<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02237053</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>TRIMDFH 601205</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02237053</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effects of Glucagon Administration on Energy Expenditure</brief_title>
  <acronym>GLEE</acronym>
  <official_title>A Prospective Randomized, Placebo (Saline)-Controlled, Balanced, 3-treatment Regimen Crossover Study Comparing the Effects of Prolonged (13 h) Hyperglucagonemia With Those of Acute (3 hr) Hyperglucagonemia on Energy Expenditure and Endogenous Glucose Protection (EGP).</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>AdventHealth Translational Research Institute</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>AdventHealth Translational Research Institute</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The purpose of this study is to collect data to help researchers better understand the&#xD;
      effects of glucagon on the amount of calories burned.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      1. To compare the effect of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to that of acute hyperglucagonemia&#xD;
           on energy expenditure in healthy subjects using room indirect calorimetry in the setting&#xD;
           of octreotide-mediated prevention of plasma insulin excursions.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. To compare the effects of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to acute hyperglucagonemia on EGP&#xD;
           in healthy subjects in the setting of octreotide-mediated prevention of plasma insulin&#xD;
           excursions.&#xD;
&#xD;
        3. To determine the effects of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to acute hyperglucagonemia on&#xD;
           rates of substrate oxidation, fibroblast growth factor21 and metabolites of interest.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>September 2014</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">June 2016</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">June 2015</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 1</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Crossover Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Measure of energy expenditure</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 2, Day 9, Day 16</time_frame>
    <description>Energy expenditure (and respiratory quotient) will be measured within the small calorimeter rooms. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the chambers will be measured.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Measure of endogenous glucose production</measure>
    <time_frame>Day 3, Day 10, Day 17</time_frame>
    <description>The measure of endogenous glucose production will be calculated from the deuterated glucose infusion rate and the plasma deuterated glucose enrichment using the non-steady state equation.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>3</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">6</enrollment>
  <condition>Hyperglucagonemia</condition>
  <condition>Obesity</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Overnight (10 hours) infusion of glucagon, then 3 hours infusion of glucagon with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Overnight (10 hours) infusion of saline, then 3 hour infusion of glucagon with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Overnight (10 hours) infusion of saline, then 3 hour infusion of saline with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Glucagon</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Octreotide</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Sandostatin</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Placebo</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Saline</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Insulin</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Hypoglycemic agent</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject is a male between the ages of 18 and 50 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject has a body mass index (BMI) less than or equal to 26 kg/m2. BMI = weight&#xD;
             (kg)/height (m) and body weight greater than or equal to 50 kg at the pre-study&#xD;
             (screening) visit&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject has been weight stable over the last 3 months (plus or minus 3 kg)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject is judged to be non-diabetic and in good health on the basis of medical&#xD;
             history, physical examination, electrocardiogram, and routine laboratory data.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject understands the procedures and agrees to participate in the study program by&#xD;
             giving written informed consent, and is willing to comply with the trial restrictions.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject is willing to avoid alcohol consumption for 48 hours prior to each period.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject is willing to avoid strenuous physical activity (i.e., strenuous or&#xD;
             unaccustomed weight lifting, running, bicycling, etc.) beginning 72 hours prior to&#xD;
             first drug administration period and for the duration of the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Subject is willing to avoid consumption of caffeine and caffeinated beverages for 24&#xD;
             hours prior to drug administration in each period. Subject is willing to consume no&#xD;
             more than 2 caffeinated beverages per day during all other parts of the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is mentally or legally incapacitated, has significant emotional problems at the time&#xD;
             of pretrial (screening) visit or expected during the conduct of the trial or has a&#xD;
             history of clinically significant psychiatric disorder of the last 5 years. Subjects&#xD;
             who have had situational depression may be enrolled in the trial at the discretion of&#xD;
             the investigator.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a history of clinically significant endocrine (including type 1 or type 2, or&#xD;
             steroid-induced diabetes), gastrointestinal (including prior history of pancreatitis),&#xD;
             cardiovascular (including hypertension, angina, coronary artery disease, valvular&#xD;
             disease, heart rate or rhythm abnormalities), hematological, hepatic, immunological,&#xD;
             renal, respiratory, genitourinary or major neurological (including stroke and chronic&#xD;
             seizures) abnormalities or diseases. Subjects with a history of uncomplicated kidney&#xD;
             stones or childhood asthma may be enrolled in the trial at the discretion of the&#xD;
             investigator.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a known history of any endocrine tumors (e.g. pheochromocytoma, glucagonoma, or&#xD;
             insulinoma, etc.)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a clinically significant abnormality on screening ECG or evidence or a history of&#xD;
             myocardial ischemia, atrioventricular block, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome or other&#xD;
             conduction abnormality. Subjects having any clinically significant ECG abnormality at&#xD;
             screening may be included at the discretion of the PI.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a fasting blood glucose (FPG) less than or equal to 65 mg/dL or greater than or&#xD;
             equal to 100 mg/dL on the pre-study screening labs.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has impaired kidney or liver function, as evidenced by screening blood work.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has irritable bowel disease, or recurrent occurrences of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea,&#xD;
             constipation or abdominal pain.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a history of any illness that, in the opinion of the study investigator, might&#xD;
             confound the results of the study or poses an additional risk to the subject by their&#xD;
             participation in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has an estimated creatinine clearance of ≤80 mL/min based on the Cockcroft-Gault&#xD;
             equation&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a history of neoplastic disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a history of significant multiple and/or severe allergies (e.g. food, drug, latex&#xD;
             allergy), or has had an anaphylactic reaction or significant intolerability to&#xD;
             prescription or non-prescription drugs or food; or allergy/intolerability to insulin,&#xD;
             glucagon, or octreotide.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis C antibodies, or HIV&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  had major surgery within 3 months, donated or lost 1 unit of blood (approximately 500&#xD;
             mL) within 4 weeks prior to the pretrial (screening) visit.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has participated in another investigational trial within 4 weeks prior to the pretrial&#xD;
             (screening) visit. The 4 week window will be derived from the date of the last trial&#xD;
             medication and / or blood collection in a previous trial and/or adverse event related&#xD;
             to trial drug to the pretrial/screening visit of the current trial.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  consumes greater than 2 glasses of alcoholic beverages (1 glass is approximately&#xD;
             equivalent to: beer [354 mL/12 ounces], wine [118 mL/4 ounces], or distilled spirits&#xD;
             [29.5 mL/1 ounce]) per day. Patients that consume 4 glasses of alcoholic beverages per&#xD;
             day may be enrolled at the discretion of the investigator.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  consumes excessive amounts, defined as greater than 4 servings&#xD;
&#xD;
             (1 serving is approximately equivalent to 120 mg of caffeine) of coffee, tea, cola,&#xD;
             energy-drinks, or other caffeinated beverages per day.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is currently a regular user (including &quot;recreational use&quot;) of any illicit drugs or has&#xD;
             a history of drug (including alcohol) abuse within approximately 3 months of the&#xD;
             screening visit.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is unwilling or unable to adhere to the dietary needs during the study, or to consume&#xD;
             the standardized meals during the study, and/or is on a carbohydrate restricted diet&#xD;
             (i.e., a diet &lt;100 grams per day of carbohydrate).&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is any concern by the investigator regarding the safe participation of the subject in&#xD;
             the trial or for any other reason; the investigator considers the subject&#xD;
             inappropriate for participation in the trial.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has a history of claustrophobia or is claustrophobic.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has ever had an organ transplant.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  is a smoker or uses other nicotine-containing products (for at least 6 months prior to&#xD;
             drug administration); plans to begin smoking or using nicotine-containing products&#xD;
             during the conduct of the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has poor intravenous access.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has used any medications that are known to influence glucose, fat, or energy&#xD;
             metabolism within the last 3 months (growth hormones, steroids, etc.)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  has blood pressure at screening visit less than or equal to 100/50 mm Hg or greater&#xD;
             than or equal to 160/100 mm Hg.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>50 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Christian Meyer, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</name>
      <address>
        <city>Orlando</city>
        <state>Florida</state>
        <zip>32804</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <link>
    <url>http://www.tri-md.org</url>
    <description>Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes</description>
  </link>
  <reference>
    <citation>Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Niskanen L, Al Hakim M, Madsen J, Rasmussen MF, Lean ME; NN8022-1807 Study Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 7;374(9701):1606-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1. Epub 2009 Oct 23. Erratum In: Lancet. 2010 Mar 20;375(9719):984.</citation>
    <PMID>19853906</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Flint A, Raben A, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Astrup A. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Mar;24(3):288-98. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801126.</citation>
    <PMID>10757621</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cryer PE. Minireview: Glucagon in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in diabetes. Endocrinology. 2012 Mar;153(3):1039-48. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-1499. Epub 2011 Dec 13.</citation>
    <PMID>22166985</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>SCHULMAN JL, CARLETON JL, WHITNEY G, WHITEHORN JC. Effect of glucagon on food intake and body weight in man. J Appl Physiol. 1957 Nov;11(3):419-21. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1957.11.3.419. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>13480952</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Nair KS. Hyperglucagonemia increases resting metabolic rate in man during insulin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 May;64(5):896-901. doi: 10.1210/jcem-64-5-896.</citation>
    <PMID>2881943</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Calles-Escandon J. Insulin dissociates hepatic glucose cycling and glucagon-induced thermogenesis in man. Metabolism. 1994 Aug;43(8):1000-5. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90180-5.</citation>
    <PMID>8052138</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Miyoshi H, Shulman GI, Peters EJ, Wolfe MH, Elahi D, Wolfe RR. Hormonal control of substrate cycling in humans. J Clin Invest. 1988 May;81(5):1545-55. doi: 10.1172/JCI113487.</citation>
    <PMID>3284915</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Billington CJ, Briggs JE, Link JG, Levine AS. Glucagon in physiological concentrations stimulates brown fat thermogenesis in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 2):R501-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.R501.</citation>
    <PMID>1877708</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Gimeno RE, Moller DE. FGF21-based pharmacotherapy--potential utility for metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;25(6):303-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.001. Epub 2014 Apr 5.</citation>
    <PMID>24709036</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Boyle PJ, Justice K, Krentz AJ, Nagy RJ, Schade DS. Octreotide reverses hyperinsulinemia and prevents hypoglycemia induced by sulfonylurea overdoses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar;76(3):752-6. doi: 10.1210/jcem.76.3.8445035.</citation>
    <PMID>8445035</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Krentz AJ, Boyle PJ, Macdonald LM, Schade DS. Octreotide: a long-acting inhibitor of endogenous hormone secretion for human metabolic investigations. Metabolism. 1994 Jan;43(1):24-31. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90153-8.</citation>
    <PMID>8289671</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Tan TM, Field BC, McCullough KA, Troke RC, Chambers ES, Salem V, Gonzalez Maffe J, Baynes KC, De Silva A, Viardot A, Alsafi A, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2013 Apr;62(4):1131-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0797. Epub 2012 Dec 17.</citation>
    <PMID>23248172</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lam YY, Redman LM, Smith SR, Bray GA, Greenway FL, Johannsen D, Ravussin E. Determinants of sedentary 24-h energy expenditure: equations for energy prescription and adjustment in a respiratory chamber. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 Apr;99(4):834-42. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.079566. Epub 2014 Feb 5.</citation>
    <PMID>24500151</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>April 2018</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 4, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>September 8, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">September 11, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>April 24, 2018</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>April 24, 2018</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">April 26, 2018</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Energy expenditure</keyword>
  <keyword>Glucagon</keyword>
  <keyword>Octreotide</keyword>
  <keyword>Weight loss</keyword>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Hypoglycemic Agents</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Octreotide</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Glucagon</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02237053
org study id: TRIMDFH 601205
nct id: NCT02237053
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
The purpose of this study is to collect data to help researchers better understand the
      effects of glucagon on the amount of calories burned.
1. To compare the effect of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to that of acute hyperglucagonemia
           on energy expenditure in healthy subjects using room indirect calorimetry in the setting
           of octreotide-mediated prevention of plasma insulin excursions.

        2. To compare the effects of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to acute hyperglucagonemia on EGP
           in healthy subjects in the setting of octreotide-mediated prevention of plasma insulin
           excursions.

        3. To determine the effects of prolonged hyperglucagonemia to acute hyperglucagonemia on
           rates of substrate oxidation, fibroblast growth factor21 and metabolites of interest.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Crossover Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Single (Participant)
measure: Measure of energy expenditure
time frame: Day 2, Day 9, Day 16
description: Energy expenditure (and respiratory quotient) will be measured within the small calorimeter rooms. Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the chambers will be measured.
measure: Measure of endogenous glucose production
time frame: Day 3, Day 10, Day 17
description: The measure of endogenous glucose production will be calculated from the deuterated glucose infusion rate and the plasma deuterated glucose enrichment using the non-steady state equation.
arm group label: Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Overnight (10 hours) infusion of glucagon, then 3 hours infusion of glucagon with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.
arm group label: Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Overnight (10 hours) infusion of saline, then 3 hour infusion of glucagon with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.
arm group label: Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Overnight (10 hours) infusion of saline, then 3 hour infusion of saline with concurrent infusions of Octreotide and insulin.
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Glucagon
arm group label: Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin
arm group label: Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Octreotide
arm group label: Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin
arm group label: Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin
arm group label: Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin
other name: Sandostatin
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Placebo
arm group label: Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin
arm group label: Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin
other name: Saline
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Insulin
arm group label: Glucagon with Octreotide and insulin
arm group label: Placebo, Glucagon with Octreotide and Insulin
arm group label: Placebo, with Octreotide and insulin
other name: Hypoglycemic agent
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 50 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Christian Meyer, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes
facility: 
country: United States
url: http://www.tri-md.org
description: Florida Hospital Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes
citation: Astrup A, Rossner S, Van Gaal L, Rissanen A, Niskanen L, Al Hakim M, Madsen J, Rasmussen MF, Lean ME; NN8022-1807 Study Group. Effects of liraglutide in the treatment of obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2009 Nov 7;374(9701):1606-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61375-1. Epub 2009 Oct 23. Erratum In: Lancet. 2010 Mar 20;375(9719):984.
PMID: 19853906
citation: Flint A, Raben A, Rehfeld JF, Holst JJ, Astrup A. The effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 on energy expenditure and substrate metabolism in humans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000 Mar;24(3):288-98. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801126.
PMID: 10757621
citation: Cryer PE. Minireview: Glucagon in the pathogenesis of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia in diabetes. Endocrinology. 2012 Mar;153(3):1039-48. doi: 10.1210/en.2011-1499. Epub 2011 Dec 13.
PMID: 22166985
citation: SCHULMAN JL, CARLETON JL, WHITNEY G, WHITEHORN JC. Effect of glucagon on food intake and body weight in man. J Appl Physiol. 1957 Nov;11(3):419-21. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1957.11.3.419. No abstract available.
PMID: 13480952
citation: Nair KS. Hyperglucagonemia increases resting metabolic rate in man during insulin deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987 May;64(5):896-901. doi: 10.1210/jcem-64-5-896.
PMID: 2881943
citation: Calles-Escandon J. Insulin dissociates hepatic glucose cycling and glucagon-induced thermogenesis in man. Metabolism. 1994 Aug;43(8):1000-5. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90180-5.
PMID: 8052138
citation: Miyoshi H, Shulman GI, Peters EJ, Wolfe MH, Elahi D, Wolfe RR. Hormonal control of substrate cycling in humans. J Clin Invest. 1988 May;81(5):1545-55. doi: 10.1172/JCI113487.
PMID: 3284915
citation: Billington CJ, Briggs JE, Link JG, Levine AS. Glucagon in physiological concentrations stimulates brown fat thermogenesis in vivo. Am J Physiol. 1991 Aug;261(2 Pt 2):R501-7. doi: 10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.2.R501.
PMID: 1877708
citation: Gimeno RE, Moller DE. FGF21-based pharmacotherapy--potential utility for metabolic disorders. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;25(6):303-11. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.03.001. Epub 2014 Apr 5.
PMID: 24709036
citation: Boyle PJ, Justice K, Krentz AJ, Nagy RJ, Schade DS. Octreotide reverses hyperinsulinemia and prevents hypoglycemia induced by sulfonylurea overdoses. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar;76(3):752-6. doi: 10.1210/jcem.76.3.8445035.
PMID: 8445035
citation: Krentz AJ, Boyle PJ, Macdonald LM, Schade DS. Octreotide: a long-acting inhibitor of endogenous hormone secretion for human metabolic investigations. Metabolism. 1994 Jan;43(1):24-31. doi: 10.1016/0026-0495(94)90153-8.
PMID: 8289671
citation: Tan TM, Field BC, McCullough KA, Troke RC, Chambers ES, Salem V, Gonzalez Maffe J, Baynes KC, De Silva A, Viardot A, Alsafi A, Frost GS, Ghatei MA, Bloom SR. Coadministration of glucagon-like peptide-1 during glucagon infusion in humans results in increased energy expenditure and amelioration of hyperglycemia. Diabetes. 2013 Apr;62(4):1131-8. doi: 10.2337/db12-0797. Epub 2012 Dec 17.
PMID: 23248172
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PMID: 24500151
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Hypoglycemic Agents
mesh term: Octreotide
mesh term: Glucagon