<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256683</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>2013-008</org_study_id>
    <secondary_id>2013-005364-26</secondary_id>
    <nct_id>NCT02256683</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Resolution of Left Atrial-Appendage Thrombus - Effects of Dabigatran in Patients With AF</brief_title>
  <acronym>RE-LATED_AF</acronym>
  <official_title>Effects of Dabigatran in Patients With AF - A Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Explorative, Blinded-endpoint Trial to Compare the Efficacy of Dabigatran With Phenprocoumon for the Resolution of LAA Thrombus in Patients With AF</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Boehringer Ingelheim</agency>
      <agency_class>Industry</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Atrial Fibrillation Network</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The primary objective of this study is to assess whether Dabigatran leads to a faster&#xD;
      complete left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus resolution as compared to Phenprocoumon. The&#xD;
      secondary objectives of this trial are to assess the impact of Dabigatran versus&#xD;
      Phenprocoumon on complete LAA thrombus resolution rate until week 6 and change in LAA&#xD;
      thrombus volume under treatment as well as to assess and compare safety and tolerability of&#xD;
      both drugs. A total of 110 patients with atrial fibrillation and LAA thrombus will be&#xD;
      randomized to receive either Dabigatran (150 mg bid) or Phenprocoumon (INR 2-3) for a least&#xD;
      three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transoesophageal echocardiography&#xD;
      (TEE) 3 weeks after start of study treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary,&#xD;
      i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the&#xD;
      resolution of the LAA thrombus. For those patients whose thrombus still exists after 6 weeks&#xD;
      treatment, the study is also terminated. Further treatments will be decided at the discretion&#xD;
      of the treating physician.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      BACKGROUND Dabigatran etexilate, a direct thrombin inhibitor and new oral anticoagulant&#xD;
      (NOAC), has been shown to effectively prevent thromboembolic events in patients with atrial&#xD;
      fibrillation (AF). However, there is a paucity of data on the antithrombotic efficacy and&#xD;
      safety of dabigatran in the resolution of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi in AF patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
      OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the RE-LATED trial is to assess whether treatment with&#xD;
      dabigatran results in a faster complete LAA thrombus resolution as compared to vitamin-K&#xD;
      antagonist phenprocoumon. Secondary objectives are to assess the impact of dabigatran on&#xD;
      complete LAA thrombus resolution rate during treatment of 6 weeks, and change in LAA thrombus&#xD;
      volume under treatment. Furthermore, this study aims to assess and compare safety and&#xD;
      tolerability of dabigatran vs. phenprocoumon.&#xD;
&#xD;
      METHODS The study is designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label,&#xD;
      controlled, explorative, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial. Patients with AF and left atrial&#xD;
      appendage thrombus confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be randomized to&#xD;
      receive either dabigatran (150 mg bid) or phenprocoumon (INR 2-3) for the resolution of LAA&#xD;
      thrombus formation for at least 21 days. Thrombus resolution will be determined by TEE 3&#xD;
      weeks after treatment initiation and subsequently at week 4 and 6, if the primary study&#xD;
      endpoint (LAA thrombus resolution) has not yet been achieved. A total of 110 patients are&#xD;
      planned to get randomized.&#xD;
&#xD;
      CLINICAL CONTEXT This is the first controlled trial that investigates the safety and efficacy&#xD;
      of a NOAC for the resolution of a LAA thrombus in patients with AF.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Terminated</overall_status>
  <why_stopped>
    Recruiting problems&#xD;
  </why_stopped>
  <start_date>July 2014</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">May 2018</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">May 2018</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 2</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Time to complete left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus resolution</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.&#xD;
At each TEE examination existence of a LAA thrombus is documented (YES/NO).</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Complete LAA thrombus resolution until week 6 (yes/no)</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.&#xD;
At each TEE examination existence of a LAA thrombus is documented (YES/NO).</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in LAA thrombus volume under treatment</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.&#xD;
If a LAA thrombus exists the longitudinal and transversal diameters (mm) in the 45-60° and in the 135° layer are measured.&#xD;
If a LAA thrombus exists based on the diameters the volume (mm3) of the LAA thrombus is calculated.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of any adverse event</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of major bleedings</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.&#xD;
Criteria for major bleedings in non-surgical patients:&#xD;
Fatal bleeding, and/or&#xD;
Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ, such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intraarticular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome, and/or&#xD;
Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level of 2.0 g/dl (1.24 mmol/l) or more, or leading to transfusion of two or more units of whole blood or red cells.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of strokes (all-type, haemorrhagic, ischemic) ascertained by CCT or cMRT</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs)</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of cardiovascular events requiring hospitalization</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Occurrence of other thromboembolic events</measure>
    <time_frame>3 up to 6 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">64</enrollment>
  <condition>Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter</condition>
  <condition>Thrombosis of Left Atrial Appendage</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Dabigatran</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa®) 150 mg capsule by mouth twice daly for 3 up to 6 weeks depending on treatment response</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Phenprocoumon</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Active Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Phenprocoumon (Marcumar®) 3 mg capsule by mouth according to INR (2-3) for 3 up to 6 weeks depending on treatment response</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Dabigatran etexilate</intervention_name>
    <description>After inclusion of the patients with LAA thrombus, they are treated according to the randomization either with Pradaxa® (150 mg bid) or Marcumar® (INR 2-3) for at least three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 3 weeks after start of treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary, i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus or after 6 weeks of study treatment.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Dabigatran</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Pradaxa®</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Phenprocoumon</intervention_name>
    <description>After inclusion of the patients with LAA thrombus, they are treated according to the randomization either with Pradaxa® (150 mg bid) or Marcumar® (INR 2-3) for at least three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 3 weeks after start of treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary, i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus or after 6 weeks of study treatment.</description>
    <arm_group_label>Phenprocoumon</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Marcumar®</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients with documented non-valvular AF or atrial flutter (12-lead ECG)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Newly diagnosed or confirmed LAA thrombus in TEE (time of detection ≤ 28 days)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients 18 years old&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  CHA2DS2-VASc Score 1&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  CrCL 30 mL/min (Cockcroft-Gault)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Women with childbearing potential have to practice a medically accepted contraception&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Ability of patient to understand the character and the individual consequences of the&#xD;
             clinical trial&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Signed and dated informed consent before start of any specific trial procedures&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients &gt; 80 years&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Low body weight (&lt; 50 kg)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous failure of LAA thrombus resolution with a VKA or factor Xa antagonist&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Occurrence of LAA thrombus under long-term treatment (&gt; 3 months) with vitamin K&#xD;
             antagonists with an exception in the case of continued INR out of the target range&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Contraindications for oral anticoagulation therapy (see current Fachinformation for&#xD;
             Pradaxa® (150 mg) and Marcumar® (3 mg))&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of heart valve disorder (i.e., prosthetic valve or hemodynamically relevant&#xD;
             valve disease)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Valvular heart disease requiring intervention (including mechanical valves)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Acute myocardial infarction or MI within the last 26 weeks&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Acute coronary syndrome (e.g. instable angina pectoris, STEMI, NSTEMI)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Chronic Heart Failure (&gt; NYHA IIIa)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Previous haemorrhagic stroke&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  TIA within the last 90 days&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Clinical relevant bleeding within the last 26 weeks&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Acute and subacute bacterial endocarditis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Recurrent pulmonary embolism&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Esophagitis, gastritis and gastroesophageal reflux&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Thrombocytopenia or functional platelet defects&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Congenital or acquired coagulation or haemorrhagic disorders&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Liver diseases (liver enzymes &gt;2 ULN)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Renal insufficiency (CrCL below 30 mL/min)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pre-treatment with Dabigatran in doses higher than 110 mg bid&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Concomitant treatment with rivaroxaban, apixaban, and in case of approval during the&#xD;
             course of the trial, also edoxaban&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Concomitant treatment with irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. ASA) at doses&#xD;
             &gt; 100 mg/d.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Concomitant treatment with high doses of Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor&#xD;
             inhibitors (e.g. clopidogrel) at doses &gt; 75 mg/d&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Combined treatment with Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor inhibitors (e.g.&#xD;
             clopidogrel) and irreversible cyclooxygenase inhibitors (e.g. ASA) in any dose&#xD;
             combination&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Planned treatment with long-term oral anticoagulants for alternative indications&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Concomitant treatment with P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors, i.e. verapamil.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Need for continued treatment with ticlopidine, ticagrelor, prasugrel, systemic&#xD;
             ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, cyclosporine, tacrolimus, dronedarone,&#xD;
             rifampicin, phenytoin, carbamazepine, St. John's Wort or any&#xD;
             cytotoxic/myelosuppressive therapy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Concomitant treatment with medication not permitted&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Planned surgical intervention during expected study participation or previous surgical&#xD;
             interventions within the last 30 days&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Other significant risk factors for bleeding complications (e.g. malignancy)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnancy and lactation.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  History of hypersensitivity to the investigational medicinal product or to any drug&#xD;
             with similar chemical structure or to any excipient present in the pharmaceutical form&#xD;
             of the investigational medicinal product.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Participation in other clinical trials during the present clinical trial or within the&#xD;
             last 90 days.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Medical or psychological condition that would not permit completion of the trial or&#xD;
             signing of informed consent.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>80 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Thomas Rostock, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Heart Center; Department of Cardiology and Angiology II</name>
      <address>
        <city>Bad Krozingen</city>
        <zip>D-79189</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin</name>
      <address>
        <city>Berlin</city>
        <zip>10117</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Vivantes Clinical Center Am Urban; General Internal Medicine and conservative intensive care</name>
      <address>
        <city>Berlin</city>
        <zip>D-10967</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Klinikum Coburg GmbH</name>
      <address>
        <city>Coburg</city>
        <zip>96450</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Heart Center; Department of Invasive Electrophysiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Dresden</city>
        <zip>D-01307</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Heart Center; Department of Cardiology, Electrophysiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Hamburg</city>
        <zip>D-20246</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Hannover Medical School; Department of Cardiology and Angiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Hannover</city>
        <zip>D-30625</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe</name>
      <address>
        <city>Karlsruhe</city>
        <zip>76133</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Heart Center; Department of Cardiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Köln</city>
        <zip>D-50937</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Universitätsmedizin Leipzig</name>
      <address>
        <city>Leipzig</city>
        <zip>04103</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Hospital Mainz, II. Medical Clinic, Dept. of Electrophysiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Mainz</city>
        <zip>D-55131</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University Medical Center</name>
      <address>
        <city>Münster</city>
        <zip>D-48149</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>St. Vincenz-Hospital GmbH</name>
      <address>
        <city>Paderborn</city>
        <zip>D-33098</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Rostock University Hospital; Rhythmology and Clinical Electrophysiology</name>
      <address>
        <city>Rostock</city>
        <zip>D-18057</zip>
        <country>Germany</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Germany</country>
  </location_countries>
  <verification_date>July 2019</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 12, 2014</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>October 3, 2014</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">October 6, 2014</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>July 24, 2019</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>July 24, 2019</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Actual">July 26, 2019</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Thomas Rostock</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Univ.-Prof. Dr. med.</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>atrial fibrillation</keyword>
  <keyword>atrial flutter</keyword>
  <keyword>Atrial-Appendage Thrombus</keyword>
  <keyword>Thrombus resolution</keyword>
  <keyword>Dabigatran</keyword>
  <keyword>Phenprocoumon</keyword>
  <keyword>Transesophageal Echocardiography</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Atrial Fibrillation</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Thrombosis</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Atrial Flutter</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Dabigatran</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Phenprocoumon</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02256683
org study id: 2013-008
secondary id: 2013-005364-26
nct id: NCT02256683
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: Yes
The primary objective of this study is to assess whether Dabigatran leads to a faster
      complete left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus resolution as compared to Phenprocoumon. The
      secondary objectives of this trial are to assess the impact of Dabigatran versus
      Phenprocoumon on complete LAA thrombus resolution rate until week 6 and change in LAA
      thrombus volume under treatment as well as to assess and compare safety and tolerability of
      both drugs. A total of 110 patients with atrial fibrillation and LAA thrombus will be
      randomized to receive either Dabigatran (150 mg bid) or Phenprocoumon (INR 2-3) for a least
      three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transoesophageal echocardiography
      (TEE) 3 weeks after start of study treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary,
      i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the
      resolution of the LAA thrombus. For those patients whose thrombus still exists after 6 weeks
      treatment, the study is also terminated. Further treatments will be decided at the discretion
      of the treating physician.
BACKGROUND Dabigatran etexilate, a direct thrombin inhibitor and new oral anticoagulant
      (NOAC), has been shown to effectively prevent thromboembolic events in patients with atrial
      fibrillation (AF). However, there is a paucity of data on the antithrombotic efficacy and
      safety of dabigatran in the resolution of left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombi in AF patients.

      OBJECTIVE The primary objective of the RE-LATED trial is to assess whether treatment with
      dabigatran results in a faster complete LAA thrombus resolution as compared to vitamin-K
      antagonist phenprocoumon. Secondary objectives are to assess the impact of dabigatran on
      complete LAA thrombus resolution rate during treatment of 6 weeks, and change in LAA thrombus
      volume under treatment. Furthermore, this study aims to assess and compare safety and
      tolerability of dabigatran vs. phenprocoumon.

      METHODS The study is designed as a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open-label,
      controlled, explorative, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial. Patients with AF and left atrial
      appendage thrombus confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be randomized to
      receive either dabigatran (150 mg bid) or phenprocoumon (INR 2-3) for the resolution of LAA
      thrombus formation for at least 21 days. Thrombus resolution will be determined by TEE 3
      weeks after treatment initiation and subsequently at week 4 and 6, if the primary study
      endpoint (LAA thrombus resolution) has not yet been achieved. A total of 110 patients are
      planned to get randomized.

      CLINICAL CONTEXT This is the first controlled trial that investigates the safety and efficacy
      of a NOAC for the resolution of a LAA thrombus in patients with AF.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Single (Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Time to complete left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus resolution
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.
At each TEE examination existence of a LAA thrombus is documented (YES/NO).
measure: Complete LAA thrombus resolution until week 6 (yes/no)
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.
At each TEE examination existence of a LAA thrombus is documented (YES/NO).
measure: Change in LAA thrombus volume under treatment
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) will be performed at screening and after three weeks of treatment. In case of persistence of the LAA thrombus after three weeks, study treatment will be continued for a maximum of further 3 weeks and the patients will undergo a TEE at weeks 4 and 6 for LAA thrombus assessment until LAA thrombus resolution can be confirmed. The study is finished for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus. For patients with a thrombus persisting after 6 weeks treatment, the study will also be terminated.
If a LAA thrombus exists the longitudinal and transversal diameters (mm) in the 45-60° and in the 135° layer are measured.
If a LAA thrombus exists based on the diameters the volume (mm3) of the LAA thrombus is calculated.
measure: Occurrence of any adverse event
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
measure: Occurrence of major bleedings
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
Criteria for major bleedings in non-surgical patients:
Fatal bleeding, and/or
Symptomatic bleeding in a critical area or organ, such as intracranial, intraspinal, intraocular, retroperitoneal, intraarticular or pericardial, or intramuscular with compartment syndrome, and/or
Bleeding causing a fall in haemoglobin level of 2.0 g/dl (1.24 mmol/l) or more, or leading to transfusion of two or more units of whole blood or red cells.
measure: Occurrence of strokes (all-type, haemorrhagic, ischemic) ascertained by CCT or cMRT
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
measure: Occurrence of transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs)
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
measure: Occurrence of cardiovascular events requiring hospitalization
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
measure: Occurrence of other thromboembolic events
time frame: 3 up to 6 weeks
description: Patient interview at each visit and at follow up phone call. In case of availability review of patients' health records.
arm group label: Dabigatran
arm group type: Experimental
description: Dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa®) 150 mg capsule by mouth twice daly for 3 up to 6 weeks depending on treatment response
arm group label: Phenprocoumon
arm group type: Active Comparator
description: Phenprocoumon (Marcumar®) 3 mg capsule by mouth according to INR (2-3) for 3 up to 6 weeks depending on treatment response
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Dabigatran etexilate
description: After inclusion of the patients with LAA thrombus, they are treated according to the randomization either with Pradaxa® (150 mg bid) or Marcumar® (INR 2-3) for at least three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 3 weeks after start of treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary, i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus or after 6 weeks of study treatment.
arm group label: Dabigatran
other name: Pradaxa®
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Phenprocoumon
description: After inclusion of the patients with LAA thrombus, they are treated according to the randomization either with Pradaxa® (150 mg bid) or Marcumar® (INR 2-3) for at least three weeks. Thrombus resolution will be determined by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 3 weeks after start of treatment and subsequently at week 4 and 6 if necessary, i.e. LAA thrombus has not yet resolved. The study is terminated for each patient with the resolution of the LAA thrombus or after 6 weeks of study treatment.
arm group label: Phenprocoumon
other name: Marcumar®
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 80 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Thomas Rostock, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz
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country: Germany
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz
investigator full name: Thomas Rostock
investigator title: Univ.-Prof. Dr. med.
mesh term: Atrial Fibrillation
mesh term: Thrombosis
mesh term: Atrial Flutter
mesh term: Dabigatran
mesh term: Phenprocoumon