<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02990429</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>050/2559(EC2)</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02990429</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Forced Air and Intravenous Fluid Warmers in Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery</brief_title>
  <official_title>Comparison Between Forced Air and Intravenous Fluid Warmers in Gynecologic Laparoscopic Surgery</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Siriraj Hospital</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Siriraj Hospital</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Perioperative hypothermia is a common problem. It has been defined as a core temperature&#xD;
      below 36ºC. The reasons why patient undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery has&#xD;
      perioperative hypothermia because the reduced metabolic heat production, redistribution of&#xD;
      heat from the core to the periphery and impaired thermoregulation (due to anesthetics), use&#xD;
      of cool carbon dioxide gas insufflations and surgical irrigation solution, as well as heat&#xD;
      loss due to the cool environment. This perioperative problem has been linked to adverse&#xD;
      patient outcomes such as myocardial ischemia as hypothermia increases plasma catecholamine,&#xD;
      surgical site infection as hypothermia diminishes wound tissue O2 tension and coagulopathy as&#xD;
      hypothermia impairs platelet function.&#xD;
&#xD;
      It claims that perioperative heat loss occurs by radiation (60%), convection (25%) and&#xD;
      evaporation (10%). This is caused by the difference between peripheral body and ambient&#xD;
      temperature, air circulation around the body and vasodilatation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In daily practice, most anesthesia personnel warm patient peri-operatively by using force air&#xD;
      warmer and intravenous fluid warmer.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This study aimed to compare the difference of core and room temperature in patients&#xD;
      undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery by using forced air and intravenous fluid warmer&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The study was approved from the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (Si-IRB), COA (Certificate&#xD;
      of Analysis): Si201/2016 (18/03/2016), and was written informed consent was obtained from all&#xD;
      subjects. The study was conducted at the Department of Siriraj Obstetrics and Gynecology.&#xD;
&#xD;
      A total of 90 patients were enrolled in the study between April 2016 and …..2017. All&#xD;
      patients underwent general anesthesia for elective gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.&#xD;
      Inclusion criteria were patients aged between 18 and 65, elective case, ASA (American Society&#xD;
      of Anesthesiologist) physical status class I-III, BMI 25-30 kg/sq.m., surgical time &gt; 90&#xD;
      minutes. Exclusion criteria were the core temperature less than 36ºC or more than 38ºC.&#xD;
      Withdrawal or termination criterion was the change of laparoscopic surgery to exploratory&#xD;
      laparotomy.&#xD;
&#xD;
      On the day of surgery, participants signed the informed consent and were randomized equally&#xD;
      into two groups: A = 45, receiving intraoperative forced air warming and B =45, having&#xD;
      intraoperative intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer All patients underwent general anesthesia&#xD;
      after application of standard monitors, anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg or&#xD;
      morphine 0.1-0.2 mg/kg., propofol 1.5-2.5 mg/kg, nimbex 1-1.5 mg/kg or atracurium 0.6 mg/kg.&#xD;
      Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane ,air,O2, supplemented with fentanyl or morphine.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Core temperatures were measured with an electronic thermometer via tympanic membrane.&#xD;
      Intraoperatively, core temperatures and room temperatures were measured at 15 minute&#xD;
      intervals until the end of surgery .&#xD;
&#xD;
      Postoperative data were measured at 15 minute intervals at the recovery room. Data consisted&#xD;
      of vital sign, core temperature, room temperature, shivering, medication requirements and use&#xD;
      of heating devices.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>April 2016</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">December 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">December 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Health Services Research</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>The difference of core and room temperature in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery (by using forced air and intravenous fluid warmer)</measure>
    <time_frame>1 Year</time_frame>
    <description>To study the difference between two groups</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">90</enrollment>
  <condition>Hypothermia; Anesthesia</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Forced Air warmer (bair hugger)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>.&#xD;
In groups: A = 45, receiving intraoperative forced air warming( bair hugger). The forced air was delivered at the high setting of 43ºC</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Intravenous Fluid Warmer(ranger warmer)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>In groups:B =45, having intraoperative intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer patients received intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer after induction anesthesia. The device automatically heated fluid up to 41ºC as set point.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Forced Air warmer</intervention_name>
    <description>record room temperature&#xD;
record core temperature (tympanic membrane)&#xD;
General anesthesia&#xD;
using forced air warmer (bair hugger)&#xD;
Intravenous fluid at room temperature&#xD;
room temperature and core temperature q15 minutes&#xD;
anesthesia finish, stop bair hugger&#xD;
record core temperature before recovery room</description>
    <arm_group_label>Forced Air warmer (bair hugger)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Intravenous Fluid Warmer</intervention_name>
    <description>record room temperature&#xD;
record core temperature (tympanic membrane)&#xD;
General anesthesia&#xD;
using ranger warmer&#xD;
Intravenous fluid at room temperature&#xD;
room temperature and core temperature q15 minutes&#xD;
anesthesia finish, stop ranger warmer&#xD;
record core temperature before recovery room</description>
    <arm_group_label>Intravenous Fluid Warmer(ranger warmer)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ASA class 1-3, 18-65 years old, BMI 25-30 kg/sq.m., core temperature 36ºC-38ºC,&#xD;
             operation more than 90 minutes&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  turn operation to exploratory laparotomy&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>65 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Warunee Boayam, NS</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj hospital</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Warunee Boayam</name>
      <address>
        <city>Bangkok Noi</city>
        <state>Bangkok</state>
        <zip>10700</zip>
        <country>Thailand</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Thailand</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Allen PB, Salyer SW, Dubick MA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH. Preventing hypothermia: comparison of current devices used by the US Army in an in vitro warmed fluid model. J Trauma. 2010 Jul;69 Suppl 1:S154-61. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e45ba5.</citation>
    <PMID>20622611</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brandt S, Oguz R, Huttner H, Waglechner G, Chiari A, Greif R, Kurz A, Kimberger O. Resistive-polymer versus forced-air warming: comparable efficacy in orthopedic patients. Anesth Analg. 2010 Mar 1;110(3):834-8. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181cb3f5f. Epub 2009 Dec 30.</citation>
    <PMID>20042442</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Wagner K, Swanson E, Raymond CJ, Smith CE. Comparison of two convective warming systems during major abdominal and orthopedic surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2008 Jun;55(6):358-63. doi: 10.1007/BF03021491.</citation>
    <PMID>18566199</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rein EB, Filtvedt M, Walloe L, Raeder JC. Hypothermia during laparotomy can be prevented by locally applied warm water and pulsating negative pressure. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Mar;98(3):331-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael369. Epub 2007 Jan 26.</citation>
    <PMID>17259258</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Feroe DD, Augustine SD. Hypothermia in the PACU. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 Mar;3(1):135-44.</citation>
    <PMID>2043323</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Witkowski W, Maj J. [Pathophysiology and management of perioperative hypothermia]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2006 Jun;20(120):629-34. Polish.</citation>
    <PMID>17007255</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Turner M, Hodzovic I, Mapleson WW. Simulated clinical evaluation of four fluid warming devices*. Anaesthesia. 2006 Jun;61(6):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04589.x.</citation>
    <PMID>16704592</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bernthal EM. Inadvertent hypothermia prevention: the anaesthetic nurses' role. Br J Nurs. 1999 Jan 14-27;8(1):17-25. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1999.8.1.17.</citation>
    <PMID>10085808</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bennett J, Ramachandra V, Webster J, Carli F. Prevention of hypothermia during hip surgery: effect of passive compared with active skin surface warming. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Aug;73(2):180-3. doi: 10.1093/bja/73.2.180.</citation>
    <PMID>7917732</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Borms SF, Engelen SL, Himpe DG, Suy MR, Theunissen WJ. Bair hugger forced-air warming maintains normothermia more effectively than thermo-lite insulation. J Clin Anesth. 1994 Jul-Aug;6(4):303-7. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(94)90077-9.</citation>
    <PMID>7946366</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Giesbrecht GG, Ducharme MB, McGuire JP. Comparison of forced-air patient warming systems for perioperative use. Anesthesiology. 1994 Mar;80(3):671-9. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199403000-00026.</citation>
    <PMID>8141463</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bieberich MT, Van Duren AP. Thermal control and design considerations for a high-performance fluid warmer. Biomed Instrum Technol. 2003 Mar-Apr;37(2):103-12. doi: 10.2345/0899-8205(2003)37[103:TCADCF]2.0.CO;2.</citation>
    <PMID>12677748</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Patel N, Smith CE, Pinchak AC, Hagen JF. Prospective, randomized comparison of the Flotem Iie and Hotline fluid warmers in anesthetized adults. J Clin Anesth. 1996 Jun;8(4):307-16. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(96)00040-2.</citation>
    <PMID>8695135</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Presson RG Jr, Bezruczko AP, Hillier SC, McNiece WL. Evaluation of a new fluid warmer effective at low to moderate flow rates. Anesthesiology. 1993 May;78(5):974-80. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199305000-00023.</citation>
    <PMID>8489069</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Faries G, Johnston C, Pruitt KM, Plouff RT. Temperature relationship to distance and flow rate of warmed i.v. fluids. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Nov;20(11):1198-200. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81470-2.</citation>
    <PMID>1952305</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Adriani MB, Moriber N. Preoperative forced-air warming combined with intraoperative warming versus intraoperative warming alone in the prevention of hypothermia during gynecologic surgery. AANA J. 2013 Dec;81(6):446-51.</citation>
    <PMID>24597006</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>August 2018</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 3, 2016</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>December 8, 2016</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">December 13, 2016</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 2, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 2, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 4, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Siriraj Hospital</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Warunee Boayam</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>hypothermia</keyword>
  <keyword>Shivering</keyword>
  <keyword>Gynecologic laparoscopic surgery</keyword>
  <keyword>Warming</keyword>
  <keyword>General anesthesia</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Hypothermia</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>Yes</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <provided_document_section>
    <provided_document>
      <document_type>Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan</document_type>
      <document_has_protocol>Yes</document_has_protocol>
      <document_has_icf>No</document_has_icf>
      <document_has_sap>Yes</document_has_sap>
      <document_date>August 31, 2018</document_date>
      <document_url>https://ClinicalTrials.gov/ProvidedDocs/29/NCT02990429/Prot_SAP_001.pdf</document_url>
    </provided_document>
  </provided_document_section>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02990429
org study id: 050/2559(EC2)
nct id: NCT02990429
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
Perioperative hypothermia is a common problem. It has been defined as a core temperature
      below 36ºC. The reasons why patient undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery has
      perioperative hypothermia because the reduced metabolic heat production, redistribution of
      heat from the core to the periphery and impaired thermoregulation (due to anesthetics), use
      of cool carbon dioxide gas insufflations and surgical irrigation solution, as well as heat
      loss due to the cool environment. This perioperative problem has been linked to adverse
      patient outcomes such as myocardial ischemia as hypothermia increases plasma catecholamine,
      surgical site infection as hypothermia diminishes wound tissue O2 tension and coagulopathy as
      hypothermia impairs platelet function.

      It claims that perioperative heat loss occurs by radiation (60%), convection (25%) and
      evaporation (10%). This is caused by the difference between peripheral body and ambient
      temperature, air circulation around the body and vasodilatation.

      In daily practice, most anesthesia personnel warm patient peri-operatively by using force air
      warmer and intravenous fluid warmer.

      This study aimed to compare the difference of core and room temperature in patients
      undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery by using forced air and intravenous fluid warmer
The study was approved from the Siriraj Institutional Review Board (Si-IRB), COA (Certificate
      of Analysis): Si201/2016 (18/03/2016), and was written informed consent was obtained from all
      subjects. The study was conducted at the Department of Siriraj Obstetrics and Gynecology.

      A total of 90 patients were enrolled in the study between April 2016 and …..2017. All
      patients underwent general anesthesia for elective gynecologic laparoscopic surgery.
      Inclusion criteria were patients aged between 18 and 65, elective case, ASA (American Society
      of Anesthesiologist) physical status class I-III, BMI 25-30 kg/sq.m., surgical time > 90
      minutes. Exclusion criteria were the core temperature less than 36ºC or more than 38ºC.
      Withdrawal or termination criterion was the change of laparoscopic surgery to exploratory
      laparotomy.

      On the day of surgery, participants signed the informed consent and were randomized equally
      into two groups: A = 45, receiving intraoperative forced air warming and B =45, having
      intraoperative intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer All patients underwent general anesthesia
      after application of standard monitors, anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg or
      morphine 0.1-0.2 mg/kg., propofol 1.5-2.5 mg/kg, nimbex 1-1.5 mg/kg or atracurium 0.6 mg/kg.
      Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane ,air,O2, supplemented with fentanyl or morphine.

      Core temperatures were measured with an electronic thermometer via tympanic membrane.
      Intraoperatively, core temperatures and room temperatures were measured at 15 minute
      intervals until the end of surgery .

      Postoperative data were measured at 15 minute intervals at the recovery room. Data consisted
      of vital sign, core temperature, room temperature, shivering, medication requirements and use
      of heating devices.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Health Services Research
masking: Triple (Participant, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: The difference of core and room temperature in patients undergoing gynecologic laparoscopic surgery (by using forced air and intravenous fluid warmer)
time frame: 1 Year
description: To study the difference between two groups
arm group label: Forced Air warmer (bair hugger)
arm group type: Experimental
description: .
In groups: A = 45, receiving intraoperative forced air warming( bair hugger). The forced air was delivered at the high setting of 43ºC
arm group label: Intravenous Fluid Warmer(ranger warmer)
arm group type: Experimental
description: In groups:B =45, having intraoperative intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer patients received intravenous fluid via a fluid warmer after induction anesthesia. The device automatically heated fluid up to 41ºC as set point.
intervention type: Procedure
intervention name: Forced Air warmer
description: record room temperature
record core temperature (tympanic membrane)
General anesthesia
using forced air warmer (bair hugger)
Intravenous fluid at room temperature
room temperature and core temperature q15 minutes
anesthesia finish, stop bair hugger
record core temperature before recovery room
arm group label: Forced Air warmer (bair hugger)
intervention type: Procedure
intervention name: Intravenous Fluid Warmer
description: record room temperature
record core temperature (tympanic membrane)
General anesthesia
using ranger warmer
Intravenous fluid at room temperature
room temperature and core temperature q15 minutes
anesthesia finish, stop ranger warmer
record core temperature before recovery room
arm group label: Intravenous Fluid Warmer(ranger warmer)
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 65 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Warunee Boayam, NS
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj hospital
facility: 
country: Thailand
citation: Allen PB, Salyer SW, Dubick MA, Holcomb JB, Blackbourne LH. Preventing hypothermia: comparison of current devices used by the US Army in an in vitro warmed fluid model. J Trauma. 2010 Jul;69 Suppl 1:S154-61. doi: 10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e45ba5.
PMID: 20622611
citation: Brandt S, Oguz R, Huttner H, Waglechner G, Chiari A, Greif R, Kurz A, Kimberger O. Resistive-polymer versus forced-air warming: comparable efficacy in orthopedic patients. Anesth Analg. 2010 Mar 1;110(3):834-8. doi: 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181cb3f5f. Epub 2009 Dec 30.
PMID: 20042442
citation: Wagner K, Swanson E, Raymond CJ, Smith CE. Comparison of two convective warming systems during major abdominal and orthopedic surgery. Can J Anaesth. 2008 Jun;55(6):358-63. doi: 10.1007/BF03021491.
PMID: 18566199
citation: Rein EB, Filtvedt M, Walloe L, Raeder JC. Hypothermia during laparotomy can be prevented by locally applied warm water and pulsating negative pressure. Br J Anaesth. 2007 Mar;98(3):331-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/ael369. Epub 2007 Jan 26.
PMID: 17259258
citation: Feroe DD, Augustine SD. Hypothermia in the PACU. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 1991 Mar;3(1):135-44.
PMID: 2043323
citation: Witkowski W, Maj J. [Pathophysiology and management of perioperative hypothermia]. Pol Merkur Lekarski. 2006 Jun;20(120):629-34. Polish.
PMID: 17007255
citation: Turner M, Hodzovic I, Mapleson WW. Simulated clinical evaluation of four fluid warming devices*. Anaesthesia. 2006 Jun;61(6):571-5. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04589.x.
PMID: 16704592
citation: Bernthal EM. Inadvertent hypothermia prevention: the anaesthetic nurses' role. Br J Nurs. 1999 Jan 14-27;8(1):17-25. doi: 10.12968/bjon.1999.8.1.17.
PMID: 10085808
citation: Bennett J, Ramachandra V, Webster J, Carli F. Prevention of hypothermia during hip surgery: effect of passive compared with active skin surface warming. Br J Anaesth. 1994 Aug;73(2):180-3. doi: 10.1093/bja/73.2.180.
PMID: 7917732
citation: Borms SF, Engelen SL, Himpe DG, Suy MR, Theunissen WJ. Bair hugger forced-air warming maintains normothermia more effectively than thermo-lite insulation. J Clin Anesth. 1994 Jul-Aug;6(4):303-7. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(94)90077-9.
PMID: 7946366
citation: Giesbrecht GG, Ducharme MB, McGuire JP. Comparison of forced-air patient warming systems for perioperative use. Anesthesiology. 1994 Mar;80(3):671-9. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199403000-00026.
PMID: 8141463
citation: Bieberich MT, Van Duren AP. Thermal control and design considerations for a high-performance fluid warmer. Biomed Instrum Technol. 2003 Mar-Apr;37(2):103-12. doi: 10.2345/0899-8205(2003)37[103:TCADCF]2.0.CO;2.
PMID: 12677748
citation: Patel N, Smith CE, Pinchak AC, Hagen JF. Prospective, randomized comparison of the Flotem Iie and Hotline fluid warmers in anesthetized adults. J Clin Anesth. 1996 Jun;8(4):307-16. doi: 10.1016/0952-8180(96)00040-2.
PMID: 8695135
citation: Presson RG Jr, Bezruczko AP, Hillier SC, McNiece WL. Evaluation of a new fluid warmer effective at low to moderate flow rates. Anesthesiology. 1993 May;78(5):974-80. doi: 10.1097/00000542-199305000-00023.
PMID: 8489069
citation: Faries G, Johnston C, Pruitt KM, Plouff RT. Temperature relationship to distance and flow rate of warmed i.v. fluids. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Nov;20(11):1198-200. doi: 10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81470-2.
PMID: 1952305
citation: Adriani MB, Moriber N. Preoperative forced-air warming combined with intraoperative warming versus intraoperative warming alone in the prevention of hypothermia during gynecologic surgery. AANA J. 2013 Dec;81(6):446-51.
PMID: 24597006
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Siriraj Hospital
investigator full name: Warunee Boayam
investigator title: Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital
mesh term: Hypothermia
sharing ipd: Yes
provided document: 