<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03033953</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>Tine 12wk</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03033953</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effects of Native Whey or Milk Supplementation on Adaptations to 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effects of Native Whey and Milk Supplementation on Changes in Muscle Mass and Strength After 12 Weeks of Strength Training in Young and Elderly</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Tine</agency>
      <agency_class>Industry</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>The Research Council of Norway</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12&#xD;
      (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The&#xD;
      investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy&#xD;
      and strength than milk.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from&#xD;
      athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the&#xD;
      most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of&#xD;
      proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition,&#xD;
      affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its&#xD;
      superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is&#xD;
      often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native&#xD;
      whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has&#xD;
      different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly&#xD;
      anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies&#xD;
      in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength&#xD;
      training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the&#xD;
      elderly.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the&#xD;
      changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training&#xD;
      intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in&#xD;
      young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements&#xD;
      an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and&#xD;
      intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the&#xD;
      training intervention.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and&#xD;
      strength gains than milk.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>August 2014</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">November 2016</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">June 2015</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Lean mass</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Lean mass</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Thigh muscle cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Thigh muscle cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Arm cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Arm cross sectional area</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Thickness of the lateral vasti</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by ultrasound</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Thickness of the lateral vasti</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by ultrasound</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>1 repetition maximum in leg press</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>1 repetition maximum in leg press</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>1 repetition maximum in bench press</measure>
    <time_frame>Before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>1 repetition maximum in bench press</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Plasma amino acid concentration</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Plasma amino acid concentration</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
    <description>Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum glucose</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum glucose</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum insulin</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum insulin</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum urea</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum urea</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum creatine kinase</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum creatine kinase</measure>
    <time_frame>60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 6 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 6 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 6 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 6 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1b mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1b mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1b mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1b mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 4 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 4 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 4 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 4 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 10 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 10 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 10 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 10 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 17D mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 17D mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 17D mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Interleukin 17D mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Atrogin-1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Atrogin-1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Atrogin-1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Atrogin-1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box O3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box O3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box O3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Forkhead Box O3 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA</measure>
    <time_frame>30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>Before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>Before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting LDL (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>Before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting LDL (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting HDL (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>Before training intervention</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Fasting HDL (only in elderly)</measure>
    <time_frame>After 11-12 weeks of strength training</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">66</enrollment>
  <condition>Healthy</condition>
  <condition>Young</condition>
  <condition>Elderly</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Milk supplementation</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Native whey</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Native whey</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Native whey</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Milk</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Milk supplementation</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Strength training</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Milk supplementation</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Native whey</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Healthy in the sense that they can conduct training and testing&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Able to understand Norwegian language written and oral&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Between 20 and 45, or above 70 years of age&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diseases or injuries contraindicating participation&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Use of dietary supplements (e.g. proteins, vitamins and creatine)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Lactose intolerance&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allergy to milk&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allergy towards local anesthetics (xylocain)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>20 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</name>
      <address>
        <city>Oslo</city>
        <zip>0863</zip>
        <country>Norway</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Norway</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>January 2017</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>January 19, 2017</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 24, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">January 27, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>January 24, 2017</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>January 24, 2017</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">January 27, 2017</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Norwegian School of Sport Sciences</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Truls Raastad</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Undecided</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03033953
org study id: Tine 12wk
nct id: NCT03033953
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
The aim of this study is to investigate the long term adaptations to 11 (elderly) or 12
      (young) weeks of strength training when supplemented with native whey or milk. The
      investigators hypothesize that native whey will give greater increases in muscle hypertrophy
      and strength than milk.
Increasing or maintaining muscle mass is of great importance for populations ranging from
      athletes to patients and elderly. Resistance exercise and protein ingestion are two of the
      most potent stimulators of muscle protein synthesis. Both the physical characteristic of
      proteins (e.g. different digestion rates of whey and casein) and the amino acid composition,
      affects the potential of a certain protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Given its
      superior ability to rapidly increase blood leucine concentrations to high levels, whey is
      often considered the most potent protein source to stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Native
      whey protein is produced by filtration of unprocessed milk. Consequently, native whey has
      different characteristics than milk. Of special interest is the higher amounts of the highly
      anabolic amino acid leucine in native whey.

      The higher levels of leucine can be of great interest for elderly individuals as some studies
      in elderly has shown an anabolic resistance to the effects of protein feeding and strength
      training. By increasing levels of leucine one might overcome this anabolic resistance in the
      elderly.

      The aim of this double-blinded, randomized, partial cross-over study is to compare the
      changes in muscle hypertrophy and strength after a 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) week training
      intervention with daily supplementation of either 2x20g of native whey or milk proteins in
      young and elderly individuals. In order to explain potential differences between supplements
      an acute study investigating acute responses in blood amino acid concentrations and
      intracellular signalling is planned, in a subgroup of participants, before and after the
      training intervention.

      The investigators hypothesize that native whey will induce greater muscle hypertrophy and
      strength gains than milk.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Lean mass
time frame: Before the training intervention
description: Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
measure: Lean mass
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured by whole body dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
measure: Thigh muscle cross sectional area
time frame: Before the training intervention
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Thigh muscle cross sectional area
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
time frame: Before the training intervention
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Pectoralis muscle cross sectional area
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Arm cross sectional area
time frame: Before the training intervention
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Arm cross sectional area
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
measure: Thickness of the lateral vasti
time frame: Before the training intervention
description: Measured by ultrasound
measure: Thickness of the lateral vasti
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured by ultrasound
measure: 1 repetition maximum in leg press
time frame: Before the training intervention
measure: 1 repetition maximum in leg press
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: 1 repetition maximum in bench press
time frame: Before the training intervention
measure: 1 repetition maximum in bench press
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Ratio of phosphorylated to total ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1(P70S6K) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF-2) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Phosphorylation of phosphorylated to total eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP-1) change from baseline
time frame: 30 min before and 2 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Biopsies from m. Vastus Lateralis was analyzed by western blot
measure: Plasma amino acid concentration
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
measure: Plasma amino acid concentration
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
time frame: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
description: Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
measure: Muscle force generating capacity change from baseline
time frame: 15 min before, 10 min, 2.5 hours and 24 hours after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
description: Measured as unilateral isometric knee extension force (Nm) with 90° in the hip and knee joints.
measure: Serum glucose
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
measure: Serum glucose
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Serum insulin
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
measure: Serum insulin
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Serum urea
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
measure: Serum urea
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Serum creatine kinase
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, before the training intervention
measure: Serum creatine kinase
time frame: 60 min before and 45, 60, 75 and 120 min after exercise and protein supplement intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Tumor necrosis factor alfa messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Tumor necrosis factor alfa mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 6 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 6 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 6 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 6 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 8 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 8 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 8 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 8 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 1b mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 1b mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 1b mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 1b mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 4 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 4 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 4 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 4 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 10 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 10 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 10 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 10 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 8 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 17D mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 17D mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Interleukin 17D mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Interleukin 17D mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma, Coactivator 1 Alpha mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 16 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4 Group A Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Uncoupling Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Leukocyte Differentiation Antigen CD36 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Toll Like Receptor 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 3 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 7 Member 5 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 36 Member 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Solute Carrier Family 38 Member 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Muscle-Specific RING Finger Protein 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Atrogin-1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Atrogin-1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Atrogin-1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Atrogin-1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Forkhead Box Protein O1A mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Forkhead Box O3 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 7 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 2 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 1mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Mast Cell Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Hepatocyte Growth Factor mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Myostatin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Striated Muscle Activator Of Rho-Dependent Signaling mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: JunB Proto-Oncogene, AP-1 Transcription Factor Subunit mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Actin, Alpha 1, Skeletal Muscle mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Colony Stimulating Factor 3 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: TATA-Box Binding Protein mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Filamin B mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 2 hours after exercise and protein intake, before training intervention
measure: Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min before exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Beta-2-Microglobulin mRNA Myosin Heavy Chain 1 mRNA
time frame: 30 min after exercise and protein intake, after 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
time frame: Before training intervention
measure: Fasting cholesterol (only in elderly)
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
time frame: Before training intervention
measure: Fasting triglycerides (only in elderly)
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
time frame: Before training intervention
measure: Fasting LDL (only in elderly)
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
measure: Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
time frame: Before training intervention
measure: Fasting HDL (only in elderly)
time frame: After 11-12 weeks of strength training
arm group label: Milk supplementation
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g milk protein.
arm group label: Native whey
arm group type: Experimental
description: 11 (elderly) or 12 (young) weeks of strength training and daily supplementation of 2x20g native whey protein.
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Native whey
arm group label: Native whey
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Milk
arm group label: Milk supplementation
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Strength training
arm group label: Milk supplementation
arm group label: Native whey
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 20 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
facility: 
country: Norway
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Norwegian School of Sport Sciences
investigator full name: Truls Raastad
investigator title: Professor
sharing ipd: Undecided