<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02205268</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>NEPADHDNTX</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02205268</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Near Infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback Training for ADHD</brief_title>
  <acronym>ADHDNTx</acronym>
  <official_title>A Pilot Study of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Neurofeedback Training of Prefrontal Cortex in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>North Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>University College, London</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Hertfordshire Community NHS Trust</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>North Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently&#xD;
      diagnosed behavioural disorders in childhood that requires treatment(3-5% of children). It is&#xD;
      an important health problem because it impairs social, educational and occupational&#xD;
      performance, and increases the risk of other psychiatric disorders including anxiety,&#xD;
      depression and substance misuse. There is no cure for ADHD and standard stimulant medication&#xD;
      treatment is at best symptomatic. Moreover, stimulants have side effects and parents are&#xD;
      often concerned over the long-term effects. A number of non-drug treatments have been&#xD;
      developed but these do not target the brain directly. Neurofeedback Training (NTx) is a new,&#xD;
      non-drug treatment that targets the brain directly and that can potentially enhance the&#xD;
      control of attention in ADHD. NTx could be a valuable alternative and/or adjunct to standard&#xD;
      care.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Aims Although NTx has gained popularity in Europe and the US, more rigorous studies are&#xD;
      required to support its implementation in the NHS. We therefore propose a pilot study to&#xD;
      establish tolerabilty and safety, and to develop treatment protocols and collect data to&#xD;
      design a follow-on controlled NTx trial in ADHD.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Methods We plan an open label, single arm, treatment trial of near infrared spectroscopy&#xD;
      neurofeedback training of frontal lobe activation in school-aged children with ADHD. 48&#xD;
      participants will be recruited over 1 year and will be offered 20 NTx sessions over 10 weeks.&#xD;
      Participants will be recruited from Mental Health Services. Primary outcomes will be safety&#xD;
      and tolerability and secondary outcomes will include standard clinical behavioural rating&#xD;
      scales and the Test Of the Variables of Attention.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      ADHD is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in childhood and at least half of&#xD;
      patients have symptoms that persist into adulthood. It is important to seek effective&#xD;
      treatments for ADHD because children with ADHD often do not reach their full potential and&#xD;
      are at increased risk of other psychiatric difficulties in childhood, adolescence and&#xD;
      adulthood, including disorders of mood, anxiety, conduct and substance misuse.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Increasingly the available evidence suggest that ADHD may be the result of abnormal levels of&#xD;
      certain chemicals and altered brain function. Standard treatment with stimulant medications&#xD;
      are aimed at the chemical imbalance and whilst they may help some children, they are of&#xD;
      limited benefit in others and of no benefit in more than a quarter of children. Parents are&#xD;
      often reluctant to consider medication due to concerns over side effects and the unknown&#xD;
      longer term effects of these drugs on their children's developing brains and bodies. Non-&#xD;
      drug treatments can provide an alternative and/or adjunct that may overcome some of the&#xD;
      concerns about the long-term side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the latest guidelines from&#xD;
      the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2008) recommend that medication should&#xD;
      only be used as a first-line treatment in severe cases of ADHD. In all other cases it is&#xD;
      advised that children receive a group treatment programme and that parents or carers receive&#xD;
      parent training and education on ADHD. Whilst these guidelines have been welcomed for&#xD;
      promoting alternatives to medication for treating ADHD,concerns have been raised about the&#xD;
      feasibility and efficacy of the recommended group interventions for children and individual&#xD;
      treatments may be easier to implement and more effective for these children. Therefore,&#xD;
      although there are a number of treatments for ADHD, they have limitations in terms of&#xD;
      efficacy, tolerability, side effects and practicability. There is therefore a clear rational&#xD;
      to investigate new treatments that may be superior in efficacy or valuable as additional or&#xD;
      alternative treatments.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Several individual, non-drug interventions for ADHD have emerged over the last thirty years.&#xD;
      These include at home parental guidance, classroom based teacher intervention, behavioural&#xD;
      therapy, herbal treatment and nutritional supplements. Neurofeedback training appears one of&#xD;
      the most promising because the technique directly targets brain functioning in key areas.&#xD;
      Neurofeedback training (NTx) uses signals directly from the brain to make subjects aware of&#xD;
      brain function. It is an established treatment in epilepsy, migraine and stroke&#xD;
      rehabilitation. Abnormal brain function (electrical and blood flow) has been consistently&#xD;
      demonstrated in ADHD and may therefore be targeted with neurofeedback. These findings have&#xD;
      formed the basis for considering NTx as a potential alternative to medication in the&#xD;
      treatment of ADHD.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Compelling evidence from recent controlled studies indicate that NTx that uses electric brain&#xD;
      signals (EEG) is a useful treatment in ADHD and that the effects last for at least 6 months.&#xD;
      Near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback (NIRS) neurofeedback training (NIRS NTx) is a newer&#xD;
      alternative to EEG NTx. It is easier to administer and may require fewer treatment sessions.&#xD;
      NIRS can determine changes in brain activity by measuring changes in the amount of oxygen in&#xD;
      the brain. Rather than requiring subjects to alter the pattern of electrical brain activity,&#xD;
      NIRSNTx trains subjects to alter blood flow in specific brain areas. Abnormal brain blood&#xD;
      flow has been demonstrated in ADHD and typically, these abnormalities include reduced&#xD;
      activity of brain areas just behind the forehead.&#xD;
&#xD;
      NIRS NTx is a low cost technique and it can be applied at home, clinic or school. NIRS can&#xD;
      safely be applied to the head because the low energy light used for the technique do not&#xD;
      cause damage to underlying tissues and is less than 5% of the exposure that occurs in&#xD;
      ordinary midday sunlight.&#xD;
&#xD;
      NIRSNTx is performed using a laptop computer, spectroscope, sensor headband and headphones.&#xD;
      Typically, patients watch a film on the computer screen whilst wearing the sensor headband&#xD;
      and headphones. The headband applies two light sources (red and infrared) and a sensor to the&#xD;
      skin overlying the brain area of interest. No special preparation of the skin is necessary.&#xD;
      The lights shine through the skin and skull into the brain, where it is absorbed in different&#xD;
      quantities depending on the amount of oxygen carried in the blood. Some of the light that is&#xD;
      not absorbed is reflected back to the sensor. This signal is analysed in the spectroscope and&#xD;
      data are sent to the computer where it is interpreted by software that generates the&#xD;
      feedback. Increased blood flow results in positive reinforcement (the film clip advances) and&#xD;
      reduced blood flow results in negative reinforcement (the film clip stops and a monotone&#xD;
      auditory signal is heard). Subjects learn how to spontaneously increase blood flow to the&#xD;
      brain region of interest to enjoy uninterrupted viewing of the film clips. Consequently, NIRS&#xD;
      can provide realtime biofeedback to subjects regarding blood flow in specific brain areas.&#xD;
&#xD;
      A typical session of NIRS NTx involves 10 minutes of training at two brain sites. In view of&#xD;
      known haemodynamic changes in ADHD and the functional neuroanatomy of attentional control,&#xD;
      these sites would be the right and left prefrontal areas. Treatment sessions are offered once&#xD;
      or twice weekly for between 15 and 48 sessions. There are no published tolerability data, and&#xD;
      available reports come from personal communications with clinicians. The only side effect&#xD;
      reported is mild headache that is short lived and self-limiting, immediately after training&#xD;
      or on the day following, in around 10% of patients. Clinical observations suggest this&#xD;
      predicts a good response to NTx.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Neurofeedback treatment mechanism The human brain has a lifelong capacity to adapt to changes&#xD;
      by reorganising itself. This ability is called plasticity and partly works through changes in&#xD;
      bloodflow. Examples of plasticity in adults include finding that brain activation leads to&#xD;
      brain growth, rewiring of neurons following stroke, larger brain areas dedicated to moving&#xD;
      the fingers of musicians, and enlargement of certain brain areas in London cab drivers.&#xD;
      NIRSNTx may act in part by enhancing the brain's capacity for plasticity.&#xD;
&#xD;
      In summary, available evidence suggests that NIRS NTx appears safe and capable of targeting&#xD;
      specific brain areas that show reduced activity in ADHD.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date>March 2013</start_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">March 2016</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>N/A</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Single Group Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Recruitment and retention rates</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>The primary outcome measure is the percentage of participants who complete 75% of the 20 training sessions offered.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Adverse effects</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Occurrence and frequency of training related adverse effects.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Attentional and impulsivity measures</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Test of Variables of attention (TOVA)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Problem behaviour measure</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Childhood behavioural checklist (CBCL)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Diagnostic and severity measure</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire version IV (SNAPIV)</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Psychiatric and social function measure</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Children's Global Assessment Scale. The CGAS is an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) for young people aged 4-16 years</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Treatment response assessment</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>CGI (Clinical Global Impression) is a three-item scale used to assess treatment response in psychiatric patients</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Study satisfaction questionnaire</measure>
    <time_frame>10 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Measure of satisfaction of participating.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>1</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">48</enrollment>
  <condition>Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Neurofeedback training</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>20 sessions of near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback training to increase activation to bilateral prefrontal cortex. Two sessions per week.</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Procedure</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback training</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Neurofeedback training</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients diagnosed with ADHD aged 7 to 17 years&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patient and legal guardian able to communicate in English&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patient has been living with parent/guardian for at least six months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patient attending school for at least 2 days / week&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ADHD as primary disorder with symptoms present for at least 9 months&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Participants on medication treatment for ADHD must have been on a stable dose for 3&#xD;
             months prior to commencement of the treatment&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Significant visual or hearing impairment that would preclude use of NIRS-&#xD;
             neurofeedback&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Global learning disability, Autism, psychosis, bipolar disorder, depression, suicidal&#xD;
             ideation, or another psychiatric disorder requiring treatment with additional&#xD;
             psychotropic medication, current substance dependance or regular use, and severe sleep&#xD;
             disorders&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>7 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>17 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Thomas M Dannhauser, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>North Essex Partnerships University NHS Foundation Trust</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Thomas M Dannhauser, PhD</last_name>
    <email>tom.dannhauser@nepft.nhs.uk</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Aylmer House</name>
      <address>
        <city>Harlow</city>
        <state>Essex</state>
        <zip>CM20 1DL</zip>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United Kingdom</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>October 2015</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>July 29, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>July 30, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">July 31, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>October 13, 2015</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>October 13, 2015</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">October 14, 2015</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>North Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Dr Thomas Dannhauser</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Chief Investigator</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity</keyword>
  <keyword>Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder</keyword>
  <keyword>Biofeedback</keyword>
  <keyword>Neurofeedback Training</keyword>
  <keyword>Prefrontal Cortex</keyword>
  <keyword>Near infrared spectroscopy</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Hyperkinesis</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02205268
org study id: NEPADHDNTX
nct id: NCT02205268
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
Background Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequently
      diagnosed behavioural disorders in childhood that requires treatment(3-5% of children). It is
      an important health problem because it impairs social, educational and occupational
      performance, and increases the risk of other psychiatric disorders including anxiety,
      depression and substance misuse. There is no cure for ADHD and standard stimulant medication
      treatment is at best symptomatic. Moreover, stimulants have side effects and parents are
      often concerned over the long-term effects. A number of non-drug treatments have been
      developed but these do not target the brain directly. Neurofeedback Training (NTx) is a new,
      non-drug treatment that targets the brain directly and that can potentially enhance the
      control of attention in ADHD. NTx could be a valuable alternative and/or adjunct to standard
      care.

      Aims Although NTx has gained popularity in Europe and the US, more rigorous studies are
      required to support its implementation in the NHS. We therefore propose a pilot study to
      establish tolerabilty and safety, and to develop treatment protocols and collect data to
      design a follow-on controlled NTx trial in ADHD.

      Methods We plan an open label, single arm, treatment trial of near infrared spectroscopy
      neurofeedback training of frontal lobe activation in school-aged children with ADHD. 48
      participants will be recruited over 1 year and will be offered 20 NTx sessions over 10 weeks.
      Participants will be recruited from Mental Health Services. Primary outcomes will be safety
      and tolerability and secondary outcomes will include standard clinical behavioural rating
      scales and the Test Of the Variables of Attention.
ADHD is one of the most frequently diagnosed conditions in childhood and at least half of
      patients have symptoms that persist into adulthood. It is important to seek effective
      treatments for ADHD because children with ADHD often do not reach their full potential and
      are at increased risk of other psychiatric difficulties in childhood, adolescence and
      adulthood, including disorders of mood, anxiety, conduct and substance misuse.

      Increasingly the available evidence suggest that ADHD may be the result of abnormal levels of
      certain chemicals and altered brain function. Standard treatment with stimulant medications
      are aimed at the chemical imbalance and whilst they may help some children, they are of
      limited benefit in others and of no benefit in more than a quarter of children. Parents are
      often reluctant to consider medication due to concerns over side effects and the unknown
      longer term effects of these drugs on their children's developing brains and bodies. Non-
      drug treatments can provide an alternative and/or adjunct that may overcome some of the
      concerns about the long-term side effects of drugs. Furthermore, the latest guidelines from
      the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2008) recommend that medication should
      only be used as a first-line treatment in severe cases of ADHD. In all other cases it is
      advised that children receive a group treatment programme and that parents or carers receive
      parent training and education on ADHD. Whilst these guidelines have been welcomed for
      promoting alternatives to medication for treating ADHD,concerns have been raised about the
      feasibility and efficacy of the recommended group interventions for children and individual
      treatments may be easier to implement and more effective for these children. Therefore,
      although there are a number of treatments for ADHD, they have limitations in terms of
      efficacy, tolerability, side effects and practicability. There is therefore a clear rational
      to investigate new treatments that may be superior in efficacy or valuable as additional or
      alternative treatments.

      Several individual, non-drug interventions for ADHD have emerged over the last thirty years.
      These include at home parental guidance, classroom based teacher intervention, behavioural
      therapy, herbal treatment and nutritional supplements. Neurofeedback training appears one of
      the most promising because the technique directly targets brain functioning in key areas.
      Neurofeedback training (NTx) uses signals directly from the brain to make subjects aware of
      brain function. It is an established treatment in epilepsy, migraine and stroke
      rehabilitation. Abnormal brain function (electrical and blood flow) has been consistently
      demonstrated in ADHD and may therefore be targeted with neurofeedback. These findings have
      formed the basis for considering NTx as a potential alternative to medication in the
      treatment of ADHD.

      Compelling evidence from recent controlled studies indicate that NTx that uses electric brain
      signals (EEG) is a useful treatment in ADHD and that the effects last for at least 6 months.
      Near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback (NIRS) neurofeedback training (NIRS NTx) is a newer
      alternative to EEG NTx. It is easier to administer and may require fewer treatment sessions.
      NIRS can determine changes in brain activity by measuring changes in the amount of oxygen in
      the brain. Rather than requiring subjects to alter the pattern of electrical brain activity,
      NIRSNTx trains subjects to alter blood flow in specific brain areas. Abnormal brain blood
      flow has been demonstrated in ADHD and typically, these abnormalities include reduced
      activity of brain areas just behind the forehead.

      NIRS NTx is a low cost technique and it can be applied at home, clinic or school. NIRS can
      safely be applied to the head because the low energy light used for the technique do not
      cause damage to underlying tissues and is less than 5% of the exposure that occurs in
      ordinary midday sunlight.

      NIRSNTx is performed using a laptop computer, spectroscope, sensor headband and headphones.
      Typically, patients watch a film on the computer screen whilst wearing the sensor headband
      and headphones. The headband applies two light sources (red and infrared) and a sensor to the
      skin overlying the brain area of interest. No special preparation of the skin is necessary.
      The lights shine through the skin and skull into the brain, where it is absorbed in different
      quantities depending on the amount of oxygen carried in the blood. Some of the light that is
      not absorbed is reflected back to the sensor. This signal is analysed in the spectroscope and
      data are sent to the computer where it is interpreted by software that generates the
      feedback. Increased blood flow results in positive reinforcement (the film clip advances) and
      reduced blood flow results in negative reinforcement (the film clip stops and a monotone
      auditory signal is heard). Subjects learn how to spontaneously increase blood flow to the
      brain region of interest to enjoy uninterrupted viewing of the film clips. Consequently, NIRS
      can provide realtime biofeedback to subjects regarding blood flow in specific brain areas.

      A typical session of NIRS NTx involves 10 minutes of training at two brain sites. In view of
      known haemodynamic changes in ADHD and the functional neuroanatomy of attentional control,
      these sites would be the right and left prefrontal areas. Treatment sessions are offered once
      or twice weekly for between 15 and 48 sessions. There are no published tolerability data, and
      available reports come from personal communications with clinicians. The only side effect
      reported is mild headache that is short lived and self-limiting, immediately after training
      or on the day following, in around 10% of patients. Clinical observations suggest this
      predicts a good response to NTx.

      Neurofeedback treatment mechanism The human brain has a lifelong capacity to adapt to changes
      by reorganising itself. This ability is called plasticity and partly works through changes in
      bloodflow. Examples of plasticity in adults include finding that brain activation leads to
      brain growth, rewiring of neurons following stroke, larger brain areas dedicated to moving
      the fingers of musicians, and enlargement of certain brain areas in London cab drivers.
      NIRSNTx may act in part by enhancing the brain's capacity for plasticity.

      In summary, available evidence suggests that NIRS NTx appears safe and capable of targeting
      specific brain areas that show reduced activity in ADHD.
allocation: N/A
intervention model: Single Group Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Recruitment and retention rates
time frame: 10 weeks
description: The primary outcome measure is the percentage of participants who complete 75% of the 20 training sessions offered.
measure: Adverse effects
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Occurrence and frequency of training related adverse effects.
measure: Attentional and impulsivity measures
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Test of Variables of attention (TOVA)
measure: Problem behaviour measure
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Childhood behavioural checklist (CBCL)
measure: Diagnostic and severity measure
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Swanson, Nolan and Pelham Questionnaire version IV (SNAPIV)
measure: Psychiatric and social function measure
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Children's Global Assessment Scale. The CGAS is an adaptation of the Global Assessment Scale (GAS) for young people aged 4-16 years
measure: Treatment response assessment
time frame: 10 weeks
description: CGI (Clinical Global Impression) is a three-item scale used to assess treatment response in psychiatric patients
measure: Study satisfaction questionnaire
time frame: 10 weeks
description: Measure of satisfaction of participating.
arm group label: Neurofeedback training
arm group type: Experimental
description: 20 sessions of near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback training to increase activation to bilateral prefrontal cortex. Two sessions per week.
intervention type: Procedure
intervention name: Near infrared spectroscopy neurofeedback training
arm group label: Neurofeedback training
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 7 Years
maximum age: 17 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Thomas M Dannhauser, PhD
role: Study Director
affiliation: North Essex Partnerships University NHS Foundation Trust
last name: Thomas M Dannhauser, PhD
email: tom.dannhauser@nepft.nhs.uk
facility: 
status: Recruiting
country: United Kingdom
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: North Essex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust
investigator full name: Dr Thomas Dannhauser
investigator title: Chief Investigator
mesh term: Hyperkinesis
mesh term: Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity