<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01708837</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>ISSDIPR0003</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT01708837</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Effect of Depth of Total Intravenous Anesthesia Using Propofol on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effect of Depth of Total Intravenous Anesthesia Using Propofol on Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction : A Multi-Center Study</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Xiangya Hospital of Central South University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Xiangya Hospital of Central South University</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the depth of anesthesia with propofol&#xD;
      affects the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      INTRODUCTION&#xD;
&#xD;
      1.1 Rationale for the study&#xD;
&#xD;
      There is a significant relation between postoperative cognitive dysfunction and increasing&#xD;
      age, increasing duration of surgery. But, up to now, the effect of the depth of anesthesia on&#xD;
      POCD remains controversial. This study is designed to investigate whether the depth of&#xD;
      anesthesia affects the incidence of POCD, we will use propofol for total intravenous&#xD;
      anesthesia in elderly patients whose depth of anesthesia was monitored and adjusted by&#xD;
      bispectral index (BIS). The early and long-term incidence of POCD will be compared between&#xD;
      deep and light-anesthesia groups.&#xD;
&#xD;
      1.2 Background&#xD;
&#xD;
      We hypothesize that depth of anesthesia may exert an influence on the early postoperative&#xD;
      cognitive dysfunction. One reason that deep anesthesia might protect cognitive function is&#xD;
      the prevention of the stress response to noxious stimulation. The noxious stimulation of&#xD;
      surgery can induce stress responses whose severity correlates with the intensity of surgery&#xD;
      (major versus minor).Light anesthesia with a serious stress response to noxious stimulation&#xD;
      may increase the incidence of POCD. Furthermore, major surgery causing a serious stress&#xD;
      response can give rise to a higher incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction&#xD;
      than minor. This may also prove our hypothesis on the other hand. The elderly patients who&#xD;
      received major surgery had a higher incidence of early POCD than those who received minor&#xD;
      surgery. A deleterious stress response can be associated with major surgery or light&#xD;
      anesthesia, and it can cause excessive production of corticosteroids that target receptors in&#xD;
      the cerebral cortex and subcortical nucleus, eventually resulting in neuron injury. This may&#xD;
      explain why the elderly has a higher incidence of early POCD after surgery. However, the&#xD;
      effect of the depth of anesthesia on POCD remains controversial. Farag E et al. randomized 74&#xD;
      patients to either a low Bispectral Index (BIS) regimen or a high BIS regimen during the&#xD;
      surgical procedure. Preoperatively and 4-6 week after surgery, the patients' cognitive status&#xD;
      was assessed with a cognitive test battery consisting of processing speed index, working&#xD;
      memory index, and verbal memory index. Processing speed index was higher in the low BIS group&#xD;
      versus the high BIS group. But no difference was observed in the other two test battery&#xD;
      components. Certainly one of the limitations of their data is that the observed difference in&#xD;
      cognitive ability occurred in only one of three assessments. Recently, we have made a&#xD;
      randomised, double-blind, controlled study to demonstrate that deeper general anesthesia, as&#xD;
      defined by a median BIS of 38, when compared with a median BIS of 58, was associated with a&#xD;
      reduced incidence of early POCD(at 1 week postoperationly). This study has been published in&#xD;
      J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , Volume 23, Number 1, January 2011. as it was just a small&#xD;
      sample(n=40) study without considering incidence of long-term POCD, we hope to obtain more&#xD;
      reliable data from a multi-center study to investigate whether the depth of total intravenous&#xD;
      anesthesia using propofol affects the early and long-term incidence of POCD.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The bispectral index（BIS）can reflect the depth of anesthesia of propofol combined with&#xD;
      opioids. In our study, BIS will still be used to provide a reference for the selection of a&#xD;
      suitable depth of anesthesia.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Active, not recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date>October 2012</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">June 2014</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">January 2014</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 4</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Prevention</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>cognitive function score measured by Wechsler memory scale/ Wechsler intelligence scale manual</measure>
    <time_frame>Three month</time_frame>
    <description>cognitive function test using Wechsler memory scale/ Wechsler intelligence scale manual were administered the day before and 7 days and 3 months after surgery.</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">300</enrollment>
  <condition>Cognition Disorders</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>deep anesthesia group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values in 30-45</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>light anesthesia group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Other</arm_group_type>
    <description>Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values in 45-60</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Propofol</intervention_name>
    <description>Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values</description>
    <arm_group_label>deep anesthesia group</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_label>light anesthesia group</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Written informed consent provided by legal guardians or patients&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Male or female patients between 50 and 70 years of age.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  ASA physical status I or II patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Education Years of patients are more than 6 years.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The operation going to be received is the first operation in patient's life (a second&#xD;
             operation was a risk factor for early post- operative cognitive dysfunction);&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The operation going to be received is presenting for a moderate surgery, such as&#xD;
             pulmonary lobectomy, subtotal gastrectomy, prostatectomy and so on.&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has the history of neurologic or mental disease.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has renal dysfunction, serum creatinine &gt;177 mmol/L.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has an active liver disease.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has cardiac dysfunction.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has pulmonary dysfunction.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has an endocrine disease.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has a metabolic disease.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has a history of surgery.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient is going to receive surgery of thyroid, intracranial procedure, joint&#xD;
             replacement, major fracture.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient's education history is shown less than 6 years of school.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient is unable to complete neuropsychologic testing.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has vision dysfunction.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient has auditory dysfunction.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The operation going to be received is a laparoscopic surgery.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  The patient is hypersensitive to propofol or any other anesthetic agents.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Involvement in the planning and conduct of the study&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Participation in another drug trial within 28 days prior enrolment into this study&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>50 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>70 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Qulian Guo, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Study Director</role>
    <affiliation>Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>XiangYa Hospital, Central South University</name>
      <address>
        <city>Changsha</city>
        <state>Hunan</state>
        <zip>410078</zip>
        <country>China</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>China</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Newman S, Stygall.J: Neuropsychological outcome following cardiac surgery. The Brain and cardiac Surgery 2000: 21-49</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, Rabbitt P, Jolles J, Larsen K, Hanning CD, Langeron O, Johnson T, Lauven PM, Kristensen PA, Biedler A, van Beem H, Fraidakis O, Silverstein JH, Beneken JE, Gravenstein JS. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998 Mar 21;351(9106):857-61. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)07382-0. Erratum In: Lancet 1998 Jun 6;351(9117):1742.</citation>
    <PMID>9525362</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rasmussen LS, Christiansen M, Rasmussen H, Kristensen PA, Moller JT. Do blood concentrations of neurone specific enolase and S-100 beta protein reflect cognitive dysfunction after abdominal surgery?ISPOCD Group. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Feb;84(2):242-4. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013410.</citation>
    <PMID>10743460</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Canet J, Raeder J, Rasmussen LS, Enlund M, Kuipers HM, Hanning CD, Jolles J, Korttila K, Siersma VD, Dodds C, Abildstrom H, Sneyd JR, Vila P, Johnson T, Munoz Corsini L, Silverstein JH, Nielsen IK, Moller JT; ISPOCD2 investigators. Cognitive dysfunction after minor surgery in the elderly. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003 Nov;47(10):1204-10. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-6576.2003.00238.x.</citation>
    <PMID>14616316</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Johnson T, Monk T, Rasmussen LS, Abildstrom H, Houx P, Korttila K, Kuipers HM, Hanning CD, Siersma VD, Kristensen D, Canet J, Ibanaz MT, Moller JT; ISPOCD2 Investigators. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged patients. Anesthesiology. 2002 Jun;96(6):1351-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200206000-00014.</citation>
    <PMID>12170047</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Cai YR, Xue ZG, Zhu B: Risk factors contributing to post- operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. The Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 2006; 22: 608-610</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Enlund M, Mentell O, Flenninger A, Horneman G, Ronquist G. Evidence of cerebral dysfunction associated with isoflurane- or propofol based anaesthesia for orthognathic surgery, as assessed by biochemical and neuropsychological methods. Ups J Med Sci. 1998;103(1):43-59. doi: 10.3109/03009739809178944.</citation>
    <PMID>9789971</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Casati A, Fanelli G, Pietropaoli P, Proietti R, Tufano R, Danelli G, Fierro G, De Cosmo G, Servillo G; Collaborative Italian Study Group on Anesthesia in Elderly Patients. Continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery minimizes brain exposure to potential hypoxia. Anesth Analg. 2005 Sep;101(3):740-747. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000166974.96219.cd. Erratum In: Anesth Analg. 2006 Jun;102(6):1645. Fierro, Giovanni [corrected to Fierro, Giuseppe].</citation>
    <PMID>16115985</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shim TS, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lim TH, Kim SJ, Kim DS, Kim WD. Cerebral metabolic abnormalities in COPD patients detected by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chest. 2001 Nov;120(5):1506-13. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.5.1506.</citation>
    <PMID>11713127</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Farag E, Chelune GJ, Schubert A, Mascha EJ. Is depth of anesthesia, as assessed by the Bispectral Index, related to postoperative cognitive dysfunction and recovery? Anesth Analg. 2006 Sep;103(3):633-40. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000228870.48028.b5.</citation>
    <PMID>16931673</PMID>
  </reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Newman S, Stygall J, Hirani S, Shaefi S, Maze M. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2007 Mar;106(3):572-90. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200703000-00023.</citation>
    <PMID>17325517</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Abildstrom H, Rasmussen LS, Rentowl P, Hanning CD, Rasmussen H, Kristensen PA, Moller JT. Cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after non-cardiac surgery in the elderly. ISPOCD group. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000 Nov;44(10):1246-51. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.441010.x.</citation>
    <PMID>11065205</PMID>
  </results_reference>
  <results_reference>
    <citation>Ni D, Shi X, Wu X：Incidence of Postoperative Cognitive Dys- function (POCD) in Aged-patients After General Anesthesia. China Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 6: 164-166</citation>
  </results_reference>
  <verification_date>October 2012</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>October 7, 2012</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>October 15, 2012</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">October 17, 2012</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>May 29, 2013</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>May 29, 2013</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">May 31, 2013</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction</keyword>
  <keyword>Bispectral index</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Postoperative Cognitive Complications</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Cognitive Dysfunction</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Cognition Disorders</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Propofol</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01708837
org study id: ISSDIPR0003
nct id: NCT01708837
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the depth of anesthesia with propofol
      affects the incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction
INTRODUCTION

      1.1 Rationale for the study

      There is a significant relation between postoperative cognitive dysfunction and increasing
      age, increasing duration of surgery. But, up to now, the effect of the depth of anesthesia on
      POCD remains controversial. This study is designed to investigate whether the depth of
      anesthesia affects the incidence of POCD, we will use propofol for total intravenous
      anesthesia in elderly patients whose depth of anesthesia was monitored and adjusted by
      bispectral index (BIS). The early and long-term incidence of POCD will be compared between
      deep and light-anesthesia groups.

      1.2 Background

      We hypothesize that depth of anesthesia may exert an influence on the early postoperative
      cognitive dysfunction. One reason that deep anesthesia might protect cognitive function is
      the prevention of the stress response to noxious stimulation. The noxious stimulation of
      surgery can induce stress responses whose severity correlates with the intensity of surgery
      (major versus minor).Light anesthesia with a serious stress response to noxious stimulation
      may increase the incidence of POCD. Furthermore, major surgery causing a serious stress
      response can give rise to a higher incidence of early postoperative cognitive dysfunction
      than minor. This may also prove our hypothesis on the other hand. The elderly patients who
      received major surgery had a higher incidence of early POCD than those who received minor
      surgery. A deleterious stress response can be associated with major surgery or light
      anesthesia, and it can cause excessive production of corticosteroids that target receptors in
      the cerebral cortex and subcortical nucleus, eventually resulting in neuron injury. This may
      explain why the elderly has a higher incidence of early POCD after surgery. However, the
      effect of the depth of anesthesia on POCD remains controversial. Farag E et al. randomized 74
      patients to either a low Bispectral Index (BIS) regimen or a high BIS regimen during the
      surgical procedure. Preoperatively and 4-6 week after surgery, the patients' cognitive status
      was assessed with a cognitive test battery consisting of processing speed index, working
      memory index, and verbal memory index. Processing speed index was higher in the low BIS group
      versus the high BIS group. But no difference was observed in the other two test battery
      components. Certainly one of the limitations of their data is that the observed difference in
      cognitive ability occurred in only one of three assessments. Recently, we have made a
      randomised, double-blind, controlled study to demonstrate that deeper general anesthesia, as
      defined by a median BIS of 38, when compared with a median BIS of 58, was associated with a
      reduced incidence of early POCD(at 1 week postoperationly). This study has been published in
      J Neurosurg Anesthesiol , Volume 23, Number 1, January 2011. as it was just a small
      sample(n=40) study without considering incidence of long-term POCD, we hope to obtain more
      reliable data from a multi-center study to investigate whether the depth of total intravenous
      anesthesia using propofol affects the early and long-term incidence of POCD.

      The bispectral index（BIS）can reflect the depth of anesthesia of propofol combined with
      opioids. In our study, BIS will still be used to provide a reference for the selection of a
      suitable depth of anesthesia.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Prevention
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: cognitive function score measured by Wechsler memory scale/ Wechsler intelligence scale manual
time frame: Three month
description: cognitive function test using Wechsler memory scale/ Wechsler intelligence scale manual were administered the day before and 7 days and 3 months after surgery.
arm group label: deep anesthesia group
arm group type: Other
description: Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values in 30-45
arm group label: light anesthesia group
arm group type: Other
description: Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values in 45-60
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Propofol
description: Propofol infusion rate is titrated to maintain the target BIS values
arm group label: deep anesthesia group
arm group label: light anesthesia group
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 50 Years
maximum age: 70 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Qulian Guo, PhD
role: Study Director
affiliation: Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
facility: 
country: China
citation: Newman S, Stygall.J: Neuropsychological outcome following cardiac surgery. The Brain and cardiac Surgery 2000: 21-49
citation: Moller JT, Cluitmans P, Rasmussen LS, Houx P, Rasmussen H, Canet J, Rabbitt P, Jolles J, Larsen K, Hanning CD, Langeron O, Johnson T, Lauven PM, Kristensen PA, Biedler A, van Beem H, Fraidakis O, Silverstein JH, Beneken JE, Gravenstein JS. Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. ISPOCD investigators. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Lancet. 1998 Mar 21;351(9106):857-61. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(97)07382-0. Erratum In: Lancet 1998 Jun 6;351(9117):1742.
PMID: 9525362
citation: Rasmussen LS, Christiansen M, Rasmussen H, Kristensen PA, Moller JT. Do blood concentrations of neurone specific enolase and S-100 beta protein reflect cognitive dysfunction after abdominal surgery?ISPOCD Group. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Feb;84(2):242-4. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.bja.a013410.
PMID: 10743460
citation: Canet J, Raeder J, Rasmussen LS, Enlund M, Kuipers HM, Hanning CD, Jolles J, Korttila K, Siersma VD, Dodds C, Abildstrom H, Sneyd JR, Vila P, Johnson T, Munoz Corsini L, Silverstein JH, Nielsen IK, Moller JT; ISPOCD2 investigators. Cognitive dysfunction after minor surgery in the elderly. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003 Nov;47(10):1204-10. doi: 10.1046/j.1399-6576.2003.00238.x.
PMID: 14616316
citation: Johnson T, Monk T, Rasmussen LS, Abildstrom H, Houx P, Korttila K, Kuipers HM, Hanning CD, Siersma VD, Kristensen D, Canet J, Ibanaz MT, Moller JT; ISPOCD2 Investigators. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged patients. Anesthesiology. 2002 Jun;96(6):1351-7. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200206000-00014.
PMID: 12170047
citation: Cai YR, Xue ZG, Zhu B: Risk factors contributing to post- operative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients. The Journal of Clinical Anesthesiology 2006; 22: 608-610
citation: Enlund M, Mentell O, Flenninger A, Horneman G, Ronquist G. Evidence of cerebral dysfunction associated with isoflurane- or propofol based anaesthesia for orthognathic surgery, as assessed by biochemical and neuropsychological methods. Ups J Med Sci. 1998;103(1):43-59. doi: 10.3109/03009739809178944.
PMID: 9789971
citation: Casati A, Fanelli G, Pietropaoli P, Proietti R, Tufano R, Danelli G, Fierro G, De Cosmo G, Servillo G; Collaborative Italian Study Group on Anesthesia in Elderly Patients. Continuous monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturation in elderly patients undergoing major abdominal surgery minimizes brain exposure to potential hypoxia. Anesth Analg. 2005 Sep;101(3):740-747. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000166974.96219.cd. Erratum In: Anesth Analg. 2006 Jun;102(6):1645. Fierro, Giovanni [corrected to Fierro, Giuseppe].
PMID: 16115985
citation: Shim TS, Lee JH, Kim SY, Lim TH, Kim SJ, Kim DS, Kim WD. Cerebral metabolic abnormalities in COPD patients detected by localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Chest. 2001 Nov;120(5):1506-13. doi: 10.1378/chest.120.5.1506.
PMID: 11713127
citation: Farag E, Chelune GJ, Schubert A, Mascha EJ. Is depth of anesthesia, as assessed by the Bispectral Index, related to postoperative cognitive dysfunction and recovery? Anesth Analg. 2006 Sep;103(3):633-40. doi: 10.1213/01.ane.0000228870.48028.b5.
PMID: 16931673
citation: Newman S, Stygall J, Hirani S, Shaefi S, Maze M. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction after noncardiac surgery: a systematic review. Anesthesiology. 2007 Mar;106(3):572-90. doi: 10.1097/00000542-200703000-00023.
PMID: 17325517
citation: Abildstrom H, Rasmussen LS, Rentowl P, Hanning CD, Rasmussen H, Kristensen PA, Moller JT. Cognitive dysfunction 1-2 years after non-cardiac surgery in the elderly. ISPOCD group. International Study of Post-Operative Cognitive Dysfunction. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2000 Nov;44(10):1246-51. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.441010.x.
PMID: 11065205
citation: Ni D, Shi X, Wu X：Incidence of Postoperative Cognitive Dys- function (POCD) in Aged-patients After General Anesthesia. China Anesthesia and Analgesia 2004; 6: 164-166
responsible party type: Sponsor
mesh term: Postoperative Cognitive Complications
mesh term: Cognitive Dysfunction
mesh term: Cognition Disorders
mesh term: Propofol