<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02211651</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>TRIMDFH 499458</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>499458</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02211651</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Maternal Adipose Tissue and Placental Dysfunction Programs the Fetus for Type 2 Diabetes (PlacentA-DM)</brief_title>
  <acronym>PlacentA-DM</acronym>
  <official_title>Maternal Adipose Tissue and Placental Dysfunction Programs the Fetus for Type 2 Diabetes (PlacentA-DM)</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>AdventHealth Translational Research Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>AdventHealth Translational Research Institute</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics of pregnant women which&#xD;
      increases risk for their babies to develop diabetes, later on in life.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      Obesity has been recently diagnosed in a younger population and currently in the United&#xD;
      States more than two thirds of women of childbearing age are overweight or obese. These women&#xD;
      will have children at high risk for developing obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There is&#xD;
      an acute need for preventing these complications in children so that we can break the cycle&#xD;
      of obesity and T2DM. Numerous interventions have attempted but failed to improve outcomes in&#xD;
      obese pregnancies by weight loss. Clinicians do not currently have specific recommendation&#xD;
      for identifying the obese mothers and risk and for the prevention of infant's complication in&#xD;
      healthy obese pregnancies.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The global objective of this study is to identify the relevant maternal phenotype at risk and&#xD;
      the mechanism(s) of fetal environment predisposing the offspring for T2DM. This will enhance&#xD;
      T2DM early screening and prevention.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The global hypothesis is that dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes angiostatic and&#xD;
      pro-inflammatory factors that lead to the formation of a dysfunctional placenta, which&#xD;
      through a hypoxic and inflamed environment alters the epigenome to program the fetus for&#xD;
      T2DM.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>December 2013</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">January 2017</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">December 2016</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Case-Control</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Cross-Sectional</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Quantity of Blood Vessels and Capillaries</measure>
    <time_frame>Visit 3, at 39 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Measurements will be immunohistochemistry and measured from placental tissue. Neonate's anthropometrics and sex will be recorded within 48 hours of the delivery by the Pediatrician and will last approximately 15 minutes.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Quantity of macrophages</measure>
    <time_frame>Visit 3 at 39 weeks + 1 day</time_frame>
    <description>Measured by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry (FACS) of placental tissue</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_groups>3</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Actual">3</enrollment>
  <condition>Obesity</condition>
  <condition>Type 2 Diabetes</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>ObeseDYS</arm_group_label>
    <description>Obese subjects with dysfunctional vascularization and inflammation of placenta.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>ObeseNL</arm_group_label>
    <description>Obese subjects with normal vascularization and inflammation of placenta</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>LeanNL</arm_group_label>
    <description>Lean subjects with normal vascularization and inflammation of placenta.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <biospec_retention>Samples With DNA</biospec_retention>
  <biospec_descr>
    <textblock>
      Blood Adipose tissue Placental tissue Umbilical Cord tissue Umbilical Cord blood&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </biospec_descr>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Vulnerable populations- Pregnant Women, Fetuses and Neonates&#xD;
&#xD;
        Propose to study pregnant women in order to determine the relevant phenotype with offspring&#xD;
        at risk for obesity and T2DM.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Pregnant women Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnant women undergoing planned cesarean section at 39 weeks of gestation due to: a)&#xD;
             elective cesarean section; b) breach presentation c) repeat cesarean section (the&#xD;
             rationale for choosing these women is to select only women that have no other risk&#xD;
             factors or complications during pregnancy that might affect the outcome)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age between 18 and 40 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pre-pregnancy BMI between 20 and 25 kg/m2 (lean) and &gt;30 kg/m2 (obese)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Singleton pregnancies&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allowing their neonates to participate in the trial&#xD;
&#xD;
        Pregnant women Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Taking any medication except pre-natal vitamins and medication to treat normal&#xD;
             symptoms of pregnancy like: constipation, nausea, vomiting, gastric reflux, insomnia&#xD;
             and pain.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes; chronic or gestational&#xD;
             hypertension&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pre-eclampsia, eclampsia during this pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Liver, kidney, thyroid disease, cancer&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Smoking or using illegal drugs or alcohol during this pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Fetal umbilical blood and/or placenta are collected for another reason, i.e. parents&#xD;
             decide on cord blood storage&#xD;
&#xD;
        Neonate Inclusion criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        - Live neonates born to the study participating mothers&#xD;
&#xD;
        Neonate exclusion criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        - Neonate distress as to require admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>40 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Steven R Smith, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</name>
      <address>
        <city>Orlando</city>
        <state>Florida</state>
        <zip>32804</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>http://www.tri-md.org</url>
    <description>Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</description>
  </link>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ling C, Groop L. Epigenetics: a molecular link between environmental factors and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009 Dec;58(12):2718-25. doi: 10.2337/db09-1003. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>19940235</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dabelea D, Crume T. Maternal environment and the transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes. 2011 Jul;60(7):1849-55. doi: 10.2337/db11-0400. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>21709280</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sullivan EL, Smith MS, Grove KL. Perinatal exposure to high-fat diet programs energy balance, metabolism and behavior in adulthood. Neuroendocrinology. 2011;93(1):1-8. doi: 10.1159/000322038. Epub 2010 Nov 13.</citation>
    <PMID>21079387</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Mencin P, de Mouzon SH, Amini SB. Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1303-13. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416. Epub 2009 Sep 16.</citation>
    <PMID>19759171</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Crume TL, Ogden L, Daniels S, Hamman RF, Norris JM, Dabelea D. The impact of in utero exposure to diabetes on childhood body mass index growth trajectories: the EPOCH study. J Pediatr. 2011 Jun;158(6):941-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.007. Epub 2011 Jan 15.</citation>
    <PMID>21238981</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lamichhane AP, D'Agostino RB Jr, Liese AD, Vehik KS, Narayan KM, Zeitler P, Hamman RF. Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul;31(7):1422-6. doi: 10.2337/dc07-2417. Epub 2008 Mar 28.</citation>
    <PMID>18375420</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1076-80. doi: 10.2337/dc08-2077.</citation>
    <PMID>19460915</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mingrone G, Manco M, Mora ME, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Gniuli D, Leccesi L, Chiellini C, Ghirlanda G. Influence of maternal obesity on insulin sensitivity and secretion in offspring. Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1872-6. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0432. Epub 2008 Jun 5.</citation>
    <PMID>18535193</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Samuelsson AM, Matthews PA, Argenton M, Christie MR, McConnell JM, Jansen EH, Piersma AH, Ozanne SE, Twinn DF, Remacle C, Rowlerson A, Poston L, Taylor PD. Diet-induced obesity in female mice leads to offspring hyperphagia, adiposity, hypertension, and insulin resistance: a novel murine model of developmental programming. Hypertension. 2008 Feb;51(2):383-92. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.101477. Epub 2007 Dec 17.</citation>
    <PMID>18086952</PMID>
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    <citation>Bayol SA, Simbi BH, Bertrand JA, Stickland NC. Offspring from mothers fed a 'junk food' diet in pregnancy and lactation exhibit exacerbated adiposity that is more pronounced in females. J Physiol. 2008 Jul 1;586(13):3219-30. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.153817. Epub 2008 May 8.</citation>
    <PMID>18467362</PMID>
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    <citation>Muhlhausler BS, Duffield JA, McMillen IC. Increased maternal nutrition stimulates peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma, adiponectin, and leptin messenger ribonucleic acid expression in adipose tissue before birth. Endocrinology. 2007 Feb;148(2):878-85. doi: 10.1210/en.2006-1115. Epub 2006 Oct 26.</citation>
    <PMID>17068138</PMID>
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    <citation>Chang GQ, Gaysinskaya V, Karatayev O, Leibowitz SF. Maternal high-fat diet and fetal programming: increased proliferation of hypothalamic peptide-producing neurons that increase risk for overeating and obesity. J Neurosci. 2008 Nov 12;28(46):12107-19. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2642-08.2008.</citation>
    <PMID>19005075</PMID>
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    <citation>Walker CD, Naef L, d'Asti E, Long H, Xu Z, Moreau A, Azeddine B. Perinatal maternal fat intake affects metabolism and hippocampal function in the offspring: a potential role for leptin. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Nov;1144:189-202. doi: 10.1196/annals.1418.023.</citation>
    <PMID>19076377</PMID>
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    <citation>Shankar K, Kang P, Harrell A, Zhong Y, Marecki JC, Ronis MJ, Badger TM. Maternal overweight programs insulin and adiponectin signaling in the offspring. Endocrinology. 2010 Jun;151(6):2577-89. doi: 10.1210/en.2010-0017. Epub 2010 Apr 6.</citation>
    <PMID>20371699</PMID>
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    <citation>Aagaard-Tillery KM, Grove K, Bishop J, Ke X, Fu Q, McKnight R, Lane RH. Developmental origins of disease and determinants of chromatin structure: maternal diet modifies the primate fetal epigenome. J Mol Endocrinol. 2008 Aug;41(2):91-102. doi: 10.1677/JME-08-0025. Epub 2008 May 30.</citation>
    <PMID>18515302</PMID>
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    <citation>Ng SF, Lin RC, Laybutt DR, Barres R, Owens JA, Morris MJ. Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs beta-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature. 2010 Oct 21;467(7318):963-6. doi: 10.1038/nature09491.</citation>
    <PMID>20962845</PMID>
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    <citation>Suter MA, Chen A, Burdine MS, Choudhury M, Harris RA, Lane RH, Friedman JE, Grove KL, Tackett AJ, Aagaard KM. A maternal high-fat diet modulates fetal SIRT1 histone and protein deacetylase activity in nonhuman primates. FASEB J. 2012 Dec;26(12):5106-14. doi: 10.1096/fj.12-212878. Epub 2012 Sep 14.</citation>
    <PMID>22982377</PMID>
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    <citation>Sohi G, Marchand K, Revesz A, Arany E, Hardy DB. Maternal protein restriction elevates cholesterol in adult rat offspring due to repressive changes in histone modifications at the cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase promoter. Mol Endocrinol. 2011 May;25(5):785-98. doi: 10.1210/me.2010-0395. Epub 2011 Mar 3.</citation>
    <PMID>21372147</PMID>
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    <citation>Gong L, Pan YX, Chen H. Gestational low protein diet in the rat mediates Igf2 gene expression in male offspring via altered hepatic DNA methylation. Epigenetics. 2010 Oct 1;5(7):619-26. doi: 10.4161/epi.5.7.12882. Epub 2010 Oct 1.</citation>
    <PMID>20671425</PMID>
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    <citation>van Straten EM, Bloks VW, Huijkman NC, Baller JF, van Meer H, Lutjohann D, Kuipers F, Plosch T. The liver X-receptor gene promoter is hypermethylated in a mouse model of prenatal protein restriction. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010 Feb;298(2):R275-82. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.00413.2009. Epub 2009 Nov 4.</citation>
    <PMID>19889862</PMID>
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    <citation>Zheng S, Rollet M, Pan YX. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy induces CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBPbeta) expression through the regulation of histone modification at its promoter region in female offspring rat skeletal muscle. Epigenetics. 2011 Feb;6(2):161-70. doi: 10.4161/epi.6.2.13472. Epub 2011 Feb 1.</citation>
    <PMID>20930553</PMID>
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    <citation>Zhou D, Pan YX. Gestational low protein diet selectively induces the amino acid response pathway target genes in the liver of offspring rats through transcription factor binding and histone modifications. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011 Oct;1809(10):549-56. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.07.003. Epub 2011 Jul 18.</citation>
    <PMID>21777709</PMID>
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    <PMID>21670064</PMID>
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    <citation>Zhang S, Rattanatray L, MacLaughlin SM, Cropley JE, Suter CM, Molloy L, Kleemann D, Walker SK, Muhlhausler BS, Morrison JL, McMillen IC. Periconceptional undernutrition in normal and overweight ewes leads to increased adrenal growth and epigenetic changes in adrenal IGF2/H19 gene in offspring. FASEB J. 2010 Aug;24(8):2772-82. doi: 10.1096/fj.09-154294. Epub 2010 Apr 6.</citation>
    <PMID>20371620</PMID>
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    <citation>Raychaudhuri N, Raychaudhuri S, Thamotharan M, Devaskar SU. Histone code modifications repress glucose transporter 4 expression in the intrauterine growth-restricted offspring. J Biol Chem. 2008 May 16;283(20):13611-26. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M800128200. Epub 2008 Mar 7.</citation>
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    <citation>Vucetic Z, Kimmel J, Reyes TM. Chronic high-fat diet drives postnatal epigenetic regulation of mu-opioid receptor in the brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 May;36(6):1199-206. doi: 10.1038/npp.2011.4. Epub 2011 Feb 16.</citation>
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    <PMID>20194508</PMID>
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    <citation>Tobi EW, Lumey LH, Talens RP, Kremer D, Putter H, Stein AD, Slagboom PE, Heijmans BT. DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific. Hum Mol Genet. 2009 Nov 1;18(21):4046-53. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddp353. Epub 2009 Aug 4.</citation>
    <PMID>19656776</PMID>
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    <citation>Durmus B, Arends LR, Ay L, Hokken-Koelega AC, Raat H, Hofman A, Steegers EA, Jaddoe VW. Parental anthropometrics, early growth and the risk of overweight in pre-school children: the Generation R Study. Pediatr Obes. 2013 Oct;8(5):339-50. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00114.x. Epub 2012 Dec 13.</citation>
    <PMID>23239588</PMID>
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    <citation>Drong AW, Lindgren CM, McCarthy MI. The genetic and epigenetic basis of type 2 diabetes and obesity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Dec;92(6):707-15. doi: 10.1038/clpt.2012.149. Epub 2012 Oct 10.</citation>
    <PMID>23047653</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Toperoff G, Aran D, Kark JD, Rosenberg M, Dubnikov T, Nissan B, Wainstein J, Friedlander Y, Levy-Lahad E, Glaser B, Hellman A. Genome-wide survey reveals predisposing diabetes type 2-related DNA methylation variations in human peripheral blood. Hum Mol Genet. 2012 Jan 15;21(2):371-83. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddr472. Epub 2011 Oct 12.</citation>
    <PMID>21994764</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>April 2018</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>May 16, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>August 6, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">August 7, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 24, 2018</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 24, 2018</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 25, 2018</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>adipose tissue</keyword>
  <keyword>placenta</keyword>
  <keyword>pregnancy</keyword>
  <keyword>umbilical cord</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Diabetes Mellitus</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02211651
org study id: TRIMDFH 499458
secondary id: 499458
nct id: NCT02211651
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics of pregnant women which
      increases risk for their babies to develop diabetes, later on in life.
Obesity has been recently diagnosed in a younger population and currently in the United
      States more than two thirds of women of childbearing age are overweight or obese. These women
      will have children at high risk for developing obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). There is
      an acute need for preventing these complications in children so that we can break the cycle
      of obesity and T2DM. Numerous interventions have attempted but failed to improve outcomes in
      obese pregnancies by weight loss. Clinicians do not currently have specific recommendation
      for identifying the obese mothers and risk and for the prevention of infant's complication in
      healthy obese pregnancies.

      The global objective of this study is to identify the relevant maternal phenotype at risk and
      the mechanism(s) of fetal environment predisposing the offspring for T2DM. This will enhance
      T2DM early screening and prevention.

      The global hypothesis is that dysfunctional adipose tissue secretes angiostatic and
      pro-inflammatory factors that lead to the formation of a dysfunctional placenta, which
      through a hypoxic and inflamed environment alters the epigenome to program the fetus for
      T2DM.
observational model: Case-Control
time perspective: Cross-Sectional
measure: Quantity of Blood Vessels and Capillaries
time frame: Visit 3, at 39 weeks
description: Measurements will be immunohistochemistry and measured from placental tissue. Neonate's anthropometrics and sex will be recorded within 48 hours of the delivery by the Pediatrician and will last approximately 15 minutes.
measure: Quantity of macrophages
time frame: Visit 3 at 39 weeks + 1 day
description: Measured by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry (FACS) of placental tissue
arm group label: ObeseDYS
description: Obese subjects with dysfunctional vascularization and inflammation of placenta.
arm group label: ObeseNL
description: Obese subjects with normal vascularization and inflammation of placenta
arm group label: LeanNL
description: Lean subjects with normal vascularization and inflammation of placenta.
Blood Adipose tissue Placental tissue Umbilical Cord tissue Umbilical Cord blood
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 40 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Steven R Smith, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes
facility: 
country: United States
url: http://www.tri-md.org
description: Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes
citation: Ling C, Groop L. Epigenetics: a molecular link between environmental factors and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2009 Dec;58(12):2718-25. doi: 10.2337/db09-1003. No abstract available.
PMID: 19940235
citation: Dabelea D, Crume T. Maternal environment and the transgenerational cycle of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes. 2011 Jul;60(7):1849-55. doi: 10.2337/db11-0400. No abstract available.
PMID: 21709280
citation: Sullivan EL, Smith MS, Grove KL. Perinatal exposure to high-fat diet programs energy balance, metabolism and behavior in adulthood. Neuroendocrinology. 2011;93(1):1-8. doi: 10.1159/000322038. Epub 2010 Nov 13.
PMID: 21079387
citation: Catalano PM, Farrell K, Thomas A, Huston-Presley L, Mencin P, de Mouzon SH, Amini SB. Perinatal risk factors for childhood obesity and metabolic dysregulation. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Nov;90(5):1303-13. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27416. Epub 2009 Sep 16.
PMID: 19759171
citation: Crume TL, Ogden L, Daniels S, Hamman RF, Norris JM, Dabelea D. The impact of in utero exposure to diabetes on childhood body mass index growth trajectories: the EPOCH study. J Pediatr. 2011 Jun;158(6):941-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2010.12.007. Epub 2011 Jan 15.
PMID: 21238981
citation: Dabelea D, Mayer-Davis EJ, Lamichhane AP, D'Agostino RB Jr, Liese AD, Vehik KS, Narayan KM, Zeitler P, Hamman RF. Association of intrauterine exposure to maternal diabetes and obesity with type 2 diabetes in youth: the SEARCH Case-Control Study. Diabetes Care. 2008 Jul;31(7):1422-6. doi: 10.2337/dc07-2417. Epub 2008 Mar 28.
PMID: 18375420
citation: Catalano PM, Presley L, Minium J, Hauguel-de Mouzon S. Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun;32(6):1076-80. doi: 10.2337/dc08-2077.
PMID: 19460915
citation: Mingrone G, Manco M, Mora ME, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Gniuli D, Leccesi L, Chiellini C, Ghirlanda G. Influence of maternal obesity on insulin sensitivity and secretion in offspring. Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1872-6. doi: 10.2337/dc08-0432. Epub 2008 Jun 5.
PMID: 18535193
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responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Diabetes Mellitus
mesh term: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2