<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03021850</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>CAAE 52107115.7.0000.5345</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03021850</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Different Therapeutical Modalities Associated to Hamstring Flexibility Training</brief_title>
  <official_title>Comparison Between Different Therapeutical Modalities Associated to Hamstring Flexibility Training: Randomized Clinical Trial</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre</source>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The purpose of this study is to compare the acute effect of the use of different thermal&#xD;
      modalities associated to the training of passive flexibility of the hamstring muscles in the&#xD;
      amplitude of motion of the knee extension.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Context: In the literature there is a disagreement of results and protocols regarding the use&#xD;
      of thermal modalities associated with the training of flexibility of the hamstring muscles.&#xD;
      Most studies on the subject, used the heat and cryotherapy prior to stretching these.&#xD;
      Therefore, the investigators aimed to conduct an experimental study using the therapeutics&#xD;
      term concomitant arrangements to passive static stretching these muscles.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Methods: Clinical trial randomized crossover, which will a sample of 42 subjects (healthy&#xD;
      young men, aged 20 to 30 years). Were divided into 3 groups (Group 1 passive static&#xD;
      stretching hamstrings, Group 2 heat + passive static stretching hamstrings and Group 3&#xD;
      cryotherapy + static stretching hamstrings passive) with 14 subjects each. Where the&#xD;
      participants will control themselves, since all carry out the three interventions, only at&#xD;
      different times. Each action will be performed every 7 days. Individuals will be subjected to&#xD;
      active test of the range of motion of knee extension (goniometer) and hamstring muscle&#xD;
      strength (dynamometer).&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">April 2, 2016</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">July 6, 2017</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">February 10, 2017</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change of Active Knee Extension Test</measure>
    <time_frame>3 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Active Knee Extension Test is performed in a standardised procedure and is measured in degrees.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change of Peak Torque of flexors and knee extensors</measure>
    <time_frame>3 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Peak torque of flexors and knee extensors is performed in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system III), in a standardised procedure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change of Passive Resistance flexors and knee extensors</measure>
    <time_frame>3 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Passive Resistance of flexors and knee extensors is performed in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system III), in a standardised procedure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">34</enrollment>
  <condition>Range of Motion, Articular</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching associated with shortwave heating</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Applying deep heat through the shortwave equipment for 20 minutes, in coplanar application to the posterior part of the thigh associated with flexibility training of the hamstrings in the last 10 minutes of the session, performed by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 repetitions of 30 seconds, with a 10 second pause between each repetition.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching associated with cryotherapy</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Cryotherapy application for 20 minutes, applied to the posterior part of the thigh associated with flexibility training of the hamstring muscles in the last 10 minutes of the session, performed by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles, in 10 repetitions of 30 seconds , with a 10 second pause between each repetition.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching isolated</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>The flexibility training of the hamstring muscles will be by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 repetitions of 30-second , with a 10-second pause between each repetition.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Flexibility training with or without different thermal modalities</intervention_name>
    <description>Flexibility training of the hamstring muscles by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 30-second repetitions, with a 10-second pause between each repetition associated with or without short-wave heating or cryotherapy</description>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching associated with cryotherapy</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching associated with shortwave heating</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Stretching isolated</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Healthy men with knee extension range less than or equal to 160 degrees.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have exercised in the last 48 hours before the intervention session;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous neurological, muscular or articular disease that influences the performance&#xD;
             of the training;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Anterior lower limb surgery;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of painful symptoms or edema in the lower limbs;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Hypersensitivity to ice or heat;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Raynaud's syndrome;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Loss of local thermal sensitivity;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Have metallic implants;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Use of cardiac pacemaker;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of malignant tumor;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Arterial diseases;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Deep venous thrombosis or phlebitis;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Fever and inflammatory processes;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Bleeding processes;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Osteomyelitis;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Epilepsy;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pulmonary and bone tuberculosis;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Kidney or urinary tract infection;&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Cryoglobulinemia;&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>20 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>30 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre</name>
      <address>
        <city>Porto Alegre</city>
        <state>Rio Grande do Sul</state>
        <country>Brazil</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Brazil</country>
  </location_countries>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, Massey LL, Dangelmaier SM, Purkayastha S, Fitz KA, Culbertson JY. Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power Output. J Athl Train. 2005 Jun;40(2):94-103.</citation>
    <PMID>15970955</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Page P. Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Feb;7(1):109-19.</citation>
    <PMID>22319684</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997 Oct;77(10):1090-6. doi: 10.1093/ptj/77.10.1090.</citation>
    <PMID>9327823</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Jan;94(1):149-63. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023. Epub 2012 Aug 7.</citation>
    <PMID>22885279</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Burke DG, Holt LE, Rasmussen R, MacKinnon NC, Vossen JF, Pelham TW. Effects of Hot or Cold Water Immersion and Modified Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Flexibility Exercise on Hamstring Length. J Athl Train. 2001 Mar;36(1):16-19.</citation>
    <PMID>12937509</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Brodowicz GR, Welsh R, Wallis J. Comparison of stretching with ice, stretching with heat, or stretching alone on hamstring flexibility. J Athl Train. 1996 Oct;31(4):324-7.</citation>
    <PMID>16558418</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Draper DO, Castro JL, Feland B, Schulthies S, Eggett D. Shortwave diathermy and prolonged stretching increase hamstring flexibility more than prolonged stretching alone. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004 Jan;34(1):13-20. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2004.34.1.13.</citation>
    <PMID>14964587</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Herbert RD, de Noronha M, Kamper SJ. Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD004577. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004577.pub3.</citation>
    <PMID>21735398</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Konrad A, Tilp M. Increased range of motion after static stretching is not due to changes in muscle and tendon structures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2014 Jun;29(6):636-42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.013. Epub 2014 May 10.</citation>
    <PMID>24856792</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Rosario JL, Foletto A. Comparative study of stretching modalities in healthy women: heating and application time. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015 Jan;19(1):3-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.12.003. Epub 2013 Dec 11.</citation>
    <PMID>25603738</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Lim KI, Nam HC, Jung KS. Effects on hamstring muscle extensibility, muscle activity, and balance of different stretching techniques. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 Feb;26(2):209-13. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.209. Epub 2014 Feb 28.</citation>
    <PMID>24648633</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Goncalves R, Gurjao AL, Jambassi Filho JC, Farinatti Pde T, Gobbi LT, Gobbi S. The acute effects of static stretching on peak force, peak rate of force development and muscle activity during single- and multiple-joint actions in older women. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(7):690-8. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.746727. Epub 2012 Dec 12.</citation>
    <PMID>23234265</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Umegaki H, Ikezoe T, Nakamura M, Nishishita S, Kobayashi T, Fujita K, Tanaka H, Ichihashi N. Acute effects of static stretching on the hamstrings using shear elastic modulus determined by ultrasound shear wave elastography: Differences in flexibility between hamstring muscle components. Man Ther. 2015 Aug;20(4):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.02.006. Epub 2015 Mar 2.</citation>
    <PMID>25795108</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Chen CH, Nosaka K, Chen HL, Lin MJ, Tseng KW, Chen TC. Effects of flexibility training on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Mar;43(3):491-500. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f315ad.</citation>
    <PMID>20689450</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Nakano J, Yamabayashi C, Scott A, Reid WD. The effect of heat applied with stretch to increase range of motion: a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2012 Aug;13(3):180-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.003. Epub 2011 Dec 29.</citation>
    <PMID>22814453</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Atamaz FC, Durmaz B, Baydar M, Demircioglu OY, Iyiyapici A, Kuran B, Oncel S, Sendur OF. Comparison of the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential currents, and shortwave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 May;93(5):748-56. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.11.037. Epub 2012 Mar 28.</citation>
    <PMID>22459699</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Cornelius WL, Hands MR. The Effects of a Warm-up on Acute Hip Joint Flexibility Using a Modified PNF Stretching Technique. J Athl Train. 1992;27(2):112-4.</citation>
    <PMID>16558145</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.</citation>
    <PMID>11234459</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, Dear NM, Shield AJ. Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013 Jun;23(3):696-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.004. Epub 2013 Jan 4.</citation>
    <PMID>23290179</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Garrett CL, Draper DO, Knight KL. Heat distribution in the lower leg from pulsed short-wave diathermy and ultrasound treatments. J Athl Train. 2000 Jan;35(1):50-5.</citation>
    <PMID>16558608</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <verification_date>October 2017</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 6, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 12, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">January 16, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>October 17, 2017</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>October 17, 2017</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">October 18, 2017</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Luis Henrique Telles da Rosa</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Doctor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Pliability</keyword>
  <keyword>Cryotherapy</keyword>
  <keyword>Hot temperature</keyword>
  <keyword>Hyperthermia, induced</keyword>
  <keyword>Randomized Controlled Trial</keyword>
  <keyword>Hamstring muscles</keyword>
  <keyword>Muscle stretching exercises</keyword>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03021850
org study id: CAAE 52107115.7.0000.5345
nct id: NCT03021850
lead sponsor: 
The purpose of this study is to compare the acute effect of the use of different thermal
      modalities associated to the training of passive flexibility of the hamstring muscles in the
      amplitude of motion of the knee extension.
Context: In the literature there is a disagreement of results and protocols regarding the use
      of thermal modalities associated with the training of flexibility of the hamstring muscles.
      Most studies on the subject, used the heat and cryotherapy prior to stretching these.
      Therefore, the investigators aimed to conduct an experimental study using the therapeutics
      term concomitant arrangements to passive static stretching these muscles.

      Methods: Clinical trial randomized crossover, which will a sample of 42 subjects (healthy
      young men, aged 20 to 30 years). Were divided into 3 groups (Group 1 passive static
      stretching hamstrings, Group 2 heat + passive static stretching hamstrings and Group 3
      cryotherapy + static stretching hamstrings passive) with 14 subjects each. Where the
      participants will control themselves, since all carry out the three interventions, only at
      different times. Each action will be performed every 7 days. Individuals will be subjected to
      active test of the range of motion of knee extension (goniometer) and hamstring muscle
      strength (dynamometer).
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Change of Active Knee Extension Test
time frame: 3 weeks
description: Active Knee Extension Test is performed in a standardised procedure and is measured in degrees.
measure: Change of Peak Torque of flexors and knee extensors
time frame: 3 weeks
description: Peak torque of flexors and knee extensors is performed in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system III), in a standardised procedure.
measure: Change of Passive Resistance flexors and knee extensors
time frame: 3 weeks
description: Passive Resistance of flexors and knee extensors is performed in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex system III), in a standardised procedure.
arm group label: Stretching associated with shortwave heating
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Applying deep heat through the shortwave equipment for 20 minutes, in coplanar application to the posterior part of the thigh associated with flexibility training of the hamstrings in the last 10 minutes of the session, performed by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 repetitions of 30 seconds, with a 10 second pause between each repetition.
arm group label: Stretching associated with cryotherapy
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Cryotherapy application for 20 minutes, applied to the posterior part of the thigh associated with flexibility training of the hamstring muscles in the last 10 minutes of the session, performed by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles, in 10 repetitions of 30 seconds , with a 10 second pause between each repetition.
arm group label: Stretching isolated
arm group type: Other
description: The flexibility training of the hamstring muscles will be by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 repetitions of 30-second , with a 10-second pause between each repetition.
intervention type: Procedure
intervention name: Flexibility training with or without different thermal modalities
description: Flexibility training of the hamstring muscles by passive static stretching of the hamstring muscles in 10 30-second repetitions, with a 10-second pause between each repetition associated with or without short-wave heating or cryotherapy
arm group label: Stretching associated with cryotherapy
arm group label: Stretching associated with shortwave heating
arm group label: Stretching isolated
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 20 Years
maximum age: 30 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: Brazil
citation: Marek SM, Cramer JT, Fincher AL, Massey LL, Dangelmaier SM, Purkayastha S, Fitz KA, Culbertson JY. Acute Effects of Static and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Stretching on Muscle Strength and Power Output. J Athl Train. 2005 Jun;40(2):94-103.
PMID: 15970955
citation: Page P. Current concepts in muscle stretching for exercise and rehabilitation. Int J Sports Phys Ther. 2012 Feb;7(1):109-19.
PMID: 22319684
citation: Bandy WD, Irion JM, Briggler M. The effect of time and frequency of static stretching on flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Phys Ther. 1997 Oct;77(10):1090-6. doi: 10.1093/ptj/77.10.1090.
PMID: 9327823
citation: Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Do thermal agents affect range of movement and mechanical properties in soft tissues? A systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2013 Jan;94(1):149-63. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.07.023. Epub 2012 Aug 7.
PMID: 22885279
citation: Burke DG, Holt LE, Rasmussen R, MacKinnon NC, Vossen JF, Pelham TW. Effects of Hot or Cold Water Immersion and Modified Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Flexibility Exercise on Hamstring Length. J Athl Train. 2001 Mar;36(1):16-19.
PMID: 12937509
citation: Brodowicz GR, Welsh R, Wallis J. Comparison of stretching with ice, stretching with heat, or stretching alone on hamstring flexibility. J Athl Train. 1996 Oct;31(4):324-7.
PMID: 16558418
citation: Draper DO, Castro JL, Feland B, Schulthies S, Eggett D. Shortwave diathermy and prolonged stretching increase hamstring flexibility more than prolonged stretching alone. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2004 Jan;34(1):13-20. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2004.34.1.13.
PMID: 14964587
citation: Herbert RD, de Noronha M, Kamper SJ. Stretching to prevent or reduce muscle soreness after exercise. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jul 6;(7):CD004577. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004577.pub3.
PMID: 21735398
citation: Konrad A, Tilp M. Increased range of motion after static stretching is not due to changes in muscle and tendon structures. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2014 Jun;29(6):636-42. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.04.013. Epub 2014 May 10.
PMID: 24856792
citation: Rosario JL, Foletto A. Comparative study of stretching modalities in healthy women: heating and application time. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2015 Jan;19(1):3-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.12.003. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
PMID: 25603738
citation: Lim KI, Nam HC, Jung KS. Effects on hamstring muscle extensibility, muscle activity, and balance of different stretching techniques. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014 Feb;26(2):209-13. doi: 10.1589/jpts.26.209. Epub 2014 Feb 28.
PMID: 24648633
citation: Goncalves R, Gurjao AL, Jambassi Filho JC, Farinatti Pde T, Gobbi LT, Gobbi S. The acute effects of static stretching on peak force, peak rate of force development and muscle activity during single- and multiple-joint actions in older women. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(7):690-8. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.746727. Epub 2012 Dec 12.
PMID: 23234265
citation: Umegaki H, Ikezoe T, Nakamura M, Nishishita S, Kobayashi T, Fujita K, Tanaka H, Ichihashi N. Acute effects of static stretching on the hamstrings using shear elastic modulus determined by ultrasound shear wave elastography: Differences in flexibility between hamstring muscle components. Man Ther. 2015 Aug;20(4):610-3. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2015.02.006. Epub 2015 Mar 2.
PMID: 25795108
citation: Chen CH, Nosaka K, Chen HL, Lin MJ, Tseng KW, Chen TC. Effects of flexibility training on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Mar;43(3):491-500. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181f315ad.
PMID: 20689450
citation: Nakano J, Yamabayashi C, Scott A, Reid WD. The effect of heat applied with stretch to increase range of motion: a systematic review. Phys Ther Sport. 2012 Aug;13(3):180-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.11.003. Epub 2011 Dec 29.
PMID: 22814453
citation: Atamaz FC, Durmaz B, Baydar M, Demircioglu OY, Iyiyapici A, Kuran B, Oncel S, Sendur OF. Comparison of the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential currents, and shortwave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2012 May;93(5):748-56. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2011.11.037. Epub 2012 Mar 28.
PMID: 22459699
citation: Cornelius WL, Hands MR. The Effects of a Warm-up on Acute Hip Joint Flexibility Using a Modified PNF Stretching Technique. J Athl Train. 1992;27(2):112-4.
PMID: 16558145
citation: Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2000;894:i-xii, 1-253.
PMID: 11234459
citation: Opar DA, Williams MD, Timmins RG, Dear NM, Shield AJ. Knee flexor strength and bicep femoris electromyographical activity is lower in previously strained hamstrings. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013 Jun;23(3):696-703. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.11.004. Epub 2013 Jan 4.
PMID: 23290179
citation: Garrett CL, Draper DO, Knight KL. Heat distribution in the lower leg from pulsed short-wave diathermy and ultrasound treatments. J Athl Train. 2000 Jan;35(1):50-5.
PMID: 16558608
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Federal University of Health Science of Porto Alegre
investigator full name: Luis Henrique Telles da Rosa
investigator title: Doctor