize the value of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and&#xD;
      inspires followers through social media. We want to study the effect of such lifestyle on&#xD;
      selected aspects of psychological and physical health in female fitness athletes, and compare&#xD;
      the outcomes to a healthy, physically active female population.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Little is known about the mental and physical health effect from following the modern,&#xD;
      idealized fitness lifestyle. The lifestyle is characterized by selective and restrictive&#xD;
      eating behavior, strength training and use of supplements. The athletes emphasize the value&#xD;
      of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and inspires followers through social&#xD;
      media. This study will recruit and observe a group of competitive female fitness athletes&#xD;
      over their typical 3 month dieting period when preparing for contest. Before their contest&#xD;
      diet is initiated, the athletes will be screened on selected aspects of psychological and&#xD;
      physical health. The screening is repeated two weeks prior to their first seasonal contest,&#xD;
      and then finally one month post-contest season. During the diet period of 3 months, the&#xD;
      athletes answers brief questionnaires by email on eating- and training behavior and on mood,&#xD;
      while also reporting dietary intake by telephone interview.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Recreational physically females, not planning to do any fitness contest, will be recruited to&#xD;
      serve as a parallel control group. They will perform the same physical and psychological&#xD;
      screening, and answer the same questionnaires throughout the fitness contest diet period.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">November 2016</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">December 2017</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">November 2017</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Case-Control</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Prospective</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Body composition</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for lean body mass and fat mass, measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA)</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Resting Metabolic Rate</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to posttest, for resting metabolic rate, measured with indirect calorimetry</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Bone Mineral Density</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for bone mineral density measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Perfectionism</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Comparing scores on perfectionism between case and controls, and individual changes in scores through study period, with Child Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS 22 items)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Depression</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on depressive mood, measured with Becks Depression Inventory (BDI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating disorders</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-q)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating behavior; binge eating</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Binge Eating Scale (BES)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating behavior; restrictive eating and sensation of hunger</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Menstrual Status, self-reported</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for self-reported menstruation health (Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, LEAF)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Dietary intake, weighed diet registration</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Change in dietary intake. Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with weighed dietary registration and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Exercise dependency</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Exercise Dependency Scale (EDS)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Reason for Exercise</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Reason for Exercise Inventory (REI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Depression</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Changes in reported state of depression during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with BDI</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Dietary intake, 24-hour recall interview</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Changes in energy and nutrient intake during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with dietary 24-hour recall interview and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Menstrual cycle, self reported</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Self reported menstrual bleeding's during the dieting period of fitness athletes (LEAF)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating disordered behavior</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with the behavioral aspects of EDE-q</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating behavior; binge eating behavior</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with BES</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating behavior; restrictive eating and sensation of hunger</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with TFEQ-21</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Training volume, self reported</measure>
    <time_frame>Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Reporting number of training sessions pr week and type of exercise (endurance related exercise or strength training)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Training history, self reported</measure>
    <time_frame>Retrospective</time_frame>
    <description>Reporting experience with training, giving details on specific sport activity and typical intensity</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Dietary Supplements</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest), and each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)</time_frame>
    <description>Reporting usage of dietary supplements during the dieting period</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Eating disorders, history</measure>
    <time_frame>Retrospective</time_frame>
    <description>Reporting previous eating disorder and whether treatment were recieved or not</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Drive for Muscularity</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Muscularity (DM) (McCreary &amp; Sasse 2000)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Drive for Leanness</measure>
    <time_frame>Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)</time_frame>
    <description>Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Leanness (DL) (Smolak &amp; Murnen 2008)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Body Weight, history</measure>
    <time_frame>Retrospective</time_frame>
    <description>Reporting lowest and highest bodyweight after 18 yr's of age (excluding periods of pregnancy)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_groups>2</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Actual">47</enrollment>
  <condition>Resting Metabolic Rate</condition>
  <condition>Bone Mineral Density, Low, Susceptibility to</condition>
  <condition>Body Image</condition>
  <condition>Perfectionism</condition>
  <condition>Depression</condition>
  <condition>Eating Disorder</condition>
  <condition>Exercise-Related Amenorrhea</condition>
  <condition>Exercise Addiction</condition>
  <condition>Binge Eating</condition>
  <condition>Dietary Amenorrhea</condition>
  <condition>Dietary Deficiency</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Female Fitness Athletes</arm_group_label>
    <description>Psychological health and physiological health of fitness athletes</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Female, physically active Controls</arm_group_label>
    <description>Psychological health and physiological health of female controls</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Psychological health</intervention_name>
    <description>Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, psychological health through a fitness contest preparation period</description>
    <arm_group_label>Female Fitness Athletes</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Female, physically active Controls</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Physiological health</intervention_name>
    <description>Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, physiological health through a fitness contest preparation period</description>
    <arm_group_label>Female Fitness Athletes</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Female, physically active Controls</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Female, fitness athletes are being recruited through social media, Fitness team leaders and&#xD;
        the Norwegian national federation for Bodybuilding and Fitness.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Physically active, female controls are being recruited through social media, training&#xD;
        facilities and through colleagues at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Fitness athletes: planning to compete in fitness sport during spring or fall 2017&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Controls: being regular physically active (exercise &gt;2 times/week during last year)&#xD;
             with a BMI between 17,5-30&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Controls: having competed in fitness sports previously or planning to do in the&#xD;
             future, or working as a personal trainer.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Not able to meet at the Norwegian School of Sport Sciences for baseline and follow up&#xD;
             screenings.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Being pregnant or nursing&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Metabolic related diseases&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>40 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Jorunn K Sundgot-Borgen, Professor</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>Professor</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Norwegian School of Sports Sciences</name>
      <address>
        <city>Oslo</city>
        <zip>0806</zip>
        <country>Norway</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Norway</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>March 2018</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 24, 2016</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 29, 2016</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">January 2, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 28, 2018</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 28, 2018</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 29, 2018</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Professor Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Body composition</keyword>
  <keyword>Bone mineral density</keyword>
  <keyword>Binge Eating</keyword>
  <keyword>Eating Disorder</keyword>
  <keyword>Exercise Dependency</keyword>
  <keyword>Depression</keyword>
  <keyword>Perfectionism</keyword>
  <keyword>Body building</keyword>
  <keyword>Drive for Muscularity</keyword>
  <keyword>Drive for leanness</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Malnutrition</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Disease Susceptibility</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Bulimia</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Amenorrhea</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Depression</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Feeding and Eating Disorders</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Binge-Eating Disorder</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
    <ipd_description>Individual participant data are not planned to be available to other than the research group.</ipd_description>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03007459
org study id: 3281
nct id: NCT03007459
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
Fitness athletes emphasize the value of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and
      inspires followers through social media. We want to study the effect of such lifestyle on
      selected aspects of psychological and physical health in female fitness athletes, and compare
      the outcomes to a healthy, physically active female population.
Little is known about the mental and physical health effect from following the modern,
      idealized fitness lifestyle. The lifestyle is characterized by selective and restrictive
      eating behavior, strength training and use of supplements. The athletes emphasize the value
      of staying lean, muscular and defined, and motivates and inspires followers through social
      media. This study will recruit and observe a group of competitive female fitness athletes
      over their typical 3 month dieting period when preparing for contest. Before their contest
      diet is initiated, the athletes will be screened on selected aspects of psychological and
      physical health. The screening is repeated two weeks prior to their first seasonal contest,
      and then finally one month post-contest season. During the diet period of 3 months, the
      athletes answers brief questionnaires by email on eating- and training behavior and on mood,
      while also reporting dietary intake by telephone interview.

      Recreational physically females, not planning to do any fitness contest, will be recruited to
      serve as a parallel control group. They will perform the same physical and psychological
      screening, and answer the same questionnaires throughout the fitness contest diet period.
observational model: Case-Control
time perspective: Prospective
measure: Body composition
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for lean body mass and fat mass, measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA)
measure: Resting Metabolic Rate
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to posttest, for resting metabolic rate, measured with indirect calorimetry
measure: Bone Mineral Density
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for bone mineral density measured with Dual Xray absorptiometry (DXA)
measure: Perfectionism
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Comparing scores on perfectionism between case and controls, and individual changes in scores through study period, with Child Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS 22 items)
measure: Depression
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on depressive mood, measured with Becks Depression Inventory (BDI)
measure: Eating disorders
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Eating disorder examination questionnaire (EDE-q)
measure: Eating behavior; binge eating
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Binge Eating Scale (BES)
measure: Eating behavior; restrictive eating and sensation of hunger
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline values, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for scores on Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-21)
measure: Menstrual Status, self-reported
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from mid- to post-test, for self-reported menstruation health (Low Energy Availability in Females questionnaire, LEAF)
measure: Dietary intake, weighed diet registration
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Change in dietary intake. Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with weighed dietary registration and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no)
measure: Exercise dependency
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Exercise Dependency Scale (EDS)
measure: Reason for Exercise
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Reason for Exercise Inventory (REI)
measure: Depression
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Changes in reported state of depression during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with BDI
measure: Dietary intake, 24-hour recall interview
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Changes in energy and nutrient intake during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with dietary 24-hour recall interview and analysed with national analytical software (Kostholdsplanleggeren.no)
measure: Menstrual cycle, self reported
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Self reported menstrual bleeding's during the dieting period of fitness athletes (LEAF)
measure: Eating disordered behavior
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with the behavioral aspects of EDE-q
measure: Eating behavior; binge eating behavior
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with BES
measure: Eating behavior; restrictive eating and sensation of hunger
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Changes in eating behavior during the dieting period of fitness athletes, measured with TFEQ-21
measure: Training volume, self reported
time frame: Each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Reporting number of training sessions pr week and type of exercise (endurance related exercise or strength training)
measure: Training history, self reported
time frame: Retrospective
description: Reporting experience with training, giving details on specific sport activity and typical intensity
measure: Dietary Supplements
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest), and each 2nd week during the 3 month contest dieting period (between pre-test and mid-test)
description: Reporting usage of dietary supplements during the dieting period
measure: Eating disorders, history
time frame: Retrospective
description: Reporting previous eating disorder and whether treatment were recieved or not
measure: Drive for Muscularity
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Muscularity (DM) (McCreary & Sasse 2000)
measure: Drive for Leanness
time frame: Pre-test (3 months before contest), mid-test (2 weeks before contest) and post-test (one month post-contest)
description: Baseline status, change from pre-test to mid-test, and finally change from pre- to post-test, evaluated with Drive for Leanness (DL) (Smolak & Murnen 2008)
measure: Body Weight, history
time frame: Retrospective
description: Reporting lowest and highest bodyweight after 18 yr's of age (excluding periods of pregnancy)
arm group label: Female Fitness Athletes
description: Psychological health and physiological health of fitness athletes
arm group label: Female, physically active Controls
description: Psychological health and physiological health of female controls
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Psychological health
description: Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, psychological health through a fitness contest preparation period
arm group label: Female Fitness Athletes
arm group label: Female, physically active Controls
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Physiological health
description: Observing and measuring baseline, and changes in, physiological health through a fitness contest preparation period
arm group label: Female Fitness Athletes
arm group label: Female, physically active Controls
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 40 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Jorunn K Sundgot-Borgen, Professor
role: Study Director
affiliation: Professor
facility: 
country: Norway
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
investigator full name: Professor Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
investigator title: Professor
mesh term: Malnutrition
mesh term: Disease Susceptibility
mesh term: Bulimia
mesh term: Amenorrhea
mesh term: Depression
mesh term: Feeding and Eating Disorders
mesh term: Binge-Eating Disorder
sharing ipd: No
ipd description: Individual participant data are not planned to be available to other than the research group.