<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02989558</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>D5130C00173</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02989558</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>A Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Prophylactic TicagrelOr With Acetylsalicylic Acid Versus CLopidogrel With Acetylsalicylic Acid in the Development of Cerebrovascular EMbolic Events During TAVI</brief_title>
  <acronym>PTOLEMAIOS</acronym>
  <official_title>A Prospective, Multicentre, Randomized, Open Label, Blinded Endpoint, Phase 3 Trial to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of Prophylactic TicagrelOr With Acetylsalicylic Acid Versus CLopidogrel With Acetylsalicylic Acid in the Development of Cerebrovascular EMbolic Events During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) OperationS - the PTOLEMAIOS Study.</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Athens</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Athens</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>No</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Ticagrelor administered with Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) will provide better cerebral&#xD;
      protection from microembolization in the cerebral circulation during Transcatheter Aortic&#xD;
      Valve Implantation (TAVI) and 30 days afterwards, than Clopidogrel plus ASA. This hypothesis&#xD;
      will be investigated by measuring the number of High Intensity Transient Signals (HITS) as&#xD;
      assessed with transcranial Doppler (TCD) on middle cerebral arteries.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      TAVI has recently provided a therapeutic alternative to patients with symptomatic aortic&#xD;
      stenosis who are inoperable or at high-risk for surgical valve replacement.&#xD;
&#xD;
      It has been documented with MRI studies that &gt;70% of the patients undergoing TAVI develop new&#xD;
      cerebral infarct lesions. Of these, only a ~3% to ~ 6% represent clinical significant events&#xD;
      (transient ischemic attacks, disabling and non-disabling stroke). With the expected expansion&#xD;
      of TAVI in lower risk patients and younger age even silent cerebral lesions will be of major&#xD;
      importance [7], thus ways to overcome or decrease it will have a rapid and wide penetration.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Clinically apparent or &quot;silent&quot; stroke during TAVI may be attributed to a range of different&#xD;
      mechanisms. The source of a cerebral ischemia during TAVI is multifactorial. One of the&#xD;
      proposed mechanisms is the increased risk of thrombus formation both on the aortic&#xD;
      atherosclerotic plaques and on bioprosthetic valve frame and tissue due to inadequate&#xD;
      platelet inhibition during or after TAVI. Furthermore, high residual platelet reactivity in&#xD;
      the presence of incomplete endothelial coverage of the valve following TAVI may promote&#xD;
      formation of fibrin/platelet thrombi. Other mechanisms involve embolization from a variety of&#xD;
      origins i.e. atheroembolism from the ascending aorta or aortic arch, calcific emboli from the&#xD;
      aortic valve, thromboembolism from catheters.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Platelets are the main target of preventative therapy against cerebral ischemic events, owing&#xD;
      to the observation that, in addition to promoting arterial thrombosis, platelets have a key&#xD;
      role in various nonthrombotic, inflammatory pathways of plaque progression The clinical&#xD;
      apparent or &quot;silent&quot; embolic events may be recognized with TCD performed during TAVI as&#xD;
      documented in published clinical studies. TCD is an accepted surveillance technique during&#xD;
      neurological interventions (such as TAVI, atrial septal defects/patent form ovale closure,&#xD;
      carotid endarterectomy). Moreover, studies utilizing TCD during TAVI for evaluation of&#xD;
      potential embolization are available. TCD observes HITS that may be quantified and&#xD;
      potentially correlated with neurological events. However, it should be noted that this&#xD;
      approach is not able to discriminate the exact source or composition of the emboli The use of&#xD;
      embolic protection devices (e.g. the Embrella Embolic Deflector system) during TAVI&#xD;
      surprisingly showed an increase in the number of cerebral ischemic lesions on postprocedural&#xD;
      brain imaging when compared to dual antiplatelet therapy.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The first few days post TAVI carry the highest risk for a thromboembolic event, thus special&#xD;
      therapeutic and diagnostic approaches should be taken into consideration when regarding this&#xD;
      procedure. Similarly, surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation has shown to have a higher&#xD;
      risk of thromboembolic events within 3 months of the procedure.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The administration of a monotherapy with ASA after biological aortic valve replacement failed&#xD;
      to show improvement in the incidence of thromboembolic events. Dual antiplatelet therapy is&#xD;
      traditionally started prior to TAVI and continued for 6 months. Nevertheless, in these&#xD;
      fragile elderly patients dual antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of haemorrhage. In&#xD;
      addition the protection achieved by these agents is questionable and resistance to aspirin&#xD;
      and Clopidogrel has been observed in a high percentage.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Platelet Function Testing has been proven to characterize the patients at high risk for&#xD;
      adverse outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions. However, pharmacological&#xD;
      interventions to overcome this increased risk have not been established.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The use of Ticagrelor has been proven to reduced cerebral ischemic events in acute coronary&#xD;
      syndromes (ACS) without significantly increasing the major bleeding complications, despite&#xD;
      the more potent antithrombotic effect. Moreover, total mortality was substantially decreased&#xD;
      using Ticagrelor, as the risk of intracranial hemorrhage or fatal stroke was low.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In the DISPERSE-2 Trial, slightly higher rates of minor bleeding where observed with&#xD;
      Ticagrelor compared to Clopidogrel; however major bleeding events were lower with Ticagrelor.&#xD;
      Overall, total bleeding events were similar in the Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel groups, as well&#xD;
      as in patients with additional antithrombotic agents or undergoing invasive procedures.&#xD;
      However, the administration of Ticagrelor allows for greater flexibility and safety if the&#xD;
      need for discontinuation of antiplatelet agents should arise, as it has a half life of only&#xD;
      12 hours [16]. More importantly, Ticagrelor is a reversible platelet inhibitor, in contrast&#xD;
      to Clopidogrel and ASA who bind irreversibly to platelet cell membrane receptors and the&#xD;
      cyclooxygenase enzyme respectively, and whose effects persist for duration of the platelet&#xD;
      life span. Therefore, in case of a bleeding event where antiplatelet therapy needs to be&#xD;
      deescalated, monotherapy with Ticagrelor could prove to be the safer option.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Ticagrelor has been documented to demonstrate faster onset and more potent inhibition of&#xD;
      platelet aggregation than Clopidogrel. These properties of Ticagrelor may contribute to lower&#xD;
      rates of thrombotic outcomes compared to Clopidogrel. However, bleeding events are a concern&#xD;
      with the more potent antiplatelet agents Ticagrelor and Prasugrel. This risk of bleeding is&#xD;
      correlated to the concomitant dosage of ASA, therefore the lowest effective dose of 80mg of&#xD;
      ASA was chosen as a background therapy for this study.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Compared to Prasugrel, another thienopyridine drug, Ticagrelor has shown to provide a more&#xD;
      potent effect on the microcirculation of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary&#xD;
      intervention.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Moreover, the use of current antiplatelet regimens during and post TAVI has not been well&#xD;
      established by clinical data. Currently, there are no guidelines regarding antiplatelet pre-&#xD;
      treatment before TAVI. The European Society of Cardiology practice guidelines (2012) suggest&#xD;
      that in real-life double antiplatelet regimens are prescribed in the early post-TAVI period,&#xD;
      without further issuing a specific recommendation. Even as such and with the wide clinical&#xD;
      use of dual antiplatelet therapy perioperatively for TAVI, cases of thrombus formation on&#xD;
      bioprosthetic valves have been documented. The manufacturer has attributed these events to&#xD;
      suboptimal operative placement of the bioprosthesis, therefore caution must be taken in the&#xD;
      positioning of the bioprosthetic valves in order to reduce the formation of emboli that could&#xD;
      potentially cause a clinically significant cerebral ischemic event. The use of a more potent&#xD;
      dual antiplatelet regimen with Ticagrelor could prove more efficient in this aspect.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The present study aims to evaluate whether platelet inhibition with one new antiplatelet&#xD;
      agent provides better cerebral protection from microembolization in the cerebral circulation&#xD;
      during TAVI, than the currently used Clopidogrel. We hypothesize that treatment with&#xD;
      Ticagrelor plus ASA vs. Clopidogrel plus ASA in patients undergoing TAVI will result in fewer&#xD;
      HITS as assessed with TCD on middle cerebral arteries.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This is the first study to directly compare treatment with Ticagrelor with Acetylsalicylic&#xD;
      vs. Clopidogrel with Acetylsalicylic regimen in subjects undergoing TAVI regarding cerebral&#xD;
      embolic events as assessed with TCD of both middle cerebral arteries. If significant&#xD;
      reduction in HITS number in the Ticagrelor group is proven, this will implicate a possible&#xD;
      way to decrease in cerebral ischemic lesions in TAVI subjects. Undoubtedly, as TAVI&#xD;
      candidates are increasing in number and decreasing in age, the prevention of neurological&#xD;
      consequences is of paramount importance.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">December 2016</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">February 1, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">February 1, 2020</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 3</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>The number of confirmed HITS, as assessed by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), between the two treatment groups during the TAVI procedure.</measure>
    <time_frame>During the TAVI procedure</time_frame>
    <description>The primary objective is to identify any potential differences between the two treatment groups, subjects receiving Ticagrelor with ASA vs. those receiving Clopidogrel with ASA, in preventing cerebrovascular embolic events during the TAVI procedure, as assessed by measuring the number of HITS with an operative transcranial continuous-function Doppler.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The incidence of cerebral embolic events between the two treatment groups, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD at subject discharge.</measure>
    <time_frame>At day 5, an average at discharge. Data about HITS</time_frame>
    <description>The differences in the incidence of cerebral embolic events between the two treatment groups, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD at subject discharge.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>the incidence of cerebral embolic events in each treatment group, during the TAVI procedure, and at subject discharge.</measure>
    <time_frame>At day 1, procedure day and at day 5, an average at discharge. Data about HITS</time_frame>
    <description>The differences in the incidence of cerebral embolic events in each treatment group, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD preoperatively, during the TAVI procedure, and at subject discharge.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, at the day of the procedure.</measure>
    <time_frame>At day 1, procedure day. Data about platelet inhibition</time_frame>
    <description>The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, as assessed by the use of the P2Y12 VerifyNow® assay at the day of the procedure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, at subject discharge.</measure>
    <time_frame>At day 5, an average at discharge. Data about platelet inhibition</time_frame>
    <description>The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, as assessed by the use of the P2Y12 VerifyNow® assay at subject discharge.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">90</enrollment>
  <condition>Aortic Valve Stenosis</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Ticagrelor plus ASA</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Subjects in the Ticagrelor group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Ticagrelor 90mg bid 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Clopidogrel plus ASA</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Subjects in the Clopidogrel group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Clopidogrel as a loading dose of 300 mg 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and thereafter 75mg qd for 90 days.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Ticagrelor plus ASA</intervention_name>
    <description>Subjects in the Ticagrelor group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Ticagrelor 90mg bid 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Ticagrelor plus ASA</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Brilique plus aspirin</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Clopidogrel plus ASA</intervention_name>
    <description>Subjects in the Clopidogrel group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Clopidogrel as a loading dose of 300 mg 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and thereafter 75mg qd for 90 days.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Clopidogrel plus ASA</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Clopidogrel plus aspirin</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. The subject (or where unable to do so, their legally acceptable representative) must&#xD;
             be able to provide written informed consent prior to any study specific criteria,&#xD;
             stating that he or she understands the purpose of and the procedures required for the&#xD;
             study and is willing to participate in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. Female and/or male subjects aged 18 years or older.&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. High risk (EuroSCOREa ≥18, or considered inoperable) for surgical aortic valve&#xD;
             replacement.&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Is expected to benefit from the placement of TAVI.&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. Does not suffer from any disease or condition that would limit his/her life expectancy&#xD;
             of &lt;6 months.&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. The subject must be willing and able to adhere to the prohibitions and restrictions&#xD;
             specified in this protocol.&#xD;
&#xD;
          7. Subjects must meet the following laboratory results from Visit 0 for study inclusion:&#xD;
&#xD;
               1. Hemoglobin ≥ 10 g/dL&#xD;
&#xD;
               2. Platelets ≥ 100 X 103 cells/μL&#xD;
&#xD;
               3. Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥ 1000 cells/μL&#xD;
&#xD;
               4. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline&#xD;
                  phosphatase (ALP) levels must be within 1.5 times the upper limit of normal (ULN)&#xD;
                  range for the laboratory conducting the test.&#xD;
&#xD;
               5. Total bilirubin ≤ 2x ULN.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Have scheduled any elective surgery in the next 4 months following screening&#xD;
             procedures.&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. History of hypocoagulopathy.&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Previous thromboembolism or known hypercoagulopathy (acquired or congenital).&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Antiplatelet therapy, other than ASA, within 7 days before randomization that cannot&#xD;
             be discontinued due to the underlying disease.&#xD;
&#xD;
          5. History of gastric or duodenal ulcer disease verified by endoscopy or barium meal&#xD;
             double-contrast technique within the 3 months.&#xD;
&#xD;
          6. Moderate or severe hepatic impairment.&#xD;
&#xD;
          7. Known hypersensitivity to any of the investigational products or their components.&#xD;
&#xD;
          8. Presence of any other clinically significant disease or disorder which, in the opinion&#xD;
             of the Investigator (by its nature or by being inadequately controlled), might put the&#xD;
             subject at risk due to participation in the study, or may influence the conduct or the&#xD;
             interpretation of the results of the study or the subject's ability to complete the&#xD;
             study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          9. Any identified contraindication for using Ticagrelor, Clopidogrel or ASA.&#xD;
&#xD;
         10. History or recent findings of atrial fibrillation.&#xD;
&#xD;
         11. Significant carotid artery disease on either internal carotid artery, as defined by a&#xD;
             &gt;50 % diameter reduction on carotid ultrasonography.&#xD;
&#xD;
         12. Unwillingness to receive or intolerant to any blood products.&#xD;
&#xD;
         13. Previous trauma or surgery to either femoral vein.&#xD;
&#xD;
         14. Major surgical procedure or trauma within the 30 days prior to enrolment.&#xD;
&#xD;
         15. Mechanical heart valve (any location).&#xD;
&#xD;
         16. Mitral or aortic bioprosthetic valve.&#xD;
&#xD;
         17. The subject is an employee of the investigator or study site, with direct involvement&#xD;
             in the proposed study or other studies under the direction of that investigator or&#xD;
             study site, as well as family members of the employees or the investigator.&#xD;
&#xD;
         18. Reproductive status:&#xD;
&#xD;
               1. Women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy within 1 month of the end of&#xD;
                  study;&#xD;
&#xD;
               2. Women who are breastfeeding;&#xD;
&#xD;
               3. Women of childbearing potential who are unwilling or unable to use two highly&#xD;
                  effective methods of birth control to avoid pregnancy for the entire study&#xD;
                  period, as evaluated by the Investigator. Women who are not of childbearing&#xD;
                  potential are those that have a history of hysterectomy, bilateral oophorectomy,&#xD;
                  or are postmenopausal with no history of menstrual flow for ≥ 12 months prior to&#xD;
                  the screening Visit.&#xD;
&#xD;
             Highly effective methods of birth control are defined as:&#xD;
&#xD;
             Hormonal: established use of oral, implantable, injectable, or transdermal hormonal&#xD;
             methods of conception; Placement of an intrauterine device; Placement of an&#xD;
             intrauterine system; Mechanical/barrier method of contraception: condom or occlusive&#xD;
             cap (diaphragm or cervical/vault cap) in conjunction with spermicide (foam, gel, film,&#xD;
             cream or suppository); When used alone, the diaphragm and condom are not highly&#xD;
             effective forms of contraception. Therefore the use of additional spermicides provides&#xD;
             more effective birth control. However, spermicides alone may not be effective in&#xD;
             preventing pregnancy and must be used with a barrier such as a condom or diaphragm.&#xD;
&#xD;
             Surgical sterilization of male partner (with the appropriate post-vasectomy&#xD;
             documentation of the absence of sperm in the ejaculate; for female patients on the&#xD;
             study, the vasectomized male partner should be the sole partner for that patient) in&#xD;
             conjunction with spermicide, condom, or diaphragm; Sexual true abstinence: when this&#xD;
             is in line with the preferred and usual lifestyle of the subject. Periodic abstinence&#xD;
             (e.g., calendar, ovulation, symptothermal, post-ovulation methods) and withdrawal are&#xD;
             not acceptable methods of contraception.&#xD;
&#xD;
         19. International normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 2 on the day before the TAVI procedure.&#xD;
&#xD;
         20. History of hemorrhagic stroke, intracranial, intraocular, spinal, retroperitoneal or&#xD;
             atraumatic intra-articular hemorrhage, intracerebral mass or aneurysm, or&#xD;
             arteriovenous malformation.&#xD;
&#xD;
         21. Severe left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction&lt;15%).&#xD;
&#xD;
         22. Severe aortic regurgitation or mitral regurgitation, according to the 2012 European&#xD;
             Society of Cardiology and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery&#xD;
             guidelines (See Appendix 16)&#xD;
&#xD;
         23. Hemodynamic instability (e.g. requiring inotropic or intra-aortic balloon pump&#xD;
             support) within 2 hours of the procedure.&#xD;
&#xD;
         24. Subject is dialysis dependent.&#xD;
&#xD;
         25. Any condition requiring the use of anticoagulants that cannot be stopped for the&#xD;
             duration of the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
         26. Acute myocardial infarction, major surgery or any therapeutic cardiac procedure (other&#xD;
             than balloon aortic valvuloplasty) within 30 days.&#xD;
&#xD;
         27. Gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleed within 30 days.&#xD;
&#xD;
         28. Absolute contraindications or allergy to iodinated contrast that cannot be&#xD;
             pre-medicated.&#xD;
&#xD;
         29. Treatment with other investigational drugs (including investigational vaccines) or&#xD;
             devices within the 30 days preceding enrolment or planned use of other investigational&#xD;
             drugs or devices before the end of the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
         30. Known alcohol or drug abuser.&#xD;
&#xD;
         31. The subject has received any prohibited therapies, as defined in Section 5.7 before&#xD;
             the planned first dose of investigational product or is scheduled to receive during&#xD;
             the study period. These include, but are not limited to: strong cytochrome P450 3A&#xD;
             (CYP3A) inhibitors (ketoconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin,&#xD;
             clarithromycin, erythromycin, nefazadone, ritonavir, saquinavir, nelfinavir,&#xD;
             indinavir, atazanavir, over 1 litre daily of grapefruit juice), CYP3A substrates with&#xD;
             a narrow therapeutic index (cyclosporine, quinidine, simvastatin at doses &gt;40 mg&#xD;
             daily, lovastatin at doses &gt;40 mg daily), and strong CYP3A inducers&#xD;
             (rifampin/rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital).&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>EMMANOUIL VAVOURANAKIS, Ass. Prof</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Athens, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Athens</city>
        <country>Greece</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Greece</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Storey RF, Husted S, Harrington RA, Heptinstall S, Wilcox RG, Peters G, Wickens M, Emanuelsson H, Gurbel P, Grande P, Cannon CP. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by AZD6140, a reversible oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1852-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.058. Epub 2007 Oct 23.</citation>
    <PMID>17980251</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kowalczyk M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Hannam S, Rysz J. Ticagrelor--a new platelet aggregation inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. An improvement of other inhibitors? Med Sci Monit. 2009 Dec;15(12):MS24-30.</citation>
    <PMID>19946242</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Husted S, Emanuelsson H, Heptinstall S, Sandset PM, Wickens M, Peters G. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Eur Heart J. 2006 May;27(9):1038-47. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi754. Epub 2006 Feb 13.</citation>
    <PMID>16476694</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dobesh PP, Oestreich JH. Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Pharmacotherapy. 2014 Oct;34(10):1077-90. doi: 10.1002/phar.1477. Epub 2014 Aug 28.</citation>
    <PMID>25164528</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ghanem A, Muller A, Nahle CP, Kocurek J, Werner N, Hammerstingl C, Schild HH, Schwab JO, Mellert F, Fimmers R, Nickenig G, Thomas D. Risk and fate of cerebral embolism after transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a prospective pilot study with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Apr 6;55(14):1427-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.026. Epub 2010 Feb 24.</citation>
    <PMID>20188503</PMID>
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  <reference>
    <citation>Samim M, Agostoni P, Hendrikse J, Budde RP, Nijhoff F, Kluin J, Ramjankhan F, Doevendans PA, Stella PR. Embrella embolic deflection device for cerebral protection during transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Mar;149(3):799-805.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.05.097. Epub 2014 Oct 17.</citation>
    <PMID>25455466</PMID>
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  <reference>
    <citation>Rodes-Cabau J, Kahlert P, Neumann FJ, Schymik G, Webb JG, Amarenco P, Brott T, Garami Z, Gerosa G, Lefevre T, Plicht B, Pocock SJ, Schlamann M, Thomas M, Diamond B, Merioua I, Beyersdorf F, Vahanian A. Feasibility and exploratory efficacy evaluation of the Embrella Embolic Deflector system for the prevention of cerebral emboli in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the PROTAVI-C pilot study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Oct;7(10):1146-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.04.019.</citation>
    <PMID>25341709</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brueck M, Kramer W, Vogt P, Steinert N, Roth P, Gorlach G, Schonburg M, Heidt MC. Antiplatelet therapy early after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement is unnecessary in patients without thromboembolic risk factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jul;32(1):108-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.031. Epub 2007 Apr 20.</citation>
    <PMID>17449264</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cannon CP, Husted S, Harrington RA, Scirica BM, Emanuelsson H, Peters G, Storey RF; DISPERSE-2 Investigators. Safety, tolerability, and initial efficacy of AZD6140, the first reversible oral adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel, in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: primary results of the DISPERSE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1844-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.053. Epub 2007 Oct 23. Erratum In: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 27;50(22):2196.</citation>
    <PMID>17980250</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Topol EJ, Easton D, Harrington RA, Amarenco P, Califf RM, Graffagnino C, Davis S, Diener HC, Ferguson J, Fitzgerald D, Granett J, Shuaib A, Koudstaal PJ, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, Sigmon K, Pieper K, Vallee M, Willerson JT; Blockade of the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor to Avoid Vascular Occlusion Trial Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international trial of the oral IIb/IIIa antagonist lotrafiban in coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Circulation. 2003 Jul 29;108(4):399-406. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000084501.48570.F6. Epub 2003 Jul 21.</citation>
    <PMID>12874182</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Alexopoulos D, Moulias A, Koutsogiannis N, Xanthopoulou I, Kakkavas A, Mavronasiou E, Davlouros P, Hahalis G. Differential effect of ticagrelor versus prasugrel on coronary blood flow velocity in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an exploratory study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013 Jun;6(3):277-83. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000293. Epub 2013 Jun 4.</citation>
    <PMID>23735473</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, Borger MA, Carrel TP, De Bonis M, Evangelista A, Falk V, Lung B, Lancellotti P, Pierard L, Price S, Schafers HJ, Schuler G, Stepinska J, Swedberg K, Takkenberg J, Von Oppell UO, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zembala M; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): the Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Oct;42(4):S1-44. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs455. Epub 2012 Aug 25. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>22922698</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O'Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23):2908-13. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072771.11429.83. Epub 2003 Jun 9.</citation>
    <PMID>12796140</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Butler K, Maya J, Teng R. Effect of ticagrelor on pulmonary function in healthy elderly volunteers and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013 May;29(5):569-77. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2013.781502. Epub 2013 Apr 2.</citation>
    <PMID>23448616</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Zafar MU, Farkouh ME, Fuster V, Chesebro JH. Crushed clopidogrel administered via nasogastric tube has faster and greater absorption than oral whole tablets. J Interv Cardiol. 2009 Aug;22(4):385-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00475.x. Epub 2009 May 28.</citation>
    <PMID>19496900</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, O'Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM 3rd, Thomas JD; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2438-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537. Epub 2014 Mar 3. No abstract available. Erratum In: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2489.</citation>
    <PMID>24603192</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Genereux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, Brott TG, Cohen DJ, Cutlip DE, van Es GA, Hahn RT, Kirtane AJ, Krucoff MW, Kodali S, Mack MJ, Mehran R, Rodes-Cabau J, Vranckx P, Webb JG, Windecker S, Serruys PW, Leon MB; Valve Academic Research Consortium-2. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Jan;145(1):6-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09.002. Epub 2012 Oct 16.</citation>
    <PMID>23084102</PMID>
  </reference>
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    <citation>Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, Kaul S, Wiviott SD, Menon V, Nikolsky E, Serebruany V, Valgimigli M, Vranckx P, Taggart D, Sabik JF, Cutlip DE, Krucoff MW, Ohman EM, Steg PG, White H. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011 Jun 14;123(23):2736-47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>21670242</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Erdoes G, Basciani R, Huber C, Stortecky S, Wenaweser P, Windecker S, Carrel T, Eberle B. Transcranial Doppler-detected cerebral embolic load during transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Apr;41(4):778-83; discussion 783-4. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezr068. Epub 2011 Dec 1.</citation>
    <PMID>22423058</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>March 2021</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 3, 2016</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 9, 2016</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">December 12, 2016</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 1, 2021</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 1, 2021</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">March 3, 2021</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Athens</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Dr. Emmanouil Vavouranakis</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Associate Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Aortic Valve Stenosis</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Aspirin</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Clopidogrel</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Ticagrelor</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02989558
org study id: D5130C00173
nct id: NCT02989558
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
is fda regulated drug: No
is fda regulated device: No
Ticagrelor administered with Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) will provide better cerebral
      protection from microembolization in the cerebral circulation during Transcatheter Aortic
      Valve Implantation (TAVI) and 30 days afterwards, than Clopidogrel plus ASA. This hypothesis
      will be investigated by measuring the number of High Intensity Transient Signals (HITS) as
      assessed with transcranial Doppler (TCD) on middle cerebral arteries.
TAVI has recently provided a therapeutic alternative to patients with symptomatic aortic
      stenosis who are inoperable or at high-risk for surgical valve replacement.

      It has been documented with MRI studies that >70% of the patients undergoing TAVI develop new
      cerebral infarct lesions. Of these, only a ~3% to ~ 6% represent clinical significant events
      (transient ischemic attacks, disabling and non-disabling stroke). With the expected expansion
      of TAVI in lower risk patients and younger age even silent cerebral lesions will be of major
      importance [7], thus ways to overcome or decrease it will have a rapid and wide penetration.

      Clinically apparent or "silent" stroke during TAVI may be attributed to a range of different
      mechanisms. The source of a cerebral ischemia during TAVI is multifactorial. One of the
      proposed mechanisms is the increased risk of thrombus formation both on the aortic
      atherosclerotic plaques and on bioprosthetic valve frame and tissue due to inadequate
      platelet inhibition during or after TAVI. Furthermore, high residual platelet reactivity in
      the presence of incomplete endothelial coverage of the valve following TAVI may promote
      formation of fibrin/platelet thrombi. Other mechanisms involve embolization from a variety of
      origins i.e. atheroembolism from the ascending aorta or aortic arch, calcific emboli from the
      aortic valve, thromboembolism from catheters.

      Platelets are the main target of preventative therapy against cerebral ischemic events, owing
      to the observation that, in addition to promoting arterial thrombosis, platelets have a key
      role in various nonthrombotic, inflammatory pathways of plaque progression The clinical
      apparent or "silent" embolic events may be recognized with TCD performed during TAVI as
      documented in published clinical studies. TCD is an accepted surveillance technique during
      neurological interventions (such as TAVI, atrial septal defects/patent form ovale closure,
      carotid endarterectomy). Moreover, studies utilizing TCD during TAVI for evaluation of
      potential embolization are available. TCD observes HITS that may be quantified and
      potentially correlated with neurological events. However, it should be noted that this
      approach is not able to discriminate the exact source or composition of the emboli The use of
      embolic protection devices (e.g. the Embrella Embolic Deflector system) during TAVI
      surprisingly showed an increase in the number of cerebral ischemic lesions on postprocedural
      brain imaging when compared to dual antiplatelet therapy.

      The first few days post TAVI carry the highest risk for a thromboembolic event, thus special
      therapeutic and diagnostic approaches should be taken into consideration when regarding this
      procedure. Similarly, surgical bioprosthetic valve implantation has shown to have a higher
      risk of thromboembolic events within 3 months of the procedure.

      The administration of a monotherapy with ASA after biological aortic valve replacement failed
      to show improvement in the incidence of thromboembolic events. Dual antiplatelet therapy is
      traditionally started prior to TAVI and continued for 6 months. Nevertheless, in these
      fragile elderly patients dual antiplatelet therapy increases the risk of haemorrhage. In
      addition the protection achieved by these agents is questionable and resistance to aspirin
      and Clopidogrel has been observed in a high percentage.

      Platelet Function Testing has been proven to characterize the patients at high risk for
      adverse outcome after percutaneous coronary interventions. However, pharmacological
      interventions to overcome this increased risk have not been established.

      The use of Ticagrelor has been proven to reduced cerebral ischemic events in acute coronary
      syndromes (ACS) without significantly increasing the major bleeding complications, despite
      the more potent antithrombotic effect. Moreover, total mortality was substantially decreased
      using Ticagrelor, as the risk of intracranial hemorrhage or fatal stroke was low.

      In the DISPERSE-2 Trial, slightly higher rates of minor bleeding where observed with
      Ticagrelor compared to Clopidogrel; however major bleeding events were lower with Ticagrelor.
      Overall, total bleeding events were similar in the Ticagrelor and Clopidogrel groups, as well
      as in patients with additional antithrombotic agents or undergoing invasive procedures.
      However, the administration of Ticagrelor allows for greater flexibility and safety if the
      need for discontinuation of antiplatelet agents should arise, as it has a half life of only
      12 hours [16]. More importantly, Ticagrelor is a reversible platelet inhibitor, in contrast
      to Clopidogrel and ASA who bind irreversibly to platelet cell membrane receptors and the
      cyclooxygenase enzyme respectively, and whose effects persist for duration of the platelet
      life span. Therefore, in case of a bleeding event where antiplatelet therapy needs to be
      deescalated, monotherapy with Ticagrelor could prove to be the safer option.

      Ticagrelor has been documented to demonstrate faster onset and more potent inhibition of
      platelet aggregation than Clopidogrel. These properties of Ticagrelor may contribute to lower
      rates of thrombotic outcomes compared to Clopidogrel. However, bleeding events are a concern
      with the more potent antiplatelet agents Ticagrelor and Prasugrel. This risk of bleeding is
      correlated to the concomitant dosage of ASA, therefore the lowest effective dose of 80mg of
      ASA was chosen as a background therapy for this study.

      Compared to Prasugrel, another thienopyridine drug, Ticagrelor has shown to provide a more
      potent effect on the microcirculation of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary
      intervention.

      Moreover, the use of current antiplatelet regimens during and post TAVI has not been well
      established by clinical data. Currently, there are no guidelines regarding antiplatelet pre-
      treatment before TAVI. The European Society of Cardiology practice guidelines (2012) suggest
      that in real-life double antiplatelet regimens are prescribed in the early post-TAVI period,
      without further issuing a specific recommendation. Even as such and with the wide clinical
      use of dual antiplatelet therapy perioperatively for TAVI, cases of thrombus formation on
      bioprosthetic valves have been documented. The manufacturer has attributed these events to
      suboptimal operative placement of the bioprosthesis, therefore caution must be taken in the
      positioning of the bioprosthetic valves in order to reduce the formation of emboli that could
      potentially cause a clinically significant cerebral ischemic event. The use of a more potent
      dual antiplatelet regimen with Ticagrelor could prove more efficient in this aspect.

      The present study aims to evaluate whether platelet inhibition with one new antiplatelet
      agent provides better cerebral protection from microembolization in the cerebral circulation
      during TAVI, than the currently used Clopidogrel. We hypothesize that treatment with
      Ticagrelor plus ASA vs. Clopidogrel plus ASA in patients undergoing TAVI will result in fewer
      HITS as assessed with TCD on middle cerebral arteries.

      This is the first study to directly compare treatment with Ticagrelor with Acetylsalicylic
      vs. Clopidogrel with Acetylsalicylic regimen in subjects undergoing TAVI regarding cerebral
      embolic events as assessed with TCD of both middle cerebral arteries. If significant
      reduction in HITS number in the Ticagrelor group is proven, this will implicate a possible
      way to decrease in cerebral ischemic lesions in TAVI subjects. Undoubtedly, as TAVI
      candidates are increasing in number and decreasing in age, the prevention of neurological
      consequences is of paramount importance.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: The number of confirmed HITS, as assessed by Transcranial Doppler (TCD), between the two treatment groups during the TAVI procedure.
time frame: During the TAVI procedure
description: The primary objective is to identify any potential differences between the two treatment groups, subjects receiving Ticagrelor with ASA vs. those receiving Clopidogrel with ASA, in preventing cerebrovascular embolic events during the TAVI procedure, as assessed by measuring the number of HITS with an operative transcranial continuous-function Doppler.
measure: The incidence of cerebral embolic events between the two treatment groups, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD at subject discharge.
time frame: At day 5, an average at discharge. Data about HITS
description: The differences in the incidence of cerebral embolic events between the two treatment groups, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD at subject discharge.
measure: the incidence of cerebral embolic events in each treatment group, during the TAVI procedure, and at subject discharge.
time frame: At day 1, procedure day and at day 5, an average at discharge. Data about HITS
description: The differences in the incidence of cerebral embolic events in each treatment group, as assessed by HITS measured by TCD preoperatively, during the TAVI procedure, and at subject discharge.
measure: The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, at the day of the procedure.
time frame: At day 1, procedure day. Data about platelet inhibition
description: The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, as assessed by the use of the P2Y12 VerifyNow® assay at the day of the procedure.
measure: The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, at subject discharge.
time frame: At day 5, an average at discharge. Data about platelet inhibition
description: The differences between the two treatment groups in induced platelet inhibition, as assessed by the use of the P2Y12 VerifyNow® assay at subject discharge.
arm group label: Ticagrelor plus ASA
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Subjects in the Ticagrelor group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Ticagrelor 90mg bid 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days.
arm group label: Clopidogrel plus ASA
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Subjects in the Clopidogrel group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Clopidogrel as a loading dose of 300 mg 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and thereafter 75mg qd for 90 days.
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Ticagrelor plus ASA
description: Subjects in the Ticagrelor group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Ticagrelor 90mg bid 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days.
arm group label: Ticagrelor plus ASA
other name: Brilique plus aspirin
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Clopidogrel plus ASA
description: Subjects in the Clopidogrel group will receive ASA 80mg qd 7 days prior to the TAVI procedure and for 90 days and Clopidogrel as a loading dose of 300 mg 1 day prior to the TAVI procedure and thereafter 75mg qd for 90 days.
arm group label: Clopidogrel plus ASA
other name: Clopidogrel plus aspirin
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: EMMANOUIL VAVOURANAKIS, Ass. Prof
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Athens, 1st Department of Cardiology, Hippokration Hospital
facility: 
country: Greece
citation: Storey RF, Husted S, Harrington RA, Heptinstall S, Wilcox RG, Peters G, Wickens M, Emanuelsson H, Gurbel P, Grande P, Cannon CP. Inhibition of platelet aggregation by AZD6140, a reversible oral P2Y12 receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1852-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.058. Epub 2007 Oct 23.
PMID: 17980251
citation: Kowalczyk M, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, Hannam S, Rysz J. Ticagrelor--a new platelet aggregation inhibitor in patients with acute coronary syndromes. An improvement of other inhibitors? Med Sci Monit. 2009 Dec;15(12):MS24-30.
PMID: 19946242
citation: Husted S, Emanuelsson H, Heptinstall S, Sandset PM, Wickens M, Peters G. Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of the oral reversible P2Y12 antagonist AZD6140 with aspirin in patients with atherosclerosis: a double-blind comparison to clopidogrel with aspirin. Eur Heart J. 2006 May;27(9):1038-47. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehi754. Epub 2006 Feb 13.
PMID: 16476694
citation: Dobesh PP, Oestreich JH. Ticagrelor: pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, and safety. Pharmacotherapy. 2014 Oct;34(10):1077-90. doi: 10.1002/phar.1477. Epub 2014 Aug 28.
PMID: 25164528
citation: Ghanem A, Muller A, Nahle CP, Kocurek J, Werner N, Hammerstingl C, Schild HH, Schwab JO, Mellert F, Fimmers R, Nickenig G, Thomas D. Risk and fate of cerebral embolism after transfemoral aortic valve implantation: a prospective pilot study with diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Apr 6;55(14):1427-32. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.12.026. Epub 2010 Feb 24.
PMID: 20188503
citation: Samim M, Agostoni P, Hendrikse J, Budde RP, Nijhoff F, Kluin J, Ramjankhan F, Doevendans PA, Stella PR. Embrella embolic deflection device for cerebral protection during transcatheter aortic valve replacement. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Mar;149(3):799-805.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.05.097. Epub 2014 Oct 17.
PMID: 25455466
citation: Rodes-Cabau J, Kahlert P, Neumann FJ, Schymik G, Webb JG, Amarenco P, Brott T, Garami Z, Gerosa G, Lefevre T, Plicht B, Pocock SJ, Schlamann M, Thomas M, Diamond B, Merioua I, Beyersdorf F, Vahanian A. Feasibility and exploratory efficacy evaluation of the Embrella Embolic Deflector system for the prevention of cerebral emboli in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: the PROTAVI-C pilot study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014 Oct;7(10):1146-55. doi: 10.1016/j.jcin.2014.04.019.
PMID: 25341709
citation: Brueck M, Kramer W, Vogt P, Steinert N, Roth P, Gorlach G, Schonburg M, Heidt MC. Antiplatelet therapy early after bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement is unnecessary in patients without thromboembolic risk factors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2007 Jul;32(1):108-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.03.031. Epub 2007 Apr 20.
PMID: 17449264
citation: Cannon CP, Husted S, Harrington RA, Scirica BM, Emanuelsson H, Peters G, Storey RF; DISPERSE-2 Investigators. Safety, tolerability, and initial efficacy of AZD6140, the first reversible oral adenosine diphosphate receptor antagonist, compared with clopidogrel, in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: primary results of the DISPERSE-2 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 6;50(19):1844-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.07.053. Epub 2007 Oct 23. Erratum In: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007 Nov 27;50(22):2196.
PMID: 17980250
citation: Topol EJ, Easton D, Harrington RA, Amarenco P, Califf RM, Graffagnino C, Davis S, Diener HC, Ferguson J, Fitzgerald D, Granett J, Shuaib A, Koudstaal PJ, Theroux P, Van de Werf F, Sigmon K, Pieper K, Vallee M, Willerson JT; Blockade of the Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Receptor to Avoid Vascular Occlusion Trial Investigators. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international trial of the oral IIb/IIIa antagonist lotrafiban in coronary and cerebrovascular disease. Circulation. 2003 Jul 29;108(4):399-406. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000084501.48570.F6. Epub 2003 Jul 21.
PMID: 12874182
citation: Alexopoulos D, Moulias A, Koutsogiannis N, Xanthopoulou I, Kakkavas A, Mavronasiou E, Davlouros P, Hahalis G. Differential effect of ticagrelor versus prasugrel on coronary blood flow velocity in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: an exploratory study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2013 Jun;6(3):277-83. doi: 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.113.000293. Epub 2013 Jun 4.
PMID: 23735473
citation: Vahanian A, Alfieri O, Andreotti F, Antunes MJ, Baron-Esquivias G, Baumgartner H, Borger MA, Carrel TP, De Bonis M, Evangelista A, Falk V, Lung B, Lancellotti P, Pierard L, Price S, Schafers HJ, Schuler G, Stepinska J, Swedberg K, Takkenberg J, Von Oppell UO, Windecker S, Zamorano JL, Zembala M; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG); Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC); European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease (version 2012): the Joint Task Force on the Management of Valvular Heart Disease of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Oct;42(4):S1-44. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezs455. Epub 2012 Aug 25. No abstract available.
PMID: 22922698
citation: Gurbel PA, Bliden KP, Hiatt BL, O'Connor CM. Clopidogrel for coronary stenting: response variability, drug resistance, and the effect of pretreatment platelet reactivity. Circulation. 2003 Jun 17;107(23):2908-13. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000072771.11429.83. Epub 2003 Jun 9.
PMID: 12796140
citation: Butler K, Maya J, Teng R. Effect of ticagrelor on pulmonary function in healthy elderly volunteers and asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013 May;29(5):569-77. doi: 10.1185/03007995.2013.781502. Epub 2013 Apr 2.
PMID: 23448616
citation: Zafar MU, Farkouh ME, Fuster V, Chesebro JH. Crushed clopidogrel administered via nasogastric tube has faster and greater absorption than oral whole tablets. J Interv Cardiol. 2009 Aug;22(4):385-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8183.2009.00475.x. Epub 2009 May 28.
PMID: 19496900
citation: Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Guyton RA, O'Gara PT, Ruiz CE, Skubas NJ, Sorajja P, Sundt TM 3rd, Thomas JD; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2438-88. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.02.537. Epub 2014 Mar 3. No abstract available. Erratum In: J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jun 10;63(22):2489.
PMID: 24603192
citation: Kappetein AP, Head SJ, Genereux P, Piazza N, van Mieghem NM, Blackstone EH, Brott TG, Cohen DJ, Cutlip DE, van Es GA, Hahn RT, Kirtane AJ, Krucoff MW, Kodali S, Mack MJ, Mehran R, Rodes-Cabau J, Vranckx P, Webb JG, Windecker S, Serruys PW, Leon MB; Valve Academic Research Consortium-2. Updated standardized endpoint definitions for transcatheter aortic valve implantation: the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 consensus document. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Jan;145(1):6-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.09.002. Epub 2012 Oct 16.
PMID: 23084102
citation: Mehran R, Rao SV, Bhatt DL, Gibson CM, Caixeta A, Eikelboom J, Kaul S, Wiviott SD, Menon V, Nikolsky E, Serebruany V, Valgimigli M, Vranckx P, Taggart D, Sabik JF, Cutlip DE, Krucoff MW, Ohman EM, Steg PG, White H. Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials: a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation. 2011 Jun 14;123(23):2736-47. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009449. No abstract available.
PMID: 21670242
citation: Erdoes G, Basciani R, Huber C, Stortecky S, Wenaweser P, Windecker S, Carrel T, Eberle B. Transcranial Doppler-detected cerebral embolic load during transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Apr;41(4):778-83; discussion 783-4. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezr068. Epub 2011 Dec 1.
PMID: 22423058
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Athens
investigator full name: Dr. Emmanouil Vavouranakis
investigator title: Associate Professor
mesh term: Aortic Valve Stenosis
mesh term: Aspirin
mesh term: Clopidogrel
mesh term: Ticagrelor
sharing ipd: No