<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01732003</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>11SE032</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT01732003</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Membrane Composition and Cellular Metabolism</brief_title>
  <official_title>The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Composition and Cellular Metabolism</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>University of Guelph</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>McMaster University</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
    <collaborator>
      <agency>Medical University of Bialystok</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </collaborator>
  </sponsors>
  <source>University of Guelph</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The biological membranes that surround a cell and its organelles are vital to the overall&#xD;
      function of the cell. Fatty acids are the main structural component of membranes, and the&#xD;
      presence of specific fatty acids can alter a membrane's characteristics, which subsequently&#xD;
      alters function. Two fatty acids that are of particular interest to researchers are&#xD;
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These omega-3 fatty acids have&#xD;
      unique unsaturated structures, and their incorporation into biological membranes appear to&#xD;
      elicit potent physiological effects. The body is unable to intrinsically synthesize these&#xD;
      important fatty acids, so they must be obtained from the diet or through supplementation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Compared to research investigating other body tissues, the effect of EPA and DHA on skeletal&#xD;
      muscle membranes and cellular function has received little attention. Of the studies done,&#xD;
      EPA and DHA supplementation consistently results in increased EPA, DHA, and total omega-3&#xD;
      fatty acid content in the skeletal muscle membranes of rodents. One study has also&#xD;
      demonstrated this effect in humans. These studies, however, have been limited to whole muscle&#xD;
      measurements, yet cells contain numerous subcellular membranes with diverse functions. Two&#xD;
      membranes of key importance to the metabolic function of a skeletal muscle cell are the&#xD;
      membrane that surrounds the cell (plasma membrane), and the membrane that surrounds the&#xD;
      mitochondria.&#xD;
&#xD;
      The plasma and mitochondrial membranes are responsible for taking up nutrients and converting&#xD;
      them into useable energy for the muscle. Recent findings suggest that physiological changes&#xD;
      in these processes may occur following EPA and DHA supplementation. At rest and during&#xD;
      exercise, there is potential for a shift in substrate selection that favors fat utilization&#xD;
      following EPA and DHA supplementation. Several membrane proteins are responsible for&#xD;
      transporting fat into the cell and mitochondria. The presence of EPA and DHA within membranes&#xD;
      has the potential to affect the membrane integration and function of proteins. The&#xD;
      investigators aim to determine whether fat utilization increases following EPA and DHA&#xD;
      supplementation, and if there is a concurrent change in the concentrations of fat transport&#xD;
      proteins within plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Supplementation with EPA and DHA may also&#xD;
      affect oxygen consumption, an important process in energy production that is regulated by&#xD;
      mitochondrial membrane proteins. Evidence from human and rodent studies shows a decrease in&#xD;
      whole body oxygen consumption following supplementation. The investigators aim to examine&#xD;
      these changes directly by measuring mitochondrial respiration following EPA and DHA&#xD;
      supplementation.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to examine how plasma and mitochondrial&#xD;
      membrane fatty acid composition change individually in response to EPA and DHA&#xD;
      supplementation in humans. The secondary purpose of this study is to examine functional&#xD;
      metabolic changes that occur in skeletal muscle in response to EPA and DHA supplementation,&#xD;
      and to investigate correlational relationships between these changes and any compositional&#xD;
      alterations in plasma and mitochondrial membranes. The investigators hypothesize that&#xD;
      supplementation with EPA and DHA will alter fuel selection at rest and during exercise, and&#xD;
      this will correspond to an increase in the concentration of membrane fatty acid transport&#xD;
      proteins, and that these changes will correlate to an increase in the EPA, DHA, and total&#xD;
      omega-3 content of plasma and mitochondrial membranes.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <overall_status>Unknown status</overall_status>
  <last_known_status>Recruiting</last_known_status>
  <start_date>November 2011</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Anticipated">February 2013</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Anticipated">February 2013</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>N/A</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Non-Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Basic Science</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Single (Participant)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in skeletal muscle whole muscle membrane fatty acid composition from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Percent change in the content of whole muscle membrane fatty acids</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in skeletal muscle plasma membrane fatty acid composition from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Percent change in the content of plasma membrane fatty acids</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in skeletal muscle mitochondrial membrane composition from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Percent change in the content of mitochondrial membrane fatty acids</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole body resting fat oxidation from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole body resting carbohydrate oxidation from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole body sub-maximal exercise fat oxidation from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole body sub-maximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting heart rate from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in sub-maximal exercise heart rate from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in sub-maximal exercise blood free fatty acid concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in sub-maximal exercise blood glucose concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in sub-maximal exercise blood lactate concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood C-reactive protein concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood cholesterol concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood high-density lipoprotein concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood low-density lipoprotein concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein ratio from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood triacylglyceride concentration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in resting blood membrane fatty acid content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in whole muscle 4-Hydroxynonenal content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in plasma membrane fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in plasma membrane fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in mitochondrial membrane fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <other_outcome>
    <measure>Change in mitochondrial respiration from baseline</measure>
    <time_frame>Baseline and 12 weeks</time_frame>
  </other_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Anticipated">24</enrollment>
  <condition>Skeletal Muscle Energy Metabolism</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Omega-3 Complete</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>Oral ingestion of 3000 mg (5 capsules) of Omega-3 Complete (Jamieson Laboratories Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada) per day for 12 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo Pill</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Oral ingestion of 5 capsules of a placebo oil pill (Jamieson Laboratories Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada) per day for 12 weeks</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Omega-3 Complete</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Omega-3 Complete</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Dietary Supplement</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Placebo Pill</intervention_name>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo Pill</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Recreationally active&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Must currently practice a consistent diet, and exercise regimen, and maintain this&#xD;
             throughout the duration of the study&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Current or previous supplementation with omega-3s&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Average fish intake greater than two times per week&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Sedentary&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Highly active/trained&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnosed respiratory problem&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Diagnosed heart problem/condition&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Lightheadedness, shortness of breath, chest pain, numbness, fatigue, coughing, or&#xD;
             wheezing during at rest of with low to moderate physical activity&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Cardiovascular disease risk factors: Family history of heart attacks, hypertension,&#xD;
             hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Allergies to lidocaine, fish/fish oil, gelatine, glycerin, or mixed tocopherols&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Currently taking any medications or supplements that may increase the chance of&#xD;
             bleeding (e.g. Aspirin, Coumadin, Anti-inflammatories, Plavix, Vitamin C or E, high&#xD;
             doses of garlic, ginkgo biloba, willow bark products)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Tendency toward easy bleeding or bruising&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Male</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>30 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Lawrence L Spriet, PhD</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>University of Guelph</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_contact>
    <last_name>Christopher J Gerling, BScH</last_name>
    <phone>1-519-821-4120</phone>
    <phone_ext>53907</phone_ext>
    <email>cgerling@uoguelph.ca</email>
  </overall_contact>
  <overall_contact_backup>
    <last_name>Jamie Whitfield, BA</last_name>
    <phone>1-519-821-4120</phone>
    <phone_ext>53907</phone_ext>
    <email>jwhitfie@uoguelph.ca</email>
  </overall_contact_backup>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>University of Guelph</name>
      <address>
        <city>Guelph</city>
        <state>Ontario</state>
        <zip>N1G 2W1</zip>
        <country>Canada</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
    <status>Recruiting</status>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>Canada</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ayre KJ, Hulbert AJ. Dietary fatty acid profile influences the composition of skeletal muscle phospholipids in rats. J Nutr. 1996 Mar;126(3):653-62. doi: 10.1093/jn/126.3.653.</citation>
    <PMID>8598550</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Dietary fish oil reduces skeletal muscle oxygen consumption, provides fatigue resistance and improves contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(12):1771-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510002928. Epub 2010 Aug 9.</citation>
    <PMID>20691135</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Andersson A, Nalsen C, Tengblad S, Vessby B. Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1222-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1222.</citation>
    <PMID>12450886</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Couet C, Delarue J, Ritz P, Antoine JM, Lamisse F. Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Aug;21(8):637-43. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800451.</citation>
    <PMID>15481762</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Delarue J, Labarthe F, Cohen R. Fish-oil supplementation reduces stimulation of plasma glucose fluxes during exercise in untrained males. Br J Nutr. 2003 Oct;90(4):777-86. doi: 10.1079/bjn2003964.</citation>
    <PMID>13129446</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Peoples GE, McLennan PL, Howe PR, Groeller H. Fish oil reduces heart rate and oxygen consumption during exercise. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2008 Dec;52(6):540-7. doi: 10.1097/FJC.0b013e3181911913.</citation>
    <PMID>19034030</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>November 2012</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>November 17, 2012</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>November 21, 2012</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">November 22, 2012</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>November 27, 2012</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>November 27, 2012</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">November 28, 2012</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>University of Guelph</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Lawrence Spriet</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor and Chair</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Omega-3</keyword>
  <keyword>Skeletal Muscle</keyword>
  <keyword>Eicosapentaenoic acid</keyword>
  <keyword>Docosahexaenoic acid</keyword>
  <keyword>Exercise</keyword>
  <keyword>Membrane Composition</keyword>
  <keyword>Lipid Metabolism</keyword>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01732003
org study id: 11SE032
nct id: NCT01732003
lead sponsor: 
collaborator: 
collaborator: 
has dmc: No
The biological membranes that surround a cell and its organelles are vital to the overall
      function of the cell. Fatty acids are the main structural component of membranes, and the
      presence of specific fatty acids can alter a membrane's characteristics, which subsequently
      alters function. Two fatty acids that are of particular interest to researchers are
      eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). These omega-3 fatty acids have
      unique unsaturated structures, and their incorporation into biological membranes appear to
      elicit potent physiological effects. The body is unable to intrinsically synthesize these
      important fatty acids, so they must be obtained from the diet or through supplementation.

      Compared to research investigating other body tissues, the effect of EPA and DHA on skeletal
      muscle membranes and cellular function has received little attention. Of the studies done,
      EPA and DHA supplementation consistently results in increased EPA, DHA, and total omega-3
      fatty acid content in the skeletal muscle membranes of rodents. One study has also
      demonstrated this effect in humans. These studies, however, have been limited to whole muscle
      measurements, yet cells contain numerous subcellular membranes with diverse functions. Two
      membranes of key importance to the metabolic function of a skeletal muscle cell are the
      membrane that surrounds the cell (plasma membrane), and the membrane that surrounds the
      mitochondria.

      The plasma and mitochondrial membranes are responsible for taking up nutrients and converting
      them into useable energy for the muscle. Recent findings suggest that physiological changes
      in these processes may occur following EPA and DHA supplementation. At rest and during
      exercise, there is potential for a shift in substrate selection that favors fat utilization
      following EPA and DHA supplementation. Several membrane proteins are responsible for
      transporting fat into the cell and mitochondria. The presence of EPA and DHA within membranes
      has the potential to affect the membrane integration and function of proteins. The
      investigators aim to determine whether fat utilization increases following EPA and DHA
      supplementation, and if there is a concurrent change in the concentrations of fat transport
      proteins within plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Supplementation with EPA and DHA may also
      affect oxygen consumption, an important process in energy production that is regulated by
      mitochondrial membrane proteins. Evidence from human and rodent studies shows a decrease in
      whole body oxygen consumption following supplementation. The investigators aim to examine
      these changes directly by measuring mitochondrial respiration following EPA and DHA
      supplementation.

      Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to examine how plasma and mitochondrial
      membrane fatty acid composition change individually in response to EPA and DHA
      supplementation in humans. The secondary purpose of this study is to examine functional
      metabolic changes that occur in skeletal muscle in response to EPA and DHA supplementation,
      and to investigate correlational relationships between these changes and any compositional
      alterations in plasma and mitochondrial membranes. The investigators hypothesize that
      supplementation with EPA and DHA will alter fuel selection at rest and during exercise, and
      this will correspond to an increase in the concentration of membrane fatty acid transport
      proteins, and that these changes will correlate to an increase in the EPA, DHA, and total
      omega-3 content of plasma and mitochondrial membranes.
allocation: Non-Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Basic Science
masking: Single (Participant)
measure: Change in skeletal muscle whole muscle membrane fatty acid composition from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Percent change in the content of whole muscle membrane fatty acids
measure: Change in skeletal muscle plasma membrane fatty acid composition from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Percent change in the content of plasma membrane fatty acids
measure: Change in skeletal muscle mitochondrial membrane composition from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
description: Percent change in the content of mitochondrial membrane fatty acids
measure: Change in whole body resting fat oxidation from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole body resting carbohydrate oxidation from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole body sub-maximal exercise fat oxidation from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole body sub-maximal exercise carbohydrate oxidation from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting heart rate from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in sub-maximal exercise heart rate from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in sub-maximal exercise blood free fatty acid concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in sub-maximal exercise blood glucose concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in sub-maximal exercise blood lactate concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood C-reactive protein concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood cholesterol concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood high-density lipoprotein concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood low-density lipoprotein concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood cholesterol:high-density lipoprotein ratio from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood triacylglyceride concentration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in resting blood membrane fatty acid content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in skeletal muscle mitochondrial content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle fatty acid transport protein 4 (FATP4) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle pyruvate dehydrogenase content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in whole muscle 4-Hydroxynonenal content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in plasma membrane fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein (FABPpm) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in plasma membrane fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in mitochondrial membrane fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36) content from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
measure: Change in mitochondrial respiration from baseline
time frame: Baseline and 12 weeks
arm group label: Omega-3 Complete
arm group type: Experimental
description: Oral ingestion of 3000 mg (5 capsules) of Omega-3 Complete (Jamieson Laboratories Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada) per day for 12 weeks
arm group label: Placebo Pill
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Oral ingestion of 5 capsules of a placebo oil pill (Jamieson Laboratories Ltd., Windsor, Ontario, Canada) per day for 12 weeks
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Omega-3 Complete
arm group label: Omega-3 Complete
intervention type: Dietary Supplement
intervention name: Placebo Pill
arm group label: Placebo Pill
criteria: 
gender: Male
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 30 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Lawrence L Spriet, PhD
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: University of Guelph
last name: Christopher J Gerling, BScH
phone: 1-519-821-4120
phone ext: 53907
email: cgerling@uoguelph.ca
last name: Jamie Whitfield, BA
phone: 1-519-821-4120
phone ext: 53907
email: jwhitfie@uoguelph.ca
facility: 
status: Recruiting
country: Canada
citation: Ayre KJ, Hulbert AJ. Dietary fatty acid profile influences the composition of skeletal muscle phospholipids in rats. J Nutr. 1996 Mar;126(3):653-62. doi: 10.1093/jn/126.3.653.
PMID: 8598550
citation: Peoples GE, McLennan PL. Dietary fish oil reduces skeletal muscle oxygen consumption, provides fatigue resistance and improves contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb. Br J Nutr. 2010 Dec;104(12):1771-9. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510002928. Epub 2010 Aug 9.
PMID: 20691135
citation: Andersson A, Nalsen C, Tengblad S, Vessby B. Fatty acid composition of skeletal muscle reflects dietary fat composition in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Dec;76(6):1222-9. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/76.6.1222.
PMID: 12450886
citation: Couet C, Delarue J, Ritz P, Antoine JM, Lamisse F. Effect of dietary fish oil on body fat mass and basal fat oxidation in healthy adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997 Aug;21(8):637-43. doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800451.
PMID: 15481762
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responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: University of Guelph
investigator full name: Lawrence Spriet
investigator title: Professor and Chair