<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03010917</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>1609018478</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT03010917</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Fish Oil vs. Placebo on Subjective Effects of Alcohol</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effect of Fish Oil vs. Placebo on Subjective Effects of Alcohol in Healthy Humans</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Yale University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>VA Connecticut Healthcare System</agency>
      <agency_class>U.S. Fed</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Yale University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
    <is_fda_regulated_drug>Yes</is_fda_regulated_drug>
    <is_fda_regulated_device>No</is_fda_regulated_device>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      This project represents a first step in examining the potential use of fish oil for the&#xD;
      treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The investigators will be testing for attenuation of&#xD;
      alcohol-induced sedative and stimulant effects, as well as cognitive effects and cerebellar&#xD;
      effects in healthy social drinkers.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      There have been no studies to date that have examined the relationship between fish oil and&#xD;
      alcohol response in humans. The current study was designed to examine the relationship&#xD;
      between fish oil and subjective alcohol effects in healthy social drinkers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      This project represents a first step in examining the potential use of fish oil for the&#xD;
      treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The investigators will evaluate responses to alcohol&#xD;
      through administration of a steady state blood alcohol level (BAL) with an IV infusion using&#xD;
      a method that employs an infusion that is titrated to a breathalyzer reading and clamped at a&#xD;
      steady state. This approach allows direct comparisons of the acute effects of a specific dose&#xD;
      of ethanol between groups, without the confounding factors of variable alcohol absorption and&#xD;
      peak BAL's. This approach will allow the examiners to carefully examine if fish oil changes&#xD;
      the acute effects of alcohol on a number of outcome domains including subjective drug&#xD;
      effects, cognitive performance, and cerebellar effects.&#xD;
&#xD;
      As this study is a pilot study, it is not clear whether fish oil will attenuate alcohol&#xD;
      induced subjective stimulation or sedation. Since this is the first study to evaluate fish&#xD;
      oil's effects on alcohol-effects in the laboratory, the investigators will be testing for&#xD;
      attenuation of alcohol-induced sedative and stimulant effects, as well as cognitive effects&#xD;
      and cerebellar effects.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In this study, fish oil will be administered at 3 grams/day for 30-40 days (3 capsules twice&#xD;
      a day). The investigators will use 3 grams/day for two reasons: 1) it is within the range of&#xD;
      doses safely used in humans (1g to 6g) as a treatment for various psychiatric conditions&#xD;
      (depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder), and 2) is a dose that has shown&#xD;
      efficacy in various clinical trials for psychiatric conditions.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date type="Actual">March 2, 2017</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">September 8, 2021</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">May 30, 2021</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 1</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>The BAES is a 14-item self-report scale. Seven items measure stimulant effects of alcohol during the test sessions and seven items measure sedative effects. Stimulant and sedative effect scores range from 0 (not at all) to 70 (extremely).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 4 (test session 1)</time_frame>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 6 (test session 2)</time_frame>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>(RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 4 (test session 1)</time_frame>
    <description>(RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 6 (test session 2)</time_frame>
    <description>(RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by a &quot;Go No-Go task&quot; will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by a &quot;Go No-Go task&quot; will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 4 (test session 1)</time_frame>
    <description>A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by a &quot;Go No-Go task&quot; will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 6 (test session 2)</time_frame>
    <description>A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 4 (test session 1)</time_frame>
    <description>The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 6 (test session 2)</time_frame>
    <description>The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline</time_frame>
    <description>This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 4 (test session 1)</time_frame>
    <description>This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,</measure>
    <time_frame>Week 6 (test session 2)</time_frame>
    <description>This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">17</enrollment>
  <condition>Alcohol Dependence</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Between days 30-40 subjects will participate in 2 test days at least 2 days apart and during the test day will receive an IV infusion of ethanol (placebo vs. targeted Breath Alcohol Concentration ((BrAC) of 100mg%) in a clamped fashion. Test days will be in a randomized order.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Between days 30-40 subjects will participate in 2 test days at least 2 days apart and during the test day will receive an IV infusion of ethanol (placebo vs. targeted Breath Alcohol Concentration ((BrAC) of 100mg%) in a clamped fashion. Test days will be in a randomized order.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</intervention_name>
    <description>Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</description>
    <arm_group_label>Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</intervention_name>
    <description>Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</description>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Male and females, between the ages of 21 and 55;&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. No current drug use disorder of any drugs of abuse (except tobacco or marijuana);&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. No current medical problems and normal ECG;&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. For women, not pregnant as determined by pregnancy screening nor breast feeding, and&#xD;
             using acceptable birth control methods.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          1. Current major psychiatric illnesses including mood, psychotic, or anxiety disorders;&#xD;
&#xD;
          2. History of major medical illnesses; including liver diseases, heart disease, chronic&#xD;
             pain or other medical conditions that the physician investigator deems contraindicated&#xD;
             for the subject to be in the study;&#xD;
&#xD;
          3. Liver function tests (ALT or AST) greater than 3 times normal;&#xD;
&#xD;
          4. Allergy to seafood.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>21 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>55 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Ismene Petrakis, M.D.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Yale University/VA Connecticut Healthcare System</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>VA Connecticut Healtcare System</name>
      <address>
        <city>West Haven</city>
        <state>Connecticut</state>
        <zip>06516</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Subramanian MG, Heil SH, Kruger ML, Collins KL, Buck PO, Zawacki T, Abbey A, Sokol RJ, Diamond MP. A three-stage alcohol clamp procedure in human subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002 Oct;26(10):1479-83. doi: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000034038.41972.36.</citation>
    <PMID>12394280</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Zimmermann US, O'Connor S, Ramchandani VA. Modeling alcohol self-administration in the human laboratory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:315-53. doi: 10.1007/7854_2011_149.</citation>
    <PMID>21792747</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ramchandani VA, O'Connor S, Blekher T, Kareken D, Morzorati S, Nurnberger J Jr, Li TK. A preliminary study of acute responses to clamped alcohol concentration and family history of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Aug;23(8):1320-30.</citation>
    <PMID>10470974</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>September 2022</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>December 15, 2016</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>January 3, 2017</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">January 5, 2017</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>September 20, 2022</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>September 20, 2022</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">September 22, 2022</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Alcohol Dependence</keyword>
  <keyword>Fish Oil</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Alcoholism</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Ethanol</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <patient_data>
    <sharing_ipd>No</sharing_ipd>
  </patient_data>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03010917
org study id: 1609018478
nct id: NCT03010917
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
is fda regulated drug: Yes
is fda regulated device: No
This project represents a first step in examining the potential use of fish oil for the
      treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The investigators will be testing for attenuation of
      alcohol-induced sedative and stimulant effects, as well as cognitive effects and cerebellar
      effects in healthy social drinkers.
There have been no studies to date that have examined the relationship between fish oil and
      alcohol response in humans. The current study was designed to examine the relationship
      between fish oil and subjective alcohol effects in healthy social drinkers.

      This project represents a first step in examining the potential use of fish oil for the
      treatment of alcohol use disorder (AUD). The investigators will evaluate responses to alcohol
      through administration of a steady state blood alcohol level (BAL) with an IV infusion using
      a method that employs an infusion that is titrated to a breathalyzer reading and clamped at a
      steady state. This approach allows direct comparisons of the acute effects of a specific dose
      of ethanol between groups, without the confounding factors of variable alcohol absorption and
      peak BAL's. This approach will allow the examiners to carefully examine if fish oil changes
      the acute effects of alcohol on a number of outcome domains including subjective drug
      effects, cognitive performance, and cerebellar effects.

      As this study is a pilot study, it is not clear whether fish oil will attenuate alcohol
      induced subjective stimulation or sedation. Since this is the first study to evaluate fish
      oil's effects on alcohol-effects in the laboratory, the investigators will be testing for
      attenuation of alcohol-induced sedative and stimulant effects, as well as cognitive effects
      and cerebellar effects.

      In this study, fish oil will be administered at 3 grams/day for 30-40 days (3 capsules twice
      a day). The investigators will use 3 grams/day for two reasons: 1) it is within the range of
      doses safely used in humans (1g to 6g) as a treatment for various psychiatric conditions
      (depression, anxiety, borderline personality disorder), and 2) is a dose that has shown
      efficacy in various clinical trials for psychiatric conditions.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Double (Participant, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).
time frame: Baseline
description: The BAES is a 14-item self-report scale. Seven items measure stimulant effects of alcohol during the test sessions and seven items measure sedative effects. Stimulant and sedative effect scores range from 0 (not at all) to 70 (extremely).
measure: Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).
time frame: Week 4 (test session 1)
measure: Assessment of stimulant and sedative effects of alcohol with the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES).
time frame: Week 6 (test session 2)
measure: Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)
time frame: Baseline
description: (RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.
measure: Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)
time frame: Week 4 (test session 1)
description: (RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.
measure: Cognitive performance measured with the Rapid Information Processing Task (RVIP)
time frame: Week 6 (test session 2)
description: (RVIP) is a widely used task to assess sustained attention, with a working memory component. In this task, a series of single digits is presented on a computer screen at a rate of 100 digits per minute for 4 min. Targets are defined as three consecutive odd digits (e.g., 7-9-3) or three consecutive even digits (e.g., 2-8-6). The percentage of targets correctly detected will be the main outcome measure.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by a "Go No-Go task" will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.
time frame: Baseline
description: A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by a "Go No-Go task" will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.
time frame: Week 4 (test session 1)
description: A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by a "Go No-Go task" will assess the ability to withhold responses to an infrequently occurring target.
time frame: Week 6 (test session 2)
description: A series of blue and green rectangular shapes are presented every 1150 ms and participants are instructed to press a spacebar every time the green rectangular shape appeared, and to give equal importance to speed and accuracy. The primary outcome is the number of errors on the No-Go trials.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).
time frame: Baseline
description: The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).
time frame: Week 4 (test session 1)
description: The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.
measure: Cognitive performance measured by the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R).
time frame: Week 6 (test session 2)
description: The HVLT-R is a word list learning test of verbal memory. The outcome is the percent correct on immediate and delayed recall of words on a list.
measure: Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,
time frame: Baseline
description: This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.
measure: Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,
time frame: Week 4 (test session 1)
description: This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.
measure: Motor Impairment: The Grooved Pegboard Test (Lafayette Instrument Company) is a manipulative dexterity test,
time frame: Week 6 (test session 2)
description: This is an eye-to hand timed coordination test. A quicker time indicates greater coordination.
arm group label: Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
arm group type: Experimental
description: Between days 30-40 subjects will participate in 2 test days at least 2 days apart and during the test day will receive an IV infusion of ethanol (placebo vs. targeted Breath Alcohol Concentration ((BrAC) of 100mg%) in a clamped fashion. Test days will be in a randomized order.
arm group label: Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Between days 30-40 subjects will participate in 2 test days at least 2 days apart and during the test day will receive an IV infusion of ethanol (placebo vs. targeted Breath Alcohol Concentration ((BrAC) of 100mg%) in a clamped fashion. Test days will be in a randomized order.
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
description: Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
arm group label: Fish Oil with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
description: Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
arm group label: Placebo with ethanol and placebo ethanol infusions
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 21 Years
maximum age: 55 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Ismene Petrakis, M.D.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Yale University/VA Connecticut Healthcare System
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Subramanian MG, Heil SH, Kruger ML, Collins KL, Buck PO, Zawacki T, Abbey A, Sokol RJ, Diamond MP. A three-stage alcohol clamp procedure in human subjects. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2002 Oct;26(10):1479-83. doi: 10.1097/01.ALC.0000034038.41972.36.
PMID: 12394280
citation: Zimmermann US, O'Connor S, Ramchandani VA. Modeling alcohol self-administration in the human laboratory. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2013;13:315-53. doi: 10.1007/7854_2011_149.
PMID: 21792747
citation: Ramchandani VA, O'Connor S, Blekher T, Kareken D, Morzorati S, Nurnberger J Jr, Li TK. A preliminary study of acute responses to clamped alcohol concentration and family history of alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1999 Aug;23(8):1320-30.
PMID: 10470974
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Alcoholism
mesh term: Ethanol
sharing ipd: No