<clinical_study>
  <!-- This xml conforms to an XML Schema at:
    https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/html/images/info/public.xsd -->
  <required_header>
    <download_date>ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023</download_date>
    <link_text>Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.</link_text>
    <url>https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01722578</url>
  </required_header>
  <id_info>
    <org_study_id>HEAL-123</org_study_id>
    <nct_id>NCT01722578</nct_id>
  </id_info>
  <brief_title>L-ornithine L-aspartate in Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy</brief_title>
  <acronym>HEAL</acronym>
  <official_title>Efficacy of Intravenous 'L-ornithine L-aspartate' in Reversal of Overt Acute Hepatic Encephalopathy in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis: a Prospective, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Trial</official_title>
  <sponsors>
    <lead_sponsor>
      <agency>Dayanand Medical College and Hospital</agency>
      <agency_class>Other</agency_class>
    </lead_sponsor>
  </sponsors>
  <source>Dayanand Medical College and Hospital</source>
  <oversight_info>
    <has_dmc>Yes</has_dmc>
  </oversight_info>
  <brief_summary>
    <textblock>
      Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a potentially reversible functional disorder of the brain with&#xD;
      neurological and psychiatric symptoms. HE occurs in up to 70% of patients with cirrhosis at&#xD;
      some time during the course of disease. The chief neurotoxin implicated in the development of&#xD;
      HE is ammonia. An important aim of treatment of HE is the reduction of the ammonia in the&#xD;
      body by lowering the amount of ammonia produced and increasing its detoxification. Enteric&#xD;
      production of ammonia can be decreased by non-absorbable disaccharides such as lactulose and&#xD;
      antibiotics such as rifaximin. L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA), the salt of the natural amino&#xD;
      acids ornithine and aspartate acts through the mechanism of substrate activation to detoxify&#xD;
      ammonia. In clinical trials, LOLA has shown a statistically significant effect with respect&#xD;
      to reduction in HE grade, reduction of blood ammonia concentration and positive effects on&#xD;
      psychomotor function in patients of cirrhosis with minimal HE and overt chronic Grade I HE,&#xD;
      as compared to placebo. However, there is lack of data on the efficacy of LOLA in patients&#xD;
      with overt acute hepatic encephalopathy which is one of the major causes of hospital&#xD;
      admissions and resource utilization in decompensated cirrhotics. Each admission for HE causes&#xD;
      a major financial loss to the family and financial burden on the society. Any drug which&#xD;
      decreases the hospital stay by rapidly improving HE, will clearly lead to decreased hospital&#xD;
      costs to the individual and the society as a whole. Hence, such a trial is a national&#xD;
      priority. The investigators hypothesize that LOLA, if added to the standard treatment of&#xD;
      overt acute HE (i.e lactulose), may lead to a faster recovery and decrease in hospital stay&#xD;
      of these patients. In this prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trial, the&#xD;
      investigators aim to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous L-ornithine, L-aspartate in&#xD;
      reversal of overt acute hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </brief_summary>
  <detailed_description>
    <textblock>
      A. Introduction and Review of literature&#xD;
&#xD;
      Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is broadly defined as an alteration in mental status and&#xD;
      cognitive function occurring in presence of liver failure. The clinical picture of HE arises&#xD;
      as a complication of chronic and, more rarely, acute liver disease. HE occurs in up to 70% of&#xD;
      patients with cirrhosis at some time during the course of their disease (1,2). It is&#xD;
      characterized by personality changes, intellectual impairment and a depressed level of&#xD;
      consciousness. HE may be clinical unapparent (minimal HE) detected by abnormal&#xD;
      neuropsychometric or neurophysiological tests (3). The common presentation is overt HE which&#xD;
      occurs in patients with advanced cirrhosis with portal-systemic collateral circulation.&#xD;
      Episodes of HE in patients with cirrhosis are induced by precipitating factors, like&#xD;
      dehydration, hypokalemia, large protein intake, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation,&#xD;
      infections, use of psychotropic drugs, alcohol intake or acute liver injury (hepatitis).&#xD;
&#xD;
      Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy In patients with liver cirrhosis, increasing&#xD;
      structural replacement of hepatocytes with connective tissue leads to the loss of functioning&#xD;
      hepatic parenchymal tissue and a reduction in the detoxification capacity of the liver. In&#xD;
      addition, developing portal hypertension leads to the formation of a collateral circulation&#xD;
      through which non-detoxified blood can by-pass the liver to reach the systemic circulation.&#xD;
      Both these mechanisms contribute to the neurotoxins present in portal vein blood reaching the&#xD;
      brain via the systemic circulation. A number of neurotoxins have been implicated in the&#xD;
      pathogenesis of HE with ammonia being the most important (4,5). Fundamental conceptual&#xD;
      advances in our understanding of hepatic encephalopathy have confirmed the central role of&#xD;
      ammonia in the pathogenesis of portosystemic encephalopathy. Ammonia disrupts the function of&#xD;
      neurones and astrocytes, giving rise to the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Classification/Grading of HE can be classified as type A (in Acute Liver Failure), B (in&#xD;
      Portosystemic shunts without intrinsic liver disease) and C (patients of cirrhosis with&#xD;
      portal hypertension/or portosystemic shunts) (5,6). In cirrhotics, the type C HE is further&#xD;
      classified into Episodic, Persistent and Minimal HE. Chronic persistent overt HE patients are&#xD;
      those who can be relatively stable with little day to day fluctuation in their mental status.&#xD;
      Episodic (Unstable) HE patients are defined as those who were previously stable, but who over&#xD;
      hours and possibly days develop clinically discernible features of HE, requiring medical&#xD;
      attention and hospitalization. Minimal HE is clinically inapparent and detected by abnormal&#xD;
      neuropsychometric or neurophysiological tests (3).&#xD;
&#xD;
      A precise gradation of HE is essential to prognosticate and plan an appropriate approach to&#xD;
      treatment. According to the severity, HE has been traditionally divided into four stages&#xD;
      based on alterations in the state of consciousness, intellectual function, behaviour, and&#xD;
      neuromuscular signs (West Haven scale) (5).&#xD;
&#xD;
      A new classification has been recently proposed called the SONIC classification (7). This was&#xD;
      necessary because the differentiation between minimal and Grade I HE is not reliable, but&#xD;
      there is good inter-rater reproducibility in the identification of Grade II HE. It was&#xD;
      suggested that patients with minimal HE and Grade I HE should be grouped together. It&#xD;
      stresses that worsening cognitive function is continuum rather than categorical as emphasized&#xD;
      in the Vienna 11th World Congress. It classifies patients with cirrhosis as being unimpaired&#xD;
      and impaired neurocognitive function. Impaired cognitive function is subdivided into Covert&#xD;
      HE (Minimal HE and Grade I HE) and Overt HE (Grades II-IV). It is thus inclusive of the West&#xD;
      Haven criteria, yet emphasizes continuity as opposed to being categorical. The neurocognitive&#xD;
      function of impaired, unstable patients can fluctuate from acute confusional syndrome to coma&#xD;
      (Grades I to IV). They are the so called Type C- episodic HE patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
      Therapy of hepatic encephalopathy The main objective of therapy of HE is to (a) decrease&#xD;
      intestinally derived toxins produced by excessive bacterial activity and decrease ammonia&#xD;
      production or (b) increase ammonia detoxification (1,2,8,9).&#xD;
&#xD;
        1. Decrease ammonia production:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Enteric production of ammonia can be decreased by non-absorbable disaccharides such as&#xD;
           lactulose or lactitol and non-absorbable antibiotics such as rifaximin.&#xD;
           Lactulose/lactitol pass through the small bowel undigested. In the colon, bacteria&#xD;
           degrade lactulose to various organic acids (e.g. lactic acid, acetic acid) with&#xD;
           subsequent lowering of colonic pH. The mode of ammonia lowering may involve&#xD;
           bacteriostatic effects, cathartic effects, or enhancement of conversion of ammonia to&#xD;
           ammonium with excess hydrogen ion. Presumably ammonium is then excreted into the feces&#xD;
           and eliminated (9, 10). Lactulose remains the main stay of therapy of overt HE, despite&#xD;
           the paucity and inconsistency of clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy (11). The&#xD;
           dosage should be adjusted to accomplish two to three soft bowel movements each day.&#xD;
           Lactulose can be given through a nasogastric tube or through retention enemas. The usual&#xD;
           dose is 30-120 ml each day in divided doses. Stool pH should be below six. Side effects&#xD;
           include bloating and flatulence. Severe diarrhea with dehydration and hyperglycemia and&#xD;
           acidosis occurs if the dosage is too high.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Non absorbable antibiotics neomycin, metronidazole, and paromomycin are traditional&#xD;
           antibiotics for the treatment of HE (12). Due to ototoxic and nephrotoxic side effects,&#xD;
           neomycin is now used infrequently. Metronidazole does not cause much side effects but&#xD;
           therapy should not extend beyond two weeks to avoid neuropathy. More recently rifaximin&#xD;
           has demonstrated to be as good as lactulose (13) or lactitol (14, 15) for patients with&#xD;
           hepatic encephalopathy.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. Increase ammonia detoxification:&#xD;
&#xD;
      Levels of ammonia can be decreased by detoxification. L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA), the&#xD;
      salt of the natural amino acids ornithine and aspartate acts through the mechanism of&#xD;
      substrate activation to detoxify ammonia. Detailed mechanism of action and clinical trials on&#xD;
      LOLA are discussed below.&#xD;
&#xD;
      L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA):&#xD;
&#xD;
      L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA) is the salt of the natural amino acids ornithine and&#xD;
      aspartate.&#xD;
&#xD;
        1. Mechanism of action:&#xD;
&#xD;
           LOLA stimulates the urea cycle (which metabolizes ammonia to urea) in the liver (16,17).&#xD;
           In the periportal hepatocytes that synthesize urea, ornithine serves as an activator of&#xD;
           ornithine transcarbamoylase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. In addition, ornithine&#xD;
           can acts as a substrate for urea genesis. Hence, LOLA can activate the periportal urea&#xD;
           cycle in the liver. Aspartate and ornithine, after conversion to alpha- ketoglutarate,&#xD;
           also serves as carbon sources for perivenous glutamine synthesis. In the skeletal&#xD;
           muscle, LOLA upregulates glutamine synthesis by substrate provision for glutamine&#xD;
           synthetase, although decreased muscle mass in cirrhosis does not allow this synthesis to&#xD;
           be significant. Ammonia is consumed during urea formation and glutamine synthesis, and&#xD;
           thereby LOLA decreases blood ammonia levels. Urea and glutamine (after further&#xD;
           metabolism) can be excreted via the kidneys. LOLA thus activates the two important&#xD;
           metabolic pathways in the human body for the detoxification of ammonia. In cirrhosis,&#xD;
           there is some remaining liver cell mass that retains capacity to detoxify ammonia as&#xD;
           opposed to acute liver failure.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. Trials of LOLA in Hepatic encephalopathy:&#xD;
&#xD;
           LOLA has been used for many years for the treatment of HE in cirrhosis of the liver,&#xD;
           especially minimal and overt chronic low grade HE. The clinical efficacy of LOLA has&#xD;
           already been comprehensively investigated and reported in therapeutic observations,&#xD;
           clinical trials (16, 18-25) and meta-analysis (26,27). In these studies, the use of LOLA&#xD;
           as infusion, oral administration or a combination of the two, was documented in patients&#xD;
           with mild to severe liver insufficiency. LOLA showed a statistically significant effect&#xD;
           with respect to an improvement in mental state (reduction in the HE grade), increased&#xD;
           detoxification (reduction of the ammonia concentration in the blood) and positive&#xD;
           effects on psychomotor function (reduction of time required in the number connection&#xD;
           test) in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and overt chronic Grade I-II Hepatic&#xD;
           Encephalopathy, and acute overt HE. With these findings, evidence-based medicine&#xD;
           criteria for demonstrating efficacy have been fulfilled.&#xD;
&#xD;
           In a recent randomized placebo controlled study conducted at Karachi (25), patients with&#xD;
           acute HE were randomized to receive LOLA or placebo. NCT-A, ammonia level, clinical&#xD;
           grade of HE and duration of hospitalization were assessed. Improvement in HE was higher&#xD;
           (n=40, 66.7%) in LOLA group (n=28, 46.7%, p=0.027). Duration of hospitalization was&#xD;
           lower in LOLA group compared to placebo (p=0.025). No side effects were observed in&#xD;
           either group.&#xD;
&#xD;
        3. Adverse effects of LOLA L-ornithine- L-aspartate is usually well tolerated (18-25). No&#xD;
           serious adverse events have been reported so far in clinical trials. The various adverse&#xD;
           events reported in about 14% patients treated with LOLA include:&#xD;
&#xD;
             1. Nausea&#xD;
&#xD;
             2. Vomiting&#xD;
&#xD;
             3. Fatigue&#xD;
&#xD;
      B. Materials and Methods&#xD;
&#xD;
        1. Study design and setting:&#xD;
&#xD;
           This will be a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled interventional&#xD;
           study.&#xD;
&#xD;
           The study will be conducted on patients of cirrhosis admitted with overt HE in the&#xD;
           Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana and&#xD;
           Department of Hepatology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi. Informed consent shall be taken&#xD;
           from the nearest relative of the patient for enrollment in the trial.&#xD;
&#xD;
           The study shall be presented for approval to the Institutional Ethics Committee prior to&#xD;
           the enrollment of patients into the study. It shall be registered with Clinical Trial&#xD;
           Registry, India and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry.&#xD;
&#xD;
        2. Study population:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been mentioned elsewhere.&#xD;
&#xD;
        3. Study Methods:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Assignment: Consecutive patients diagnosed to have acute overt HE will be randomized&#xD;
           into two groups (group A and B) using sealed opaque envelopes containing&#xD;
           computer-generated random numbers. There shall be no restriction, blocking or&#xD;
           stratification of the randomization sequence. The research coordinator who will generate&#xD;
           the sequence shall have no role in recruitment, treatment, or assessment of patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Masking: Sequentially numbered boxes containing identical LOLA or placebo ampoules,&#xD;
           according to the allocation sequence will ensure allocation concealment. The numbering&#xD;
           of the boxes will be done by research coordinator, and concealed from the treating&#xD;
           consultants. All study personnel will be blinded to the treatment assignment (placebo or&#xD;
           LOLA) for the duration of the study. Placebo and LOLA will be similar in appearance and&#xD;
           in the mode of administration. The code of the allocation sequence will remain with the&#xD;
           research coordinator. It will be revealed only after the recruitment, data collection&#xD;
           and analysis of results has been carried out. The coordinator will not have any access&#xD;
           to the patients involved in the study.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Randomization implementation: Enrollment of patients, assessing eligibility and&#xD;
           obtaining informed consent will be carried out by one of the investigators (S.S. Sidhu&#xD;
           or O. Goyal, BC Sharma) Study Intervention: The patients will be randomized to receive&#xD;
           either placebo or LOLA at dose of 30 grams daily, by intravenous infusion over 24 hours.&#xD;
           (The study drugs and placebo will be provided by Win Medicare Pvt Ltd., 1400, Modi&#xD;
           tower, 98, Nehru Place, New Delhi- 110019). LOLA will be supplied as ampoules (each&#xD;
           ampoule containing 5 grams LOLA in 10 ml clear solution). Six ampoules (i.e 30 g of&#xD;
           LOLA) will be infused over 24 hours. The placebo vials (10 ml sterile water in each&#xD;
           vial) will be identically supplied and infused. The dose of LOLA (30 g in 24 hours) was&#xD;
           based on previous studies, showing the efficacy of this dose in decreasing ammonia&#xD;
           levels (17,26,28). Both groups shall receive treatment for 5 days. Patients in both the&#xD;
           groups who continue to have hepatic encephalopathy at the end of study period (5 days),&#xD;
           will receive standard of care treatment, and would be counseled about liver transplant.&#xD;
&#xD;
        4. Laboratory tests:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Biochemical tests: Hemogram, blood glucose, liver function tests, prothrombin time,&#xD;
           serum electrolytes, blood urea and serum creatinine will be done at baseline, and at 2nd&#xD;
           and 5th day of treatment, or earlier if indicated. Serum AFP will be done at admission.&#xD;
           Serum cytokine levels (Interleukin 1, 6, 10 and TNF-alpha) levels will be done at&#xD;
           baseline and after 5 days of treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Microbiologic tests: A diagnostic paracentesis will be done in all patients with&#xD;
           ascites, at baseline, to diagnose Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. A repeat cell count&#xD;
           (Total and differential) shall be done on day 5 with patients diagnosed to have&#xD;
           Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Blood culture, urine culture, cultures of aspirates&#xD;
           from endotracheal tubes in ventilated patients for aerobic and anerobic bacteria, and&#xD;
           fungi shall be done. A chest radiograph shall also be done.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Ammonia estimation: Fasting venous ammonia levels will be estimated by using the blood&#xD;
           ammonia meter (PocketChem BA) at baseline and then daily for the next 5 days. The&#xD;
           PocketChem BA ammonia meter is an apparatus for quick bedside blood ammonia estimation.&#xD;
           It has been shown to have acceptable precision, adequate linearity, and satisfactory&#xD;
           agreement with a enzymatic reference method commonly used in clinical laboratories (29).&#xD;
&#xD;
           Measurement Principle: The PocketChem BA measures blood ammonia based on the&#xD;
           micro-diffusion method. When the blood sample (20 microlitre) is applied to the&#xD;
           sample-receiving layer of the test area on the test strip, the alkaline buffer agent&#xD;
           (borate buffer) impregnated in the layer dissolves making the specimen alkaline. The&#xD;
           ammonium ions in the specimen are gasified by the alkaline state into ammonia gas. The&#xD;
           ammonia gas passes through the pores of the spacer to the indicator (bromocresol green)&#xD;
           triggering color development. As the degree of color development is proportional to the&#xD;
           concentration of ammonia gas produced, the blood ammonia level is quantitatively&#xD;
           determined by measuring the color.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Tests for etiologic evaluation: Etiology of cirrhosis will be taken as alcohol if there&#xD;
           is a history of significant alcohol intake (40-60gm/day for females, and 60-80 gm/day&#xD;
           for males for 10 years). Each patient will be tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen&#xD;
           (HbsAg) and Anti-hepatitis C (HCV) antibody using a third generation commercial ELISA.&#xD;
           Wherever indicated, autoimmune hepatitis will be diagnosed using antinuclear antibody,&#xD;
           anti-smooth muscle antibody and anti-LKM; and hemochromatosis using serum iron, TIBC,&#xD;
           ferritin and transferrin saturation. Each patient shall have an abdominal&#xD;
           ultrasonography. UGI endoscopy would be done, if indicated.&#xD;
&#xD;
        5. Standard of Care Treatment:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Standard of care treatment for patients with cirrhosis and overt acute encephalopathy&#xD;
           shall be given to all patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
             1. Identification of other potential causes for altered mental state i.e. head injury&#xD;
                or drug intoxication shall be done.&#xD;
&#xD;
             2. Identification and treatment of the precipitating causes of encephalopathy such as&#xD;
                sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hypokalemia (serum Potassium &lt; 3.5mEq/L),&#xD;
                alkalosis, azotemia, dehydration, diuretics, constipation, large protein intake and&#xD;
                psychoactive drugs shall be done.&#xD;
&#xD;
             3. Lactulose syrup: 30-120 ml in three divided doses through a nasogastric tube/&#xD;
                orally to produce 2-3 semi formed stools and/or lactulose retention enemas (300 ml&#xD;
                lactulose +700 ml water) twice daily. No other ammonia lowering agent shall be&#xD;
                given to these patients.&#xD;
&#xD;
        6. Monitoring and follow-up:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Clinical Monitoring:&#xD;
&#xD;
           All patients will be admitted to the intensive care unit/ high dependency unit, and&#xD;
           shifted to ward once they revert back to grade I HE. Continuous monitoring of vital&#xD;
           signs shall be done. Neurologic monitoring shall be done twice daily and grading of&#xD;
           mental state will be as per the West Haven Criteria.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Definition of Response to therapy:&#xD;
&#xD;
           The assessment of the clinical response will be defined as follows:&#xD;
&#xD;
             1. Resolution: disappearance of the HE clinical syndrome during the study&#xD;
&#xD;
             2. Improvement: a decrease in the HE by 1 grade, but not reaching grade 0&#xD;
&#xD;
             3. No Improvement: no improvement in HE&#xD;
&#xD;
             4. Failure: shift to a higher grade of HE.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Biochemical monitoring:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Biochemical monitoring and monitoring of ammonia levels shall be done as mentioned above&#xD;
           (under 'laboratory tests')&#xD;
&#xD;
           Monitoring for Adverse Events:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Any adverse event will be recorded specifying the time of onset, the duration, the&#xD;
           severity and the relationship to the test medication.&#xD;
&#xD;
           Tolerability: Tolerability of the study drug will be assessed by comparison of full&#xD;
           blood cell count, liver function tests and renal function tests at baseline and at end&#xD;
           of treatment.&#xD;
&#xD;
        7. End points:&#xD;
&#xD;
           Primary end-point&#xD;
&#xD;
           1. Completion of 5 days of treatment&#xD;
&#xD;
           Secondary end-point&#xD;
&#xD;
             1. Liver related death&#xD;
&#xD;
             2. Death due to other causes&#xD;
&#xD;
             3. Discontinuation due to adverse effects&#xD;
&#xD;
             4. Discharge from hospital&#xD;
&#xD;
        8. Sample size: Sample size for this study was estimated using results of a previous study&#xD;
           which reported complete recovery of encephalopathy in 79% patients in LOLA group and&#xD;
           55.6% patients in the placebo group (25). At 80% power and a 5% significance level&#xD;
           (two-sided), 71 patients in each group would be required to detect a 22% difference in&#xD;
           proportions. Assuming a dropout rate of 15% approximately (28), we will need to enroll&#xD;
           164 patients, i.e. 82 in each treatment arm.&#xD;
&#xD;
        9. Statistical Analysis: A chi-squared test will be used to compare the proportion of&#xD;
           patients with complete reversal of HE after 5 days in LOLA treatment and placebo groups.&#xD;
           A 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions will also be calculated. A&#xD;
           Chi-squared test will then be used to compare the HE grading at 5 days between the&#xD;
           groups. Blood ammonia levels will be compared between groups using an independent&#xD;
           samples t-test; while length of hospital stay is not expected to be normally distributed&#xD;
           and therefore will be compared using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All statistical&#xD;
           tests will be 2-sided and using a 5% significance level.&#xD;
    </textblock>
  </detailed_description>
  <overall_status>Completed</overall_status>
  <start_date>December 2013</start_date>
  <completion_date type="Actual">January 2017</completion_date>
  <primary_completion_date type="Actual">January 2017</primary_completion_date>
  <phase>Phase 4</phase>
  <study_type>Interventional</study_type>
  <has_expanded_access>No</has_expanded_access>
  <study_design_info>
    <allocation>Randomized</allocation>
    <intervention_model>Parallel Assignment</intervention_model>
    <primary_purpose>Treatment</primary_purpose>
    <masking>Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)</masking>
  </study_design_info>
  <primary_outcome>
    <measure>Mental state grade</measure>
    <time_frame>5 days</time_frame>
    <description>Mental state grade according to West Haven criteria for Hepatic encephalopathy</description>
  </primary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Blood Ammonia levels</measure>
    <time_frame>5 days</time_frame>
    <description>Change in blood ammonia levels will be measured at baseline and after 5 days of treatment</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Mortality</measure>
    <time_frame>4 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>Mortality rate in the two groups at 4 weeks will be compared</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Length of Hospital stay</measure>
    <time_frame>4 weeks</time_frame>
    <description>The total length of hospital stay (number of days) in each group will be compared.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <secondary_outcome>
    <measure>Serum Cytokine levels</measure>
    <time_frame>5 days</time_frame>
    <description>Change in serum cytokine levels (Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10 and TNF-alpha will be measured at baseline and after 5 days of treatment.</description>
  </secondary_outcome>
  <number_of_arms>2</number_of_arms>
  <enrollment type="Actual">200</enrollment>
  <condition>Cirrhosis of Liver</condition>
  <condition>Hepatic Encephalopathy</condition>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>L-ornithine L-aspartate</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Experimental</arm_group_type>
    <description>L-ornithine L-aspartate (6 ampules, each ampule containing 5 grams of the drug in 10 ml solution) to be diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5% (to make a total of 500 ml of solution), as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days</description>
  </arm_group>
  <arm_group>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo (sterile water)</arm_group_label>
    <arm_group_type>Placebo Comparator</arm_group_type>
    <description>Placebo (sterile water, 6 ampuoles of 10 ml each) diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5%, as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days</description>
  </arm_group>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>L-ornithine L-aspartate</intervention_name>
    <description>L-ornithine L-aspartate (6 ampules, each ampule containing 5 grams of the drug in 10 ml solution) to be diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5% (to make a total of 500 ml of solution), as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days</description>
    <arm_group_label>L-ornithine L-aspartate</arm_group_label>
    <other_name>Hepamerz</other_name>
  </intervention>
  <intervention>
    <intervention_type>Drug</intervention_type>
    <intervention_name>Placebo</intervention_name>
    <description>Placebo (sterile water, 60 ml) diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5%, as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days</description>
    <arm_group_label>Placebo (sterile water)</arm_group_label>
  </intervention>
  <eligibility>
    <criteria>
      <textblock>
        Inclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Hepatic cirrhosis based on clinical, biochemical, radiological and/or histological&#xD;
             data&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients with overt acute grade 2, 3 and 4 HE, according to the West Haven criteria,&#xD;
             with or without precipitating factors.&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Age of patient 18-70 years&#xD;
&#xD;
        Exclusion Criteria:&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients who are terminally ill&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Acute on chronic liver failure&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Hepatocellular carcinoma&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Wilson's disease as the etiological factor of liver disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Advanced cardiac or pulmonary disease&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Presence of underlying chronic renal failure&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Neuro-degenerative disease or major psychiatric illness&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Patients on sedatives or antidepressants&#xD;
&#xD;
          -  Pregnancy or breastfeeding&#xD;
      </textblock>
    </criteria>
    <gender>All</gender>
    <minimum_age>18 Years</minimum_age>
    <maximum_age>70 Years</maximum_age>
    <healthy_volunteers>No</healthy_volunteers>
  </eligibility>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Sandeep S Sidhu, MD,DM</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, DMC and Hospital, Ludhiana, India</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>Omesh Goyal, MD, DM</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Assistant Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, DMC and Hospital, Ludhiana, India</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <overall_official>
    <last_name>B C Sharma, D.M.</last_name>
    <role>Principal Investigator</role>
    <affiliation>Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi</affiliation>
  </overall_official>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>Department of Gastroenterology, D.M.C. and Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>Ludhiana</city>
        <state>Punjab</state>
        <zip>141001</zip>
        <country>India</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location>
    <facility>
      <name>G.B. Pant Hospital</name>
      <address>
        <city>New Delhi</city>
        <zip>110002</zip>
        <country>India</country>
      </address>
    </facility>
  </location>
  <location_countries>
    <country>India</country>
  </location_countries>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mas A. Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment. Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:86-93. doi: 10.1159/000089783. Epub 2006 Feb 8.</citation>
    <PMID>16498256</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Lizardi-Cervera J, Almeda P, Guevara L, Uribe M. Hepatic encephalopathy: a review. Ann Hepatol. 2003 Jul-Sep;2(3):122-30.</citation>
    <PMID>15115963</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Groeneweg M, Moerland W, Quero JC, Hop WC, Krabbe PF, Schalm SW. Screening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2000 May;32(5):748-53. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80243-3.</citation>
    <PMID>10845661</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shawcross DL, Olde Damink SW, Butterworth RF, Jalan R. Ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy: the more things change, the more they remain the same. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Sep;20(3):169-79. doi: 10.1007/s11011-005-7205-0.</citation>
    <PMID>16167195</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy--definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):716-21. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.31250.</citation>
    <PMID>11870389</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Atluri DK, Prakash R, Mullen KD. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2011 Sep;1(2):77-86. doi: 10.1016/S0973-6883(11)60126-6. Epub 2011 Nov 9.</citation>
    <PMID>25755319</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bajaj JS, Cordoba J, Mullen KD, Amodio P, Shawcross DL, Butterworth RF, Morgan MY; International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN). Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy--an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;33(7):739-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04590.x. Epub 2011 Feb 9.</citation>
    <PMID>21306407</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Shawcross D, Jalan R. Dispelling myths in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):431-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17832-5.</citation>
    <PMID>15680459</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ferenci P, Herneth A, Steindl P. Newer approaches to therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis. 1996 Aug;16(3):329-38. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007245. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>8989818</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Uribe M, Moran S, Poo JL, Mendez-Sanchez N, Guevara L, Garcia-Ramos G. Beneficial effect of carbohydrate maldigestion induced by a disaccharidase inhibitor (AO-128) in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Oct;33(10):1099-106. doi: 10.1080/003655298750026822.</citation>
    <PMID>9829367</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004 May 1;328(7447):1046. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38048.506134.EE. Epub 2004 Mar 30.</citation>
    <PMID>15054035</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Bongaerts G, Severijnen R, Timmerman H. Effect of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(1):64-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.029.</citation>
    <PMID>15533613</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Paik YH, Lee KS, Han KH, Song KH, Kim MH, Moon BS, Ahn SH, Lee SJ, Park HJ, Lee DK, Chon CY, Lee SI, Moon YM. Comparison of rifaximin and lactulose for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a prospective randomized study. Yonsei Med J. 2005 Jun 30;46(3):399-407. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2005.46.3.399.</citation>
    <PMID>15988813</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Mas A, Rodes J, Sunyer L, Rodrigo L, Planas R, Vargas V, Castells L, Rodriguez-Martinez D, Fernandez-Rodriguez C, Coll I, Pardo A; Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver Hepatic Encephalopathy Cooperative Group. Comparison of rifaximin and lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):51-8. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00350-1.</citation>
    <PMID>12480560</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Riordan SM, Williams R. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 14;337(7):473-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708143370707. No abstract available.</citation>
    <PMID>9250851</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rose C, Michalak A, Pannunzio P, Therrien G, Quack G, Kircheis G, Butterworth RF. L-ornithine-L-aspartate in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action. Metab Brain Dis. 1998 Jun;13(2):147-57. doi: 10.1023/a:1020613314572.</citation>
    <PMID>9699922</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Staedt U, Leweling H, Gladisch R, Kortsik C, Hagmuller E, Holm E. Effects of ornithine aspartate on plasma ammonia and plasma amino acids in patients with cirrhosis. A double-blind, randomized study using a four-fold crossover design. J Hepatol. 1993 Nov;19(3):424-30. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80553-7.</citation>
    <PMID>8151104</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kircheis G, Nilius R, Held C, Berndt H, Buchner M, Gortelmeyer R, Hendricks R, Kruger B, Kuklinski B, Meister H, Otto HJ, Rink C, Rosch W, Stauch S. Therapeutic efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusions in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hepatology. 1997 Jun;25(6):1351-60. doi: 10.1002/hep.510250609.</citation>
    <PMID>9185752</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Stauch S, Kircheis G, Adler G, Beckh K, Ditschuneit H, Gortelmeyer R, Hendricks R, Heuser A, Karoff C, Malfertheiner P, Mayer D, Rosch W, Steffens J. Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate therapy of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Hepatol. 1998 May;28(5):856-64. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80237-7.</citation>
    <PMID>9625322</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Rees CJ, Oppong K, Al Mardini H, Hudson M, Record CO. Effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Gut. 2000 Oct;47(4):571-4. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.4.571.</citation>
    <PMID>10986219</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Chen MF, Li RC, Chen CH, Gao XC. [Therapeutic effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Jun;25(6):718-9, 722. Chinese.</citation>
    <PMID>15958319</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Poo JL, Gongora J, Sanchez-Avila F, Aguilar-Castillo S, Garcia-Ramos G, Fernandez-Zertuche M, Rodriguez-Fragoso L, Uribe M. Efficacy of oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate in cirrhotic patients with hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomized, lactulose-controlled study. Ann Hepatol. 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):281-8.</citation>
    <PMID>17151582</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Abdo-Francis JM, Perez-Hernandez JL, Hinojosa-Ruiz A, Hernandez-Vasquez JR. [Reduction of hospital stay with the use of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) in patients with hepatic encephalopathy]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2010;75(2):135-41. Spanish.</citation>
    <PMID>20615780</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Ahmad I, Khan AA, Alam A, Dilshad A, Butt AK, Shafqat F, Malik K, Sarwar S. L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusion efficacy in hepatic encephalopathy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008 Nov;18(11):684-7.</citation>
    <PMID>18983791</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Kircheis G, Wettstein M, Dahl Sv, Haussinger D. Clinical efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2002 Dec;17(4):453-62. doi: 10.1023/a:1021934607762.</citation>
    <PMID>12602521</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, Chen YP. L-Ornithine-l-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jan;24(1):9-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05582.x. Epub 2008 Sep 24.</citation>
    <PMID>18823442</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Acharya SK, Bhatia V, Sreenivas V, Khanal S, Panda SK. Efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jun;136(7):2159-68. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.050.</citation>
    <PMID>19505424</PMID>
  </reference>
  <reference>
    <citation>Goggs R, Serrano S, Szladovits B, Keir I, Ong R, Hughes D. Clinical investigation of a point-of-care blood ammonia analyzer. Vet Clin Pathol. 2008 Jun;37(2):198-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00024.x.</citation>
    <PMID>18533920</PMID>
  </reference>
  <verification_date>February 2017</verification_date>
  <study_first_submitted>October 30, 2012</study_first_submitted>
  <study_first_submitted_qc>November 6, 2012</study_first_submitted_qc>
  <study_first_posted type="Estimate">November 7, 2012</study_first_posted>
  <last_update_submitted>February 6, 2017</last_update_submitted>
  <last_update_submitted_qc>February 6, 2017</last_update_submitted_qc>
  <last_update_posted type="Estimate">February 8, 2017</last_update_posted>
  <responsible_party>
    <responsible_party_type>Principal Investigator</responsible_party_type>
    <investigator_affiliation>Dayanand Medical College and Hospital</investigator_affiliation>
    <investigator_full_name>Prof. Sandeep S Sidhu</investigator_full_name>
    <investigator_title>Professor</investigator_title>
  </responsible_party>
  <keyword>Cirrhosis</keyword>
  <keyword>Encephalopathy</keyword>
  <keyword>L-ornithine L-aspartate</keyword>
  <condition_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>Liver Cirrhosis</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Hepatic Encephalopathy</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Brain Diseases</mesh_term>
    <mesh_term>Fibrosis</mesh_term>
  </condition_browse>
  <intervention_browse>
    <!-- CAUTION:  The following MeSH terms are assigned with an imperfect algorithm            -->
    <mesh_term>N-Methylaspartate</mesh_term>
  </intervention_browse>
  <!-- Results have not yet been posted for this study                                          -->
</clinical_study>


download date: ClinicalTrials.gov processed this data on September 20, 2023
link text: Link to the current ClinicalTrials.gov record.
url: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01722578
org study id: HEAL-123
nct id: NCT01722578
lead sponsor: 
has dmc: Yes
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a potentially reversible functional disorder of the brain with
      neurological and psychiatric symptoms. HE occurs in up to 70% of patients with cirrhosis at
      some time during the course of disease. The chief neurotoxin implicated in the development of
      HE is ammonia. An important aim of treatment of HE is the reduction of the ammonia in the
      body by lowering the amount of ammonia produced and increasing its detoxification. Enteric
      production of ammonia can be decreased by non-absorbable disaccharides such as lactulose and
      antibiotics such as rifaximin. L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA), the salt of the natural amino
      acids ornithine and aspartate acts through the mechanism of substrate activation to detoxify
      ammonia. In clinical trials, LOLA has shown a statistically significant effect with respect
      to reduction in HE grade, reduction of blood ammonia concentration and positive effects on
      psychomotor function in patients of cirrhosis with minimal HE and overt chronic Grade I HE,
      as compared to placebo. However, there is lack of data on the efficacy of LOLA in patients
      with overt acute hepatic encephalopathy which is one of the major causes of hospital
      admissions and resource utilization in decompensated cirrhotics. Each admission for HE causes
      a major financial loss to the family and financial burden on the society. Any drug which
      decreases the hospital stay by rapidly improving HE, will clearly lead to decreased hospital
      costs to the individual and the society as a whole. Hence, such a trial is a national
      priority. The investigators hypothesize that LOLA, if added to the standard treatment of
      overt acute HE (i.e lactulose), may lead to a faster recovery and decrease in hospital stay
      of these patients. In this prospective, randomized, placebo controlled trial, the
      investigators aim to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous L-ornithine, L-aspartate in
      reversal of overt acute hepatic encephalopathy in patients with liver cirrhosis.
A. Introduction and Review of literature

      Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is broadly defined as an alteration in mental status and
      cognitive function occurring in presence of liver failure. The clinical picture of HE arises
      as a complication of chronic and, more rarely, acute liver disease. HE occurs in up to 70% of
      patients with cirrhosis at some time during the course of their disease (1,2). It is
      characterized by personality changes, intellectual impairment and a depressed level of
      consciousness. HE may be clinical unapparent (minimal HE) detected by abnormal
      neuropsychometric or neurophysiological tests (3). The common presentation is overt HE which
      occurs in patients with advanced cirrhosis with portal-systemic collateral circulation.
      Episodes of HE in patients with cirrhosis are induced by precipitating factors, like
      dehydration, hypokalemia, large protein intake, gastrointestinal bleeding, constipation,
      infections, use of psychotropic drugs, alcohol intake or acute liver injury (hepatitis).

      Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy In patients with liver cirrhosis, increasing
      structural replacement of hepatocytes with connective tissue leads to the loss of functioning
      hepatic parenchymal tissue and a reduction in the detoxification capacity of the liver. In
      addition, developing portal hypertension leads to the formation of a collateral circulation
      through which non-detoxified blood can by-pass the liver to reach the systemic circulation.
      Both these mechanisms contribute to the neurotoxins present in portal vein blood reaching the
      brain via the systemic circulation. A number of neurotoxins have been implicated in the
      pathogenesis of HE with ammonia being the most important (4,5). Fundamental conceptual
      advances in our understanding of hepatic encephalopathy have confirmed the central role of
      ammonia in the pathogenesis of portosystemic encephalopathy. Ammonia disrupts the function of
      neurones and astrocytes, giving rise to the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy.

      Classification/Grading of HE can be classified as type A (in Acute Liver Failure), B (in
      Portosystemic shunts without intrinsic liver disease) and C (patients of cirrhosis with
      portal hypertension/or portosystemic shunts) (5,6). In cirrhotics, the type C HE is further
      classified into Episodic, Persistent and Minimal HE. Chronic persistent overt HE patients are
      those who can be relatively stable with little day to day fluctuation in their mental status.
      Episodic (Unstable) HE patients are defined as those who were previously stable, but who over
      hours and possibly days develop clinically discernible features of HE, requiring medical
      attention and hospitalization. Minimal HE is clinically inapparent and detected by abnormal
      neuropsychometric or neurophysiological tests (3).

      A precise gradation of HE is essential to prognosticate and plan an appropriate approach to
      treatment. According to the severity, HE has been traditionally divided into four stages
      based on alterations in the state of consciousness, intellectual function, behaviour, and
      neuromuscular signs (West Haven scale) (5).

      A new classification has been recently proposed called the SONIC classification (7). This was
      necessary because the differentiation between minimal and Grade I HE is not reliable, but
      there is good inter-rater reproducibility in the identification of Grade II HE. It was
      suggested that patients with minimal HE and Grade I HE should be grouped together. It
      stresses that worsening cognitive function is continuum rather than categorical as emphasized
      in the Vienna 11th World Congress. It classifies patients with cirrhosis as being unimpaired
      and impaired neurocognitive function. Impaired cognitive function is subdivided into Covert
      HE (Minimal HE and Grade I HE) and Overt HE (Grades II-IV). It is thus inclusive of the West
      Haven criteria, yet emphasizes continuity as opposed to being categorical. The neurocognitive
      function of impaired, unstable patients can fluctuate from acute confusional syndrome to coma
      (Grades I to IV). They are the so called Type C- episodic HE patients.

      Therapy of hepatic encephalopathy The main objective of therapy of HE is to (a) decrease
      intestinally derived toxins produced by excessive bacterial activity and decrease ammonia
      production or (b) increase ammonia detoxification (1,2,8,9).

        1. Decrease ammonia production:

           Enteric production of ammonia can be decreased by non-absorbable disaccharides such as
           lactulose or lactitol and non-absorbable antibiotics such as rifaximin.
           Lactulose/lactitol pass through the small bowel undigested. In the colon, bacteria
           degrade lactulose to various organic acids (e.g. lactic acid, acetic acid) with
           subsequent lowering of colonic pH. The mode of ammonia lowering may involve
           bacteriostatic effects, cathartic effects, or enhancement of conversion of ammonia to
           ammonium with excess hydrogen ion. Presumably ammonium is then excreted into the feces
           and eliminated (9, 10). Lactulose remains the main stay of therapy of overt HE, despite
           the paucity and inconsistency of clinical trials demonstrating its efficacy (11). The
           dosage should be adjusted to accomplish two to three soft bowel movements each day.
           Lactulose can be given through a nasogastric tube or through retention enemas. The usual
           dose is 30-120 ml each day in divided doses. Stool pH should be below six. Side effects
           include bloating and flatulence. Severe diarrhea with dehydration and hyperglycemia and
           acidosis occurs if the dosage is too high.

           Non absorbable antibiotics neomycin, metronidazole, and paromomycin are traditional
           antibiotics for the treatment of HE (12). Due to ototoxic and nephrotoxic side effects,
           neomycin is now used infrequently. Metronidazole does not cause much side effects but
           therapy should not extend beyond two weeks to avoid neuropathy. More recently rifaximin
           has demonstrated to be as good as lactulose (13) or lactitol (14, 15) for patients with
           hepatic encephalopathy.

        2. Increase ammonia detoxification:

      Levels of ammonia can be decreased by detoxification. L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA), the
      salt of the natural amino acids ornithine and aspartate acts through the mechanism of
      substrate activation to detoxify ammonia. Detailed mechanism of action and clinical trials on
      LOLA are discussed below.

      L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA):

      L-ornithine- L-aspartate (LOLA) is the salt of the natural amino acids ornithine and
      aspartate.

        1. Mechanism of action:

           LOLA stimulates the urea cycle (which metabolizes ammonia to urea) in the liver (16,17).
           In the periportal hepatocytes that synthesize urea, ornithine serves as an activator of
           ornithine transcarbamoylase and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. In addition, ornithine
           can acts as a substrate for urea genesis. Hence, LOLA can activate the periportal urea
           cycle in the liver. Aspartate and ornithine, after conversion to alpha- ketoglutarate,
           also serves as carbon sources for perivenous glutamine synthesis. In the skeletal
           muscle, LOLA upregulates glutamine synthesis by substrate provision for glutamine
           synthetase, although decreased muscle mass in cirrhosis does not allow this synthesis to
           be significant. Ammonia is consumed during urea formation and glutamine synthesis, and
           thereby LOLA decreases blood ammonia levels. Urea and glutamine (after further
           metabolism) can be excreted via the kidneys. LOLA thus activates the two important
           metabolic pathways in the human body for the detoxification of ammonia. In cirrhosis,
           there is some remaining liver cell mass that retains capacity to detoxify ammonia as
           opposed to acute liver failure.

        2. Trials of LOLA in Hepatic encephalopathy:

           LOLA has been used for many years for the treatment of HE in cirrhosis of the liver,
           especially minimal and overt chronic low grade HE. The clinical efficacy of LOLA has
           already been comprehensively investigated and reported in therapeutic observations,
           clinical trials (16, 18-25) and meta-analysis (26,27). In these studies, the use of LOLA
           as infusion, oral administration or a combination of the two, was documented in patients
           with mild to severe liver insufficiency. LOLA showed a statistically significant effect
           with respect to an improvement in mental state (reduction in the HE grade), increased
           detoxification (reduction of the ammonia concentration in the blood) and positive
           effects on psychomotor function (reduction of time required in the number connection
           test) in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and overt chronic Grade I-II Hepatic
           Encephalopathy, and acute overt HE. With these findings, evidence-based medicine
           criteria for demonstrating efficacy have been fulfilled.

           In a recent randomized placebo controlled study conducted at Karachi (25), patients with
           acute HE were randomized to receive LOLA or placebo. NCT-A, ammonia level, clinical
           grade of HE and duration of hospitalization were assessed. Improvement in HE was higher
           (n=40, 66.7%) in LOLA group (n=28, 46.7%, p=0.027). Duration of hospitalization was
           lower in LOLA group compared to placebo (p=0.025). No side effects were observed in
           either group.

        3. Adverse effects of LOLA L-ornithine- L-aspartate is usually well tolerated (18-25). No
           serious adverse events have been reported so far in clinical trials. The various adverse
           events reported in about 14% patients treated with LOLA include:

             1. Nausea

             2. Vomiting

             3. Fatigue

      B. Materials and Methods

        1. Study design and setting:

           This will be a prospective, randomized, double blind, placebo controlled interventional
           study.

           The study will be conducted on patients of cirrhosis admitted with overt HE in the
           Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana and
           Department of Hepatology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi. Informed consent shall be taken
           from the nearest relative of the patient for enrollment in the trial.

           The study shall be presented for approval to the Institutional Ethics Committee prior to
           the enrollment of patients into the study. It shall be registered with Clinical Trial
           Registry, India and the ClinicalTrials.gov registry.

        2. Study population:

           Inclusion and exclusion criteria have been mentioned elsewhere.

        3. Study Methods:

           Assignment: Consecutive patients diagnosed to have acute overt HE will be randomized
           into two groups (group A and B) using sealed opaque envelopes containing
           computer-generated random numbers. There shall be no restriction, blocking or
           stratification of the randomization sequence. The research coordinator who will generate
           the sequence shall have no role in recruitment, treatment, or assessment of patients.

           Masking: Sequentially numbered boxes containing identical LOLA or placebo ampoules,
           according to the allocation sequence will ensure allocation concealment. The numbering
           of the boxes will be done by research coordinator, and concealed from the treating
           consultants. All study personnel will be blinded to the treatment assignment (placebo or
           LOLA) for the duration of the study. Placebo and LOLA will be similar in appearance and
           in the mode of administration. The code of the allocation sequence will remain with the
           research coordinator. It will be revealed only after the recruitment, data collection
           and analysis of results has been carried out. The coordinator will not have any access
           to the patients involved in the study.

           Randomization implementation: Enrollment of patients, assessing eligibility and
           obtaining informed consent will be carried out by one of the investigators (S.S. Sidhu
           or O. Goyal, BC Sharma) Study Intervention: The patients will be randomized to receive
           either placebo or LOLA at dose of 30 grams daily, by intravenous infusion over 24 hours.
           (The study drugs and placebo will be provided by Win Medicare Pvt Ltd., 1400, Modi
           tower, 98, Nehru Place, New Delhi- 110019). LOLA will be supplied as ampoules (each
           ampoule containing 5 grams LOLA in 10 ml clear solution). Six ampoules (i.e 30 g of
           LOLA) will be infused over 24 hours. The placebo vials (10 ml sterile water in each
           vial) will be identically supplied and infused. The dose of LOLA (30 g in 24 hours) was
           based on previous studies, showing the efficacy of this dose in decreasing ammonia
           levels (17,26,28). Both groups shall receive treatment for 5 days. Patients in both the
           groups who continue to have hepatic encephalopathy at the end of study period (5 days),
           will receive standard of care treatment, and would be counseled about liver transplant.

        4. Laboratory tests:

           Biochemical tests: Hemogram, blood glucose, liver function tests, prothrombin time,
           serum electrolytes, blood urea and serum creatinine will be done at baseline, and at 2nd
           and 5th day of treatment, or earlier if indicated. Serum AFP will be done at admission.
           Serum cytokine levels (Interleukin 1, 6, 10 and TNF-alpha) levels will be done at
           baseline and after 5 days of treatment.

           Microbiologic tests: A diagnostic paracentesis will be done in all patients with
           ascites, at baseline, to diagnose Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. A repeat cell count
           (Total and differential) shall be done on day 5 with patients diagnosed to have
           Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Blood culture, urine culture, cultures of aspirates
           from endotracheal tubes in ventilated patients for aerobic and anerobic bacteria, and
           fungi shall be done. A chest radiograph shall also be done.

           Ammonia estimation: Fasting venous ammonia levels will be estimated by using the blood
           ammonia meter (PocketChem BA) at baseline and then daily for the next 5 days. The
           PocketChem BA ammonia meter is an apparatus for quick bedside blood ammonia estimation.
           It has been shown to have acceptable precision, adequate linearity, and satisfactory
           agreement with a enzymatic reference method commonly used in clinical laboratories (29).

           Measurement Principle: The PocketChem BA measures blood ammonia based on the
           micro-diffusion method. When the blood sample (20 microlitre) is applied to the
           sample-receiving layer of the test area on the test strip, the alkaline buffer agent
           (borate buffer) impregnated in the layer dissolves making the specimen alkaline. The
           ammonium ions in the specimen are gasified by the alkaline state into ammonia gas. The
           ammonia gas passes through the pores of the spacer to the indicator (bromocresol green)
           triggering color development. As the degree of color development is proportional to the
           concentration of ammonia gas produced, the blood ammonia level is quantitatively
           determined by measuring the color.

           Tests for etiologic evaluation: Etiology of cirrhosis will be taken as alcohol if there
           is a history of significant alcohol intake (40-60gm/day for females, and 60-80 gm/day
           for males for 10 years). Each patient will be tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen
           (HbsAg) and Anti-hepatitis C (HCV) antibody using a third generation commercial ELISA.
           Wherever indicated, autoimmune hepatitis will be diagnosed using antinuclear antibody,
           anti-smooth muscle antibody and anti-LKM; and hemochromatosis using serum iron, TIBC,
           ferritin and transferrin saturation. Each patient shall have an abdominal
           ultrasonography. UGI endoscopy would be done, if indicated.

        5. Standard of Care Treatment:

           Standard of care treatment for patients with cirrhosis and overt acute encephalopathy
           shall be given to all patients.

             1. Identification of other potential causes for altered mental state i.e. head injury
                or drug intoxication shall be done.

             2. Identification and treatment of the precipitating causes of encephalopathy such as
                sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hypokalemia (serum Potassium < 3.5mEq/L),
                alkalosis, azotemia, dehydration, diuretics, constipation, large protein intake and
                psychoactive drugs shall be done.

             3. Lactulose syrup: 30-120 ml in three divided doses through a nasogastric tube/
                orally to produce 2-3 semi formed stools and/or lactulose retention enemas (300 ml
                lactulose +700 ml water) twice daily. No other ammonia lowering agent shall be
                given to these patients.

        6. Monitoring and follow-up:

           Clinical Monitoring:

           All patients will be admitted to the intensive care unit/ high dependency unit, and
           shifted to ward once they revert back to grade I HE. Continuous monitoring of vital
           signs shall be done. Neurologic monitoring shall be done twice daily and grading of
           mental state will be as per the West Haven Criteria.

           Definition of Response to therapy:

           The assessment of the clinical response will be defined as follows:

             1. Resolution: disappearance of the HE clinical syndrome during the study

             2. Improvement: a decrease in the HE by 1 grade, but not reaching grade 0

             3. No Improvement: no improvement in HE

             4. Failure: shift to a higher grade of HE.

           Biochemical monitoring:

           Biochemical monitoring and monitoring of ammonia levels shall be done as mentioned above
           (under 'laboratory tests')

           Monitoring for Adverse Events:

           Any adverse event will be recorded specifying the time of onset, the duration, the
           severity and the relationship to the test medication.

           Tolerability: Tolerability of the study drug will be assessed by comparison of full
           blood cell count, liver function tests and renal function tests at baseline and at end
           of treatment.

        7. End points:

           Primary end-point

           1. Completion of 5 days of treatment

           Secondary end-point

             1. Liver related death

             2. Death due to other causes

             3. Discontinuation due to adverse effects

             4. Discharge from hospital

        8. Sample size: Sample size for this study was estimated using results of a previous study
           which reported complete recovery of encephalopathy in 79% patients in LOLA group and
           55.6% patients in the placebo group (25). At 80% power and a 5% significance level
           (two-sided), 71 patients in each group would be required to detect a 22% difference in
           proportions. Assuming a dropout rate of 15% approximately (28), we will need to enroll
           164 patients, i.e. 82 in each treatment arm.

        9. Statistical Analysis: A chi-squared test will be used to compare the proportion of
           patients with complete reversal of HE after 5 days in LOLA treatment and placebo groups.
           A 95% confidence interval for the difference in proportions will also be calculated. A
           Chi-squared test will then be used to compare the HE grading at 5 days between the
           groups. Blood ammonia levels will be compared between groups using an independent
           samples t-test; while length of hospital stay is not expected to be normally distributed
           and therefore will be compared using a non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. All statistical
           tests will be 2-sided and using a 5% significance level.
allocation: Randomized
intervention model: Parallel Assignment
primary purpose: Treatment
masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor)
measure: Mental state grade
time frame: 5 days
description: Mental state grade according to West Haven criteria for Hepatic encephalopathy
measure: Blood Ammonia levels
time frame: 5 days
description: Change in blood ammonia levels will be measured at baseline and after 5 days of treatment
measure: Mortality
time frame: 4 weeks
description: Mortality rate in the two groups at 4 weeks will be compared
measure: Length of Hospital stay
time frame: 4 weeks
description: The total length of hospital stay (number of days) in each group will be compared.
measure: Serum Cytokine levels
time frame: 5 days
description: Change in serum cytokine levels (Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10 and TNF-alpha will be measured at baseline and after 5 days of treatment.
arm group label: L-ornithine L-aspartate
arm group type: Experimental
description: L-ornithine L-aspartate (6 ampules, each ampule containing 5 grams of the drug in 10 ml solution) to be diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5% (to make a total of 500 ml of solution), as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days
arm group label: Placebo (sterile water)
arm group type: Placebo Comparator
description: Placebo (sterile water, 6 ampuoles of 10 ml each) diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5%, as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: L-ornithine L-aspartate
description: L-ornithine L-aspartate (6 ampules, each ampule containing 5 grams of the drug in 10 ml solution) to be diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5% (to make a total of 500 ml of solution), as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days
arm group label: L-ornithine L-aspartate
other name: Hepamerz
intervention type: Drug
intervention name: Placebo
description: Placebo (sterile water, 60 ml) diluted in 440 ml of Dextrose 5%, as intravenous infusion at the rate of 21 ml/hour, over 24 hours, for 5 days
arm group label: Placebo (sterile water)
criteria: 
gender: All
minimum age: 18 Years
maximum age: 70 Years
healthy volunteers: No
last name: Sandeep S Sidhu, MD,DM
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, DMC and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
last name: Omesh Goyal, MD, DM
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Assistant Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, DMC and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
last name: B C Sharma, D.M.
role: Principal Investigator
affiliation: Professor, Dept of Gastroenterology, G.B. Pant Hospital, New Delhi
facility: 
facility: 
country: India
citation: Mas A. Hepatic encephalopathy: from pathophysiology to treatment. Digestion. 2006;73 Suppl 1:86-93. doi: 10.1159/000089783. Epub 2006 Feb 8.
PMID: 16498256
citation: Lizardi-Cervera J, Almeda P, Guevara L, Uribe M. Hepatic encephalopathy: a review. Ann Hepatol. 2003 Jul-Sep;2(3):122-30.
PMID: 15115963
citation: Groeneweg M, Moerland W, Quero JC, Hop WC, Krabbe PF, Schalm SW. Screening of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol. 2000 May;32(5):748-53. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80243-3.
PMID: 10845661
citation: Shawcross DL, Olde Damink SW, Butterworth RF, Jalan R. Ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy: the more things change, the more they remain the same. Metab Brain Dis. 2005 Sep;20(3):169-79. doi: 10.1007/s11011-005-7205-0.
PMID: 16167195
citation: Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy--definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology. 2002 Mar;35(3):716-21. doi: 10.1053/jhep.2002.31250.
PMID: 11870389
citation: Atluri DK, Prakash R, Mullen KD. Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2011 Sep;1(2):77-86. doi: 10.1016/S0973-6883(11)60126-6. Epub 2011 Nov 9.
PMID: 25755319
citation: Bajaj JS, Cordoba J, Mullen KD, Amodio P, Shawcross DL, Butterworth RF, Morgan MY; International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN). Review article: the design of clinical trials in hepatic encephalopathy--an International Society for Hepatic Encephalopathy and Nitrogen Metabolism (ISHEN) consensus statement. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;33(7):739-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04590.x. Epub 2011 Feb 9.
PMID: 21306407
citation: Shawcross D, Jalan R. Dispelling myths in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):431-3. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)17832-5.
PMID: 15680459
citation: Ferenci P, Herneth A, Steindl P. Newer approaches to therapy of hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis. 1996 Aug;16(3):329-38. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1007245. No abstract available.
PMID: 8989818
citation: Uribe M, Moran S, Poo JL, Mendez-Sanchez N, Guevara L, Garcia-Ramos G. Beneficial effect of carbohydrate maldigestion induced by a disaccharidase inhibitor (AO-128) in the treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1998 Oct;33(10):1099-106. doi: 10.1080/003655298750026822.
PMID: 9829367
citation: Als-Nielsen B, Gluud LL, Gluud C. Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004 May 1;328(7447):1046. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38048.506134.EE. Epub 2004 Mar 30.
PMID: 15054035
citation: Bongaerts G, Severijnen R, Timmerman H. Effect of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses. 2005;64(1):64-8. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.029.
PMID: 15533613
citation: Paik YH, Lee KS, Han KH, Song KH, Kim MH, Moon BS, Ahn SH, Lee SJ, Park HJ, Lee DK, Chon CY, Lee SI, Moon YM. Comparison of rifaximin and lactulose for the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a prospective randomized study. Yonsei Med J. 2005 Jun 30;46(3):399-407. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2005.46.3.399.
PMID: 15988813
citation: Mas A, Rodes J, Sunyer L, Rodrigo L, Planas R, Vargas V, Castells L, Rodriguez-Martinez D, Fernandez-Rodriguez C, Coll I, Pardo A; Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver Hepatic Encephalopathy Cooperative Group. Comparison of rifaximin and lactitol in the treatment of acute hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, controlled clinical trial. J Hepatol. 2003 Jan;38(1):51-8. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00350-1.
PMID: 12480560
citation: Riordan SM, Williams R. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997 Aug 14;337(7):473-9. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708143370707. No abstract available.
PMID: 9250851
citation: Rose C, Michalak A, Pannunzio P, Therrien G, Quack G, Kircheis G, Butterworth RF. L-ornithine-L-aspartate in experimental portal-systemic encephalopathy: therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action. Metab Brain Dis. 1998 Jun;13(2):147-57. doi: 10.1023/a:1020613314572.
PMID: 9699922
citation: Staedt U, Leweling H, Gladisch R, Kortsik C, Hagmuller E, Holm E. Effects of ornithine aspartate on plasma ammonia and plasma amino acids in patients with cirrhosis. A double-blind, randomized study using a four-fold crossover design. J Hepatol. 1993 Nov;19(3):424-30. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(05)80553-7.
PMID: 8151104
citation: Kircheis G, Nilius R, Held C, Berndt H, Buchner M, Gortelmeyer R, Hendricks R, Kruger B, Kuklinski B, Meister H, Otto HJ, Rink C, Rosch W, Stauch S. Therapeutic efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusions in patients with cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Hepatology. 1997 Jun;25(6):1351-60. doi: 10.1002/hep.510250609.
PMID: 9185752
citation: Stauch S, Kircheis G, Adler G, Beckh K, Ditschuneit H, Gortelmeyer R, Hendricks R, Heuser A, Karoff C, Malfertheiner P, Mayer D, Rosch W, Steffens J. Oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate therapy of chronic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study. J Hepatol. 1998 May;28(5):856-64. doi: 10.1016/s0168-8278(98)80237-7.
PMID: 9625322
citation: Rees CJ, Oppong K, Al Mardini H, Hudson M, Record CO. Effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on patients with and without TIPS undergoing glutamine challenge: a double blind, placebo controlled trial. Gut. 2000 Oct;47(4):571-4. doi: 10.1136/gut.47.4.571.
PMID: 10986219
citation: Chen MF, Li RC, Chen CH, Gao XC. [Therapeutic effect of L-ornithine-L-aspartate on liver cirrhosis complicated by hepatic encephalopathy]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2005 Jun;25(6):718-9, 722. Chinese.
PMID: 15958319
citation: Poo JL, Gongora J, Sanchez-Avila F, Aguilar-Castillo S, Garcia-Ramos G, Fernandez-Zertuche M, Rodriguez-Fragoso L, Uribe M. Efficacy of oral L-ornithine-L-aspartate in cirrhotic patients with hyperammonemic hepatic encephalopathy. Results of a randomized, lactulose-controlled study. Ann Hepatol. 2006 Oct-Dec;5(4):281-8.
PMID: 17151582
citation: Abdo-Francis JM, Perez-Hernandez JL, Hinojosa-Ruiz A, Hernandez-Vasquez JR. [Reduction of hospital stay with the use of L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA) in patients with hepatic encephalopathy]. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 2010;75(2):135-41. Spanish.
PMID: 20615780
citation: Ahmad I, Khan AA, Alam A, Dilshad A, Butt AK, Shafqat F, Malik K, Sarwar S. L-ornithine-L-aspartate infusion efficacy in hepatic encephalopathy. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2008 Nov;18(11):684-7.
PMID: 18983791
citation: Kircheis G, Wettstein M, Dahl Sv, Haussinger D. Clinical efficacy of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2002 Dec;17(4):453-62. doi: 10.1023/a:1021934607762.
PMID: 12602521
citation: Jiang Q, Jiang XH, Zheng MH, Chen YP. L-Ornithine-l-aspartate in the management of hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 Jan;24(1):9-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2008.05582.x. Epub 2008 Sep 24.
PMID: 18823442
citation: Acharya SK, Bhatia V, Sreenivas V, Khanal S, Panda SK. Efficacy of L-ornithine L-aspartate in acute liver failure: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jun;136(7):2159-68. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.02.050.
PMID: 19505424
citation: Goggs R, Serrano S, Szladovits B, Keir I, Ong R, Hughes D. Clinical investigation of a point-of-care blood ammonia analyzer. Vet Clin Pathol. 2008 Jun;37(2):198-206. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00024.x.
PMID: 18533920
responsible party type: Principal Investigator
investigator affiliation: Dayanand Medical College and Hospital
investigator full name: Prof. Sandeep S Sidhu
investigator title: Professor
mesh term: Liver Cirrhosis
mesh term: Hepatic Encephalopathy
mesh term: Brain Diseases
mesh term: Fibrosis
mesh term: N-Methylaspartate