<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02996578</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>QueenMUra</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02996578</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effect of Polyphenol-rich Cocoa Products on Cognitive Function</brief_title>
  <official_title>Consumption of Polyphenol Rich Cocoa Products Over 8 Weeks and Its Effect on Cognitive Function in Individuals in Their 5th Decade of Life.</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Queen Margaret University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Queen Margaret University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This project aims to investigate whether consumption of cocoa polyphenols has an impact on&#xD;
      cognitive function in individuals aged 50 to 60 years of age and if such an improvement is a&#xD;
      result of an improvement in risk factors associated with cognitive decline in ageing.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Healthy cognitive ageing is an important aspect of the ageing process as it involves larger&#xD;
      numbers of people compared to those who have already been diagnosed with conditions on the&#xD;
      dementia spectrum (Deary et al, 2009). Hence, an active effort looking at potential lifestyle&#xD;
      factor modification interventions to help maintain cognitive well-being are warranted.&#xD;
&#xD;
      With an ageing population, the prevalence of cognitive syndromes such as Alzheimer's disease&#xD;
      and Parkinson's disease increases (Vauzour, 2012). Nutritional interventions can play a role&#xD;
      in successful ageing by helping to delay the onset of age-related conditions (Hendrickx,&#xD;
      McEwen &amp; van der Ouderaa, 2005; Brown, Riby &amp; Reay, 2009; Monti, Moulton &amp; Cohen, 2015).&#xD;
      Studies have investigated the potential role of polyphenols as part of a neuroprotective&#xD;
      lifestyle. Mouse model studies have looked at varying polyphenol sources such as tea (Haque&#xD;
      et al., 2006; Kaur et al., 2008), blueberry (Shukitt-Hale et al., 2015; Williams et al.,&#xD;
      2008), Gingko Biloba (Shif et al., 2008) and cocoa (Bisson et al., 2008) to mention a few.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Ageing and neurodegenerative diseases are caused by neuronal death which in turn can be&#xD;
      triggered by neurotoxins, neuroinflammation and specific genetic mutations (Bishop, Lu &amp;&#xD;
      Yankner, 2010). Dietary polyphenols have been observed to provide neuroprotection against&#xD;
      cellular alteration by modulating the neuronal function against endogenous neurotoxins and&#xD;
      inhibition of glial induced neuroinflammation (Vauzour, 2012).&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">April 17, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">September 30, 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">September 30, 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Investigator)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive Function</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>A test battery consisting of 7 tests will be used to investigate the role of cocoa flavanols on cognitive function in the cohort.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Blood Pressure</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pulse Wave Analysis</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Carotid to femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and Augmentation Index (Aix) will be measured using a Vicorder.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Weight (Kg)</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>To allow for BMI measurement</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Height (m)</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>To allow for BMI measurement</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Body Fat Percentage</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Energy intakes (Kj)</measure>
    <time_frame>8 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Flavonoid intakes (mg)</measure>
    <time_frame>8 Weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>4</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">16</enrollment>
  <condition>Healthy Ageing</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Solid Matrix - Intervention</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dietary Supplement: polyphenol rich chocolate bar&#xD;
17.5g of commercially available dark chocolate will be consumed daily for 8 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Powder Matrix - Intervention</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dietary Supplement: polyphenol rich cocoa powder&#xD;
6g of commercially available cocoa powder (provided as 6 x 1g gelatine capsules) will be consumed daily for 8 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Solid Matrix Intervention - Placebo</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dietary Supplement: low polyphenol chocolate&#xD;
17.5g of commercially available, nutritionally similar, dark chocolate will be consumed daily for 8 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Powder Matrix - Placebo</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dietary Supplement: nutritionally similar low polyphenol cocoa powder&#xD;
6g of commercially available, nutritionally similar, cocoa powder (provided as 6 x 1g gelatine capsules) will be consumed daily for 8 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>polyphenol rich chocolate bar</intervention_name>
    <description>High polyphenol content chocolate bar. Each participant will consume 581.4mg of polyphenols</description>
    <arm_group_label>Solid Matrix - Intervention</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>polyphenol rich cocoa powder</intervention_name>
    <description>High polyphenol content cocoa powder. Each participant will consume 6g containing 554mg of polyphenols</description>
    <arm_group_label>Powder Matrix - Intervention</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>low polyphenol content chocolate bar</intervention_name>
    <description>Low polyphenol content matched chocolate bar. Each participant will consume 198.5mg of polyphenols</description>
    <arm_group_label>Solid Matrix Intervention - Placebo</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>low polyphenol content cocoa powder</intervention_name>
    <description>Low polyphenol content cocoa powder. Each participant will consume 6g containing 191.2mg of polyphenols</description>
    <arm_group_label>Powder Matrix - Placebo</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Males &amp; Females aged 50-60years of age with normal or corrected to normal vision&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  BMI cut off points of ≥18.5 to ≤29.9 kg/m2&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Waist circumference smaller than 102cm for males &amp; smaller than 88cm for women&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Blood pressure of ≥ 90 over 60 and ≤ 120 over 80&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  MoCA test score ≥ 26&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allergies to cocoa or any other ingredients commonly found in cocoa confectionary eg:&#xD;
             milk, nuts, soya&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Smoker&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Women who are new or expecting mothers, maybe or are currently pregnant and/or&#xD;
             breastfeeding&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking medications for chronic conditions including (but not limited to) diabetes,&#xD;
             heart disease, hypertension&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  No previous history of stroke, brain trauma and other head-related injuries&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  No diagnosis of depression and/or anxiety&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  No previous cancer diagnosis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking antibiotics&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking steroids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Women on Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking medication that can cause drowsiness or affect cognitive functioning&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking polyphenol supplements including (but not limited to) green tea extract, acai&#xD;
             berry extract&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking soy/a supplements&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of alcohol misuse&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Fear of needles and/or fainting when blood is taken&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>50 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>60 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Queen Margaret University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Edinburgh</city>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United Kingdom</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Deary IJ, Corley J, Gow AJ, Harris SE, Houlihan LM, Marioni RE, Penke L, Rafnsson SB, Starr JM. Age-associated cognitive decline. Br Med Bull. 2009;92:135-52. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp033.</citation>
    <PMID>19776035</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Vauzour D. Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:914273. doi: 10.1155/2012/914273. Epub 2012 Jun 3.</citation>
    <PMID>22701758</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hendrickx H, McEwen BS, Ouderaa Fv. Metabolism, mood and cognition in aging: the importance of lifestyle and dietary intervention. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 1:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.005. Epub 2005 Nov 14.</citation>
    <PMID>16290269</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brown LA, Riby LM, Reay JL. Supplementing cognitive aging: a selective review of the effects of ginkgo biloba and a number of everyday nutritional substances. Exp Aging Res. 2010 Jan-Mar;36(1):105-22. doi: 10.1080/03610730903417960.</citation>
    <PMID>20054730</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Monti JM, Moulton CJ, Cohen NJ. The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: a targeted approach. Nutr Res Rev. 2015 Dec;28(2):167-180. doi: 10.1017/S0954422415000141.</citation>
    <PMID>26650244</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Tanabe Y, Hara Y, Shido O. Long-term administration of green tea catechins improves spatial cognition learning ability in rats. J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1043-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.4.1043.</citation>
    <PMID>16549472</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kaur T, Pathak CM, Pandhi P, Khanduja KL. Effects of green tea extract on learning, memory, behavior and acetylcholinesterase activity in young and old male rats. Brain Cogn. 2008 Jun;67(1):25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.10.003. Epub 2007 Dec 19.</citation>
    <PMID>18078701</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski DF, Lau FC, Willis LM, Carey AN, Joseph JA. The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing. Br J Nutr. 2015 Nov 28;114(10):1542-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003451. Epub 2015 Sep 22.</citation>
    <PMID>26392037</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Williams CM, El Mohsen MA, Vauzour D, Rendeiro C, Butler LT, Ellis JA, Whiteman M, Spencer JP. Blueberry-induced changes in spatial working memory correlate with changes in hippocampal CREB phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Aug 1;45(3):295-305. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.008. Epub 2008 May 5.</citation>
    <PMID>18457678</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shif O, Gillette K, Damkaoutis CM, Carrano C, Robbins SJ, Hoffman JR. Effects of Ginkgo biloba administered after spatial learning on water maze and radial arm maze performance in young adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 May;84(1):17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.04.003. Epub 2006 Jun 5.</citation>
    <PMID>16740301</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bisson JF, Nejdi A, Rozan P, Hidalgo S, Lalonde R, Messaoudi M. Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jul;100(1):94-101. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507886375. Epub 2008 Jan 8.</citation>
    <PMID>18179729</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bishop NA, Lu T, Yankner BA. Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):529-35. doi: 10.1038/nature08983.</citation>
    <PMID>20336135</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>March 2023</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 12, 2016</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 14, 2016</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">December 19, 2016</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 26, 2023</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 26, 2023</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 28, 2023</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Queen Margaret University</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Ruth Ashaye</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Principal Investigator</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Cognition</keyword>
  <keyword>Cacao</keyword>
  <keyword>Flavan-3-ols</keyword>
  <keyword>Blood Pressure</keyword>
  <keyword>hemoglobin A1c protein, human</keyword>
  <keyword>Memory</keyword>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02996578
org study id: QueenMUra
nct id: NCT02996578
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
This project aims to investigate whether consumption of cocoa polyphenols has an impact on
      cognitive function in individuals aged 50 to 60 years of age and if such an improvement is a
      result of an improvement in risk factors associated with cognitive decline in ageing.
Healthy cognitive ageing is an important aspect of the ageing process as it involves larger
      numbers of people compared to those who have already been diagnosed with conditions on the
      dementia spectrum (Deary et al, 2009). Hence, an active effort looking at potential lifestyle
      factor modification interventions to help maintain cognitive well-being are warranted.

      With an ageing population, the prevalence of cognitive syndromes such as Alzheimer's disease
      and Parkinson's disease increases (Vauzour, 2012). Nutritional interventions can play a role
      in successful ageing by helping to delay the onset of age-related conditions (Hendrickx,
      McEwen & van der Ouderaa, 2005; Brown, Riby & Reay, 2009; Monti, Moulton & Cohen, 2015).
      Studies have investigated the potential role of polyphenols as part of a neuroprotective
      lifestyle. Mouse model studies have looked at varying polyphenol sources such as tea (Haque
      et al., 2006; Kaur et al., 2008), blueberry (Shukitt-Hale et al., 2015; Williams et al.,
      2008), Gingko Biloba (Shif et al., 2008) and cocoa (Bisson et al., 2008) to mention a few.

      Ageing and neurodegenerative diseases are caused by neuronal death which in turn can be
      triggered by neurotoxins, neuroinflammation and specific genetic mutations (Bishop, Lu &
      Yankner, 2010). Dietary polyphenols have been observed to provide neuroprotection against
      cellular alteration by modulating the neuronal function against endogenous neurotoxins and
      inhibition of glial induced neuroinflammation (Vauzour, 2012).
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: Double (Participant, Investigator)
measure: Cognitive Function
time frame: 8 weeks
description: A test battery consisting of 7 tests will be used to investigate the role of cocoa flavanols on cognitive function in the cohort.
measure: Blood Pressure
time frame: 8 weeks
measure: Pulse Wave Analysis
time frame: 8 weeks
description: Carotid to femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (PWV) and Augmentation Index (Aix) will be measured using a Vicorder.
measure: Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c)
time frame: 8 weeks
measure: Weight (Kg)
time frame: 8 weeks
description: To allow for BMI measurement
measure: Height (m)
time frame: 8 weeks
description: To allow for BMI measurement
measure: Body Fat Percentage
time frame: 8 weeks
measure: Energy intakes (Kj)
time frame: 8 weeks
measure: Flavonoid intakes (mg)
time frame: 8 Weeks
arm group label: Solid Matrix - Intervention
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Dietary Supplement: polyphenol rich chocolate bar
17.5g of commercially available dark chocolate will be consumed daily for 8 weeks
arm group label: Powder Matrix - Intervention
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Dietary Supplement: polyphenol rich cocoa powder
6g of commercially available cocoa powder (provided as 6 x 1g gelatine capsules) will be consumed daily for 8 weeks
arm group label: Solid Matrix Intervention - Placebo
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Dietary Supplement: low polyphenol chocolate
17.5g of commercially available, nutritionally similar, dark chocolate will be consumed daily for 8 weeks
arm group label: Powder Matrix - Placebo
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Dietary Supplement: nutritionally similar low polyphenol cocoa powder
6g of commercially available, nutritionally similar, cocoa powder (provided as 6 x 1g gelatine capsules) will be consumed daily for 8 weeks
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: polyphenol rich chocolate bar
description: High polyphenol content chocolate bar. Each participant will consume 581.4mg of polyphenols
arm group label: Solid Matrix - Intervention
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: polyphenol rich cocoa powder
description: High polyphenol content cocoa powder. Each participant will consume 6g containing 554mg of polyphenols
arm group label: Powder Matrix - Intervention
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: low polyphenol content chocolate bar
description: Low polyphenol content matched chocolate bar. Each participant will consume 198.5mg of polyphenols
arm group label: Solid Matrix Intervention - Placebo
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: low polyphenol content cocoa powder
description: Low polyphenol content cocoa powder. Each participant will consume 6g containing 191.2mg of polyphenols
arm group label: Powder Matrix - Placebo
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 50 Years
maximum age: 60 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: United Kingdom
citation: Deary IJ, Corley J, Gow AJ, Harris SE, Houlihan LM, Marioni RE, Penke L, Rafnsson SB, Starr JM. Age-associated cognitive decline. Br Med Bull. 2009;92:135-52. doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldp033.
PMID: 19776035
citation: Vauzour D. Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:914273. doi: 10.1155/2012/914273. Epub 2012 Jun 3.
PMID: 22701758
citation: Hendrickx H, McEwen BS, Ouderaa Fv. Metabolism, mood and cognition in aging: the importance of lifestyle and dietary intervention. Neurobiol Aging. 2005 Dec;26 Suppl 1:1-5. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.10.005. Epub 2005 Nov 14.
PMID: 16290269
citation: Brown LA, Riby LM, Reay JL. Supplementing cognitive aging: a selective review of the effects of ginkgo biloba and a number of everyday nutritional substances. Exp Aging Res. 2010 Jan-Mar;36(1):105-22. doi: 10.1080/03610730903417960.
PMID: 20054730
citation: Monti JM, Moulton CJ, Cohen NJ. The role of nutrition on cognition and brain health in ageing: a targeted approach. Nutr Res Rev. 2015 Dec;28(2):167-180. doi: 10.1017/S0954422415000141.
PMID: 26650244
citation: Haque AM, Hashimoto M, Katakura M, Tanabe Y, Hara Y, Shido O. Long-term administration of green tea catechins improves spatial cognition learning ability in rats. J Nutr. 2006 Apr;136(4):1043-7. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.4.1043.
PMID: 16549472
citation: Kaur T, Pathak CM, Pandhi P, Khanduja KL. Effects of green tea extract on learning, memory, behavior and acetylcholinesterase activity in young and old male rats. Brain Cogn. 2008 Jun;67(1):25-30. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2007.10.003. Epub 2007 Dec 19.
PMID: 18078701
citation: Shukitt-Hale B, Bielinski DF, Lau FC, Willis LM, Carey AN, Joseph JA. The beneficial effects of berries on cognition, motor behaviour and neuronal function in ageing. Br J Nutr. 2015 Nov 28;114(10):1542-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114515003451. Epub 2015 Sep 22.
PMID: 26392037
citation: Williams CM, El Mohsen MA, Vauzour D, Rendeiro C, Butler LT, Ellis JA, Whiteman M, Spencer JP. Blueberry-induced changes in spatial working memory correlate with changes in hippocampal CREB phosphorylation and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008 Aug 1;45(3):295-305. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.008. Epub 2008 May 5.
PMID: 18457678
citation: Shif O, Gillette K, Damkaoutis CM, Carrano C, Robbins SJ, Hoffman JR. Effects of Ginkgo biloba administered after spatial learning on water maze and radial arm maze performance in young adult rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2006 May;84(1):17-25. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2006.04.003. Epub 2006 Jun 5.
PMID: 16740301
citation: Bisson JF, Nejdi A, Rozan P, Hidalgo S, Lalonde R, Messaoudi M. Effects of long-term administration of a cocoa polyphenolic extract (Acticoa powder) on cognitive performances in aged rats. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jul;100(1):94-101. doi: 10.1017/S0007114507886375. Epub 2008 Jan 8.
PMID: 18179729
citation: Bishop NA, Lu T, Yankner BA. Neural mechanisms of ageing and cognitive decline. Nature. 2010 Mar 25;464(7288):529-35. doi: 10.1038/nature08983.
PMID: 20336135
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Queen Margaret University
investigator full name: Ruth Ashaye
investigator title: Principal Investigator
sharing ipd: No