<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02240446</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>1406M51762</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>IEM</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02240446</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Medication-Resistant Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Patients</brief_title>
  <official_title>Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Clinical Intervention for Medication-Resistant Auditory Hallucinations in Schizophrenia Patients</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Minnesota</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Minnesota</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The overarching goal of this project is to expand the traditional expertise in non-invasive&#xD;
      neuromodulation at the University of Minnesota towards developing novel neuromodulation&#xD;
      approaches using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treating schizophrenia&#xD;
      patients with medication-resistant auditory hallucinations. The investigators will use tDCS&#xD;
      to stimulate prefrontal cortex. TDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can&#xD;
      modulate brain connectivity. Non-invasive brain neuromodulation will be combined&#xD;
      (paired-neuromodulation) with training of a task that requires top-down control of auditory&#xD;
      processes. Paired-neuromodulation can potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention to&#xD;
      decrease auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      25% of schizophrenia (SZ) patients report chronic auditory hallucinations (AH) despite being&#xD;
      on medication. Previous research proposed that hyperactivity of the left temporo-parietal&#xD;
      cortex (11) and hypoactivity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (12) are&#xD;
      associated with the onset of AH. While temporal cortex hyperactivity has been extensively&#xD;
      manipulated with neuromodulation interventions trying to reduce AH, results have not been&#xD;
      consistent (1,13). Recent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) work that targeted&#xD;
      both regions above by applying excitatory stimulation over the left DLPFC and inhibitory&#xD;
      stimulation on the left temporo-parietal cortex reported a 30% reduction in AH in patients&#xD;
      with medication refractory AH that lasted up to 3 months after treatment (14). The&#xD;
      investigators are interested to further investigate whether the use of paired neuromodulation&#xD;
      (P-NM) with tDCS in co-targeting top-down executive control with bottom-up sensory processes&#xD;
      would result in a larger reduction in AH. To date, there are no studies that have used P-NM&#xD;
      to examine the magnitude of plasticity of executive control on sensory processing in SZ&#xD;
      patients. This type of P-NM would be relevant since AH are thought to be the result of a lack&#xD;
      of top-down control over perceptual distortions of internally generated speech. In the&#xD;
      forced-attention dichotic listening task (DL), two different syllables are simultaneously&#xD;
      presented to the left and the right ear. Subjects are required to pay attention to and report&#xD;
      either the left or right ear stimulus. Due to the preponderance of the contralateral&#xD;
      pathways, the right ear syllable is projected to the left temporal lobe for processing, while&#xD;
      the left ear stimulus is projected to the right temporal lobe and has to be transferred&#xD;
      across the corpus callosum to be processed in the left hemisphere. Healthy controls show a&#xD;
      right ear advantage (REA) while SZ patients do not (15). DL task performance requires&#xD;
      top-down control over auditory cortex and has been associated with increased DLPFC activation&#xD;
      in controls (16). Worse performance in this task has been associated with greater severity of&#xD;
      AH (17).&#xD;
&#xD;
      SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall aim is to examine the efficacy of tDCS intervention combined with&#xD;
      sensory gating training (paired neuro-modulation; P-NM) to reduce hallucinations (as measured&#xD;
      by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale). The&#xD;
      investigators will collect pilot data to explore the magnitude of DLPFC plasticity during&#xD;
      executive control on auditory processing using P-NM and its effect on hallucination-related&#xD;
      behavior. The investigators will combine tDCS to enhance left DLPFC activity with auditory&#xD;
      stimuli presented to the right ear. The investigators will use the DL task to assess&#xD;
      plasticity of top-down control over auditory sensory perception before and after&#xD;
      intervention. The investigators will correlate DL task performance to the magnitude of left&#xD;
      DLPFC plasticity and with AH severity.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators hypothesize that (a) DLPFC enhancement will facilitate REA in SZ patients&#xD;
      by supporting inhibition of attention to irrelevant syllable and facilitating attention to&#xD;
      the right ear syllable; (b) continued pairing of left DLPFC activity and auditory processing&#xD;
      will reduce auditory hallucinations (as measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and&#xD;
      the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Methods: The investigators will recruit 50 SZ patients with persistent severe AH despite&#xD;
      medication as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Auditory&#xD;
      Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). To examine the effects of P-NM over time, patients will&#xD;
      receive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during five days, twice a day while&#xD;
      they practice the dichotic listening task (DL; Hugdahl 2013). During the DL task, patients&#xD;
      will be presented with consonant-vowel syllables via headphones. The syllables will consist&#xD;
      of paired presentations of the six stop-consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, and /k/ together&#xD;
      with the vowel /a/ to form dichotic consonant-vowel syllable pairs of the type /ba - ga/,/ta&#xD;
      - ka/ etc. The syllables were paired with each other for all possible combinations, thus&#xD;
      yielding 36 dichotic pairs, including the homonymic pairs. Patients will be given two&#xD;
      different instructions. In one instruction condition they will be told to focus attention to&#xD;
      and report from the right ear, and if think they hear something in the left ear, this should&#xD;
      be ignored (&quot;forced-right&quot; condition). In the other condition, patients will be asked to&#xD;
      focus attention to and report from the left ear, and if they think that they hear something&#xD;
      in the right ear, this should be ignored (&quot;forced-left&quot; condition).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Participants will receive either active tDCS treatment or sham stimulation while performing&#xD;
      the DL task. Half of them (n=25) will receive either (a) electrical stimulation (2mA) for 20&#xD;
      minutes to the left DLPFC to enhance top-down control and improve the tuning or gating of the&#xD;
      extraneous information or (b) while the other half will receive sham stimulation to control&#xD;
      for placebo effects. Active tDCS and sham tDCS will be performed with the same tDCS&#xD;
      equipment. The difference is that while active tDCS will be configured to reach constant 2mA&#xD;
      stimulation for 20 minutes, sham tDCS will be a very brief 2mA stimulation for 30 seconds.&#xD;
      During sham tDCS the subject believes he/she is being stimulated normally, but there should&#xD;
      not be any real effects. This same procedure will be repeated during five days, twice a day.&#xD;
      At the end of day 5 all patients will complete the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and&#xD;
      the AHRS to evaluate change in AH. Patients will be asked to complete these scales 3, 6, and&#xD;
      9 months after tDCS intervention to examine long-term effects.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Withdrawn</overall_status>
  <why_stopped>
    Will no longer be conducted. We have started a different project.&#xD;
  </why_stopped>
  <start_date>June 2013</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">December 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">December 2017</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>pre-intervention, post-intervention (after five consecutive days of tDCS intervention), 3,6, and 9 months after post-intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Scores from this scale will show severity of auditory hallucinations. We will assess CHANGE in scores between each time-point described in the Time Frame.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale</measure>
    <time_frame>pre-intervention, post-intervention (after five consecutive days of tDCS intervention), 3, 6, and 9 months after post-intervention</time_frame>
    <description>Depicts severity of auditory hallucination. We will assess CHANGE in scores between each time-point described in the Time Frame.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Dichotic listening task performance</measure>
    <time_frame>Will be assessed twice a day for five consecutive days</time_frame>
    <description>Performance measures: Accuracy and reaction time. We will assess CHANGE in task performance between each time-point described in the Time Frame.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">0</enrollment>
  <condition>Auditory Hallucinations</condition>
  <condition>Schizophrenia</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Active tDCS</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Active tDCS</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Sham tDCS</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Sham tDCS</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Active tDCS</intervention_name>
    <description>2mA stimulation for 20 minutes twice a day for five consecutive days</description>
    <arm_group_label>Active tDCS</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Device</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Sham tDCS</intervention_name>
    <description>2mA for 30 seconds twice a day for five consecutive days</description>
    <arm_group_label>Sham tDCS</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Current DSM-V-defined diagnosis of SZ or Schizoaffective Disorder as assessed by the&#xD;
             Structured Clinical Interview for Axis I DSM-V Disorders (SCID-I/P)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ages 18-45&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Competent and willing to sign consent form&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Any serious neurological or endocrine disorder or any medical condition or treatment&#xD;
             with neurological sequelae (i.e. stroke, tumor, loss of consciousness of more than 30&#xD;
             min, HIV)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnostic and Statistics Manual (DSM-V) criteria for mental retardation or axis I&#xD;
             psychiatric disorder, subjects may have a lifetime but not current diagnosis of&#xD;
             depression&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Primary current substance use disorder diagnosis on any substance except for caffeine&#xD;
             or nicotine - nicotine use will be recorded but will not be an exclusion criterion&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Medical condition which requires treatment with a medication with psychotropic effects&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Significant risk of suicidal or homicidal behavior&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Documented loss of consciousness (LOC) for longer than 30 minutes or LOC with&#xD;
             neurological sequelae&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of electro-convulsive therapy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnancy&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>45 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Jazmin Camchong, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Minnesota</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Kelvin O Lim, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Minnesota</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University of Minnesota</name>
      <address>
        <city>Minneapolis</city>
        <state>Minnesota</state>
        <zip>55414</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Brunelin J, Mondino M, Gassab L, Haesebaert F, Gaha L, Suaud-Chagny MF, Saoud M, Mechri A, Poulet E. Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;169(7):719-24. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071091. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 1;169(12):1321.</citation>
    <PMID>22581236</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hugdahl K, Nygard M, Falkenberg LE, Kompus K, Westerhausen R, Kroken R, Johnsen E, Loberg EM. Failure of attention focus and cognitive control in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: evidence from dichotic listening. Schizophr Res. 2013 Jul;147(2-3):301-9. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.005. Epub 2013 May 9.</citation>
    <PMID>23664588</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lawrie SM, Buechel C, Whalley HC, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Johnstone EC. Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jun 15;51(12):1008-11. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01316-1.</citation>
    <PMID>12062886</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Thomsen T, Rimol LM, Ersland L, Hugdahl K. Dichotic listening reveals functional specificity in prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2004 Jan;21(1):211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.039.</citation>
    <PMID>14741658</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>July 2016</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 9, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>September 11, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">September 15, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>July 18, 2016</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>July 18, 2016</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">July 20, 2016</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Hallucinations</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Schizophrenia</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02240446
org study id: 1406M51762
secondary id: IEM
nct id: NCT02240446
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
The overarching goal of this project is to expand the traditional expertise in non-invasive
      neuromodulation at the University of Minnesota towards developing novel neuromodulation
      approaches using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for treating schizophrenia
      patients with medication-resistant auditory hallucinations. The investigators will use tDCS
      to stimulate prefrontal cortex. TDCS is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that can
      modulate brain connectivity. Non-invasive brain neuromodulation will be combined
      (paired-neuromodulation) with training of a task that requires top-down control of auditory
      processes. Paired-neuromodulation can potentially be used as a therapeutic intervention to
      decrease auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.
25% of schizophrenia (SZ) patients report chronic auditory hallucinations (AH) despite being
      on medication. Previous research proposed that hyperactivity of the left temporo-parietal
      cortex (11) and hypoactivity in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (12) are
      associated with the onset of AH. While temporal cortex hyperactivity has been extensively
      manipulated with neuromodulation interventions trying to reduce AH, results have not been
      consistent (1,13). Recent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) work that targeted
      both regions above by applying excitatory stimulation over the left DLPFC and inhibitory
      stimulation on the left temporo-parietal cortex reported a 30% reduction in AH in patients
      with medication refractory AH that lasted up to 3 months after treatment (14). The
      investigators are interested to further investigate whether the use of paired neuromodulation
      (P-NM) with tDCS in co-targeting top-down executive control with bottom-up sensory processes
      would result in a larger reduction in AH. To date, there are no studies that have used P-NM
      to examine the magnitude of plasticity of executive control on sensory processing in SZ
      patients. This type of P-NM would be relevant since AH are thought to be the result of a lack
      of top-down control over perceptual distortions of internally generated speech. In the
      forced-attention dichotic listening task (DL), two different syllables are simultaneously
      presented to the left and the right ear. Subjects are required to pay attention to and report
      either the left or right ear stimulus. Due to the preponderance of the contralateral
      pathways, the right ear syllable is projected to the left temporal lobe for processing, while
      the left ear stimulus is projected to the right temporal lobe and has to be transferred
      across the corpus callosum to be processed in the left hemisphere. Healthy controls show a
      right ear advantage (REA) while SZ patients do not (15). DL task performance requires
      top-down control over auditory cortex and has been associated with increased DLPFC activation
      in controls (16). Worse performance in this task has been associated with greater severity of
      AH (17).

      SPECIFIC AIMS: The overall aim is to examine the efficacy of tDCS intervention combined with
      sensory gating training (paired neuro-modulation; P-NM) to reduce hallucinations (as measured
      by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale). The
      investigators will collect pilot data to explore the magnitude of DLPFC plasticity during
      executive control on auditory processing using P-NM and its effect on hallucination-related
      behavior. The investigators will combine tDCS to enhance left DLPFC activity with auditory
      stimuli presented to the right ear. The investigators will use the DL task to assess
      plasticity of top-down control over auditory sensory perception before and after
      intervention. The investigators will correlate DL task performance to the magnitude of left
      DLPFC plasticity and with AH severity.

      The investigators hypothesize that (a) DLPFC enhancement will facilitate REA in SZ patients
      by supporting inhibition of attention to irrelevant syllable and facilitating attention to
      the right ear syllable; (b) continued pairing of left DLPFC activity and auditory processing
      will reduce auditory hallucinations (as measured by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and
      the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale).

      Methods: The investigators will recruit 50 SZ patients with persistent severe AH despite
      medication as measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Auditory
      Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS). To examine the effects of P-NM over time, patients will
      receive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during five days, twice a day while
      they practice the dichotic listening task (DL; Hugdahl 2013). During the DL task, patients
      will be presented with consonant-vowel syllables via headphones. The syllables will consist
      of paired presentations of the six stop-consonants /b/, /d/, /g/, /p/, /t/, and /k/ together
      with the vowel /a/ to form dichotic consonant-vowel syllable pairs of the type /ba - ga/,/ta
      - ka/ etc. The syllables were paired with each other for all possible combinations, thus
      yielding 36 dichotic pairs, including the homonymic pairs. Patients will be given two
      different instructions. In one instruction condition they will be told to focus attention to
      and report from the right ear, and if think they hear something in the left ear, this should
      be ignored ("forced-right" condition). In the other condition, patients will be asked to
      focus attention to and report from the left ear, and if they think that they hear something
      in the right ear, this should be ignored ("forced-left" condition).

      Participants will receive either active tDCS treatment or sham stimulation while performing
      the DL task. Half of them (n=25) will receive either (a) electrical stimulation (2mA) for 20
      minutes to the left DLPFC to enhance top-down control and improve the tuning or gating of the
      extraneous information or (b) while the other half will receive sham stimulation to control
      for placebo effects. Active tDCS and sham tDCS will be performed with the same tDCS
      equipment. The difference is that while active tDCS will be configured to reach constant 2mA
      stimulation for 20 minutes, sham tDCS will be a very brief 2mA stimulation for 30 seconds.
      During sham tDCS the subject believes he/she is being stimulated normally, but there should
      not be any real effects. This same procedure will be repeated during five days, twice a day.
      At the end of day 5 all patients will complete the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and
      the AHRS to evaluate change in AH. Patients will be asked to complete these scales 3, 6, and
      9 months after tDCS intervention to examine long-term effects.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Participant)
measure: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale
time frame: pre-intervention, post-intervention (after five consecutive days of tDCS intervention), 3,6, and 9 months after post-intervention
description: Scores from this scale will show severity of auditory hallucinations. We will assess CHANGE in scores between each time-point described in the Time Frame.
measure: Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale
time frame: pre-intervention, post-intervention (after five consecutive days of tDCS intervention), 3, 6, and 9 months after post-intervention
description: Depicts severity of auditory hallucination. We will assess CHANGE in scores between each time-point described in the Time Frame.
measure: Dichotic listening task performance
time frame: Will be assessed twice a day for five consecutive days
description: Performance measures: Accuracy and reaction time. We will assess CHANGE in task performance between each time-point described in the Time Frame.
arm group label: Active tDCS
arm group type: Experimental
description: Active tDCS
arm group label: Sham tDCS
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Sham tDCS
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Active tDCS
description: 2mA stimulation for 20 minutes twice a day for five consecutive days
arm group label: Active tDCS
intervention type: Device
intervention name: Sham tDCS
description: 2mA for 30 seconds twice a day for five consecutive days
arm group label: Sham tDCS
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 45 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Jazmin Camchong, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Minnesota
last name: Kelvin O Lim, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Minnesota
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Brunelin J, Mondino M, Gassab L, Haesebaert F, Gaha L, Suaud-Chagny MF, Saoud M, Mechri A, Poulet E. Examining transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) as a treatment for hallucinations in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;169(7):719-24. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.11071091. Erratum In: Am J Psychiatry. 2012 Dec 1;169(12):1321.
PMID: 22581236
citation: Hugdahl K, Nygard M, Falkenberg LE, Kompus K, Westerhausen R, Kroken R, Johnsen E, Loberg EM. Failure of attention focus and cognitive control in schizophrenia patients with auditory verbal hallucinations: evidence from dichotic listening. Schizophr Res. 2013 Jul;147(2-3):301-9. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.04.005. Epub 2013 May 9.
PMID: 23664588
citation: Lawrie SM, Buechel C, Whalley HC, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Johnstone EC. Reduced frontotemporal functional connectivity in schizophrenia associated with auditory hallucinations. Biol Psychiatry. 2002 Jun 15;51(12):1008-11. doi: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01316-1.
PMID: 12062886
citation: Thomsen T, Rimol LM, Ersland L, Hugdahl K. Dichotic listening reveals functional specificity in prefrontal cortex: an fMRI study. Neuroimage. 2004 Jan;21(1):211-8. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.039.
PMID: 14741658
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Hallucinations
mesh term: Schizophrenia