<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01734616</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>F/3/2009</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT01734616</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Dysfunction of Nutritive Blood Flow as a Determinant of Anabolic Resistance in Older People</brief_title>
  <acronym>Dunhill01</acronym>
  <official_title>Dysfunction of Nutritive Blood Flow as a Determinant of Anabolic Resistance in Older People</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Nottingham</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>The Dunhill Medical Trust</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Nottingham</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      With age, muscles tend to waste at 0.5-1% per year, so that an 80 year old may have only 70%&#xD;
      of the muscle possessed at 50. Muscle loss makes it harder to carry out tasks that require&#xD;
      strength, keep the body balanced and continue activity for a prolonged period, which together&#xD;
      may contribute to a loss of independence and an increased risk of falls. The cause of some of&#xD;
      this muscle loss with ageing appears to be a reduction in muscle building in response to&#xD;
      food. The known decreased limb blood flow in ageing muscle may go some way to explain this as&#xD;
      there may be less nutrient delivery to the muscles. The investigators want to test if the&#xD;
      known decrease in limb blood flow with age is matched with a decrease in the proportion of&#xD;
      blood being delivered directly to the muscles, rather than fat and connective tissue. If so&#xD;
      the investigators expect to see an improvement in the ability of muscles to maintain&#xD;
      themselves via better capture of amino acids into protein. The investigators also want to&#xD;
      test if 20 weeks resistance exercise training or drinking a cocktail of mixture of high&#xD;
      flavanol cocoa (which can increase blood flow) and vitamin C can improve limb blood flow to&#xD;
      older muscles and help reduce muscle wasting.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      By 2020, 20% of the UK population will be over 65 y. Muscle mass is a strong predictor of&#xD;
      healthy ageing and longevity. Basal limb blood flow decreases with advancing age; reduced&#xD;
      limb perfusion may contribute to sarcopenia, the undesirable loss of muscle mass that&#xD;
      accompanies advancing age. The investigators previous work has shown that there are deficits&#xD;
      in the mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis in older people, but why these exist and how&#xD;
      they may be countered is still unknown. After normal feeding, increased amino acid&#xD;
      availability (stimulating muscle protein synthesis) and insulin availability (inhibiting&#xD;
      muscle protein breakdown) do have good effects in the muscle of older people but not to the&#xD;
      same extent as in the young; the investigators call this &quot;anabolic resistance&quot;. The&#xD;
      investigators have recently shown that leg blood flow in elderly people is lower than in the&#xD;
      young at rest in the basal state and also at rest up to 2.5 hours after food and or food +&#xD;
      exercise. The matching of blood flow and metabolism is advantageous for skeletal muscle, in&#xD;
      marrying demands for oxygen and nutrients to their delivery; the reduced limb perfusion in&#xD;
      the older people may contribute to an inability to maintain muscle mass with ageing. The&#xD;
      investigators have recently shown that resistance training markedly improves leg blood flow&#xD;
      responses in elderly persons. They believe a major benefit of resistance exercise is to&#xD;
      increase endothelium dependent vasodilation in response to feeding and moderate exercise, but&#xD;
      this needs to be proved. It is becoming recognised that it is not only &quot;bulk&quot; limb blood flow&#xD;
      that may be important in muscle nutrient uptake but that so called 'nutritive' blood flow is&#xD;
      an important determinant. Recent work suggests that bulk limb flow is not only partitioned&#xD;
      between skin, bone and muscle but even within muscle is partitioned between 'nutritive' and&#xD;
      'non-nutritive'. The nutritive route has intimate contact with muscle cells while the&#xD;
      non-nutritive route acts as a vascular shunt and is thought to be, at least in part, via&#xD;
      vessels that nourish fat and connective tissue cells. Nutritive flow may be the component of&#xD;
      flow which is most susceptible to dysfunction5 (e.g. with type 2 diabetes and obesity) but&#xD;
      may also be the most susceptible to improvement by accustomed exercise and possibly&#xD;
      nutraceutical treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators will test the hypotheses: (1) muscle nutritive blood flow is a determinant&#xD;
      of protein balance, with pharmacologically induced vasodilation acutely stimulating muscle&#xD;
      synthesis and reducing breakdown, (2) low nutritive flow in elderly people contributes to&#xD;
      anabolic resistance and can be ameliorated by resistance training or nutraceutical flow&#xD;
      enhancers.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The investigators wish to study 50 healthy volunteer subjects (not NHS patients) as follows:&#xD;
      18-28 y men (10) and 65-75 y men (40) of comparable body mass index (24-28 kg•m2) all of whom&#xD;
      are sedentary and normally undertake no customary resistance training. The investigators have&#xD;
      data suggesting sexual dimorphism of anabolic responses to feeding in older subjects so will&#xD;
      restrict studies to men only. After obtaining written consent, all subjects will undergo a&#xD;
      medical examination, activity questionnaire and DEXA scan. Ten elderly men will undergo a&#xD;
      single acute study. In addition the investigators will study 10 young men under the same&#xD;
      conditions. Ten more elderly men will undergo an acute study after 20 weeks of supervised&#xD;
      whole-body resistance training, as is current practice at a gym site in Derby. Ten more&#xD;
      elderly men will undergo a single acute study in which they are given, in addition to the&#xD;
      standard acute study protocol 3 drinks of high flavanol cocoa and 3 x 500 mg of vitamin C. If&#xD;
      a positive acute effect of the drinks is observed the final ten elderly men will undergo an&#xD;
      acute study after a week of ingesting 3 high flavanol cocoa + 1000 mg of vitamin C per day.&#xD;
      To optimise details of study conditions the investigators will also study up to 10 normal&#xD;
      healthy volunteers 18-75 y simply with the CEUS contrast agent and methacholine infusions,&#xD;
      without any blood sampling or biopsies.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Subjects fasted overnight will receive primed constant intravenous (antecubital vein)&#xD;
      infusions of stable isotope labelled amino acids for the duration of the study and blood&#xD;
      samples will be taken from an arterial cannula and two femoral venous cannulae at regular&#xD;
      intervals to quantify tracer enrichment and measure glucose uptake and insulin. In the first&#xD;
      phase of the study, subjects' bulk femoral artery blood flow will be measured at 50, 70, 90&#xD;
      and 110 min by Doppler Ultrasound (USS). Nutritive blood flow will be measured in a defined&#xD;
      area of the quadriceps in the control leg by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) using the&#xD;
      Phillips iU22 at 110 min. This involves a single intravenous administration of SonoVue®&#xD;
      contrast agent. At 120 min the second phase of the study will begin with a dextrose and mixed&#xD;
      amino acid intravenous infusion (antecubital vein) for the remainder of the study.&#xD;
      Methacholine chloride (Provocholine®; Methapharm Inc.) in NaCl (0.9%, prepared by QMC&#xD;
      pharmacy)will be infused (at 2-12 µg/min) into one femoral artery to double femoral artery&#xD;
      flow at 150 min. Bulk femoral artery flow will again be measured (Doppler Ultrasound), this&#xD;
      time in both legs at 170, 190, 210 and 230 min. Nutritive flow will be measured for a second&#xD;
      time, in both legs by CEUS at 230 min. Four muscle biopsies (150-300 mg) of vastus lateralis&#xD;
      will be taken according to the protocol and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The end points will be i. muscle protein synthesis, ii. muscle protein breakdown, iii. bulk&#xD;
      femoral blood flow and iv. nutritive femoral blood flow in subjects of different ages or&#xD;
      following different exercise or nutraceutical intervention. A power calculation suggests that&#xD;
      this study will need 10 subjects per group to detect (with α of 0.05 and β of 0.85) a 25 %&#xD;
      difference between groups in biological variables, results the investigators have been able&#xD;
      to achieve for similar work in the past.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>September 2009</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">August 2012</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">August 2012</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>None (Open Label)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Microvascular blood volume in response to feeding</measure>
    <time_frame>September 2009 - August 2012</time_frame>
    <description>The final study participant was completed and all microvascular blood volume data analysed by August 2012. This outcome measure is applicable to all arms of this study and refers to responsiveness to a 2 hour feed protocol.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Muscle protein metabolism in response to feeding</measure>
    <time_frame>January - October 2012</time_frame>
    <description>Muscle protein metabolism (synthesis and breakdown) in response to feeding in young and older individuals and in older individuals after exercise or nutraceutical intervention. This outcome measure could only be assessed after all studies were completed to ensure standardization of mass-spectrometry measurements between the groups.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Molecular pathways regulating muscle microvascular blood volume</measure>
    <time_frame>August 2012 - August 2013</time_frame>
    <description>This outcome measure was not able to be analysed prior to completion of all studied and the subsequent primary and secondary outcome measures as molecular targets of interest were dependent upon these results. This analysis has began and should be complete by August 2013.</description>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>5</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">50</enrollment>
  <condition>Regional Blood Flow</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Young</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Young subjects to be controlled to older individuals with interventions</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Old</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>No Intervention</arm_group_type>
    <description>Older individuals to compare to young and other older intervention groups</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Old Exercise</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Older individuals studied after an intervention of 20 weeks fully-supervised resistance exercise training</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Old Acute Cocoa</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Older individuals studied with the addition of cocoa flavanols during their acute study</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Old 7 Day Cocoa</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Older individuals studied after 7 day supplementation of cocoa flavanols</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Behavioral</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Old Exercise</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Old Exercise</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Old Acute Cocoa</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Old Acute Cocoa</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Old 7 Day Cocoa</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Old 7 Day Cocoa</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
        Healthy volunteers aged 18-28 or 65-75&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Overt muscle wasting i.e. muscle mass is more than 1 standard deviation below normal&#xD;
             muscle or FFM for age&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  A BMI &lt; 24 or &gt; 28 kg•m2.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Active cardiovascular disease: uncontrolled hypertension (BP &gt; 160/100), angina, heart&#xD;
             failure (class III/IV), arrhythmia, right to left cardiac shunt or recent cardiac&#xD;
             event&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Individuals taking beta-adrenergic blocking agents.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Cerebrovascular disease: previous stroke, aneurysm (large vessel or intracranial).&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Respiratory disease including pulmonary hypertension, COPD, asthma or an FEV1 less&#xD;
             than 1.5 l.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Metabolic disease: hyper and hypo parathyroidism, untreated hyper and hypothyroidism,&#xD;
             Cushing's disease, types 1 or 2 diabetes.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Active inflammatory bowel disease, or renal disease,&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Malignancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Recent steroid treatment (within 6 mo), or hormone replacement therapy.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Clotting dysfunction&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Musculoskeletal or neurological disorders.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Family history of early (&lt;55y) death from cardiovascular disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Known sensitivity to Definity or methacholine&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>75 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>John P Williams, PhD, MD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Nottingham</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Bethan E Phillips, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>University of Nottingham</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Graduate Entry Medical School, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Derby</city>
        <state>Derbyshire</state>
        <zip>DE22 3DT</zip>
        <country>United Kingdom</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United Kingdom</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Phillips B, Williams J, Atherton P, Smith K, Hildebrandt W, Rankin D, Greenhaff P, Macdonald I, Rennie MJ. Resistance exercise training improves age-related declines in leg vascular conductance and rejuvenates acute leg blood flow responses to feeding and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Feb;112(3):347-53. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2011. Epub 2011 Oct 13.</citation>
    <PMID>21998269</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>November 2012</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>November 21, 2012</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>November 21, 2012</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">November 27, 2012</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>November 27, 2012</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>November 27, 2012</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">November 28, 2012</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Microvascular</keyword>
  <keyword>Muscle</keyword>
  <keyword>Nutrition</keyword>
  <keyword>Exercise</keyword>
  <keyword>Ageing</keyword>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01734616
org study id: F/3/2009
nct id: NCT01734616
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
With age, muscles tend to waste at 0.5-1% per year, so that an 80 year old may have only 70%
      of the muscle possessed at 50. Muscle loss makes it harder to carry out tasks that require
      strength, keep the body balanced and continue activity for a prolonged period, which together
      may contribute to a loss of independence and an increased risk of falls. The cause of some of
      this muscle loss with ageing appears to be a reduction in muscle building in response to
      food. The known decreased limb blood flow in ageing muscle may go some way to explain this as
      there may be less nutrient delivery to the muscles. The investigators want to test if the
      known decrease in limb blood flow with age is matched with a decrease in the proportion of
      blood being delivered directly to the muscles, rather than fat and connective tissue. If so
      the investigators expect to see an improvement in the ability of muscles to maintain
      themselves via better capture of amino acids into protein. The investigators also want to
      test if 20 weeks resistance exercise training or drinking a cocktail of mixture of high
      flavanol cocoa (which can increase blood flow) and vitamin C can improve limb blood flow to
      older muscles and help reduce muscle wasting.
By 2020, 20% of the UK population will be over 65 y. Muscle mass is a strong predictor of
      healthy ageing and longevity. Basal limb blood flow decreases with advancing age; reduced
      limb perfusion may contribute to sarcopenia, the undesirable loss of muscle mass that
      accompanies advancing age. The investigators previous work has shown that there are deficits
      in the mechanisms of muscle protein synthesis in older people, but why these exist and how
      they may be countered is still unknown. After normal feeding, increased amino acid
      availability (stimulating muscle protein synthesis) and insulin availability (inhibiting
      muscle protein breakdown) do have good effects in the muscle of older people but not to the
      same extent as in the young; the investigators call this "anabolic resistance". The
      investigators have recently shown that leg blood flow in elderly people is lower than in the
      young at rest in the basal state and also at rest up to 2.5 hours after food and or food +
      exercise. The matching of blood flow and metabolism is advantageous for skeletal muscle, in
      marrying demands for oxygen and nutrients to their delivery; the reduced limb perfusion in
      the older people may contribute to an inability to maintain muscle mass with ageing. The
      investigators have recently shown that resistance training markedly improves leg blood flow
      responses in elderly persons. They believe a major benefit of resistance exercise is to
      increase endothelium dependent vasodilation in response to feeding and moderate exercise, but
      this needs to be proved. It is becoming recognised that it is not only "bulk" limb blood flow
      that may be important in muscle nutrient uptake but that so called 'nutritive' blood flow is
      an important determinant. Recent work suggests that bulk limb flow is not only partitioned
      between skin, bone and muscle but even within muscle is partitioned between 'nutritive' and
      'non-nutritive'. The nutritive route has intimate contact with muscle cells while the
      non-nutritive route acts as a vascular shunt and is thought to be, at least in part, via
      vessels that nourish fat and connective tissue cells. Nutritive flow may be the component of
      flow which is most susceptible to dysfunction5 (e.g. with type 2 diabetes and obesity) but
      may also be the most susceptible to improvement by accustomed exercise and possibly
      nutraceutical treatment.

      The investigators will test the hypotheses: (1) muscle nutritive blood flow is a determinant
      of protein balance, with pharmacologically induced vasodilation acutely stimulating muscle
      synthesis and reducing breakdown, (2) low nutritive flow in elderly people contributes to
      anabolic resistance and can be ameliorated by resistance training or nutraceutical flow
      enhancers.

      The investigators wish to study 50 healthy volunteer subjects (not NHS patients) as follows:
      18-28 y men (10) and 65-75 y men (40) of comparable body mass index (24-28 kg•m2) all of whom
      are sedentary and normally undertake no customary resistance training. The investigators have
      data suggesting sexual dimorphism of anabolic responses to feeding in older subjects so will
      restrict studies to men only. After obtaining written consent, all subjects will undergo a
      medical examination, activity questionnaire and DEXA scan. Ten elderly men will undergo a
      single acute study. In addition the investigators will study 10 young men under the same
      conditions. Ten more elderly men will undergo an acute study after 20 weeks of supervised
      whole-body resistance training, as is current practice at a gym site in Derby. Ten more
      elderly men will undergo a single acute study in which they are given, in addition to the
      standard acute study protocol 3 drinks of high flavanol cocoa and 3 x 500 mg of vitamin C. If
      a positive acute effect of the drinks is observed the final ten elderly men will undergo an
      acute study after a week of ingesting 3 high flavanol cocoa + 1000 mg of vitamin C per day.
      To optimise details of study conditions the investigators will also study up to 10 normal
      healthy volunteers 18-75 y simply with the CEUS contrast agent and methacholine infusions,
      without any blood sampling or biopsies.

      Subjects fasted overnight will receive primed constant intravenous (antecubital vein)
      infusions of stable isotope labelled amino acids for the duration of the study and blood
      samples will be taken from an arterial cannula and two femoral venous cannulae at regular
      intervals to quantify tracer enrichment and measure glucose uptake and insulin. In the first
      phase of the study, subjects' bulk femoral artery blood flow will be measured at 50, 70, 90
      and 110 min by Doppler Ultrasound (USS). Nutritive blood flow will be measured in a defined
      area of the quadriceps in the control leg by Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) using the
      Phillips iU22 at 110 min. This involves a single intravenous administration of SonoVue®
      contrast agent. At 120 min the second phase of the study will begin with a dextrose and mixed
      amino acid intravenous infusion (antecubital vein) for the remainder of the study.
      Methacholine chloride (Provocholine®; Methapharm Inc.) in NaCl (0.9%, prepared by QMC
      pharmacy)will be infused (at 2-12 µg/min) into one femoral artery to double femoral artery
      flow at 150 min. Bulk femoral artery flow will again be measured (Doppler Ultrasound), this
      time in both legs at 170, 190, 210 and 230 min. Nutritive flow will be measured for a second
      time, in both legs by CEUS at 230 min. Four muscle biopsies (150-300 mg) of vastus lateralis
      will be taken according to the protocol and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen.

      The end points will be i. muscle protein synthesis, ii. muscle protein breakdown, iii. bulk
      femoral blood flow and iv. nutritive femoral blood flow in subjects of different ages or
      following different exercise or nutraceutical intervention. A power calculation suggests that
      this study will need 10 subjects per group to detect (with α of 0.05 and β of 0.85) a 25 %
      difference between groups in biological variables, results the investigators have been able
      to achieve for similar work in the past.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: None (Open Label)
measure: Microvascular blood volume in response to feeding
time frame: September 2009 - August 2012
description: The final study participant was completed and all microvascular blood volume data analysed by August 2012. This outcome measure is applicable to all arms of this study and refers to responsiveness to a 2 hour feed protocol.
measure: Muscle protein metabolism in response to feeding
time frame: January - October 2012
description: Muscle protein metabolism (synthesis and breakdown) in response to feeding in young and older individuals and in older individuals after exercise or nutraceutical intervention. This outcome measure could only be assessed after all studies were completed to ensure standardization of mass-spectrometry measurements between the groups.
measure: Molecular pathways regulating muscle microvascular blood volume
time frame: August 2012 - August 2013
description: This outcome measure was not able to be analysed prior to completion of all studied and the subsequent primary and secondary outcome measures as molecular targets of interest were dependent upon these results. This analysis has began and should be complete by August 2013.
arm group label: Young
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Young subjects to be controlled to older individuals with interventions
arm group label: Old
arm group type: No Intervention
description: Older individuals to compare to young and other older intervention groups
arm group label: Old Exercise
arm group type: Experimental
description: Older individuals studied after an intervention of 20 weeks fully-supervised resistance exercise training
arm group label: Old Acute Cocoa
arm group type: Experimental
description: Older individuals studied with the addition of cocoa flavanols during their acute study
arm group label: Old 7 Day Cocoa
arm group type: Experimental
description: Older individuals studied after 7 day supplementation of cocoa flavanols
intervention type: Behavioral
intervention name: Old Exercise
arm group label: Old Exercise
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Old Acute Cocoa
arm group label: Old Acute Cocoa
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Old 7 Day Cocoa
arm group label: Old 7 Day Cocoa
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 75 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: John P Williams, PhD, MD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Nottingham
last name: Bethan E Phillips, PhD
role: Study Director
affiliation: University of Nottingham
facility: 
country: United Kingdom
citation: Phillips B, Williams J, Atherton P, Smith K, Hildebrandt W, Rankin D, Greenhaff P, Macdonald I, Rennie MJ. Resistance exercise training improves age-related declines in leg vascular conductance and rejuvenates acute leg blood flow responses to feeding and exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2012 Feb;112(3):347-53. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01031.2011. Epub 2011 Oct 13.
PMID: 21998269
responsible party type: Sponsor