<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01694979</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>L12-020</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT01694979</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>Pelvic Floor Activity and Breathing in Women</brief_title>
  <official_title>Effect Of Variations In Forced Expiration Effort On Pelvic Floor Activation In Asymptomatic Women</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Kitani, Lenore, PT</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Kitani, Lenore, PT</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>No</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      The pelvic floor and diaphragm work together in many different functions. Two important&#xD;
      functions are breathing and continence. The pelvic floor muscles have to lift and squeeze to&#xD;
      maintain continence. Breathing, specifically breathing out, makes the pelvic floor lift. The&#xD;
      investigators don't know how much the pelvic floor lifts and squeezes during different types&#xD;
      of breathing out. The purpose of this study is to measure pelvic floor lift and squeeze&#xD;
      during different types of breathing out.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      The pelvic floor (PF) activates automatically, both squeezing and lifting, during times of&#xD;
      increased intra-abdominal pressure for postural stability and continence. Expiration&#xD;
      additionally produces automatic activation of the PF. No study to date has investigated the&#xD;
      effects of forced expiration on PF displacement and squeeze pressure. The purpose of this&#xD;
      study was to investigate the effects of variations in forced expiration effort on PF muscles'&#xD;
      automatic activation.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>February 2012</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">February 2012</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">February 2012</primary_completion_date>
  <study_type>Observational</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <observational_model>Case-Only</observational_model>
    <time_perspective>Cross-Sectional</time_perspective>
  </study_design_info>
  <number_of_groups>1</number_of_groups>
  <enrollment type="Actual">18</enrollment>
  <condition>Pelvic Floor</condition>
  <condition>Respiration</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Single group: pelvic floor and breathing</arm_group_label>
    <description>This is a single group with repeated measures during variable breathing effort</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Minimum expiration effort</intervention_name>
    <description>Subjects perform a forced expiration at minimum effort</description>
    <arm_group_label>Single group: pelvic floor and breathing</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Moderate expiration effort</intervention_name>
    <description>Subjects perform a forced expiration at moderate effort</description>
    <arm_group_label>Single group: pelvic floor and breathing</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Other</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Maximum expiration effort</intervention_name>
    <description>Subjects perform a forced expiration at maximum effort</description>
    <arm_group_label>Single group: pelvic floor and breathing</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <study_pop>
      <textblock>
        Convenience sample from a University student, faculty and staff population.&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </study_pop>
    <sampling_method>Non-Probability Sample</sampling_method>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  women&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  young (age 18-35)&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  nulliparous&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  pre-menopausal&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  pregnancy&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  history of lower back or pelvic pain&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  history of lower back or pelvic surgeries&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  incontinence&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  history of pelvic floor dysfunction&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  diabetes&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  endometriosis&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  neuromuscular disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  connective tissue disease&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>Female</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>35 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>Accepts Healthy Volunteers</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Lenore J Kitani, B.S. PT</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Clinical Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory</name>
      <address>
        <city>Lubbock</city>
        <state>Texas</state>
        <zip>79430</zip>
        <country>United States</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>United States</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hodges PW, Sapsford R, Pengel LH. Postural and respiratory functions of the pelvic floor muscles. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):362-71. doi: 10.1002/nau.20232.</citation>
    <PMID>17304528</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bo K, Berghmans B, Mørkved Siv, Van Kampen Marijke. Evidence-based physical therapy for the pelvic floor. 1st ed. Philedelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Junginger B, Baessler K, Sapsford R, Hodges PW. Effect of abdominal and pelvic floor tasks on muscle activity, abdominal pressure and bladder neck. Int Urogynecol J. 2010 Jan;21(1):69-77. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0981-z.</citation>
    <PMID>19730763</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB. Levator plate movement during voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction in subjects with incontinence and prolapse: a cross-sectional study and review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003 Jun;14(2):84-8. doi: 10.1007/s00192-003-1036-5. Epub 2003 Apr 24.</citation>
    <PMID>12851748</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Talasz H, Kremser C, Kofler M, Kalchschmid E, Lechleitner M, Rudisch A. Phase-locked parallel movement of diaphragm and pelvic floor during breathing and coughing-a dynamic MRI investigation in healthy females. Int Urogynecol J. 2011 Jan;22(1):61-8. doi: 10.1007/s00192-010-1240-z. Epub 2010 Aug 31.</citation>
    <PMID>20809211</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Neumann P, Gill V. Pelvic floor and abdominal muscle interaction: EMG activity and intra-abdominal pressure. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13(2):125-32. doi: 10.1007/s001920200027.</citation>
    <PMID>12054180</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Aug;18(8):901-11. doi: 10.1007/s00192-006-0259-7. Epub 2006 Dec 1.</citation>
    <PMID>17139463</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ferreira CH, Barbosa PB, de Oliveira Souza F, Antonio FI, Franco MM, Bo K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011 Jun;97(2):132-8. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. Epub 2010 Oct 22.</citation>
    <PMID>21497247</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Frawley HC, Galea MP, Phillips BA, Sherburn M, Bo K. Reliability of pelvic floor muscle strength assessment using different test positions and tools. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(3):236-242. doi: 10.1002/nau.20201.</citation>
    <PMID>16299815</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dietz HP. Pelvic floor ultrasound: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;202(4):321-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.018.</citation>
    <PMID>20350640</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P, Grimaldi E, Troiano L, Guaschino S. Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG. 2002 Jul;109(7):821-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01163.x.</citation>
    <PMID>12135220</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Peschers UM, Gingelmaier A, Jundt K, Leib B, Dimpfl T. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength using four different techniques. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(1):27-30. doi: 10.1007/s001920170090.</citation>
    <PMID>11294527</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa K, Neumann P, Court S. Assessment of pelvic floor movement using transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2005 Jul-Aug;16(4):285-92. doi: 10.1007/s00192-005-1308-3. Epub 2005 Mar 22.</citation>
    <PMID>15782286</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shishido K, Peng Q, Jones R, Omata S, Constantinou CE. Influence of pelvic floor muscle contraction on the profile of vaginal closure pressure in continent and stress urinary incontinent women. J Urol. 2008 May;179(5):1917-22. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.020. Epub 2008 Mar 18.</citation>
    <PMID>18353401</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bo K, Finckenhagen HB. Is there any difference in measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength in supine and standing position? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003 Dec;82(12):1120-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1600-0412.2003.00240.x.</citation>
    <PMID>14616257</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Constantinou CE, Hvistendahl G, Ryhammer A, Nagel LL, Djurhuus JC. Determining the displacement of the pelvic floor and pelvic organs during voluntary contractions using magnetic resonance imaging in younger and older women. BJU Int. 2002 Sep;90(4):408-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02907.x.</citation>
    <PMID>12175398</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U. Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Feb;85(2):220-4. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00369-O.</citation>
    <PMID>7824234</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sapsford R. Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Man Ther. 2004 Feb;9(1):3-12. doi: 10.1016/s1356-689x(03)00131-0.</citation>
    <PMID>14723856</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ, Shaw C, Gotoh M, Abrams P. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):322-30. doi: 10.1002/nau.20041.</citation>
    <PMID>15227649</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74. doi: 10.1002/nau.20069.</citation>
    <PMID>15382183</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Teleman PM, Gunnarsson M, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Mattiasson A. Urethral pressure changes in response to squeeze: a population-based study in healthy and incontinent 53- to 63-year-old women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;189(4):1100-5. doi: 10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00539-8.</citation>
    <PMID>14586362</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bo K, Kvarstein B, Hagen RR, Larsen S. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: II. Validity of vaginal pressure measurements of pelvic floor muscle strength and the necessity of supplementary methods for control of correct contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 1990;9(5):479-487.</citation>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bo K, Constantinou C. Reflex contraction of pelvic floor muscles during cough cannot be measured with vaginal pressure devices. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011 Sep;30(7):1404. doi: 10.1002/nau.20993. Epub 2011 Mar 14. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>21404321</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Sherburn M, Bird M, Carey M, Bo K, Galea MP. Incontinence improves in older women after intensive pelvic floor muscle training: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011 Mar;30(3):317-24. doi: 10.1002/nau.20968. Epub 2011 Jan 31.</citation>
    <PMID>21284022</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Hung HC, Hsiao SM, Chih SY, Lin HH, Tsauo JY. An alternative intervention for urinary incontinence: retraining diaphragmatic, deep abdominal and pelvic floor muscle coordinated function. Man Ther. 2010 Jun;15(3):273-9. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.01.008. Epub 2010 Feb 24.</citation>
    <PMID>20185357</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Dinc A, Kizilkaya Beji N, Yalcin O. Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises in the treatment of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009 Oct;20(10):1223-31. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0929-3. Epub 2009 Aug 1.</citation>
    <PMID>19649552</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Miller JM, Perucchini D, Carchidi LT, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller J. Pelvic floor muscle contraction during a cough and decreased vesical neck mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;97(2):255-60. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01132-7.</citation>
    <PMID>11165591</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Barbic M, Kralj B, Cor A. Compliance of the bladder neck supporting structures: importance of activity pattern of levator ani muscle and content of elastic fibers of endopelvic fascia. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22(4):269-76. doi: 10.1002/nau.10116.</citation>
    <PMID>12808700</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>September 2012</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>September 24, 2012</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>September 26, 2012</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">September 27, 2012</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>September 26, 2012</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>September 26, 2012</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">September 27, 2012</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Sponsor</responsible_party_type>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Pelvic floor</keyword>
  <keyword>Rehabilitation</keyword>
  <keyword>Respiration</keyword>
  <keyword>Urinary incontinence</keyword>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01694979
org study id: L12-020
nct id: NCT01694979
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: No
The pelvic floor and diaphragm work together in many different functions. Two important
      functions are breathing and continence. The pelvic floor muscles have to lift and squeeze to
      maintain continence. Breathing, specifically breathing out, makes the pelvic floor lift. The
      investigators don't know how much the pelvic floor lifts and squeezes during different types
      of breathing out. The purpose of this study is to measure pelvic floor lift and squeeze
      during different types of breathing out.
The pelvic floor (PF) activates automatically, both squeezing and lifting, during times of
      increased intra-abdominal pressure for postural stability and continence. Expiration
      additionally produces automatic activation of the PF. No study to date has investigated the
      effects of forced expiration on PF displacement and squeeze pressure. The purpose of this
      study was to investigate the effects of variations in forced expiration effort on PF muscles'
      automatic activation.
observational model: Case-Only
time perspective: Cross-Sectional
arm group label: Single group: pelvic floor and breathing
description: This is a single group with repeated measures during variable breathing effort
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Minimum expiration effort
description: Subjects perform a forced expiration at minimum effort
arm group label: Single group: pelvic floor and breathing
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Moderate expiration effort
description: Subjects perform a forced expiration at moderate effort
arm group label: Single group: pelvic floor and breathing
intervention type: Other
intervention name: Maximum expiration effort
description: Subjects perform a forced expiration at maximum effort
arm group label: Single group: pelvic floor and breathing
study pop: 
sampling method: Non-Probability Sample
criteria: 
gender: Female
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 35 Years
healthy volunteers: Accepts Healthy Volunteers
last name: Lenore J Kitani, B.S. PT
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
facility: 
country: United States
citation: Hodges PW, Sapsford R, Pengel LH. Postural and respiratory functions of the pelvic floor muscles. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(3):362-71. doi: 10.1002/nau.20232.
PMID: 17304528
citation: Bo K, Berghmans B, Mørkved Siv, Van Kampen Marijke. Evidence-based physical therapy for the pelvic floor. 1st ed. Philedelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2007.
citation: Junginger B, Baessler K, Sapsford R, Hodges PW. Effect of abdominal and pelvic floor tasks on muscle activity, abdominal pressure and bladder neck. Int Urogynecol J. 2010 Jan;21(1):69-77. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0981-z.
PMID: 19730763
citation: Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB. Levator plate movement during voluntary pelvic floor muscle contraction in subjects with incontinence and prolapse: a cross-sectional study and review. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2003 Jun;14(2):84-8. doi: 10.1007/s00192-003-1036-5. Epub 2003 Apr 24.
PMID: 12851748
citation: Talasz H, Kremser C, Kofler M, Kalchschmid E, Lechleitner M, Rudisch A. Phase-locked parallel movement of diaphragm and pelvic floor during breathing and coughing-a dynamic MRI investigation in healthy females. Int Urogynecol J. 2011 Jan;22(1):61-8. doi: 10.1007/s00192-010-1240-z. Epub 2010 Aug 31.
PMID: 20809211
citation: Neumann P, Gill V. Pelvic floor and abdominal muscle interaction: EMG activity and intra-abdominal pressure. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2002;13(2):125-32. doi: 10.1007/s001920200027.
PMID: 12054180
citation: Smith MD, Coppieters MW, Hodges PW. Postural activity of the pelvic floor muscles is delayed during rapid arm movements in women with stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2007 Aug;18(8):901-11. doi: 10.1007/s00192-006-0259-7. Epub 2006 Dec 1.
PMID: 17139463
citation: Ferreira CH, Barbosa PB, de Oliveira Souza F, Antonio FI, Franco MM, Bo K. Inter-rater reliability study of the modified Oxford Grading Scale and the Peritron manometer. Physiotherapy. 2011 Jun;97(2):132-8. doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2010.06.007. Epub 2010 Oct 22.
PMID: 21497247
citation: Frawley HC, Galea MP, Phillips BA, Sherburn M, Bo K. Reliability of pelvic floor muscle strength assessment using different test positions and tools. Neurourol Urodyn. 2006;25(3):236-242. doi: 10.1002/nau.20201.
PMID: 16299815
citation: Dietz HP. Pelvic floor ultrasound: a review. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010 Apr;202(4):321-34. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.08.018.
PMID: 20350640
citation: Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P, Grimaldi E, Troiano L, Guaschino S. Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG. 2002 Jul;109(7):821-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01163.x.
PMID: 12135220
citation: Peschers UM, Gingelmaier A, Jundt K, Leib B, Dimpfl T. Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength using four different techniques. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(1):27-30. doi: 10.1007/s001920170090.
PMID: 11294527
citation: Thompson JA, O'Sullivan PB, Briffa K, Neumann P, Court S. Assessment of pelvic floor movement using transabdominal and transperineal ultrasound. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2005 Jul-Aug;16(4):285-92. doi: 10.1007/s00192-005-1308-3. Epub 2005 Mar 22.
PMID: 15782286
citation: Shishido K, Peng Q, Jones R, Omata S, Constantinou CE. Influence of pelvic floor muscle contraction on the profile of vaginal closure pressure in continent and stress urinary incontinent women. J Urol. 2008 May;179(5):1917-22. doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.020. Epub 2008 Mar 18.
PMID: 18353401
citation: Bo K, Finckenhagen HB. Is there any difference in measurement of pelvic floor muscle strength in supine and standing position? Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003 Dec;82(12):1120-4. doi: 10.1046/j.1600-0412.2003.00240.x.
PMID: 14616257
citation: Constantinou CE, Hvistendahl G, Ryhammer A, Nagel LL, Djurhuus JC. Determining the displacement of the pelvic floor and pelvic organs during voluntary contractions using magnetic resonance imaging in younger and older women. BJU Int. 2002 Sep;90(4):408-14. doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2002.02907.x.
PMID: 12175398
citation: Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U. Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol. 1995 Feb;85(2):220-4. doi: 10.1016/0029-7844(94)00369-O.
PMID: 7824234
citation: Sapsford R. Rehabilitation of pelvic floor muscles utilizing trunk stabilization. Man Ther. 2004 Feb;9(1):3-12. doi: 10.1016/s1356-689x(03)00131-0.
PMID: 14723856
citation: Avery K, Donovan J, Peters TJ, Shaw C, Gotoh M, Abrams P. ICIQ: a brief and robust measure for evaluating the symptoms and impact of urinary incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(4):322-30. doi: 10.1002/nau.20041.
PMID: 15227649
citation: Morin M, Bourbonnais D, Gravel D, Dumoulin C, Lemieux MC. Pelvic floor muscle function in continent and stress urinary incontinent women using dynamometric measurements. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(7):668-74. doi: 10.1002/nau.20069.
PMID: 15382183
citation: Teleman PM, Gunnarsson M, Lidfeldt J, Nerbrand C, Samsioe G, Mattiasson A. Urethral pressure changes in response to squeeze: a population-based study in healthy and incontinent 53- to 63-year-old women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2003 Oct;189(4):1100-5. doi: 10.1067/s0002-9378(03)00539-8.
PMID: 14586362
citation: Bo K, Kvarstein B, Hagen RR, Larsen S. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence: II. Validity of vaginal pressure measurements of pelvic floor muscle strength and the necessity of supplementary methods for control of correct contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 1990;9(5):479-487.
citation: Bo K, Constantinou C. Reflex contraction of pelvic floor muscles during cough cannot be measured with vaginal pressure devices. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011 Sep;30(7):1404. doi: 10.1002/nau.20993. Epub 2011 Mar 14. No abstract available.
PMID: 21404321
citation: Sherburn M, Bird M, Carey M, Bo K, Galea MP. Incontinence improves in older women after intensive pelvic floor muscle training: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011 Mar;30(3):317-24. doi: 10.1002/nau.20968. Epub 2011 Jan 31.
PMID: 21284022
citation: Hung HC, Hsiao SM, Chih SY, Lin HH, Tsauo JY. An alternative intervention for urinary incontinence: retraining diaphragmatic, deep abdominal and pelvic floor muscle coordinated function. Man Ther. 2010 Jun;15(3):273-9. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.01.008. Epub 2010 Feb 24.
PMID: 20185357
citation: Dinc A, Kizilkaya Beji N, Yalcin O. Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercises in the treatment of urinary incontinence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009 Oct;20(10):1223-31. doi: 10.1007/s00192-009-0929-3. Epub 2009 Aug 1.
PMID: 19649552
citation: Miller JM, Perucchini D, Carchidi LT, DeLancey JO, Ashton-Miller J. Pelvic floor muscle contraction during a cough and decreased vesical neck mobility. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Feb;97(2):255-60. doi: 10.1016/s0029-7844(00)01132-7.
PMID: 11165591
citation: Barbic M, Kralj B, Cor A. Compliance of the bladder neck supporting structures: importance of activity pattern of levator ani muscle and content of elastic fibers of endopelvic fascia. Neurourol Urodyn. 2003;22(4):269-76. doi: 10.1002/nau.10116.
PMID: 12808700
responsible party type: Sponsor