<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02251418</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2014-ESWTULCER</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02251418</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Shockwave Therapy of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers</brief_title>
  <official_title>Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) of Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Odense University Hospital</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University of Southern Denmark</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Odense University Hospital</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Introduction:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Foot ulcers are a feared complication among diabetic patients. The ulcers can cause pain,&#xD;
      discomfort and reduced quality of life. The development of foot ulcers places the patients at&#xD;
      a risk of amputation. In the Danish Health Care System a substantial effort is done to&#xD;
      prevent and treat diabetic foot ulcers. A constant research of how to treat these wounds is&#xD;
      ongoing. The goal is to optimize wound healing and prevent amputations.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) involves the use of a device that generates&#xD;
      low-energy shockwaves through a headpiece, which is placed on the skin of the patient. A&#xD;
      small amount of energy will be deposited in the tissue when shockwaves are applied. This&#xD;
      stimulates the cells to produce substances that generate new vessels. No side effects to ESWT&#xD;
      have been shown.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Purpose:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators want to test whether shockwave therapy can improve wound healing among&#xD;
      diabetic patients with foot ulcers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hypothesis:&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators hypothesize that shockwave therapy accelerates ulcer healing, increases&#xD;
      blood flow, reduces pain, and has no side effects.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Method:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Patients who are interested in participation will be included in the study and divided by&#xD;
      randomization into two groups of equal size. The first group is treated with ESWT in&#xD;
      combination with regular guideline treatment. The second group is set up as control group and&#xD;
      will only receive regular guideline treatment. The participants are examined in different&#xD;
      ways to evaluate whether ESWT helps the healing of foot ulcers. The investigators want to&#xD;
      measure tissue oxygen pressure and foot sense of touch. The foot ulcers are inspected for&#xD;
      infection at every consultation, and a swab sample will be collected at enrollment. The size&#xD;
      of the ulcers are measured and photographed each time. The investigators will count how many&#xD;
      foot ulcers that are completely healed during the test period and measure the sizes of the&#xD;
      remaining foot ulcers. The patients are asked to evaluate pain related to the foot ulcer.&#xD;
      Data concerning participants' co morbidities and use of analgesic drugs are obtained from the&#xD;
      patient journal and by patient interview.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Significance:&#xD;
&#xD;
      ESWT should be considered a supplement to existing clinical guidelines in wound management if&#xD;
      shown to effectively help healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Improved healing should reduce the&#xD;
      heavy workload on care and treatment regarding to these wounds. Hopefully, the frequency of&#xD;
      amputations among diabetic patients will decline by implementing new treatment options for&#xD;
      the diabetic foot.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      [Introduction]&#xD;
&#xD;
      It is estimated that 5.5 % of the Danish population suffers from diabetes - corresponding to&#xD;
      more than 320.000 persons. Among Danish diabetic patients the yearly incidence of foot ulcers&#xD;
      is higher than 3.000 and the prevalence higher than 22.000. Diabetics have a lifetime risk of&#xD;
      foot ulcers of 15 %.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Amputation is a possible consequence to having a diabetic foot ulcer. A 19-year follow-up&#xD;
      study performed on newly diagnosed diabetics shows an incidence of amputation of 400 per&#xD;
      100.000 patient years.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Economical costs associated with a diabetic foot ulcer vary with the severity and treatment&#xD;
      of the ulcer. In Denmark costs including hospitalized treatment, outpatient treatment,&#xD;
      homecare and other social services have been calculated to (written in Danish kroner 2009):&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Healed foot ulcer without ischemia: 152.800&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Healed foot ulcer with ischemia: 252. 800&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Foot ulcer with minor amputation: 407.900&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Foot ulcer with major amputation: 597.300&#xD;
&#xD;
      Groups including foot ulcers with minor or major amputation comprise 5 % of the total number&#xD;
      of diabetic foot ulcers (corresponding to 150 amputations per year). Total costs of diabetic&#xD;
      foot ulcers are 793 million Danish kroner.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Foot ulcers reduce the patients' mobility and their quality of life. Amputation is among the&#xD;
      most feared complications to diabetes and it affects patients' quality of life as much as&#xD;
      heart failure and cerebral stroke.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is in several places of Denmark taken care of by&#xD;
      multidisciplinary teams. Thus metabolic control, wound debridement, vascular surgery,&#xD;
      treatment of infections, pain relief, occupational therapy etc. is taken care of in one&#xD;
      specialized hospital unit. Parallel to a reorganization of the Danish health system 2000 -&#xD;
      2011 there was a significant decline in diabetic major amputations. However, no decline has&#xD;
      been seen in the group of minor amputations and it may be that patients are now identified&#xD;
      earlier for amputation thereby avoiding major amputations. Conclusively, a number of diabetic&#xD;
      ulcer patients still cannot be offered any other treatment than amputation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      It is important to develop supplementing treatment options for the worst cases of diabetic&#xD;
      foot ulcers. The goal is that ulcer healing is optimized and fewer patients are amputated.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In the field of diabetic foot ulcers a substantial amount of research is going on trying to&#xD;
      develop existing methods of treatment and finding new therapeutic techniques. Extracorporeal&#xD;
      shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a promising new option for ulcer treatment. ESWT has long been&#xD;
      known in kidney stone treatment, and more recently ESWT has been established as treatment to&#xD;
      regional pain disorders (such as plantar fasciitis of the heel and lateral epicondylitis of&#xD;
      the elbow) and non-union of long bone fractures. Furthermore, ischemic heart disease and&#xD;
      Peyronies disease have been treated with ESWT. Some studies show positive results when&#xD;
      treating foot ulcers with ESWT.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In physics, shockwaves are high fluctuations of acoustical energy. When applied to a tissue&#xD;
      shockwaves may stimulate an anabolic cellular response, increased blood perfusion and&#xD;
      neo-angiogenesis. Shockwaves may furthermore promote anti-inflammatory effects and pain&#xD;
      regulation. On a molecular scale upregulation of TGF-beta1, VEGF, FGF-2 signaling together&#xD;
      with increased levels of NO and substance P in the tissue is seen following ESWT. During&#xD;
      wound healing NO has been shown to induce IGF release through NF-kappaB pathway. Regarding to&#xD;
      anti-inflammatory effects, ESWT reduces the cellular expression of metalloproteases and&#xD;
      interleukins.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Clinical studies testing foot ulcer ESWT have not shown any significant side effects to&#xD;
      shockwave treatment. These studies conclude that ESWT is safe to use.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Purpose]&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators want to test if low-energy ESWT can help healing of complex diabetic foot&#xD;
      ulcers. The effect of ESWT will be evaluated by measuring wound sizes and numbers of total&#xD;
      healing, perception of pain using visual analog scale. Measures of cutaneous oxygen tension&#xD;
      and foot sense of feeling will be included as well.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Hypothesis]&#xD;
&#xD;
      ESWT improves diabetic patients' healing of chronic foot ulcers. In this study the&#xD;
      investigators expect to see a faster wound area reduction among patients treated with ESWT&#xD;
      compared to control group only receiving treatment according to current clinical guidelines.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Primary outcome measure for ESWT is&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Shorter time wound healing&#xD;
&#xD;
      Secondary outcome measures for ESWT are&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Pain reduction&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Increased perfusion&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  No side effects&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Method]&#xD;
&#xD;
      Recruitment of patients: 6 months consecutive identification and inclusion of patients in&#xD;
      Wound Clinic, Department of Plastic Surgery OUH. Every year approximately 400 patients with&#xD;
      new ulcers are referred to the clinic. Patients who are either newly referred or in advance&#xD;
      related to the clinic can be offered participation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Randomization: Participants will be randomized to either intervention group or control group&#xD;
      using a computer-generated table indicating allocation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Intervention group: ESWT as a supplement to treatment following current clinical guidelines.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Control group: Ulcer treatment following clinical guidelines.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ESWT: A total of 6 times treatment over a 3 week period. Intervals between ESWT will be 3 - 4&#xD;
      days. ESWT will be carried out using the DUOLITH SD1 T-Top shockwave device, STORZ MEDICAL&#xD;
      AG. The device is CE mark registered for ESWT use.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Description of intervention course: Participants in this group will have 8 consultations in a&#xD;
      7 week period. 6 times ESWT followed by 2 times follow-up respectively 2 and 4 weeks after&#xD;
      last ESWT.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Description of control course: Participants in this group will have 4 consultations in a 7&#xD;
      week period. First consultation by enrollment. Second, third, and fourth consultations&#xD;
      respectively 3, 5, and 7 weeks after enrollment. These four consultations corresponds to&#xD;
      intervention group consultation number 1, 6, 7, and 8.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Baseline data: By the first consultation participants will be characterized in regard to the&#xD;
      following variables:&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Sex&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Age&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Comorbidity (quantified using Charlson Index)&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Medical treatment: antidiabetics, analgesics (relevant drugs are NSAIDs, neuroleptics&#xD;
           and opioids), antihypertensives, statins / cholesterol lowering drugs&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Smoking habits and alcohol consumption&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Body Mass Index&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Marital status, educational level and type of profession&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Classification of foot ulcer using University of Texas Wound Score&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Biochemistry: HbA1c, CRP, leukocytes, s-Na, s-K, s-creatinine, s-alkaline phosphatase,&#xD;
           s-lactate dehydrogenase, s-cholesterol levels&#xD;
&#xD;
        -  Bacterial colonization of the ulcer&#xD;
&#xD;
      Biochemical parameters and medical treatment data will be obtained from the patient records.&#xD;
      New blood samples will be taken if the patient records do not include relevant test results -&#xD;
      furthermore results must not be more than 2 months old.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Patients enrolled in the study will have access to all usually offered ulcer treatment.&#xD;
      Information about other treatment modalities and frequencies will be obtained from&#xD;
      participants patient records and patient interviews.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Data handling]&#xD;
&#xD;
      Data will be noted in the REDCap online system. Data will be stored until study end. Analysis&#xD;
      will be carried out using Stata software.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The study uses only one data collector who will also enter data in REDCap. However, if data&#xD;
      are not available or missing, the specific measurements will be excluded from analysis.&#xD;
      Missing data will be reported with published study results.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Statistics]&#xD;
&#xD;
      Average percentage reduction of ulcer area is the study's primary end-point. If data are&#xD;
      normally distributed (determined by probit or logit plot) statistical analysis can be&#xD;
      performed using Student's t-test. Non-normally distributed data can be analyzed using&#xD;
      transformation of data or non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon rank sum test or Mann-Whitney&#xD;
      U-test). Other numerical data (cutaneous oxygen tension, pain scoring, use of analgesics) can&#xD;
      be statistically evaluated in the same manner as ulcer area reduction.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Complete ulcer healing is regarded as binary end-point data. Healing proportions will be&#xD;
      calculated and compared between intervention group and control group - risk ratio and&#xD;
      confidence intervals will be determined. Significance of data will be tested using Pearson's&#xD;
      chi-squared test (alternatively Fisher's exact test if data material is small / does not fit&#xD;
      chi-test). Sense of touch data will be evaluated in the same way.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Comparison of patient's quality of life in intervention group and control group is based on&#xD;
      average questionnaire scores.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Study power]&#xD;
&#xD;
      This study should be considered a pilot study. Earlier studies investigating ESWT ulcer&#xD;
      treatment focus on study populations which are different from ours. The investigators&#xD;
      consider our design to be unique since the investigators have not been able to identify&#xD;
      earlier studies using a standard care control group to compare against intervention with 6&#xD;
      times ESWT in 3 weeks.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Project feasibility]&#xD;
&#xD;
      The project is carried out as an undergraduate research year in the period 1/9-2014 -&#xD;
      1/9-2015. Medical student Sune Møller Jeppesen is accepted as an undergraduate student from&#xD;
      the Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark. The undergraduate student&#xD;
      works under guidance from main supervisor Lars Lund, professor, MD, DMSci. Knud Bonnet&#xD;
      Yderstræde, MD, PhD, and Benjamin Schnack Rasmussen, MD, PhD-student, are co-supervisors for&#xD;
      the project. Primarily, the undergraduate student's work will involve ESWT consultations and&#xD;
      data collection. The student will be trained in relevant techniques needed for measuring ESWT&#xD;
      effects.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Office facilities are available for the undergraduate student at the Department of Urology.&#xD;
      Consultation room and devices for clinical measurements are available at the Wound Clinic,&#xD;
      Department of Plastic Surgery OUH. Shockwave device will be purchased (see budget&#xD;
      information).&#xD;
&#xD;
      The project will be registered to relevant authorities including the Danish Data Protection&#xD;
      Agency and the Committee for Health Research Ethics, Denmark.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Publication]&#xD;
&#xD;
      Trial results will be applied for publishing in an international scientific journal.&#xD;
      Furthermore results will be presented at science conferences within the fields of interest.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Economy]&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators seek research funding from private and public organizations. The&#xD;
      investigators apply for 120.000 Danish kroner (DKK) to cover 12 months undergraduate student&#xD;
      salary and 371.125 DKK for shockwave device purchase. Costs related to office facilities are&#xD;
      14.500 DKK. Project overhead is 3 % of total costs. Total project costs are 520.794 DKK.&#xD;
&#xD;
      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------&#xD;
      -------------------&#xD;
&#xD;
      [Significance of the project]&#xD;
&#xD;
      The project aims to evaluate healing effects of ESWT. If ESWT effectively can improve healing&#xD;
      of complicated diabetic foot ulcers, ESWT should be considered for implementation in ulcer&#xD;
      treatment clinical guidelines. Better ulcer healing can potentially improve patient's quality&#xD;
      of life and decrease the number of diabetic patients who are being amputated (or at least&#xD;
      postpone amputations). Later, research may be carried out to refine ulcer ESWT.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Proven ulcer healing effects of ESWT may also inspire future studies to test ESWT effects in&#xD;
      the context of other clinical conditions. Possibly ESWT can be used in several settings where&#xD;
      regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects are wanted.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>February 2015</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">December 2015</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">December 2015</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 49 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area (only intervention group)</measure>
    <time_frame>3-4 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 3-4 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area (only intervention group)</measure>
    <time_frame>6-7 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 6-7 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area (only intervention group)</measure>
    <time_frame>10-11 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 10-11 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area (only intervention group)</measure>
    <time_frame>13-14 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 13-14 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area (only intervention group)</measure>
    <time_frame>17-18 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 17-18 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Oxygen tension</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Oxygen tension</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Oxygen tension</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pain</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pain</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Pain</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Side effects</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Side effects</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Side effects</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Monofilament test</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Monofilament test</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Monofilament test</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Use of analgetics</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Use of analgetics</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Use of analgetics</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Complete ulcer healing</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Complete ulcer healing</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Complete ulcer healing</measure>
    <time_frame>49 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area</measure>
    <time_frame>21 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 21 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Ulcer area</measure>
    <time_frame>35 days after enrollment</time_frame>
    <description>We will use digital photos to determine 21 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">23</enrollment>
  <condition>Diabetic Foot Ulcer</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>6 times extracorporeal shockwave therapy in 3 weeks. This arm also receives standard care treatment.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Control</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Standard care treatment</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Extracorporeal shockwave therapy</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>STORZ DUOLITH SD1 T-top shockwave device</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients receiving care and treatment in OUH Wound Clinic (Odense University Hospital,&#xD;
             Denmark) with a diabetic foot ulcer.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Wagner groups 1 and 2 (Wagner Ulcer Classification System)&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients with an ulcer duration of less than 2 months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ulcer area less than 0,5 x 0,5 cm (or less than 0,25 cm2)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who have had vascular surgery performed within the past 2 months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who cannot give informed consent&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who do not read or speak danish&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Wagner groups 3 and 4 (Wagner Ulcer Classification System)&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>N/A</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Lars Lund, Professor</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>Odense University Hospital</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Odense University Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Odense</city>
        <zip>5000</zip>
        <country>Denmark</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Denmark</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>http://www.ssi.dk/Sundhedsdataogit/Sundhedsvaesenet%20i%20tal/Specifikke%20omraader/Diabetes.aspx</url>
    <description>Statens Serum Institut (SSI) is responsible for research-based health surveillance, rational use of IT in the Danish healthcare system and prevention and control of infectious diseases, biological threats and congenital disorders.</description>
  </link>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bruun C, Siersma V, Guassora AD, Holstein P, de Fine Olivarius N. Amputations and foot ulcers in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and observed for 19 years. The role of age, gender and co-morbidity. Diabet Med. 2013 Aug;30(8):964-72. doi: 10.1111/dme.12196. Epub 2013 Apr 26.</citation>
    <PMID>23617411</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
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    <PMID>24111834</PMID>
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    <PMID>22271737</PMID>
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    <PMID>22271726</PMID>
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    <citation>Moretti B, Notarnicola A, Maggio G, Moretti L, Pascone M, Tafuri S, Patella V. The management of neuropathic ulcers of the foot in diabetes by shock wave therapy. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2009 May 27;10:54. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-10-54.</citation>
    <PMID>19473538</PMID>
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    <citation>Wang CJ, Wu RW, Yang YJ. Treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: a comparative study of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 May;92(2):187-93. doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.01.019. Epub 2011 Apr 6.</citation>
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    <citation>Romeo P, Lavanga V, Pagani D, Sansone V. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: a review. Med Princ Pract. 2014;23(1):7-13. doi: 10.1159/000355472. Epub 2013 Nov 5.</citation>
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    <citation>Frairia R, Berta L. Biological effects of extracorporeal shock waves on fibroblasts. A review. Muscles Ligaments Tendons J. 2012 Apr 1;1(4):138-47. Print 2011 Oct.</citation>
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  <verification_date>March 2016</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 25, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>September 26, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">September 29, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>March 29, 2016</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>March 29, 2016</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">March 30, 2016</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Odense University Hospital</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Sune Moeller Jeppesen</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Medical student</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Foot ulcer, diabetic</keyword>
  <keyword>ESWT (Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy)</keyword>
  <keyword>Endocrinology</keyword>
  <keyword>Dermatology</keyword>
  <keyword>Wound healing</keyword>
  <keyword>Ischemia</keyword>
  <keyword>Neovascularization, Physiologic</keyword>
  <keyword>Pain management</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Diabetic Foot</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Foot Ulcer</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Ulcer</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02251418
org study id: 2014-ESWTULCER
nct id: NCT02251418
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
Introduction:

      Foot ulcers are a feared complication among diabetic patients. The ulcers can cause pain,
      discomfort and reduced quality of life. The development of foot ulcers places the patients at
      a risk of amputation. In the Danish Health Care System a substantial effort is done to
      prevent and treat diabetic foot ulcers. A constant research of how to treat these wounds is
      ongoing. The goal is to optimize wound healing and prevent amputations.

      Extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) involves the use of a device that generates
      low-energy shockwaves through a headpiece, which is placed on the skin of the patient. A
      small amount of energy will be deposited in the tissue when shockwaves are applied. This
      stimulates the cells to produce substances that generate new vessels. No side effects to ESWT
      have been shown.

      Purpose:

      The investigators want to test whether shockwave therapy can improve wound healing among
      diabetic patients with foot ulcers.

      Hypothesis:

      The investigators hypothesize that shockwave therapy accelerates ulcer healing, increases
      blood flow, reduces pain, and has no side effects.

      Method:

      Patients who are interested in participation will be included in the study and divided by
      randomization into two groups of equal size. The first group is treated with ESWT in
      combination with regular guideline treatment. The second group is set up as control group and
      will only receive regular guideline treatment. The participants are examined in different
      ways to evaluate whether ESWT helps the healing of foot ulcers. The investigators want to
      measure tissue oxygen pressure and foot sense of touch. The foot ulcers are inspected for
      infection at every consultation, and a swab sample will be collected at enrollment. The size
      of the ulcers are measured and photographed each time. The investigators will count how many
      foot ulcers that are completely healed during the test period and measure the sizes of the
      remaining foot ulcers. The patients are asked to evaluate pain related to the foot ulcer.
      Data concerning participants' co morbidities and use of analgesic drugs are obtained from the
      patient journal and by patient interview.

      Significance:

      ESWT should be considered a supplement to existing clinical guidelines in wound management if
      shown to effectively help healing of diabetic foot ulcers. Improved healing should reduce the
      heavy workload on care and treatment regarding to these wounds. Hopefully, the frequency of
      amputations among diabetic patients will decline by implementing new treatment options for
      the diabetic foot.
[Introduction]

      It is estimated that 5.5 % of the Danish population suffers from diabetes - corresponding to
      more than 320.000 persons. Among Danish diabetic patients the yearly incidence of foot ulcers
      is higher than 3.000 and the prevalence higher than 22.000. Diabetics have a lifetime risk of
      foot ulcers of 15 %.

      Amputation is a possible consequence to having a diabetic foot ulcer. A 19-year follow-up
      study performed on newly diagnosed diabetics shows an incidence of amputation of 400 per
      100.000 patient years.

      Economical costs associated with a diabetic foot ulcer vary with the severity and treatment
      of the ulcer. In Denmark costs including hospitalized treatment, outpatient treatment,
      homecare and other social services have been calculated to (written in Danish kroner 2009):

        -  Healed foot ulcer without ischemia: 152.800

        -  Healed foot ulcer with ischemia: 252. 800

        -  Foot ulcer with minor amputation: 407.900

        -  Foot ulcer with major amputation: 597.300

      Groups including foot ulcers with minor or major amputation comprise 5 % of the total number
      of diabetic foot ulcers (corresponding to 150 amputations per year). Total costs of diabetic
      foot ulcers are 793 million Danish kroner.

      Foot ulcers reduce the patients' mobility and their quality of life. Amputation is among the
      most feared complications to diabetes and it affects patients' quality of life as much as
      heart failure and cerebral stroke.

      The treatment of diabetic foot ulcers is in several places of Denmark taken care of by
      multidisciplinary teams. Thus metabolic control, wound debridement, vascular surgery,
      treatment of infections, pain relief, occupational therapy etc. is taken care of in one
      specialized hospital unit. Parallel to a reorganization of the Danish health system 2000 -
      2011 there was a significant decline in diabetic major amputations. However, no decline has
      been seen in the group of minor amputations and it may be that patients are now identified
      earlier for amputation thereby avoiding major amputations. Conclusively, a number of diabetic
      ulcer patients still cannot be offered any other treatment than amputation.

      It is important to develop supplementing treatment options for the worst cases of diabetic
      foot ulcers. The goal is that ulcer healing is optimized and fewer patients are amputated.

      In the field of diabetic foot ulcers a substantial amount of research is going on trying to
      develop existing methods of treatment and finding new therapeutic techniques. Extracorporeal
      shockwave therapy (ESWT) is a promising new option for ulcer treatment. ESWT has long been
      known in kidney stone treatment, and more recently ESWT has been established as treatment to
      regional pain disorders (such as plantar fasciitis of the heel and lateral epicondylitis of
      the elbow) and non-union of long bone fractures. Furthermore, ischemic heart disease and
      Peyronies disease have been treated with ESWT. Some studies show positive results when
      treating foot ulcers with ESWT.

      In physics, shockwaves are high fluctuations of acoustical energy. When applied to a tissue
      shockwaves may stimulate an anabolic cellular response, increased blood perfusion and
      neo-angiogenesis. Shockwaves may furthermore promote anti-inflammatory effects and pain
      regulation. On a molecular scale upregulation of TGF-beta1, VEGF, FGF-2 signaling together
      with increased levels of NO and substance P in the tissue is seen following ESWT. During
      wound healing NO has been shown to induce IGF release through NF-kappaB pathway. Regarding to
      anti-inflammatory effects, ESWT reduces the cellular expression of metalloproteases and
      interleukins.

      Clinical studies testing foot ulcer ESWT have not shown any significant side effects to
      shockwave treatment. These studies conclude that ESWT is safe to use.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Purpose]

      The investigators want to test if low-energy ESWT can help healing of complex diabetic foot
      ulcers. The effect of ESWT will be evaluated by measuring wound sizes and numbers of total
      healing, perception of pain using visual analog scale. Measures of cutaneous oxygen tension
      and foot sense of feeling will be included as well.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Hypothesis]

      ESWT improves diabetic patients' healing of chronic foot ulcers. In this study the
      investigators expect to see a faster wound area reduction among patients treated with ESWT
      compared to control group only receiving treatment according to current clinical guidelines.

      Primary outcome measure for ESWT is

        -  Shorter time wound healing

      Secondary outcome measures for ESWT are

        -  Pain reduction

        -  Increased perfusion

        -  No side effects

      [Method]

      Recruitment of patients: 6 months consecutive identification and inclusion of patients in
      Wound Clinic, Department of Plastic Surgery OUH. Every year approximately 400 patients with
      new ulcers are referred to the clinic. Patients who are either newly referred or in advance
      related to the clinic can be offered participation.

      Randomization: Participants will be randomized to either intervention group or control group
      using a computer-generated table indicating allocation.

      Intervention group: ESWT as a supplement to treatment following current clinical guidelines.

      Control group: Ulcer treatment following clinical guidelines.

      ESWT: A total of 6 times treatment over a 3 week period. Intervals between ESWT will be 3 - 4
      days. ESWT will be carried out using the DUOLITH SD1 T-Top shockwave device, STORZ MEDICAL
      AG. The device is CE mark registered for ESWT use.

      Description of intervention course: Participants in this group will have 8 consultations in a
      7 week period. 6 times ESWT followed by 2 times follow-up respectively 2 and 4 weeks after
      last ESWT.

      Description of control course: Participants in this group will have 4 consultations in a 7
      week period. First consultation by enrollment. Second, third, and fourth consultations
      respectively 3, 5, and 7 weeks after enrollment. These four consultations corresponds to
      intervention group consultation number 1, 6, 7, and 8.

      Baseline data: By the first consultation participants will be characterized in regard to the
      following variables:

        -  Sex

        -  Age

        -  Comorbidity (quantified using Charlson Index)

        -  Medical treatment: antidiabetics, analgesics (relevant drugs are NSAIDs, neuroleptics
           and opioids), antihypertensives, statins / cholesterol lowering drugs

        -  Smoking habits and alcohol consumption

        -  Body Mass Index

        -  Marital status, educational level and type of profession

        -  Classification of foot ulcer using University of Texas Wound Score

        -  Biochemistry: HbA1c, CRP, leukocytes, s-Na, s-K, s-creatinine, s-alkaline phosphatase,
           s-lactate dehydrogenase, s-cholesterol levels

        -  Bacterial colonization of the ulcer

      Biochemical parameters and medical treatment data will be obtained from the patient records.
      New blood samples will be taken if the patient records do not include relevant test results -
      furthermore results must not be more than 2 months old.

      Patients enrolled in the study will have access to all usually offered ulcer treatment.
      Information about other treatment modalities and frequencies will be obtained from
      participants patient records and patient interviews.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Data handling]

      Data will be noted in the REDCap online system. Data will be stored until study end. Analysis
      will be carried out using Stata software.

      The study uses only one data collector who will also enter data in REDCap. However, if data
      are not available or missing, the specific measurements will be excluded from analysis.
      Missing data will be reported with published study results.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Statistics]

      Average percentage reduction of ulcer area is the study's primary end-point. If data are
      normally distributed (determined by probit or logit plot) statistical analysis can be
      performed using Student's t-test. Non-normally distributed data can be analyzed using
      transformation of data or non-parametric statistics (Wilcoxon rank sum test or Mann-Whitney
      U-test). Other numerical data (cutaneous oxygen tension, pain scoring, use of analgesics) can
      be statistically evaluated in the same manner as ulcer area reduction.

      Complete ulcer healing is regarded as binary end-point data. Healing proportions will be
      calculated and compared between intervention group and control group - risk ratio and
      confidence intervals will be determined. Significance of data will be tested using Pearson's
      chi-squared test (alternatively Fisher's exact test if data material is small / does not fit
      chi-test). Sense of touch data will be evaluated in the same way.

      Comparison of patient's quality of life in intervention group and control group is based on
      average questionnaire scores.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Study power]

      This study should be considered a pilot study. Earlier studies investigating ESWT ulcer
      treatment focus on study populations which are different from ours. The investigators
      consider our design to be unique since the investigators have not been able to identify
      earlier studies using a standard care control group to compare against intervention with 6
      times ESWT in 3 weeks.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Project feasibility]

      The project is carried out as an undergraduate research year in the period 1/9-2014 -
      1/9-2015. Medical student Sune Møller Jeppesen is accepted as an undergraduate student from
      the Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark. The undergraduate student
      works under guidance from main supervisor Lars Lund, professor, MD, DMSci. Knud Bonnet
      Yderstræde, MD, PhD, and Benjamin Schnack Rasmussen, MD, PhD-student, are co-supervisors for
      the project. Primarily, the undergraduate student's work will involve ESWT consultations and
      data collection. The student will be trained in relevant techniques needed for measuring ESWT
      effects.

      Office facilities are available for the undergraduate student at the Department of Urology.
      Consultation room and devices for clinical measurements are available at the Wound Clinic,
      Department of Plastic Surgery OUH. Shockwave device will be purchased (see budget
      information).

      The project will be registered to relevant authorities including the Danish Data Protection
      Agency and the Committee for Health Research Ethics, Denmark.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Publication]

      Trial results will be applied for publishing in an international scientific journal.
      Furthermore results will be presented at science conferences within the fields of interest.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Economy]

      The investigators seek research funding from private and public organizations. The
      investigators apply for 120.000 Danish kroner (DKK) to cover 12 months undergraduate student
      salary and 371.125 DKK for shockwave device purchase. Costs related to office facilities are
      14.500 DKK. Project overhead is 3 % of total costs. Total project costs are 520.794 DKK.

      ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      -------------------

      [Significance of the project]

      The project aims to evaluate healing effects of ESWT. If ESWT effectively can improve healing
      of complicated diabetic foot ulcers, ESWT should be considered for implementation in ulcer
      treatment clinical guidelines. Better ulcer healing can potentially improve patient's quality
      of life and decrease the number of diabetic patients who are being amputated (or at least
      postpone amputations). Later, research may be carried out to refine ulcer ESWT.

      Proven ulcer healing effects of ESWT may also inspire future studies to test ESWT effects in
      the context of other clinical conditions. Possibly ESWT can be used in several settings where
      regenerative and anti-inflammatory effects are wanted.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Ulcer area
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 49 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area (only intervention group)
time frame: 3-4 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 3-4 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area (only intervention group)
time frame: 6-7 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 6-7 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area (only intervention group)
time frame: 10-11 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 10-11 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area (only intervention group)
time frame: 13-14 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 13-14 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area (only intervention group)
time frame: 17-18 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 17-18 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Oxygen tension
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer
measure: Oxygen tension
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer
measure: Oxygen tension
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: Cutaneous oxygen tension around ulcer
measure: Pain
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
measure: Pain
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
measure: Pain
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: Pain regarding to the ulcer will be assessed using Visual Analog Scale (VAS)
measure: Side effects
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination
measure: Side effects
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination
measure: Side effects
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: Side effects will be recorded by case history and clinical examination
measure: Monofilament test
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.
measure: Monofilament test
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.
measure: Monofilament test
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: Skin sensitivity on the foot will be tested by performing standardized monofilament test. Binary outcome measure.
measure: Use of analgetics
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.
measure: Use of analgetics
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.
measure: Use of analgetics
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: Participants use of analgetics will be recorded. Type and dosis will be noted.
measure: Complete ulcer healing
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted
measure: Complete ulcer healing
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted
measure: Complete ulcer healing
time frame: 49 days after enrollment
description: If ulcer is completely healed, this including time to event will be noted
measure: Ulcer area
time frame: 21 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 21 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
measure: Ulcer area
time frame: 35 days after enrollment
description: We will use digital photos to determine 21 days ulcer area and compare to trial entry.
arm group label: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
arm group type: Experimental
description: 6 times extracorporeal shockwave therapy in 3 weeks. This arm also receives standard care treatment.
arm group label: Control
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Standard care treatment
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
arm group label: Extracorporeal shockwave therapy
other name: STORZ DUOLITH SD1 T-top shockwave device
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: N/A
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Lars Lund, Professor
role: Study Director
affiliation: Odense University Hospital
facility: 
country: Denmark
url: http://www.ssi.dk/Sundhedsdataogit/Sundhedsvaesenet%20i%20tal/Specifikke%20omraader/Diabetes.aspx
description: Statens Serum Institut (SSI) is responsible for research-based health surveillance, rational use of IT in the Danish healthcare system and prevention and control of infectious diseases, biological threats and congenital disorders.
citation: Bruun C, Siersma V, Guassora AD, Holstein P, de Fine Olivarius N. Amputations and foot ulcers in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and observed for 19 years. The role of age, gender and co-morbidity. Diabet Med. 2013 Aug;30(8):964-72. doi: 10.1111/dme.12196. Epub 2013 Apr 26.
PMID: 23617411
citation: Siersma V, Thorsen H, Holstein PE, Kars M, Apelqvist J, Jude EB, Piaggesi A, Bakker K, Edmonds M, Jirkovska A, Mauricio D, Ragnarson Tennvall G, Reike H, Spraul M, Uccioli L, Urbancic V, van Acker K, van Baal J, Schaper NC. Importance of factors determining the low health-related quality of life in people presenting with a diabetic foot ulcer: the Eurodiale study. Diabet Med. 2013 Nov;30(11):1382-7. doi: 10.1111/dme.12254. Epub 2013 Jul 15.
PMID: 23758490
citation: Vileikyte L. Psychosocial and behavioral aspects of diabetic foot lesions. Curr Diab Rep. 2008 Apr;8(2):119-25. doi: 10.1007/s11892-008-0022-1.
PMID: 18445354
citation: Goodridge D, Trepman E, Embil JM. Health-related quality of life in diabetic patients with foot ulcers: literature review. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2005 Nov-Dec;32(6):368-77. doi: 10.1097/00152192-200511000-00007.
PMID: 16301902
citation: Alva M, Gray A, Mihaylova B, Clarke P. The effect of diabetes complications on health-related quality of life: the importance of longitudinal data to address patient heterogeneity. Health Econ. 2014 Apr;23(4):487-500. doi: 10.1002/hec.2930. Epub 2013 Jul 11.
PMID: 23847044
citation: Hirai FE, Tielsch JM, Klein BE, Klein R. Ten-year change in self-rated quality of life in a type 1 diabetes population: Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. Qual Life Res. 2013 Aug;22(6):1245-53. doi: 10.1007/s11136-012-0245-0. Epub 2012 Aug 8.
PMID: 22872499
citation: Jorgensen ME, Almdal TP, Faerch K. Reduced incidence of lower-extremity amputations in a Danish diabetes population from 2000 to 2011. Diabet Med. 2014 Apr;31(4):443-7. doi: 10.1111/dme.12320. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
PMID: 24111834
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responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Odense University Hospital
investigator full name: Sune Moeller Jeppesen
investigator title: Medical student
mesh term: Diabetic Foot
mesh term: Foot Ulcer
mesh term: Ulcer