[ { "question":"What is the role of the PHANTASTICA (PHAN) gene in Antirrhinum majus leaf development?", "options":[ "Controlling overall plant height and flower color.", "Establishing dorsoventral polarity and repressing KNOX genes.", "Promoting radial symmetry and activating KNOX genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Antirrhinum majus" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "Year":2001, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the YABBY gene family (e.g., FIL, CRC) in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf development?", "options":[ "Specifying adaxial (upper) cell identity.", "Recruiting founder cells from the shoot apical meristem.", "Specifying abaxial (lower) cell identity." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "Year":2001, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a common consequence of ectopically expressing class I KNOX homeobox genes in developing leaves?", "options":[ "Disruption of proximodistal axis patterning, leading to altered leaf shape and displaced structures.", "Complete conversion of leaves into stem tissue.", "Formation of perfectly radial, undifferentiated leaves." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "Year":2001, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key aspect of leaf development requires interaction between the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and the incipient leaf primordium?", "options":[ "Establishment of the dorsoventral (adaxial-abaxial) axis.", "Initiation of vascular tissue differentiation within the stem.", "Determination of final leaf size solely through cell expansion." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "Year":2001, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a shared function of the homologous genes ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) in Arabidopsis, ROUGH SHEATH2 (RS2) in maize, and PHANTASTICA (PHAN) in Antirrhinum?", "options":[ "Promoting cell division throughout the entire shoot apical meristem.", "Repressing the expression of KNOX class homeobox genes within developing lateral organs.", "Activating the expression of YABBY genes to specify abaxial fate." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(00)00133-3", "Year":2001, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do sugars and ABA influence the transition from cell division to cell enlargement and storage reserve accumulation during seed development?", "options":[ "High hexose levels promote cell division, while high sucrose and ABA levels promote cell enlargement and storage reserve accumulation.", "High sucrose levels promote cell division, while high hexose and ABA levels promote storage reserve accumulation.", "Both high hexose and sucrose levels promote cell division, while ABA inhibits storage reserve accumulation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "Year":2002, "Citations":252, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which set of transcription factors integrates ABA, light, and potentially sugar signals during Arabidopsis embryogenesis?", "options":[ "SNF1, PKABA1, GARE, and GAMyb.", "CTR1, EIN2, ETR1, and ABA2.", "ABI3, ABI4, ABI5, DET1, FUS3, and LEC1." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "Year":2002, "Citations":252, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do gibberellins (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and sugars interact to regulate \u03b1-amylase gene expression in germinating cereal embryos?", "options":[ "GA represses expression, while ABA and sugars promote it.", "GA promotes expression, while both ABA and sugars repress it, with sugar repression potentially acting downstream or independently of GA signaling.", "GA and sugars promote expression, while ABA represses it." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "Year":2002, "Citations":252, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of ABA signaling in the inhibition of germination and early seedling growth by high sugar concentrations in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "High sugar concentrations inhibit growth partly by involving ABA signaling; mutants insensitive to or deficient in ABA are resistant to sugar inhibition.", "ABA signaling counteracts the inhibitory effect of high sugar concentrations on seedling growth.", "High sugar concentrations promote growth independently of ABA signaling." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "Year":2002, "Citations":252, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between ethylene signaling and sensitivity to sugar during early seedling development in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Ethylene signaling is completely independent of sugar response pathways.", "Ethylene signaling interacts with sugar response pathways; constitutive ethylene signaling confers sugar insensitivity, while reduced ethylene sensitivity leads to sugar hypersensitivity.", "Increased ethylene signaling leads to sugar hypersensitivity." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1369-5266(01)00225-4", "Year":2002, "Citations":252, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What distinguishes the function of DRE\/CRT cis-acting elements from ABRE elements in Arabidopsis stress response?", "options":[ "DRE\/CRT mediates ABA-independent responses, while ABRE mediates ABA-dependent responses.", "Both DRE\/CRT and ABRE mediate only ABA-dependent responses.", "DRE\/CRT mediates ABA-dependent responses, while ABRE mediates ABA-independent responses." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "Year":2003, "Citations":1453, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the overexpression of CBF\/DREB1 transcription factors have on Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Decreased tolerance to freezing but increased tolerance to drought and salt.", "Increased sensitivity to freezing, drought, and high salt stress.", "Increased tolerance to freezing, drought, and high salt stress." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "Year":2003, "Citations":1453, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific gene's expression is regulated by the ICE1 transcription factor in Arabidopsis during cold stress?", "options":[ "All CBF\/DREB1 family genes.", "CBF3\/DREB1A.", "DREB2 genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "Year":2003, "Citations":1453, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is required for the activation of AREB\/ABF transcription factors in the ABA-dependent stress response pathway in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "An ABA-mediated signal, likely involving phosphorylation.", "Binding to DRE\/CRT elements instead of ABRE.", "Direct activation by cold stress without ABA involvement." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "Year":2003, "Citations":1453, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What pattern of crosstalk between stress response pathways was revealed by transcriptome analyses in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "All stress pathways (drought, cold, high-salinity, ABA) show equal levels of crosstalk.", "Significant crosstalk exists between drought, high-salinity, and ABA responses, but less with cold stress responses.", "Significant crosstalk exists mainly between cold and drought responses." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/S1369-5266(03)00092-X", "Year":2003, "Citations":1453, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs) primarily classified based on their structure and function?", "options":[ "Into Pseudo-regulators (APRRs) and True-regulators (ARRs) based solely on phosphorylation potential.", "Into Type-A (often negative regulators in cytokinin signaling) and Type-B (transcription factors, positive regulators).", "Into Kinase-linked (AHKs) and Phosphotransfer-linked (AHPs)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "Year":2004, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general role of Type-A Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs) in the cytokinin signaling pathway?", "options":[ "They act as the primary cytokinin receptors on the cell surface.", "They act as positive regulators by directly activating downstream gene expression.", "They act as negative regulators, providing a feedback loop to attenuate the signal." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "Year":2004, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which structural feature allows Type-B Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs) to function as transcription factors?", "options":[ "A phospho-accepting receiver domain that directly binds RNA polymerase.", "A transmembrane domain for sensing extracellular signals.", "A conserved DNA-binding domain (GARP motif) in their C-terminal region." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "Year":2004, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of TOC1\/APRR1 in the Arabidopsis circadian clock mechanism?", "options":[ "It acts solely as a photoreceptor sensing dawn and dusk signals.", "It is a central component that participates in a negative feedback loop with CCA1 and LHY transcription factors.", "It functions as a histidine kinase phosphorylating downstream clock proteins." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "Year":2004, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides cytokinin signaling and circadian rhythms, in which other process are certain Arabidopsis Response Regulators (ARRs and APRRs) implicated?", "options":[ "Primary nutrient uptake regulation in the roots.", "Ethylene perception and signaling downstream of ETR1 receptors.", "Light-signal transduction, potentially integrating light signals with other pathways." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2004.07.015", "Year":2004, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary mechanism maintaining the stem cell population in the Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristem?", "options":[ "Positive regulation where WUS directly activates CLV3 expression, leading to meristem expansion.", "Independent specification of stem cells and organizing center cells by distinct genetic pathways without feedback.", "A negative feedback loop involving CLV3 signaling from stem cells repressing WUS expression in the organizing center." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "Year":2005, "Citations":115, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of loss-of-function mutations in the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Conversion of shoot meristem identity to root meristem identity.", "Uncontrolled proliferation of stem cells leading to an enlarged meristem.", "Premature termination of the shoot apical meristem due to mis-specification of stem cells." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "Year":2005, "Citations":115, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the stem cell-inducing signal mediated by WUSCHEL (WUS) typically restricted to the apical cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana shoot meristem?", "options":[ "A secondary repressor signal from peripheral zones actively blocks WUS signaling outside the apex.", "The WUS protein itself is physically restricted from moving beyond the apical cell layers.", "Only the apical cells appear competent to perceive and\/or respond to the WUS-derived signal, regardless of broader WUS presence." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "Year":2005, "Citations":115, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of molecular factor has been shown to directly bind the WUSCHEL (WUS) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana and positively regulate its expression?", "options":[ "The microRNA miR166.", "The chromatin remodeling factor SPLAYED (SYD), an SNF2 class ATPase.", "The CLAVATA1 (CLV1) receptor kinase." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "Year":2005, "Citations":115, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which class of transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana, themselves regulated by microRNAs, act to restrict shoot apical meristem activity partly by downregulating WUSCHEL (WUS) transcription?", "options":[ "GATA-3-like transcription factors (like HAN).", "WOX family homeodomain proteins (like STIP\/WOX9).", "Class III HD-ZIP proteins (like PHB, PHV, CNA)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2005.09.010", "Year":2005, "Citations":115, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How extensive is the representation of peptidase-encoding genes within the Arabidopsis genome?", "options":[ "Fewer than 100 genes encode peptidases, primarily involved in basic nutrient recycling.", "Approximately 300 genes encode peptidases, mostly focused on C-terminal processing.", "Over 600 genes encode various types of peptidases, indicating significant roles in cellular processes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "Year":2006, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the fundamental role of the N-end rule pathway in plant protein regulation?", "options":[ "It exclusively removes N-terminal signal peptides after protein import into organelles.", "It adds specific carbohydrate modifications to N-terminal residues to determine protein localization.", "It influences a protein's lifespan by recognizing its N-terminal amino acid, potentially targeting it for degradation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "Year":2006, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of Methionine Aminopeptidases (MAPs) during protein synthesis?", "options":[ "They add a formyl group to the initial methionine in cytosolic proteins.", "They cleave internal peptide bonds specifically after methionine residues.", "They remove the initial methionine residue from nascent polypeptide chains." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "Year":2006, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What critical step in meiosis is dependent on the M1 peptidase MPA1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "The formation of the cell plate during meiotic cytokinesis.", "The degradation of cyclins to exit meiosis II.", "Chromosome pairing and the completion of synapsis during prophase I." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "Year":2006, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Leucine Aminopeptidase A (LAP-A) acts as a regulator within which signaling pathway?", "options":[ "It controls the primary perception of ethylene for fruit ripening.", "It modulates salicylic acid signaling required for systemic acquired resistance.", "It regulates the late branch of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway involved in wound response." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2006.03.009", "Year":2006, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the rapid reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton in plant cells during attempted pathogen penetration?", "options":[ "To initiate programmed cell death immediately upon pathogen contact.", "To direct the transport of secretory vesicles and organelles towards the infection site for cell wall apposition formation.", "To directly attack and degrade the pathogen's cell wall components." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":172, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of protein is AtSYP121\/PEN1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and what is its key function in penetration resistance?", "options":[ "A receptor kinase that directly recognizes pathogen elicitors.", "A transcription factor that activates defense gene expression globally.", "A plasma membrane syntaxin (t-SNARE) involved in vesicle fusion for cell wall apposition formation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":172, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary structural component rapidly deposited in cell wall appositions during plant defense, synthesized by enzymes like PMR4\/GLS5 in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Lignin, a complex phenolic polymer.", "Callose, a \u03b2-1,3 glucan.", "Cellulose, a \u03b2-1,4 glucan." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":172, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides syntaxins, what other types of proteins, such as PEN2 and PEN3\/AtPDR8 in Arabidopsis, contribute to penetration resistance at the infection site?", "options":[ "Nuclear pore complex proteins and histone modifiers.", "Chloroplast ATP synthases and photosystem components.", "A peroxisomal glycosyl hydrolase (PEN2) and a plasma membrane ABC transporter (PEN3\/AtPDR8)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":172, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Apart from chemical elicitors, what type of signal can plant epidermal cells perceive to initiate defense responses like actin rearrangement during attempted pathogen invasion?", "options":[ "Physical pressure or mechanical stimuli exerted by the pathogen penetration structure.", "Changes in ambient light intensity caused by the pathogen.", "Electrical signals transmitted from distant infected tissues." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2007.05.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":172, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of proteins primarily determine the directionality of polar auxin transport (PAT) through their asymmetric subcellular localization?", "options":[ "PIN-FORMED (PIN) efflux carriers", "P-glycoprotein (PGP) type ABC transporters", "AUX\/LAX influx carriers" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "Year":2008, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the PINOID (PID) kinase in regulating polar auxin transport?", "options":[ "Promoting the apical localization of PIN proteins through phosphorylation", "Enhancing the activity of AUX\/LAX influx carriers", "Directly degrading PIN proteins in response to auxin" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "Year":2008, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is calcium signaling linked to the regulation of PINOID (PID) kinase activity?", "options":[ "Calcium directly phosphorylates PID kinase to activate it", "PID interacts with calcium-binding proteins (TCH3, PBP1) which modulate its kinase activity in a calcium-dependent manner", "PID kinase acts as a calcium channel to increase cytosolic calcium levels" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "Year":2008, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do phototropins primarily mediate the bending of plant organs towards light?", "options":[ "By increasing overall auxin synthesis on the lit side of the organ", "By inducing changes in PIN3 localization, leading to lateral auxin transport towards the shaded side", "By directly phosphorylating cell wall components to induce differential growth" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "Year":2008, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What cellular process is essential for the dynamic polar localization of PIN auxin efflux carriers?", "options":[ "Direct insertion into the plasma membrane after synthesis without intermediate trafficking", "Vesicle trafficking involving cycles of endocytosis and exocytosis regulated by ARF-GEFs", "Lateral diffusion within the plasma membrane regulated solely by lipid composition" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2008.06.004", "Year":2008, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Compared to vertebrate conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs), how do plant CNSs generally differ?", "options":[ "Plant CNSs are typically larger and more numerous.", "Plant CNSs are typically smaller and less numerous.", "Plant CNSs are identical in size and number to vertebrate CNSs." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "Year":2009, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What types of genes in plants are frequently associated with a high density of conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs)?", "options":[ "Genes encoding structural proteins like tubulin or actin.", "Genes encoding regulatory proteins like transcription factors or involved in stimulus response.", "Genes encoding metabolic enzymes involved in core pathways like glycolysis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "Year":2009, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What was concluded about the highly identical, 'ultraconserved' sequences initially identified between Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa genomes?", "options":[ "They lacked synteny and likely represent horizontally transferred mitochondrial DNA segments, not orthologous CNSs.", "They were artifacts of the sequencing process and do not actually exist.", "They represent true, highly conserved orthologous regulatory elements essential for basic plant functions." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana|Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "Year":2009, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Zea mays, what is the nature and function of the Vgt1 locus related to flowering time?", "options":[ "It is a transposable element insertion within the Apetala2-like gene promoter that enhances expression.", "It is a cis-acting regulatory CNS located far upstream of an Apetala2-like gene that influences the gene's expression.", "It is a protein-coding gene that directly triggers flowering." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "Year":2009, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What defines 'Bigfoot' genes identified in Arabidopsis thaliana in the context of conserved noncoding sequences (CNSs)?", "options":[ "They are genes that have lost all associated CNSs during evolution.", "They are genes with unusually large introns containing multiple CNSs.", "They are genes associated with exceptionally long chromosomal regions rich in CNSs, often located far from the coding sequence." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2009.01.005", "Year":2009, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key function of the Anaphase Promoting Complex\/Cyclosome (APC\/C) in Arabidopsis thaliana post-mitotic cells?", "options":[ "It primarily initiates S-phase entry in post-mitotic cells.", "It exclusively degrades cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs).", "It plays a role in normal plant development and cell differentiation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "Year":2010, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What major factors converge to regulate the G1-to-S phase transition in the eukaryotic cell cycle?", "options":[ "It is exclusively controlled by the availability of DNA replication origins.", "Integration of intrinsic signals (e.g., nutrient status, hormones) and extrinsic environmental conditions, mediated largely by CDK activities regulated by CKIs.", "The concentration of ubiquitin ligases solely determines the transition timing." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "Year":2010, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which E3 ubiquitin ligase complex facilitates the degradation of the mammalian CKI p27KIP1 during the G1 phase independent of substrate phosphorylation?", "options":[ "SCFSKP2", "CRL4CDT2", "KPC (Kip1 ubiquitination-promoting complex)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "Year":2010, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the stability of KRP2, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Its degradation is primarily mediated by the APC\/C complex during mitosis.", "It is stabilized by binding directly to auxin response factors.", "Its degradation via the proteasome is dependent on CDK-mediated phosphorylation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "Year":2010, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the Anaphase Promoting Complex\/Cyclosome (APC\/C) play in controlling DNA content in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It promotes endoreduplication by directly activating DNA polymerase.", "It controls the onset of endoreduplication, partly through FZR\/CCS52A-mediated degradation of cyclin CYCA2;3.", "It prevents endoreduplication by stabilizing replication inhibitor Geminin homologs." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2010.07.004", "Year":2010, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What general effect do various biotic and abiotic stresses have on plant genome stability?", "options":[ "They only cause point mutations without affecting recombination rates.", "They alter it by changing the frequency of homologous recombination.", "They stabilize it by suppressing homologous recombination." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "Year":2011, "Citations":245, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How persistent is the stress-induced increase in somatic homologous recombination frequency across generations?", "options":[ "It is always permanent and stable across all subsequent generations.", "Its persistence is debated, potentially lasting only one generation without repeated stress, or multiple generations according to different studies.", "It is never heritable and only affects the stressed parental plant." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "Year":2011, "Citations":245, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What distinguishes 'soft inheritance' from 'hard inheritance' in the context of plant adaptation to environmental stress?", "options":[ "Soft inheritance involves permanent DNA mutations, while hard inheritance involves temporary physiological changes.", "Soft inheritance relies solely on physiological hardening, while hard inheritance relies on epigenetic marks.", "Soft inheritance involves rapid, reversible epigenetic changes, while hard inheritance involves slower adaptation through rare DNA mutations." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "Year":2011, "Citations":245, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanism causes the change from bilateral to radial floral symmetry in Linaria vulgaris?", "options":[ "An epimutation involving DNA methylation of the Lcyc gene promoter.", "Chromosomal rearrangement deleting the Lcyc gene entirely.", "A point mutation within the coding sequence of the Lcyc gene." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Linaria vulgaris" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "Year":2011, "Citations":245, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect did infection with a compatible virus have on the progeny of tobacco plants regarding resistance gene loci?", "options":[ "It decreased DNA methylation and increased rearrangement frequency in LRR regions of R-gene loci.", "It caused widespread point mutations but did not affect methylation or rearrangement frequency at R-gene loci.", "It increased DNA methylation and decreased rearrangement frequency in LRR regions of R-gene loci." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2011.03.003", "Year":2011, "Citations":245, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanism restricts the non-host Potato virus X in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Lack of a compatible translation initiation factor", "RNA silencing involving DICER-LIKE and Argonaute proteins", "Inhibition of viral replication by the tm-1 protein" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":53, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the biochemical function of the PEN2 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana nonhost resistance?", "options":[ "Recognizing bacterial MAMPs to trigger defense signaling", "Synthesizing camalexin, a phytoalexin involved in defense", "Metabolizing indole glucosinolates to produce antimicrobial compounds" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":53, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of aliphatic isothiocyanates (ITCs) derived from glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana defense against Pseudomonas syringae?", "options":[ "Acting as signaling molecules to trigger systemic acquired resistance", "Enhancing the growth of adapted pathovars like Pto DC3000", "Inhibiting the growth of non-adapted pathovars" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":53, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae bacteria overcome resistance in susceptible rice cultivars related to the Xa13 gene?", "options":[ "By secreting TAL effectors that induce the expression of the Xa13 sucrose transporter gene for nutrient acquisition", "By suppressing the Xa13 gene promoter to prevent defense responses", "By degrading the Xa13 protein using bacterial proteases" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":53, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What general characteristic describes the genetic basis of nonhost resistance (NHR)?", "options":[ "It relies solely on a single 'silver bullet' gene conferring broad-spectrum immunity", "It is complex, multi-factorial, quantitative, and involves both dominant and recessive genetic components", "It is primarily based on the absence of susceptibility factors, with minimal active defense" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2012.03.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":53, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What class of small, cysteine-rich peptides (CRPs) secreted by synergid cells acts as pollen tube attractants in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "ZmES4", "Chemocyanin", "LUREs" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "Year":2013, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which receptor-like kinase, located on the synergid cell surface, is essential for pollen tube reception in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "ANXUR1", "HAP2(GCS1)", "FERONIA (FER)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "Year":2013, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the sperm-specific membrane protein HAP2(GCS1) during double fertilization?", "options":[ "It triggers pollen tube burst upon arrival at the ovule.", "It guides the pollen tube through the pistil.", "It is essential for the fusion of sperm cells with both the egg and central cells." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "Year":2013, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What process must occur successfully to trigger the block to polytubey, preventing multiple pollen tubes from fertilizing a single Arabidopsis ovule?", "options":[ "Synergid degeneration", "Pollen tube arrival at the micropyle", "Gamete fusion" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "Year":2013, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Zea mays, what molecule secreted by synergid cells mediates pollen tube burst by activating the KZM1 potassium channel?", "options":[ "ZmES4 peptides", "ZmEA1 peptide", "LURE peptides" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2013.08.005", "Year":2013, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a described consequence of Structural Variants (SVs), such as Copy Number Variants (CNVs) and Presence\/Absence Variants (PAVs), in plant genomes?", "options":[ "They contribute substantially to genetic variation and phenotypic diversity within a species.", "They primarily lead to genome stabilization and reduced mutation rates.", "They are exclusively found in non-coding DNA and have no effect on observable traits." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "Year":2014, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Within the pan-genome concept applied to plants, what defines the 'dispensable genome'?", "options":[ "It comprises sequences present in some individuals but completely absent in others within the species.", "It consists of the core set of essential genes found universally across all individuals of the species.", "It refers only to ancient transposable elements shared across related species." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "Year":2014, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In maize (Zea mays), what structural variation involving the MATE1 gene is associated with increased aluminum tolerance?", "options":[ "A complete deletion of the MATE1 gene, removing sensitivity to aluminum.", "A triplication of the MATE1 gene, leading to its increased expression.", "An inversion within the MATE1 gene promoter, altering its regulation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "Year":2014, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What genetic event involving the vvMybA1 gene leads to the white berry phenotype in some Vitis vinifera (grape) varieties?", "options":[ "A duplication of the vvMybA1 gene, resulting in pigment overproduction.", "The insertion of the GRET1 retrotransposon into the promoter region of vvMybA1, inhibiting its expression.", "A frameshift mutation within the coding sequence of vvMybA1, creating a dominant negative allele." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Vitis vinifera" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "Year":2014, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How did the weed Amaranthus palmeri develop resistance to glyphosate?", "options":[ "By acquiring a mutation that alters the structure of the EPSPS protein, preventing glyphosate binding.", "Via the horizontal gene transfer of a glyphosate-degrading enzyme from soil bacteria.", "Through a significant increase in the copy number of the EPSPS gene, the target of glyphosate." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Amaranthus palmeri" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2014.01.003", "Year":2014, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) generally indicative of in eukaryotic genomes?", "options":[ "Regions of open chromatin often associated with active cis-regulatory elements.", "Regions of highly condensed heterochromatin that are resistant to enzymatic digestion.", "Highly repetitive sequences primarily found in telomeres." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "Year":2015, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) typically distributed in the *Arabidopsis thaliana* genome?", "options":[ "They are uniformly distributed across both euchromatin and heterochromatin.", "They are relatively depleted in pericentromeric heterochromatin and enriched in regions upstream of transcription start sites.", "They are found exclusively within the coding sequences of highly expressed genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "Year":2015, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the proportion of DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) located within introns differ between humans and plants like rice and *Arabidopsis*?", "options":[ "Rice and *Arabidopsis* have a significantly higher proportion of intronic DHSs compared to humans.", "The proportion of DHSs located within introns is nearly identical across humans, rice, and *Arabidopsis*.", "Humans have a much higher proportion of DHSs located within introns compared to rice and *Arabidopsis*." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "Year":2015, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What epigenetic features are typically associated with DNase I hypersensitive sites (DHSs) in plants like rice and *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "Consistent hypermethylation of DNA regardless of the DHS location (promoter or intergenic).", "High density of nucleosomes and enrichment of activating histone marks across all DHSs.", "Depletion of nucleosomes and, for intergenic DHSs, an association with the repressive mark H3K27me3." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "Year":2015, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What information regarding gene regulation, besides the location of open chromatin, can be obtained from high-resolution DNase-seq data?", "options":[ "Footprints revealing transcription factor binding sites and insights into the dynamics of regulatory elements.", "The complete amino acid sequence of the proteins encoded by nearby genes.", "The exact three-dimensional structure of the chromatin fiber." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2015.01.005", "Year":2015, "Citations":52, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary distinction between passive CO2 concentrating mechanisms (pCCMs) and active mechanisms like C4 photosynthesis?", "options":[ "pCCMs enhance CO2 concentration around Rubisco without additional direct ATP expenditure.", "pCCMs rely on the enzyme PEP carboxylase for initial CO2 fixation.", "pCCMs utilize ATP-dependent bicarbonate pumps, similar to algae." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "Year":2016, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which process characterizes C2 photosynthesis as a passive CO2 concentrating mechanism?", "options":[ "Conversion of CO2 into malate in mesophyll cells, followed by transport to bundle sheath cells.", "Direct transport of atmospheric CO2 into bundle sheath cells via specialized transporters.", "Shuttling of photorespiratory glycine from mesophyll to bundle sheath cells for decarboxylation near Rubisco." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "Year":2016, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural adaptation is commonly observed in bundle sheath cells of plants utilizing C2 photosynthesis?", "options":[ "A significant reduction in the size and quantity of peroxisomes.", "A marked increase in the number of mitochondria and chloroplasts, often positioned towards the vascular tissue.", "The development of extensive air spaces surrounding the bundle sheath." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "Year":2016, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do rice (*Oryza sativa*) mesophyll cells contribute to trapping photorespired CO2?", "options":[ "They possess exceptionally high concentrations of glycine decarboxylase.", "They form a dense peripheral sheath of chloroplasts and stromules, hindering CO2 escape.", "They actively pump photorespired CO2 back into the mitochondria." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "Year":2016, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can respiratory CO2 accumulate to higher concentrations within tissues like woody stems?", "options":[ "Specialized lacunae actively transport CO2 upwards from the roots.", "High diffusive resistance from outer tissues (like periderm or sclerenchyma) slows the escape of CO2 produced by internal respiration.", "Stem stomata remain permanently closed, trapping all internally produced gases." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.016", "Year":2016, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of molecule secreted by host roots is essential for inducing seed germination in obligate root parasites of the Orobanchaceae family like *Striga* and *Orobanche*?", "options":[ "Volatile organic compounds", "Auxins", "Strigolactones" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Striga spp." ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do seedlings of the stem-parasitic *Cuscuta* spp. primarily locate their host plants?", "options":[ "By detecting strigolactones released from host roots", "By sensing host-emitted volatile chemical cues", "By responding to tactile signals upon initial contact" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Cuscuta spp." ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which phytohormone plays a critical role in the development of the haustorium in both root and shoot parasitic plants, involving enzymes like YUCCA flavin monooxygenases?", "options":[ "Auxin", "Cytokinin", "Abscisic acid (ABA)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What physiological adaptation allows many parasitic plants to effectively extract water and solutes from their hosts?", "options":[ "Inducing stomatal closure in the host plant", "Maintaining higher xylem conductance and wider\/prolonged stomatal opening compared to the host", "Developing lower xylem conductance to create negative pressure" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What defense mechanism does tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) employ against attempted penetration by *Cuscuta reflexa*, involving the CuRe1 receptor?", "options":[ "Rapid thickening of the primary cell wall only", "Secretion of repellent volatile compounds", "A hypersensitive response (HR) forming a barrier with phenolic compounds and fatty acids" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.04.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor is identified as a primary regulator coordinating the formation of the Casparian strip in the Arabidopsis root endodermis?", "options":[ "MYB36", "SGN1", "SCARECROW" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "Year":2018, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of endocytosis is required for the establishment of inner polar localization and boron-induced degradation of the BOR1 transporter in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells?", "options":[ "Exocyst-mediated endocytosis", "DRP1A-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytosis", "Caveolin-dependent endocytosis" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "Year":2018, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What core components form the signaling module responsible for controlling Casparian strip positioning and integrity in the Arabidopsis endodermis?", "options":[ "The receptor kinase SGN3, the cytosolic kinase SGN1, and the CIF peptides", "The transcription factor MYB36, the scaffolding protein CASP1, and the exocyst subunit EXO70A1", "The borate transporter BOR1, the dynamin-related protein DRP1A, and the adapter protein AP2" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "Year":2018, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the outer polar localization of the boric acid channel NIP5;1 maintained in Arabidopsis root epidermal cells after its initial delivery?", "options":[ "By stable tethering involving only the EXO84b subunit", "By phosphorylation-dependent, AP2\/clathrin-mediated endocytosis", "Solely through continuous secretion via the TGN" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "Year":2018, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which cytoskeletal component and its modulator are specifically implicated in contributing to the planar polarity establishment of root hairs in Arabidopsis trichoblasts?", "options":[ "MAP18 (microtubule-associated protein) and ROP2 (Rho-of-plant GTPase)", "ACT7 (actin) and AIP1-2 (actin modulator)", "Tubulin and CLASP (microtubule regulatory protein)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2017.08.002", "Year":2018, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where are acylsugars primarily synthesized in cultivated tomatoes (*Solanum lycopersicum*)?", "options":[ "Glandular trichome tip cells", "Root cortical cells", "Leaf mesophyll cells" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "Year":2019, "Citations":77, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What unique regulatory feature characterizes the isopropylmalate synthase like 3 (IPMS3) enzyme recruited for acylsugar biosynthesis in cultivated tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) compared to canonical IPMS enzymes?", "options":[ "It shows enhanced sensitivity to leucine feedback inhibition", "It is activated by high concentrations of sucrose", "It is insensitive to leucine end-product feedback inhibition" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "Year":2019, "Citations":77, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which combination of factors primarily drives the remarkable structural diversity observed in acylsugars within the Solanaceae family?", "options":[ "Alterations in the stereochemistry of the sucrose backbone only", "Variations in the sugar core, the positions of acylation on the sugar, and the types\/lengths of attached acyl chains", "Differences solely in the length of the primary acyl chain attached" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "Year":2019, "Citations":77, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key difference distinguishes the biosynthesis of P-type triacylsucroses in *Solanum pennellii* from the F-type pathway in *Solanum lycopersicum*?", "options":[ "The *S. pennellii* pathway involves phosphorylation steps absent in the *S. lycopersicum* pathway", "The sequential order of acyl group addition by acylsucrose acyltransferases (ASATs) is altered, representing a 'flipped pathway'", "*S. pennellii* exclusively uses glucose as the sugar core, while *S. lycopersicum* uses sucrose" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum pennellii" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "Year":2019, "Citations":77, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the biochemical function of the specialized invertase-like enzyme SpASFF1 identified in the trichomes of the wild tomato *Solanum pennellii*?", "options":[ "It converts isovaleryl-CoA (isoC5-CoA) to isobutyryl-CoA (isoC4-CoA)", "It specifically hydrolyzes P-type triacylsucroses, releasing the corresponding triacylglucoses", "It catalyzes the initial acylation of sucrose at the R4 position" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum pennellii" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2019.03.005", "Year":2019, "Citations":77, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do necrotrophic specialist fungi often interact with their host plants to cause disease?", "options":[ "By suppressing the host immune system entirely, allowing the fungus to grow biotrophically on living tissue.", "Through an inverse gene-for-gene interaction where fungal effectors trigger host susceptibility genes, often leading to programmed cell death.", "By producing general toxins that non-specifically degrade host cell walls without requiring specific host gene recognition." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "Year":2020, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Zea mays lines with Texas male-sterile cytoplasm, what is the function of the URF13 protein in susceptibility to Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T?", "options":[ "It directly activates plant defense responses, which paradoxically leads to cell death favorable for the necrotroph.", "It acts as a receptor kinase on the plasma membrane, initiating a signaling cascade upon T-toxin recognition.", "It binds T-toxin produced by the fungus, leading to pore formation in the inner mitochondrial membrane and disrupting host cell functions." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "Year":2020, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of protein is LOV1 in Arabidopsis thaliana, and how does it mediate sensitivity to the fungal toxin victorin?", "options":[ "LOV1 is an NLR protein that acts as a guard for the thioredoxin TRX-h5; victorin binding to TRX-h5 activates LOV1, triggering cell death.", "LOV1 is a wall-associated kinase that directly binds victorin extracellularly, activating pathogen-triggered immunity.", "LOV1 is a transcription factor that, upon victorin detection, upregulates genes causing susceptibility." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "Year":2020, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What unique structural feature characterizes the Tsn1 protein in Triticum aestivum, which confers sensitivity to the fungal effector ToxA?", "options":[ "Tsn1 contains both a serine\/threonine protein kinase (PK) domain and a nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) domain within the same protein.", "Tsn1 is exclusively an NLR protein localized in the cytoplasm that requires an adaptor protein to recognize ToxA.", "Tsn1 is solely a receptor kinase located in the plasma membrane that directly binds ToxA." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "Year":2020, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What class of receptor does the Snn1 protein belong to in Triticum aestivum, and how does it interact with the fungal effector SnTox1?", "options":[ "Snn1 is a cytoplasmic NLR protein that recognizes SnTox1 after it enters the cell, triggering effector-triggered immunity.", "Snn1 is a wall-associated kinase (WAK) that directly interacts with SnTox1 in the extracellular space, subverting pathogen-triggered immunity.", "Snn1 is a G-protein coupled receptor that binds SnTox1, leading to secondary messenger release and defense suppression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.04.003", "Year":2020, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the Arabidopsis EF-Tu Receptor (EFR) when transgenically expressed in crop plants like tomato or wheat?", "options":[ "It directly attacks bacterial cells, causing lysis and preventing infection.", "It enables detection of the bacterial epitope elf18, enhancing resistance to bacterial pathogens.", "It enhances viral resistance by binding to viral coat proteins." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "Year":2021, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does N-hydroxyl-pipecolic acid (NHP) play in plant immunity, particularly during Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)?", "options":[ "It functions as a receptor for pathogen effectors, triggering Effector-Triggered Immunity (ETI).", "It serves as an essential mobile signal that induces systemic disease resistance.", "It acts as a direct antimicrobial compound, killing pathogens upon contact." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "Year":2021, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can the Arabidopsis decoy protein PBS1 be engineered to expand resistance against different pathogens, such as viruses?", "options":[ "By fusing it directly to a pathogen receptor like EFR.", "By overexpressing it alongside the pathogen protease it normally detects.", "By replacing its original protease cleavage site with the recognition site for a different pathogen's protease." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "Year":2021, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of generating loss-of-function mutations in the Mildew resistance locus o (Mlo) gene in plants like barley or tomato?", "options":[ "It specifically enhances resistance to bacterial blight pathogens.", "It confers broad-spectrum, non-race specific resistance to powdery mildew pathogens.", "It increases susceptibility to powdery mildew by disrupting PTI." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "Year":2021, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do Xanthomonas oryzae TAL effectors promote disease in rice, and how can this be countered through genome editing?", "options":[ "TALEs cleave host defense proteins; engineering cleavage-resistant defense proteins confers resistance.", "TALEs directly suppress rice immune receptors; overexpressing these receptors counters the effect.", "TALEs induce host OsSWEET sugar transporter genes; editing the TALE binding sites (EBEs) in OsSWEET promoters confers resistance." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2020.101987", "Year":2021, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the balance between plant growth and defense, often influenced by jasmonate (JA), primarily orchestrated?", "options":[ "Through complex JA-based regulatory networks integrating various signals.", "By completely shutting down primary metabolism to favor defense.", "Solely by the direct competition for limited resources like carbon." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "Year":2022, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor acts as a key link between jasmonate (JA) signaling and light-regulated photomorphogenesis and carbon metabolism?", "options":[ "PIF, which is primarily a negative regulator repressed by light and involved in growth.", "COP1, which is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that degrades HY5 in the dark.", "HY5, whose expression is regulated by the JA-responsive factor MYC2." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "Year":2022, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does jasmonate (JA) signaling typically influence central carbon metabolism pathways?", "options":[ "By elevating carbon flow through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway towards specialized metabolite synthesis.", "By promoting the activity of soluble invertases to break down sucrose.", "By increasing the pool of soluble sugars through enhanced photosynthesis." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "Year":2022, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general relationship between jasmonate (JA) signaling and the SnRK energy-sensing pathway in response to stress?", "options":[ "They act antagonistically, with SnRK suppressing JA responses.", "They function independently, with no direct interaction between the pathways.", "They act synergistically, with SnRK promoting JA biosynthesis and signaling." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "Year":2022, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides being an amino acid, what signaling role does glutamate play in plant defense responses related to jasmonate (JA)?", "options":[ "Glutamate serves only as a precursor for JA biosynthesis, without a distinct signaling role itself.", "Glutamate directly inhibits JA perception by binding to the COI1 receptor.", "Glutamate acts as a signal that can trigger JA biosynthesis and systemic defense responses." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2022.102197", "Year":2022, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where are Solanaceae-type acylsugars primarily synthesized in plants?", "options":[ "In vascular phloem tissue.", "In root epidermal cells.", "In Type I\/IV glandular trichomes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanaceae" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "Year":2023, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural feature often distinguishes resin glycosides in Convolvulaceae from Solanaceae-type acylsugars?", "options":[ "The exclusive use of glucose as the sugar core.", "The presence of a hydroxylated long-chain fatty acid aglycone, sometimes forming a macrolactone ring.", "Production solely in leaf stomata." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Convolvulaceae" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "Year":2023, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What enzymatic variation is linked to differing acylsugar chemotypes observed between northern and southern populations of Solanum habrochaites?", "options":[ "Overexpression of the ASFF1 enzyme in northern populations.", "Complete absence of the ASAT1 enzyme in all populations.", "Polymorphisms and inactivation patterns of the acylsugar acyltransferase 4 (ASAT4) enzyme." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum habrochaites" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "Year":2023, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do acylsugars contribute to plant defense against insects?", "options":[ "Through stickiness immobilizing insects, deterring feeding, and mediating tritrophic interactions by attracting predators.", "By mimicking insect pheromones to disrupt mating.", "By directly poisoning insect nervous systems upon contact." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "Year":2023, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characteristic of the BAHD acyltransferase enzyme family contributes significantly to the structural diversity of acylsugars?", "options":[ "Their catalytic promiscuity, allowing them to act on various substrates.", "Their exclusive localization to the plant nucleus.", "Their extreme substrate specificity, limiting reactions." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2023.102348", "Year":2023, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key role of HYL1 in Arabidopsis thaliana beyond assisting DCL1 in miRNA processing?", "options":[ "Exporting mature miRNAs independently of AGO1.", "Directly methylating DNA target sites.", "Regulating transcription and protecting pri-miRNAs from degradation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does phosphorylation primarily affect HYL1's function and localization in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It promotes nuclear export and activates its role in miRNA processing.", "It triggers its degradation in the nucleus regardless of light conditions.", "It prevents nuclear export and inhibits its role in miRNA processing." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What function does cytoplasmic HYL1 perform in conjunction with AGO1 and AMP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It facilitates the transport of miRNA duplexes into the nucleus.", "It directly cleaves target mRNAs independent of AGO1.", "It regulates miRNA-mediated translational inhibition at the endoplasmic reticulum." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which pathway regulates HYL1 degradation in the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis thaliana specifically in response to darkness?", "options":[ "The COP1\/HCS1 pathway.", "The KETCH1 import pathway.", "The AAR2-mediated pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does HYL1 influence gene transcription in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By interacting with RNA Polymerase II to regulate both MIRNA and non-MIRNA genes.", "By recruiting histone methyltransferases to silence gene expression globally.", "By binding directly to promoter DNA sequences as a primary transcription factor." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2024.102546", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do plant remorin proteins facilitate signal transduction at the plasma membrane during immunity?", "options":[ "By forming impermeable barriers that block pathogen effectors.", "By coupling lipid nanodomains with the condensation of signaling proteins like type-I formins.", "By translocating directly to the nucleus to activate gene expression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana root cells, what mechanism involving SFH8 condensates regulates plasma membrane polarity?", "options":[ "SFH8 liquid condensates actively transport polar cargo vesicles.", "Phosphorylation-dependent binding of SFH8 to microtubules organizes polarity.", "Proteolysis of the SFH8 IDR triggers a phase transition to solid-like filaments, promoting polar protein localization." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the processing body component DCP1 play in establishing polarity at the plant cell edge?", "options":[ "DCP1 directly degrades mRNA localized at the cell edge to prevent protein synthesis.", "DCP1 forms stable condensates that physically block protein diffusion into the edge domain.", "DCP1 interacts with the SCAR\/WAVE complex at the plasma membrane, enhancing its polar localization and potentially actin dynamics." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular event initiates FERONIA receptor complex clustering and endocytosis upon perception of RALF1 peptides?", "options":[ "Conformational change in FERONIA induced solely by RALF1 binding without pectin involvement.", "Extracellular phase separation between RALF1 and pectin polymers, which recruits the receptor complex.", "Direct binding of RALF1 to intracellular kinases, bypassing the receptor." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of AtEH\/TPLATE complex condensates in Arabidopsis thaliana clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME)?", "options":[ "They serve as organizational platforms to recruit clathrin and other endocytic proteins, facilitating vesicle formation.", "They selectively degrade cargo proteins before endocytosis occurs.", "They provide the mechanical force needed for membrane scission during vesicle release." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "source_journal":"COPB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2025.102697", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of novel cell wall structural proteins were identified in *Triticum aestivum* callus cultures responding to *Fusarium graminearum* elicitors?", "options":[ "Proline-Rich Proteins (PRPs)", "Hydroxyproline-Rich Glycoproteins (HRGPs)", "Glycine- and Serine-Rich Proteins (GSRPs)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "Year":2001, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecule is essential for the rapid insolubilization and deposition of GSRP1 and GSRP2 proteins in the *Triticum aestivum* cell wall following elicitation?", "options":[ "Calcium ions (Ca2+)", "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)", "Salicylic acid (SA)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "Year":2001, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the approximate molecular masses determined by SELDI-MS for the two rapidly deposited cell wall proteins, GSRP1 (P27) and GSRP2 (P60), in *Triticum aestivum*?", "options":[ "GSRP1 (P27) is >240 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~3.2 kDa", "GSRP1 (P27) is ~8.6 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~4.3 kDa", "GSRP1 (P27) is ~4.3 kDa and GSRP2 (P60) is ~8.6 kDa" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "Year":2001, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which amino acid is notably absent from the composition of the GSRP1 and GSRP2 proteins identified in *Triticum aestivum*, distinguishing them from typical HRGPs?", "options":[ "Serine (Ser)", "Hydroxyproline (Hyp)", "Glycine (Gly)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "Year":2001, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed defensive role of the rapid deposition and cross-linking of GSRPs in the cell wall of *Triticum aestivum* upon pathogen challenge?", "options":[ "Directly kill the fungal pathogen through toxicity", "Increase cell wall resistance to fungal lytic enzymes and strengthen the barrier", "Act as signaling molecules to trigger systemic acquired resistance" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/52.354.85", "Year":2001, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the typical pH range measured in the substomatal cavity apoplast of Vicia faba leaves under normal, undisturbed conditions?", "options":[ "4.7 - 5.2", "7.0 - 7.5", "5.8 - 6.6" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Vicia faba" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "Year":2002, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the activity of the plasma membrane H+ pump influence the apoplastic pH in the substomatal cavity of Vicia faba?", "options":[ "The H+ pump activity has no significant impact on the substomatal apoplastic pH.", "Pump activation alkalizes the apoplast, while inhibition acidifies it.", "Pump activation acidifies the apoplast, while inhibition alkalizes it." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Vicia faba" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "Year":2002, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general effect of increased osmotic potential (using salts or sorbitol) in the xylem sap on the substomatal apoplastic pH in Vicia faba leaves?", "options":[ "Increased osmolarity leads to acidification of the substomatal apoplast.", "Increased osmolarity leads to alkalinization of the substomatal apoplast.", "Increased osmolarity causes significant fluctuations but no net change in the substomatal apoplastic pH." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Vicia faba" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "Year":2002, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Under what condition might changes in xylem pH significantly impact the substomatal apoplast pH in Vicia faba, potentially acting as a drought signal?", "options":[ "When accompanied by elevated osmolarity.", "Changes in xylem pH alone are sufficient to strongly influence substomatal apoplast pH.", "When accompanied by decreased light intensity." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Vicia faba" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "Year":2002, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the immediate and primary effect of experimentally flooding or infiltrating the leaf apoplast with an iso-osmotic solution on its pH in Vicia faba?", "options":[ "A rapid and substantial decrease in pH (acidification).", "A rapid and substantial increase in pH (alkalinization).", "No significant immediate change in pH." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Vicia faba" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/53.366.73", "Year":2002, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which ROP GTPase is identified as a central regulator of pollen tube tip growth in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "ROP9", "ROP1", "ROP6" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "Year":2003, "Citations":125, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key cellular component's dynamics at the pollen tube tip are primarily regulated by ROP GTPase signalling?", "options":[ "Microtubules", "Longitudinal actin cables", "Tip-localized F-actin" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "Year":2003, "Citations":125, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What ionic gradient essential for pollen tube tip growth is regulated by tip-localized active ROP1 signalling?", "options":[ "Tip-focused K+ gradients", "Tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients", "Apical plasma membrane potential" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "Year":2003, "Citations":125, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What establishes the plasma membrane domain for tip growth in pollen tubes according to the ROP signalling model?", "options":[ "The concentration gradient of extracellular sucrose", "The density of endoplasmic reticulum at the apex", "The localization of the active ROP1 signalling complex" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "Year":2003, "Citations":125, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the oscillations of tip F-actin and tip-focused cytosolic Ca2+ gradients related during pollen tube growth?", "options":[ "They oscillate in the same phase.", "Only Ca2+ oscillates, while F-actin accumulation remains constant at the tip.", "They oscillate in opposite phases, coordinated by ROP1 signalling." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erg035", "Year":2003, "Citations":125, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which organ of Medicago sativa is the HO1 gene found to be most highly expressed compared to roots and leaves?", "options":[ "Mature root nodules", "Leaves", "Roots" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "Year":2003, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"During the symbiotic interaction between Medicago sativa and Sinorhizobium meliloti, when does the accumulation of HO1 transcripts significantly increase?", "options":[ "During the initial infection stages (1-7 days post-inoculation)", "In uninoculated roots", "In mature, functional nodules (5 weeks post-inoculation)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "Year":2003, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the expression of the Medicago sativa HO1 gene respond to treatment with pro-oxidant compounds like hydrogen peroxide or paraquat?", "options":[ "Expression is not significantly induced", "Expression is strongly induced", "Expression is significantly repressed" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "Year":2003, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What metabolic process is hypothesized to involve HO1 in mature Medicago sativa root nodules, potentially explaining its high expression there?", "options":[ "Leghaemoglobin turnover", "Phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis", "Nitrogen fixation directly" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "Year":2003, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does exogenous application of haemin or iron citrate have on HO1 gene expression in Medicago sativa roots?", "options":[ "It leads to complete repression of the gene", "It causes strong induction similar to animal systems", "It does not cause significant induction" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erh020", "Year":2003, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"To which family of protein kinases does LeCRK1 from Lycopersicon esculentum belong, based on its sequence characteristics like the degenerate C-terminal calmodulin-like domain?", "options":[ "Conventional Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs)", "CDPK-related kinases (CRKs)", "ETR histidine kinases" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "Year":2004, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the calcium requirement for the autophosphorylation activity of the LeCRK1 kinase from Lycopersicon esculentum?", "options":[ "It strictly requires calcium for activity.", "Its activity is inhibited by calcium.", "It does not require calcium for activity." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "Year":2004, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is the LeCRK1 protein primarily localized within the plant cell, and what mechanism targets it there?", "options":[ "Plasma membrane, targeted by N-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation.", "Cytoplasm, due to lack of targeting signals.", "Nucleus, targeted by a specific nuclear localization signal." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "Year":2004, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the expression level of LeCRK1 mRNA change during fruit ripening in Lycopersicon esculentum, particularly in ripening-impaired mutants like Nr, Rin, and Nor?", "options":[ "It decreases during normal ripening and is overexpressed in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants.", "It remains constant throughout ripening, regardless of the genetic background.", "It increases significantly during normal ripening but is undetectable in Nr, Rin, and Nor mutants." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "Year":2004, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which abiotic stresses or hormone treatments were shown to induce LeCRK1 mRNA accumulation in Lycopersicon esculentum leaves?", "options":[ "Heat stress and abscisic acid.", "Methyl jasmonate treatment.", "Mechanical wounding and cold treatment." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eri003", "Year":2004, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which parts of *Glycine max* seedlings is the GmCuAO1 gene primarily expressed?", "options":[ "Only in mature leaf tissues involved in photosynthesis.", "Uniformly throughout the seedling, including leaves and cotyledons.", "In roots and hypocotyls, particularly in regions undergoing rapid cell expansion." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "Year":2005, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the expression pattern of the GmCuAO2 gene compare to GmCuAO1 in *Glycine max*?", "options":[ "GmCuAO2 expression is not strongly tissue-specific and is less affected by light compared to GmCuAO1.", "GmCuAO2 is only expressed in response to light stimuli, specifically in the shoot apex.", "GmCuAO2 exhibits strong root-specific expression, identical to GmCuAO1." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "Year":2005, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the observed relationship between the activity of enzymes involved in putrescine catabolism and tissue growth in *Glycine max* hypocotyls?", "options":[ "The activity of these enzymes remains constant throughout the hypocotyl, irrespective of the local growth rate.", "Enzyme activity is highest in rapidly growing regions, such as the apical segment, correlating with cell expansion.", "Putrescine catabolism activity is lowest in actively expanding tissues." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "Year":2005, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Within the developing roots of *Glycine max*, where are high levels of GmCuAO1 transcripts localized?", "options":[ "Mainly restricted to the quiescent center and fully differentiated vascular tissues.", "Exclusively within the epidermal layer and developing root hairs.", "In the root cap, cortex parenchyma, and central cylinder, especially within zones of cell expansion." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "Year":2005, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary subcellular localization of enzymes involved in putrescine degradation in *Glycine max* root and hypocotyl cells?", "options":[ "Mainly found inside the nucleus, associated with chromatin.", "Concentrated within vacuoles for storage.", "Predominantly localized within the cell walls." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erj009", "Year":2005, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which two biochemical pathways are proposed to contribute Isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) for rubber biosynthesis in *Hevea brasiliensis* latex?", "options":[ "The cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the plastidic Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway.", "The Glycolysis pathway and the Pentose Phosphate pathway.", "Only the cytosolic Mevalonate (MVA) pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "Year":2007, "Citations":145, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the two most abundantly expressed transcripts related to rubber biosynthesis found in the latex of *Hevea brasiliensis*?", "options":[ "HMG CoA reductase and DXPS (1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase).", "REF (rubber elongation factor) and SRPP (small rubber particle protein).", "cis-prenyltransferase and IDP isomerase." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "Year":2007, "Citations":145, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides their role in *cis*-polyisoprene biosynthesis in *Hevea brasiliensis*, what other function is suggested for Rubber Particle Membrane Proteins (RPMPs) based on sequence similarity?", "options":[ "Cell wall synthesis.", "Photosynthesis regulation.", "Stress-related responses." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "Year":2007, "Citations":145, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many distinct full-length Rubber Particle Membrane Protein (RPMP) isoforms, including REF and SRPP, were identified through transcriptome analysis of *Hevea brasiliensis* latex?", "options":[ "Fifteen isoforms.", "Two isoforms (only REF and SRPP).", "Nine isoforms." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "Year":2007, "Citations":145, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characterizes a large proportion of the unique transcripts identified in the *Hevea brasiliensis* latex transcriptome?", "options":[ "They correspond to genes of unknown function.", "They are primarily related to photosynthesis.", "They exclusively encode enzymes for the MVA pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Hevea brasiliensis" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erm093", "Year":2007, "Citations":145, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is the protein encoded by the At2g04270 gene (AtRne E\/G-like) primarily located in Arabidopsis thaliana cells?", "options":[ "Plastids (chloroplasts)", "Nucleus", "Mitochondria" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "Year":2008, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major consequence of losing the function of the AtRne E\/G-like gene (At2g04270) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Arrested chloroplast development and inability to grow without sucrose", "Over-accumulation of plastid ribosomes and increased leaf greening", "Enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and faster growth" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "Year":2008, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the loss of the AtRne E\/G-like protein impact RNA levels within Arabidopsis thaliana plastids?", "options":[ "Increased levels of all plastid RNAs", "Reduced levels of plastid ribosomal RNA, psbA, and rbcL mRNA", "Specific degradation of nuclear-encoded mRNAs for plastid proteins" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "Year":2008, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What biochemical activity is demonstrated by the recombinant AtRNase E\/G-like protein from Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Protein kinase activity, phosphorylating target proteins", "DNA ligase activity, joining DNA fragments", "Ribonuclease activity, capable of cleaving RNA substrates like rbcL mRNA" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "Year":2008, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The expression of the AtRne E\/G-like gene in Arabidopsis thaliana is highly correlated with genes involved in what process?", "options":[ "Photosynthesis light-harvesting complex assembly", "Plastid RNA metabolism, including polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNA-binding proteins", "Cytosolic protein degradation pathways" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern126", "Year":2008, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the production levels of the three major curcuminoids (curcumin, demethoxycurcumin, bisdemethoxycurcumin) related in Curcuma longa rhizomes?", "options":[ "Their production levels are completely independent and unregulated relative to each other.", "The level of curcumin increases as the levels of the other two decrease.", "Their production levels are highly correlated, suggesting they form a single co-regulated metabolite module." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Curcuma longa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "Year":2008, "Citations":23, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on the analysis of metabolite modules in Curcuma longa, when are the 3-methoxyl groups on the aromatic rings thought to be added during curcuminoid biosynthesis?", "options":[ "Before the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "After the formation of the heptanoid backbone.", "Concurrently with the cyclization of the heptanoid structure." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Curcuma longa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "Year":2008, "Citations":23, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key biosynthetic implication arises from the observation that different groups of diarylheptanoids in Curcuma longa belong to separate metabolite modules?", "options":[ "It implies that diarylheptanoid production is primarily controlled by environmental factors rather than specific enzymes.", "It indicates that all diarylheptanoids are derived from a single precursor modified by various enzymes.", "It suggests the involvement of multiple polyketide synthases (PKS) with distinct substrate selectivities." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Curcuma longa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "Year":2008, "Citations":23, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What defines a 'metabolite module' in the study of plant specialized metabolism?", "options":[ "All metabolites physically located within a specific cellular compartment.", "A group of metabolites whose production is co-regulated and biosynthetically linked.", "A set of metabolites that share a common degradation pathway." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "Year":2008, "Citations":23, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In addition to diarylheptanoids, what other significant class of specialized metabolites in Curcuma longa rhizomes demonstrated the formation of distinct co-regulated metabolite modules?", "options":[ "Terpenoids (including sesquiterpenoids and monoterpenoids).", "Phenylpropanoids like lignans.", "Fatty acid derivatives." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Curcuma longa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ern263", "Year":2008, "Citations":23, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) gene shows specific expression in anthers peaking during flowering?", "options":[ "GhADF8", "GhADF6", "GhADF7" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "Year":2009, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypic effect occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the cotton GhADF7 gene?", "options":[ "Delayed flowering time but normal fertility", "Enhanced flower size and seed set", "Reduced pollen viability leading to partial male sterility" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "Year":2009, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which cotton actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF) genes are predominantly expressed in petal tissues?", "options":[ "GhADF7 and GhADF1", "GhADF5 and GhADF3", "GhADF6 and GhADF8" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "Year":2009, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What consequence does the overexpression of the plant actin-depolymerizing factor GhADF7 have on cell division in fission yeast?", "options":[ "Defective cytokinesis and formation of multinucleate cells", "Arrest in G1 phase", "Accelerated cell cycle progression" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "Year":2009, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific location pattern of gene expression is directed by the promoter region of the GhADF7 gene when tested in transgenic plants?", "options":[ "Expression occurs throughout all vegetative tissues", "Expression is confined to pollen grains and elongating pollen tubes", "Expression is specific to the root meristem" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erp280", "Year":2009, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary metabolic limitation causing photosynthetic inhibition in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves?", "options":[ "Depletion of total chlorophyll content.", "Increased stomatal conductance.", "Inhibition of Rubisco activity and regeneration." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "Year":2010, "Citations":224, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is indicated as a primary reason for the decrease in nitrogenase (Nase) activity in the nodules of drought-stressed Medicago sativa?", "options":[ "A shortage of photosynthates (sugars) supplied to the nodules.", "An increase in nodule oxygen diffusion resistance.", "A direct inhibition of the nitrogenase enzyme by proline." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "Year":2010, "Citations":224, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does Medicago sativa respond to nitrogen limitation caused by reduced nitrogenase activity under drought at the leaf level?", "options":[ "By increasing the synthesis of Rubisco protein.", "By enhancing chlorophyll synthesis to capture more light.", "By degrading Rubisco protein to remobilize nitrogen." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "Year":2010, "Citations":224, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which compounds primarily accumulate in Medicago sativa leaves to aid osmotic adjustment during drought stress?", "options":[ "Proline and D-pinitol.", "Asparagine and glucose.", "Sucrose and glutamic acid." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "Year":2010, "Citations":224, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which photoprotective mechanism is enhanced in drought-stressed Medicago sativa leaves to dissipate excess light energy?", "options":[ "Increased photochemical quenching (qP).", "Reduced electron transport through photorespiration.", "Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erq249", "Year":2010, "Citations":224, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between the genetic control of the leaf\/spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the stem elongation phase (SE) in wheat (Triticum aestivum) development?", "options":[ "They are completely linked, controlled by the exact same set of genes.", "They are completely independent, with no shared genetic control mechanisms.", "They are partially independent, with distinct and shared quantitative trait loci (QTLs) influencing each phase." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "Year":2011, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does altering the relative durations of the leaf\/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum) potentially affect tillering capacity, assuming total time to anthesis remains constant?", "options":[ "It consistently results in a significant increase in tillering capacity.", "It might not necessarily reduce tillering capacity, as quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for tillering traits often do not coincide with QTLs significant only for LS or SE.", "It invariably leads to a significant reduction in tillering capacity." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "Year":2011, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What relationship exists between the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) and the rate of leaf appearance (phyllochron) in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?", "options":[ "There is generally no significant genetic correlation between the duration of the LS phase and the rate of leaf appearance.", "A longer LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance.", "A shorter LS phase duration is strongly correlated with a faster rate of leaf appearance." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "Year":2011, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the duration of the leaf and spikelet initiation phase (LS) correlate with plant dry matter accumulation in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?", "options":[ "LS duration is strongly negatively correlated with both early vigour and dry weight at TS.", "LS duration is strongly positively correlated with dry weight at terminal spikelet formation (TS), but only slightly negatively correlated with early vigour (dry weight before TS).", "LS duration shows no significant correlation with either early vigour or dry weight at TS." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "Year":2011, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which photoperiod response gene significantly influences the duration of both the leaf\/spikelet initiation (LS) and stem elongation (SE) phases in wheat (Triticum aestivum)?", "options":[ "Rht-B1", "Ppd-D1", "Vrn-A1" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/err230", "Year":2011, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the expansin gene *IbEXP1* play in the initial formation of storage roots in *Ipomoea batatas*?", "options":[ "It acts as a positive regulator, promoting the initial thickening growth.", "It acts as a negative regulator, inhibiting the initial thickening growth.", "It specifically promotes fibrous root elongation without affecting thickening." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Ipomoea batatas" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "Year":2012, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the downregulation of *IbEXP1* affect cellular activity in the fibrous roots of *Ipomoea batatas*?", "options":[ "It enhances the proliferation of metaxylem and cambium cells.", "It suppresses cell division in the vascular tissues.", "It significantly increases the elongation growth of epidermal cells." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Ipomoea batatas" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "Year":2012, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of reduced *IbEXP1* expression on the lignification process within the fibrous roots of *Ipomoea batatas*?", "options":[ "Lignification in the central stele is markedly reduced.", "Lignification patterns remain identical to those in wild-type roots.", "Lignification throughout the entire root structure is increased." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Ipomoea batatas" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "Year":2012, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Considering the overall development of soil-grown *Ipomoea batatas*, what is a primary outcome of downregulating *IbEXP1*?", "options":[ "Enhanced shoot growth accompanied by reduced storage root yield.", "A decreased number of storage roots but increased individual root size.", "An increased number and total weight of storage roots per plant." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Ipomoea batatas" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "Year":2012, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the expression level of the *IbEXP1* gene in *Ipomoea batatas* fibrous roots respond to treatment with the plant hormone auxin (IAA)?", "options":[ "Its expression level shows little to no significant change.", "Its expression level is significantly repressed.", "Its expression level is strongly induced." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Ipomoea batatas" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ers236", "Year":2012, "Citations":79, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the AtSAG protein, containing an MDN1 domain, in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It negatively regulates gibberellin signalling specifically during flower development.", "It positively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development.", "It negatively regulates abscisic acid (ABA) signalling during seed germination and early seedling development." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "Year":2013, "Citations":26, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does a loss-of-function mutation (knockout) in the AtSAG gene affect Arabidopsis thaliana seeds compared to wild-type?", "options":[ "It makes them insensitive to osmotic stress but hypersensitive to ABA.", "It decreases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages.", "It increases their sensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) during germination and seedling stages." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "Year":2013, "Citations":26, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana AtSAG knockout mutants (sag), how is the expression level of ABA-responsive genes like ABI3 and ABI5 affected upon ABA treatment compared to wild-type?", "options":[ "Their expression is significantly upregulated.", "Their expression is significantly downregulated.", "Their expression remains unchanged." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "Year":2013, "Citations":26, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on genetic interaction studies in Arabidopsis thaliana, where does AtSAG function relative to ABI5 in the ABA signaling pathway?", "options":[ "AtSAG functions in a parallel pathway independent of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions downstream of ABI5.", "AtSAG functions upstream of ABI5." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "Year":2013, "Citations":26, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does altered expression of AtSAG in Arabidopsis thaliana impact the plant's response to osmotic stress, such as high mannitol concentration, during germination?", "options":[ "Both knockout mutants and overexpression lines exhibit sensitivity levels similar to wild-type.", "Knockout mutants (sag) show increased sensitivity, while overexpression lines (OX) show decreased sensitivity.", "Overexpression lines (OX) show increased sensitivity, while knockout mutants (sag) show decreased sensitivity." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ert343", "Year":2013, "Citations":26, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of kinases were identified as interacting partners for the cytosolic domains of Arabidopsis PERK8, -9, and -10?", "options":[ "Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs)", "Receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs)", "AGC VIII kinases (specifically AGC1-9 and KIPK)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "Year":2014, "Citations":46, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides PERK kinases, what other protein is known to interact with the KIPK protein kinase in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Calmodulin (CaM) directly", "Nuclear shuttle protein (NSP)", "KCBP (Kinesin-like calmodulin-binding protein)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "Year":2014, "Citations":46, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the PERK-KIPK-KCBP signalling pathway in Arabidopsis root development?", "options":[ "It positively regulates root growth, enhancing elongation under stress.", "It negatively regulates root growth, especially under high sucrose conditions.", "It specifically promotes root hair formation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "Year":2014, "Citations":46, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis seedlings when PERK10 is overexpressed?", "options":[ "Reduced sensitivity to ABA during germination.", "Increased lateral root formation and enhanced shoot branching.", "Root growth arrest with ectopic lignin and callose deposition." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "Year":2014, "Citations":46, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene mutation in the PERK-KIPK-KCBP pathway specifically affects trichome morphology in Arabidopsis, leading to reduced branching?", "options":[ "KCBP", "KIPK1\/2 double mutant", "PERK8\/9\/10 triple mutant" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru390", "Year":2014, "Citations":46, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of enzymes are primarily responsible for processing the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) precursor peptide to its active form in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Metacaspases", "Tyrosylprotein sulfotransferases", "Subtilases (specifically SBT6.1 and SBT6.2)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "Year":2016, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the GOLVEN1 (GLV1) signaling peptide have on hypocotyl cell elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It inhibits hypocotyl cell elongation.", "It primarily regulates cell division rather than elongation in the hypocotyl.", "It promotes hypocotyl cell elongation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "Year":2016, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which endogenous protein acts as an inhibitor of the SBT6.1 subtilase involved in GLV1 processing in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Phytosulfokine (PSK)", "Serpin1", "RALF23" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "Year":2016, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the loss of function in either the SBT6.1 or SBT6.2 gene affect hypocotyl length in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It results in longer hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants.", "It causes excessive hypocotyl twisting but does not affect length.", "It results in shorter hypocotyls compared to wild-type plants." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "Year":2016, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What biochemical modification is directly carried out by the SBT6.1 enzyme on the GLV1 precursor protein in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Phosphorylation of serine residues.", "Proteolytic cleavage at specific recognition sites.", "Sulfation of tyrosine residues." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erw241", "Year":2016, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the activity of the phytosulfokine receptor PSKR1 primarily controlled?", "options":[ "By heterodimerization with the PSKR2 receptor upon ligand binding.", "Solely through the binding of the phytosulfokine peptide to its extracellular domain.", "Through phosphorylation of multiple sites within its cytoplasmic kinase domain." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "Year":2017, "Citations":21, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key regulatory role of the juxtamembrane (JM) domain phosphorylation (S696\/S698) in Arabidopsis PSKR1 function?", "options":[ "It enhances both shoot and root growth by increasing kinase activity.", "It impairs shoot growth promotion while not affecting root growth promotion, suggesting organ-specific regulation.", "It completely abolishes receptor activity in both shoots and roots." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "Year":2017, "Citations":21, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the effect of C-terminal phosphorylation (T998) on PSKR1 reveal about its regulation?", "options":[ "Phosphorylation abolishes kinase activity *in vitro*, but receptor function persists *in planta*, indicating additional regulatory mechanisms beyond direct kinase activity.", "Phosphorylation enhances kinase activity both *in vitro* and *in planta*, acting as a simple activation switch.", "Phosphorylation has no effect on kinase activity *in vitro* but is essential for receptor function *in planta*." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "Year":2017, "Citations":21, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which statement accurately describes the interaction between calmodulin (CaM) and the PSKR1 kinase domain?", "options":[ "Binding is calcium-independent and occurs only with the phosphorylated kinase, strongly inhibiting its activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and occurs preferentially with the hypophosphorylated kinase, without significantly altering kinase activity.", "Binding is calcium-dependent and significantly enhances the kinase activity regardless of its phosphorylation state." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "Year":2017, "Citations":21, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of mutating the conserved tryptophan W831 within the predicted calmodulin-binding helix of PSKR1?", "options":[ "It abolishes both calmodulin binding and the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor domain.", "It prevents calmodulin binding but significantly increases the receptor's kinase activity.", "It enhances calmodulin binding affinity without affecting the receptor's kinase function." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erx030", "Year":2017, "Citations":21, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does nitrogen availability affect the growth response of *Brassica rapa* seedlings to elevated atmospheric CO2?", "options":[ "Elevated CO2 enhances growth equally regardless of nitrogen availability in *Brassica rapa*.", "Sufficient nitrogen is required for enhanced shoot and root growth under elevated CO2; nitrogen limitation increases the root\/shoot ratio.", "Nitrogen availability primarily affects hypocotyl length but not biomass allocation in response to elevated CO2." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "Year":2018, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of Phytochrome B (PhyB) in the response of *Brassica rapa* seedlings to elevated CO2 levels?", "options":[ "PhyB primarily regulates flowering time in response to CO2, with no effect on seedling growth.", "PhyB suppresses growth responses to elevated CO2, leading to larger mutants under high CO2.", "PhyB is necessary for the enhanced growth responses (e.g., hypocotyl elongation, biomass increase) stimulated by elevated CO2." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "Year":2018, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Compared to wild-type, what physiological characteristics are observed in adult *Brassica rapa* mutants lacking functional Phytochrome B (phyB)?", "options":[ "Normal chlorophyll levels and photosynthetic rate, but significantly increased stomatal density.", "Reduced chlorophyll content, lower photosynthetic rate, and decreased seed yield.", "Increased chlorophyll content, enhanced photosynthetic rate, and higher seed yield." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "Year":2018, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the expression of auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes affected in *Brassica rapa phyB* mutants compared to wild-type under elevated CO2?", "options":[ "Expression of these genes is completely independent of PhyB function and CO2 levels in *Brassica rapa*.", "Both auxin-responsive and chloroplast development genes show significantly stronger induction by elevated CO2 in *phyB* mutants.", "Auxin-responsive genes (like *BrIAA19*) are misregulated, and chloroplast development genes (like *BrGLK1*) show altered responses to elevated CO2." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "Year":2018, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What essential process is required for the increased hypocotyl elongation and biomass accumulation observed in *Brassica rapa* seedlings grown under elevated CO2?", "options":[ "Polar auxin transport from the shoot to the root.", "Gibberellin signaling initiated in the roots.", "Abscisic acid accumulation in the leaves." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery080", "Year":2018, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary pigments responsible for the black color of fruit spines in Cucumis sativus?", "options":[ "Chlorophylls and betalains", "Flavonols and proanthocyanidins (PAs)", "Anthocyanins and carotenoids" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Cucumis sativus" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "Year":2018, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene is considered the key regulator determining black versus white spine color in Cucumis sativus, corresponding to the B locus?", "options":[ "CsMYB60 (an R2R3-MYB transcription factor)", "CmWIP1 (a gene from melon involved in sex determination)", "Cs4CL (a structural gene)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Cucumis sativus" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "Year":2018, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides the key regulator CsMYB60, which structural gene was identified as limiting for pigment synthesis in Cucumis sativus black spines?", "options":[ "CsCHS (Chalcone synthase)", "Cs4CL (4-coumarate:CoA ligase)", "CsF3H (Flavanone 3-hydroxylase)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Cucumis sativus" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "Year":2018, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of genetic element insertion within the CsMYB60 gene is associated with the white spine phenotype in some Cucumis sativus lines?", "options":[ "A Mutator-like transposable element (CsMULE)", "A simple sequence repeat (SSR) expansion", "A SINE element" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Cucumis sativus" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "Year":2018, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the insertion of the CsMULE element affect the expression of the CsMYB60 gene in white-spined Cucumis sativus?", "options":[ "It causes a frameshift mutation leading to a non-functional protein", "It increases expression by creating a new enhancer element", "It decreases expression, potentially via increased promoter DNA methylation" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Cucumis sativus" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/ery336", "Year":2018, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary role of the NBR1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana under stress conditions like heat?", "options":[ "NBR1 is essential for the general autophagy pathway responsible for bulk nutrient recycling.", "NBR1 directly refolds misfolded proteins as a chaperone.", "NBR1 acts as a receptor for selective autophagy of aggregated\/defective proteins (aggrephagy)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "Year":2019, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does prolonged exposure (e.g., >8 hours) to heat stress or protein misfolding agents like AZC affect general autophagic flux in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Prolonged stress exposure specifically activates mitophagy but not other autophagy types.", "Prolonged stress exposure tends to suppress or inhibit overall autophagic flux.", "Prolonged stress exposure strongly activates overall autophagic flux." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "Year":2019, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What occurs with NBR1 protein levels in Arabidopsis thaliana when the proteasome is inhibited?", "options":[ "NBR1 protein hyper-accumulates, suggesting it can be targeted by pathways sensitive to proteasome function or its expression increases.", "NBR1 protein levels decrease due to compensatory degradation by autophagy.", "NBR1 protein levels remain unchanged as it is not regulated by the proteasome." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "Year":2019, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the clearance of specific organelles, what is the role of NBR1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "NBR1 is the primary receptor required for initiating both pexophagy and mitophagy.", "NBR1 is not essential for the selective autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy) or mitochondria (mitophagy).", "NBR1 specifically mediates pexophagy but not mitophagy." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "Year":2019, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does Arabidopsis thaliana NBR1 interact with the core autophagy machinery component ATG8?", "options":[ "NBR1 inhibits ATG8 function, thereby blocking general autophagy.", "NBR1 contains an ATG8-interacting motif (AIM) and co-localizes with ATG8, particularly in cytoplasmic puncta under stress, linking cargo to the autophagy machinery.", "NBR1 and ATG8 function in completely separate pathways and do not physically interact." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erz404", "Year":2019, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele influence flowering time plasticity in barley (Hordeum vulgare) after a transient severe drought event?", "options":[ "It allows for accelerated development upon rewatering, leading to flowering time similar to control conditions.", "It causes a significant delay in flowering compared to control conditions even after rewatering.", "It completely prevents flowering after drought stress." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "Year":2020, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What primarily causes the reduction in grain number per spike in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under continuous mild drought?", "options":[ "Reduced thousand kernel weight (TKW).", "Abortion of florets or floret sterility.", "A decrease in the number of spikelets initiated." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "Year":2020, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the Ppd-H1 gene influence the drought response of the flowering promoter FT1 transcripts in barley (Hordeum vulgare)?", "options":[ "Ppd-H1 genotype has no effect on FT1 expression levels under drought.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele leads to less reduction and faster recovery of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele.", "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a stronger downregulation of FT1 expression under drought compared to the mutant allele." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "Year":2020, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which developmental aspect in barley (Hordeum vulgare) shows less sensitivity to continuous mild drought in lines carrying the wild-type Ppd-H1 allele compared to lines with the mutant ppd-H1?", "options":[ "Reduction in final grain size (Thousand Kernel Weight).", "Delay in floral progression and reduction in spike number.", "Increase in leaf relative water content (RWC)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "Year":2020, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does genetic variation at the Ppd-H1 locus have on the diurnal expression patterns of core circadian clock genes in barley (Hordeum vulgare) under drought conditions?", "options":[ "The wild-type Ppd-H1 allele causes a complete loss of circadian rhythm for clock genes under drought.", "Variation at Ppd-H1 does not significantly alter the diurnal expression patterns of core clock genes compared between genotypes, although drought itself affects clock gene expression.", "The mutant ppd-H1 allele significantly enhances the amplitude of clock gene expression under drought." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/eraa261", "Year":2020, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What determines the distinct subcellular localization of the two PAP1 isoforms (PAP1.1 and PAP1.2) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "An alternative transcription start site leads to two transcripts: PAP1.1 (longer, chloroplast-targeted) and PAP1.2 (shorter, cytosolic).", "Alternative splicing creates PAP1.1 (shorter, cytosolic) and PAP1.2 (longer, chloroplast-targeted).", "Post-translational modification directs PAP1.1 to mitochondria and PAP1.2 to the nucleus." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "Year":2021, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary enzymatic activity of the Arabidopsis thaliana aminopeptidase PAP1?", "options":[ "Degrading full-length proteins containing proline.", "Cleaving N-terminal proline residues from peptides.", "Cleaving C-terminal proline residues from peptides." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "Year":2021, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key consequence of disrupting PAP1 function in Arabidopsis thaliana reproductive tissues?", "options":[ "Enhanced seed production despite unchanged pollen viability.", "Reduced pollen viability and decreased proline levels in flowers.", "Increased pollen viability and higher proline levels in flowers." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "Year":2021, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the expression of the two PAP1 isoforms in Arabidopsis thaliana respond to osmotic stress?", "options":[ "Expression of PAP1.1 increases, while PAP1.2 expression decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 remains unchanged or decreases.", "Expression of both PAP1.1 and PAP1.2 is significantly increased." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "Year":2021, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the proposed physiological roles of the prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Synthesizing proline de novo and regulating stomatal closure.", "Degrading misfolded proteins in the ER and facilitating protein import into mitochondria.", "Maintaining proline homeostasis, contributing to osmotic stress tolerance and pollen development." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erab397", "Year":2021, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the approximate maximum length observed for translated uORFs in Arabidopsis thaliana transcripts that can still escape NMD, even with negligible reinitiation?", "options":[ "Around 35 amino acids", "Up to 70 amino acids", "Only very short uORFs (<10 amino acids)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "Year":2022, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the presence of a stable secondary structure within a translated uORF affect its potential to trigger NMD in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Structured uORFs enhance reinitiation, thus preventing NMD.", "Structured uORFs can still allow the transcript to escape NMD, despite reducing reinitiation.", "Structured uORFs invariably trigger NMD." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "Year":2022, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of translation reinitiation downstream of a long uORF in preventing NMD in plant transcripts like those studied in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Reinitiation ability (or lack thereof) appears independent of NMD escape for transcripts with long uORFs.", "Reinitiation at internal downstream AUGs is the primary mechanism for NMD escape.", "Efficient reinitiation is essential for long uORF-containing transcripts to escape NMD." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "Year":2022, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the rules governing NMD triggering by translated uORFs generally compare between plants (based on Arabidopsis studies) and mammals?", "options":[ "The rules governing NMD triggering by uORFs are identical in plants and mammals.", "Plants appear less sensitive to NMD triggering by long or structured uORFs compared to mammals.", "Mammals are less sensitive to NMD triggering by long or structured uORFs compared to plants." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "Year":2022, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is efficient recognition of an upstream AUG (uAUG) codon by the ribosome important in the context of uORF function?", "options":[ "Efficient recognition is required for the uORF to be translated and potentially exert regulatory effects (like translational inhibition or NMD triggering).", "Efficient recognition bypasses the uORF entirely, allowing direct translation of the main ORF.", "Efficient recognition primarily stabilizes the mRNA transcript, preventing degradation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erac385", "Year":2022, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural feature of synthetic polyproteins is essential for inducing large ER-derived membrane compartments?", "options":[ "A cytosol-facing oligomerization domain.", "The removal of the transmembrane domain.", "An ER-lumen-facing oligomerization domain." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the nature of the connection between synthetic ER-derived compartments, formed by polyprotein expression, and the main ER network?", "options":[ "They become completely isolated vesicles separate from the ER.", "They integrate seamlessly, allowing unrestricted molecular exchange with the entire ER.", "They remain physically connected but exhibit a barrier restricting free diffusion." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can heterologous proteins, such as bacterial enzymes, be specifically targeted to and accumulated at synthetic ER-derived compartments?", "options":[ "Via passive diffusion and entrapment within the compartment's lumen.", "By adding an ER retention signal (e.g., HDEL) to the heterologous protein.", "Using covalent protein-tagging systems (like SpyTag\/SpyCatcher) linking the cargo to the compartment-forming scaffold." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the overall effect of forming large, synthetic ER-derived membrane structures on the morphology and dynamics of the rest of the cell's ER network?", "options":[ "The remaining ER network significantly increases its density and tubule connections.", "The rest of the ER network collapses into fragmented vesicles.", "The remaining ER network structure and dynamics are not significantly disrupted." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What was the general developmental phenotype observed in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants constitutively expressing ER-compartment-forming polyproteins under standard growth conditions?", "options":[ "Plants displayed severe dwarfism and complete sterility.", "Plants showed dramatically enhanced biomass accumulation and stress tolerance.", "Plants grew and developed relatively normally, without severe defects." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erad364", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which calcium-dependent protein kinase has been identified as associating with the subgroup VIII RLCKs MAZ and CARK7 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "BIK1", "CPK28", "OXI1" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "Year":2024, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role do the paralogous RLCKs MAZ and CARK6 play in the immune-triggered oxidative burst in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They have no role in the oxidative burst.", "They act as essential positive regulators.", "They act as redundant negative regulators." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "Year":2024, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What has been observed regarding the in vitro catalytic protein kinase activity of the subgroup VIII RLCKs MAZ and CARK7 from Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They only phosphorylate the substrate H3S.", "They show strong autophosphorylation activity.", "They do not demonstrate detectable catalytic activity." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "Year":2024, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Can a catalytically inactive variant of the RLCK MAZ complement the developmental phenotype of maz-1 mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "No, catalytic activity is essential for its function.", "Yes, suggesting a non-catalytic function is sufficient for this role.", "Only partially, indicating catalytic activity enhances its function." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "Year":2024, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What modification does the kinase CPK28 perform on the RLCKs MAZ and CARK7 in Arabidopsis thaliana based on in vitro assays?", "options":[ "CPK28 phosphorylates MAZ and CARK7 on multiple residues.", "CPK28 ubiquitinates MAZ and CARK7.", "CPK28 dephosphorylates MAZ and CARK7." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "source_journal":"JexB", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/jxb\/erae486", "Year":2024, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What happens when the CC-NB-ARC domain of the Mi-1.1 protein and the LRR domain of the Mi-1.2 protein from Solanum lycopersicum are co-expressed in trans?", "options":[ "They complement to enhance nematode resistance but do not cause HR.", "They functionally complement to induce a hypersensitive response (HR).", "They fail to interact physically and show no functional complementation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "Year":2008, "Citations":49, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between physical interaction and functional autoactivation when testing different combinations of Mi-1 CC-NB-ARC and LRR domains from Solanum lycopersicum?", "options":[ "Autoactivation requires the complete dissociation of the LRR domain from the CC-NB-ARC domain.", "Physical interaction occurs between CC-NB-ARC and LRR domains even in combinations that are autoactive or inactive, indicating dissociation is not required for signalling.", "Physical interaction only occurs in non-autoactive, wild-type combinations." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "Year":2008, "Citations":49, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do autoactivating mutations in different subdomains of the Solanum lycopersicum Mi-1.2 NB-ARC affect functional transcomplementation with the LRR domain?", "options":[ "Mutations in the NB subdomain can transcomplement with the LRR to cause HR, while mutations in the ARC2 subdomain cannot.", "Mutations in both NB and ARC2 subdomains fail to transcomplement with the LRR domain.", "Mutations in the ARC2 subdomain transcomplement more effectively than mutations in the NB subdomain." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "Year":2008, "Citations":49, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary proposed role of the ARC2 subdomain within the NB-ARC domain of CC-NB-LRR resistance proteins like Mi-1.2?", "options":[ "Solely binding the LRR domain as a structural scaffold.", "Directly binding pathogen effectors to initiate the defence response.", "Relaying pathogen perception signals from the LRR and regulating the activation state." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "Year":2008, "Citations":49, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of pathogens or pests does the Solanum lycopersicum Mi-1.2 resistance protein primarily confer resistance against?", "options":[ "Viruses such as Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).", "Fungal pathogens like Cladosporium fulvum and bacterial pathogens like Pseudomonas syringae.", "Root-knot nematodes, phloem-feeding whiteflies, and aphids." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssn009", "Year":2008, "Citations":49, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of signals primarily regulate the import of nuclear-encoded preproteins into chloroplasts via the Toc and Tic complexes in Pisum sativum?", "options":[ "Calcium signals mediated solely by calmodulin.", "Phosphorylation signals acting only on transit peptides.", "Redox signals, involving thiol status and the NADP+\/NADPH ratio." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Pisum sativum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "Year":2009, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the impact of forming intermolecular disulfide bridges between Toc complex components (like Toc159, Toc75, Toc34) on chloroplast protein import?", "options":[ "It inhibits preprotein import, potentially by blocking the translocation channel or affecting receptor binding\/flexibility.", "It specifically recruits chaperones to facilitate import under stress conditions.", "It enhances preprotein import by creating a more stable translocation pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Pisum sativum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "Year":2009, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the metabolic NADP+\/NADPH ratio in the chloroplast stroma affect the import of precursor proteins via the Tic complex in Pisum sativum?", "options":[ "It influences the import efficiency of a specific subgroup of preproteins, with high NADP+ generally enhancing their import.", "It primarily controls the degradation rate of imported proteins rather than the import process itself.", "It uniformly regulates the import efficiency of all precursor proteins that use the Tic complex." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Pisum sativum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "Year":2009, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Comparing different plant groups, what is suggested about the evolutionary origin of the two main redox regulation mechanisms for chloroplast import?", "options":[ "Regulation via the NADP+\/NADPH ratio is the ancestral mechanism, found in both algae and land plants.", "Regulation via thiol-disulfide exchange at the Toc complex likely evolved earlier than regulation via the NADP+\/NADPH ratio at the Tic complex.", "Both thiol-based Toc regulation and NADP+\/NADPH-based Tic regulation appeared concurrently with the evolution of flowering plants." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "Year":2009, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general effect of applying reducing agents like DTT or TCEP to isolated Pisum sativum chloroplasts on the import efficiency of most precursor proteins utilizing the Toc\/Tic pathway?", "options":[ "It decreases the import efficiency.", "It increases the import efficiency.", "It has no significant effect on import efficiency." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Pisum sativum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssp043", "Year":2009, "Citations":36, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary role identified for the rice protein SDG728 in epigenetic regulation?", "options":[ "Demethylation of histone H3K9, leading to gene activation.", "Repression of retrotransposons like Tos17 through H3K9 methylation.", "Activation of retrotransposons like Tos17 through H3K4 methylation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "Year":2010, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which group of rice SUVH genes functions antagonistically to the histone H3K9 demethylase JMJ706?", "options":[ "SDG714, SDG727, and SDG710.", "SDG728, SDG715, and SDG726.", "SDG703, SDG704, and SDG709." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "Year":2010, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of down-regulating the rice genes SDG703, SDG713, and SDG728 on the retrotransposon Tos17?", "options":[ "No change in the expression of Tos17.", "Decreased expression of Tos17.", "Increased expression of Tos17." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "Year":2010, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific histone modification mediated by SDG728 is crucial for repressing the Tos17 retrotransposon locus in rice?", "options":[ "H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2).", "H3K27 trimethylation (H3K27me3).", "H3K9 trimethylation (H3K9me3)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "Year":2010, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of histone modification are Su(var)3-9 homolog (SUVH) proteins primarily associated with?", "options":[ "Histone H3 Lysine 27 (H3K27) acetylation.", "Histone H3 Lysine 4 (H3K4) methylation.", "Histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssq030", "Year":2010, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides their known localization in PVC\/MVB and TGN, where else have Vacuolar Sorting Receptors (VSRs) been observed in growing pollen tubes?", "options":[ "Nucleus", "Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)", "Plasma membrane (PM)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "Year":2011, "Citations":40, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why might the plasma membrane localization of fluorescently tagged VSRs appear less prominent in live imaging compared to fixed pollen tube samples?", "options":[ "Due to highly dynamic and potentially transient fusion events (like 'kiss and run') at the plasma membrane.", "Because the fluorescent tag prevents VSRs from reaching the plasma membrane.", "Because VSRs are exclusively targeted for degradation upon reaching the plasma membrane in living cells." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "Year":2011, "Citations":40, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the spatial distribution of SCAMP1 proteins differ from VSR proteins within the apical region of a growing pollen tube?", "options":[ "VSR proteins are highly enriched in the apical tip, whereas SCAMP1 proteins are largely excluded.", "Both SCAMP1 and VSR proteins show similar levels of enrichment throughout the apical region.", "SCAMP1 proteins are highly enriched in the apical tip, whereas VSR proteins are largely excluded from this region." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "Year":2011, "Citations":40, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characteristic morphological change is observed in VSR-associated prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) in pollen tubes following treatment with wortmannin?", "options":[ "They swell and form enlarged, ring-like structures.", "They relocate and cluster around the Golgi apparatus.", "They fragment into numerous smaller vesicles." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "Year":2011, "Citations":40, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What alternative or additional cellular process, apart from sorting cargo to the vacuole, is suggested by the presence of VSRs at the plasma membrane of pollen tubes?", "options":[ "Involvement in protein secretion to the plasma membrane or retrieval of molecules via endocytosis.", "Signaling pathway initiation in response to extracellular cues.", "Direct participation in cell wall biosynthesis at the tip." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr011", "Year":2011, "Citations":40, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the introduction of the Or gene affect \u03b2-carotene content in Solanum tuberosum tubers during prolonged cold storage?", "options":[ "It stabilizes initial \u03b2-carotene levels but prevents further synthesis.", "It primarily leads to the degradation of \u03b2-carotene over time.", "It enhances both the retention and the continued accumulation of \u03b2-carotene." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "Year":2012, "Citations":123, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The increased accumulation of carotenoids in Or transgenic Solanum tuberosum tubers correlates with the formation of which specific subcellular structures?", "options":[ "Modified mitochondria with higher metabolic activity.", "Carotenoid-lipoprotein sequestering structures.", "Enlarged vacuoles for pigment storage." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "Year":2012, "Citations":123, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a proposed mechanism by which the Or gene promotes continuous carotenoid biosynthesis during cold storage in Solanum tuberosum?", "options":[ "By inhibiting carotenoid degradation enzymes like CCDs.", "By significantly increasing the transcription levels of all carotenoid pathway genes.", "By enhancing the stability of the Phytoene Synthase (PSY) protein." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "Year":2012, "Citations":123, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Proteomic studies indicate that Or-mediated carotenoid accumulation in Solanum tuberosum involves the upregulation of which protein functional groups?", "options":[ "Heat shock proteins, glutathione-S-transferases, and carbohydrate metabolism proteins.", "Ribosomal proteins, DNA repair enzymes, and fatty acid synthases.", "Cell cycle regulators, membrane transporters, and kinases." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "Year":2012, "Citations":123, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Are the provitamin A carotenoids synthesized in Or transgenic Solanum tuberosum tubers nutritionally available after cooking?", "options":[ "No, the cooking process renders them completely indigestible.", "Yes, they remain bioaccessible for uptake by human intestinal cells.", "Yes, but their bioavailability is significantly lower than synthetic vitamin A." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssr099", "Year":2012, "Citations":123, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general association between the histone modifications H3K4me2, H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, and DNase Hypersensitive sites with gene activity in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "They are primarily associated with repressed gene transcription.", "They are all associated with active gene transcription.", "Only H3K4 methylation marks are associated with active transcription, while acetylation marks are not." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa L. japonica" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "Year":2013, "Citations":113, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characteristic feature of histone modifications like H3K4me3 and H3K9ac in Oryza sativa was leveraged to identify previously unannotated genes?", "options":[ "Their exclusive presence near transcription termination sites (TTSs).", "Their high degree of concurrence with actively transcribed regions.", "Their specific binding patterns within transposable elements." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa L. japonica" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "Year":2013, "Citations":113, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the genomic distribution of acetylated histone marks (H3K9ac, H3K27ac) compare to methylated marks (H3K4me2\/3) in the Oryza sativa genome?", "options":[ "Methylated marks are primarily found in intergenic regions, while acetylated marks are in coding regions.", "Both acetylated and methylated marks show identical distribution patterns across all genomic regions.", "Acetylated marks are relatively more enriched in intergenic regions compared to methylated marks." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa L. japonica" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "Year":2013, "Citations":113, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In the Oryza sativa genome, where are DNase I Hypersensitive (DH) sites predominantly located, and what is their relationship with gene expression?", "options":[ "DH sites are mainly in promoter and intergenic regions and show a strong positive correlation with gene expression.", "DH sites are mostly found within coding exons and show a negative correlation with gene expression.", "DH sites are evenly distributed across the genome and have no clear correlation with gene expression levels." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa L. japonica" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "Year":2013, "Citations":113, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role is suggested for the histone modification H3K27ac in Oryza sativa, based on its enrichment patterns, particularly in intergenic regions?", "options":[ "It may mark active enhancers.", "It primarily marks gene bodies of actively transcribed genes.", "It is exclusively associated with gene silencing and heterochromatin formation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa L. japonica" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/sst018", "Year":2013, "Citations":113, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary molecular function of the NAB1 protein in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii?", "options":[ "Represses translation of specific light-harvesting complex (LHCBM) mRNAs.", "Phosphorylates LHCII proteins during state transitions.", "Activates transcription of LHCBM genes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "Year":2014, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does CO2 limitation affect the expression of the NAB1 gene in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii?", "options":[ "It destabilizes NAB1 protein, leading to lower levels despite transcription.", "It represses the NAB1 promoter, decreasing its expression.", "It activates the NAB1 nuclear promoter, increasing transcript and protein levels." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "Year":2014, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a consequence of increased NAB1 protein levels during CO2 limitation in wild-type Chlamydomonas reinhardtii?", "options":[ "Enhanced rate of CO2 fixation by Rubisco.", "Reduction of the functional antenna size of Photosystem II (PSII).", "Increase in the functional antenna size of Photosystem I (PSI)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "Year":2014, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, how does the mechanism for alleviating excess Photosystem II (PSII) excitation pressure change over time during prolonged CO2 limitation?", "options":[ "The initial rapid response via state transitions is replaced by a slower, long-term response involving NAB1-mediated translation repression.", "State transitions become the dominant mechanism throughout prolonged CO2 limitation.", "Non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) entirely replaces both state transitions and NAB1 control." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "Year":2014, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the altered NAB1 accumulation pattern in the stt7 mutant of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under CO2-limiting conditions suggest?", "options":[ "A regulatory link exists between the short-term state transition mechanism (mediated by STT7) and the long-term NAB1-mediated translational control.", "NAB1 accumulation is entirely independent of state transitions and photosynthetic electron transport.", "STT7 directly represses the translation of NAB1 mRNA." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Chlamydomonas reinhardtii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/mp\/ssu083", "Year":2014, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary function of profilin in Arabidopsis pollen tube tip growth?", "options":[ "Regulating apical actin polymerization", "Driving cytoplasmic streaming in the shank region", "Directly mediating vesicle fusion at the membrane" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "Year":2015, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the downregulation of profilin have on actin filaments in Arabidopsis pollen tubes?", "options":[ "Decreased amount and increased disorganization of apical actin filaments", "Stabilization of actin filaments leading to reduced turnover", "Increased bundling of actin filaments throughout the tube" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "Year":2015, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which proteins are proposed to work with profilin to mediate actin polymerization at the apical membrane of pollen tubes?", "options":[ "Arp2\/3 complex proteins", "Myosins", "Formins" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "Year":2015, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific profilin interaction is crucial for promoting actin polymerization but not essential for general actin turnover in Arabidopsis pollen tubes?", "options":[ "Binding to poly-L-proline (PLP) domains", "Interaction with microtubule-associated proteins", "Binding solely to G-actin" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "Year":2015, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which two specific profilin isoforms act redundantly to control polarized pollen tube growth in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "PRF1 and PRF2", "PRF5 and AtFH5", "PRF4 and PRF5" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2015.09.013", "Year":2015, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where are the different UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS) enzyme groups located within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?", "options":[ "Cytosolic (AtUXS3\/5\/6) and Golgi apparatus (AtUXS1\/2\/4).", "Endoplasmic Reticulum (AtUXS1\/2\/4) and Cytosol (AtUXS3\/5\/6).", "Cytosolic (AtUXS1\/2\/4) and Golgi apparatus (AtUXS3\/5\/6)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which group of UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS) isoforms appears more critical for xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, based on triple mutant phenotypes?", "options":[ "The cytosolic isoforms (AtUXS3, AtUXS5, AtUXS6).", "The Golgi-localized isoforms (AtUXS1, AtUXS2, AtUXS4).", "Both cytosolic and Golgi-localized isoforms are equally critical." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major consequence of mutating the cytosolic UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS) genes (AtUXS3, AtUXS5, AtUXS6) on the cell wall composition in Arabidopsis thaliana stems?", "options":[ "A significant decrease in cellulose content only.", "A significant decrease in xylan content.", "A significant increase in xylan content." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary origin of the UDP-Xylose substrate transported into the Golgi lumen for xylan biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Synthesis within the Golgi lumen by UXS enzymes.", "Synthesis in the cytosol by UXS enzymes.", "Direct import from the chloroplast." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the mutation of cytosolic UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase (UXS) genes (AtUXS3, AtUXS5, AtUXS6) affect the efficiency of sugar release from Arabidopsis thaliana stem cell walls during saccharification?", "options":[ "It has no significant effect on sugar release.", "It improves the release of glucose and xylose.", "It decreases the release of glucose and xylose." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2016.04.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of the PP2C-1 allele derived from wild soybean Glycine soja ZYD7 on seed traits?", "options":[ "It decreases 100-seed weight.", "It enhances 100-seed weight.", "It primarily affects seed oil content but not weight." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the PP2C-1 protein potentially regulate seed weight in Glycine max?", "options":[ "By binding to seed storage proteins and increasing their accumulation.", "By interacting with and facilitating the dephosphorylation of GmBZR1.", "By directly phosphorylating GmBZR1, thereby inhibiting it." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What distinguishes the function of the PP2C-2 allele compared to the PP2C-1 allele in Glycine max regarding seed weight?", "options":[ "The PP2C-2 allele enhances seed weight more effectively than PP2C-1.", "The PP2C-2 allele does not enhance seed weight, unlike PP2C-1.", "Both PP2C-1 and PP2C-2 alleles similarly enhance seed weight." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What cellular mechanism is proposed for how PP2C-1 increases seed size when overexpressed in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By accelerating the rate of cell division in the embryo.", "By reducing the thickness of the seed coat.", "By increasing the cell size of the seed integument." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the overexpression of the soybean transcription factor GmBZR1 have on seed characteristics in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It reduces seed size but increases seed number per silique.", "It enhances seed size and 1000-seed weight.", "It has no significant effect on seed size or weight." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2017.03.006", "Year":2017, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcription factor ARF5\/MP regulate the expression of DORNROSCHEN (DRN) in Arabidopsis shoot stem cells?", "options":[ "ARF5\/MP directly activates DRN transcription.", "ARF5\/MP indirectly represses DRN transcription via WUS.", "ARF5\/MP directly represses DRN transcription." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "Year":2018, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the regulatory relationship between DORNROSCHEN (DRN) and CLAVATA3 (CLV3) in Arabidopsis shoot stem cells?", "options":[ "DRN positively regulates CLV3 expression.", "DRN negatively regulates CLV3 expression.", "DRN and CLV3 mutually repress each other." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "Year":2018, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanism does MONOPTEROS (MP) use to repress DORNROSCHEN (DRN) transcription in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem?", "options":[ "MP promotes the degradation of DRN mRNA.", "MP forms a complex with WUSCHEL (WUS) to repress DRN.", "MP directly binds to an Auxin Response Element (AuxRE) in the DRN promoter." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "Year":2018, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the phenotypic consequence of knocking out both DORNROSCHEN (DRN) and its homolog DRNL in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Enlarged shoot apical meristems and reduced CLV3 expression.", "Terminated shoot apical meristems and increased CLV3 expression.", "Normal shoot apical meristems but altered flower development." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "Year":2018, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does DORNROSCHEN (DRN) activate CLAVATA3 (CLV3) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "DRN directly binds to the GCCGGCA element in the CLV3 promoter to activate transcription.", "DRN represses a repressor of CLV3, leading to activation.", "DRN activates CLV3 expression, but likely indirectly or not via direct binding to the known putative site in the CLV3 promoter." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2018.04.006", "Year":2018, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the WOX5 transcription factor in the Arabidopsis root apical meristem?", "options":[ "Directly activating cell division genes in the proximal meristem.", "Promoting terminal differentiation of all root cells.", "Maintaining quiescent center and columella stem cell pluripotency." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "Year":2019, "Citations":372, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the PLETHORA (PLT) protein gradient in Arabidopsis root development?", "options":[ "Specifying root hair cell fate.", "Establishing the quiescent center identity.", "Guiding the transition from cell division to cell expansion and differentiation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "Year":2019, "Citations":372, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does single-cell RNA sequencing reveal about cell populations within the Arabidopsis root?", "options":[ "High heterogeneity, including distinct subpopulations within known cell types and potentially novel cell types.", "Root cells primarily consist of only the well-established major cell types without significant variation.", "All cells within a specific tissue type (e.g., epidermis) are transcriptionally identical." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "Year":2019, "Citations":372, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does cytokinin signaling influence the development of the Lateral Root Cap (LRC) in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Cytokinin signaling is exclusively required for columella root cap formation, not the LRC.", "Cytokinin signaling inhibits LRC development, leading to fewer cell layers.", "High cytokinin response promotes LRC cell layer formation and differentiation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "Year":2019, "Citations":372, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What physiological specialization is observed in Arabidopsis root hair cells based on single-cell transcriptomics?", "options":[ "Predominant expression of genes related to iron and calcium transport.", "High expression of auxin biosynthesis genes.", "Enrichment for genes involved in photosynthesis." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2019.04.004", "Year":2019, "Citations":372, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What evolutionary event is associated with the origin of the tendril identity gene TEN in the Cucurbitaceae family?", "options":[ "An ancient whole-genome duplication (paleo-polyploidization) event near the base of the family.", "Horizontal gene transfer from a non-plant organism.", "A recent gene duplication specific to the genus Cucumis." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "Year":2020, "Citations":116, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many major whole-genome duplication events (CucWGDs) have been identified throughout the evolutionary history of the Cucurbitaceae family?", "options":[ "Only one event at the origin of the family.", "Two events, one ancient and one recent shared by all crop species.", "Four distinct events occurring at different times and in different major clades." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "Year":2020, "Citations":116, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is proposed as the ancestral fruit type for the Cucurbitaceae family, from which other types like the pepo evolved?", "options":[ "A dry, dehiscent capsule.", "A fleshy, indehiscent pepo.", "A winged samara." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "Year":2020, "Citations":116, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Periods of rapid species diversification and significant morphological innovation in Cucurbitaceae evolution often coincided with what type of environmental condition?", "options":[ "Periods of global cooling and glaciation.", "Paleo-climate optima, such as the Early and Mid-Eocene Climatic Optima.", "Consistently stable and unchanging climates." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "Year":2020, "Citations":116, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Morphologically, what structure is the characteristic climbing tendril of Cucurbitaceae plants considered to be homologous to?", "options":[ "A modified leaf or leaflet.", "A modified shoot.", "A modified adventitious root." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2020.05.011", "Year":2020, "Citations":116, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular event is responsible for the characteristic long outer glumes in Polish wheat (Triticum polonicum)?", "options":[ "A frameshift mutation in the coding sequence of the P1 gene.", "Ectopic expression of the VRT-A2 gene caused by a rearrangement in its first intron.", "Overexpression of the VRT-B2 gene due to a promoter mutation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum polonicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "Year":2021, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the first intron of the VRT-A2 gene function in regulating its expression in wheat?", "options":[ "It primarily influences mRNA stability and degradation rates.", "It acts as a molecular switch involving both recruitment of transcriptional repressors and intron-mediated transcriptional enhancement.", "It contains enhancers that are active only during vegetative growth." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "Year":2021, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene has been identified as the P1 locus, historically known to control the long-glume trait in Triticum polonicum?", "options":[ "VRT-B2", "TaMFS1", "VRT-A2" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Triticum polonicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "Year":2021, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed evolutionary pathway for the VRT-A2b allele associated with long glumes in Triticum polonicum and Triticum petropavlovskyi?", "options":[ "Being directly inherited from the diploid ancestor Aegilops tauschii.", "Originating from a single natural mutation in tetraploid wheat that was subsequently introgressed into hexaploid T. petropavlovskyi.", "Arising independently through convergent evolution in both T. polonicum and T. petropavlovskyi." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum polonicum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "Year":2021, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"With which class of proteins does the VRT-A2 transcription factor physically interact, suggesting a role in modulating floral development pathways in wheat?", "options":[ "Floral organ identity MADS-box proteins (e.g., TaFUL2, TaSEP4).", "Auxin-responsive factors regulating growth.", "Cellulose synthase enzymes involved in cell wall formation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.05.021", "Year":2021, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What significant genome duplication event occurred in the evolutionary history of *Artemisia annua* before the divergence of Asteraceae species?", "options":[ "A whole-genome duplication shared only with sunflower.", "A recent whole-genome duplication (WGD) specific to the species.", "A whole-genome triplication (WGT)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Artemisia annua" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "Year":2022, "Citations":71, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between the copy number of the *amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS)* gene and artemisinin content in *Artemisia annua*?", "options":[ "A positive correlation; higher copy number relates to higher artemisinin content.", "No correlation; copy number does not affect artemisinin content.", "A negative correlation; higher copy number relates to lower artemisinin content." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Artemisia annua" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "Year":2022, "Citations":71, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is artemisinin primarily synthesized and stored in *Artemisia annua*?", "options":[ "Mainly in glandular secreting trichomes (GSTs), but also in non-GST cells.", "Exclusively in the root tissues.", "Only in non-glandular trichome cells." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Artemisia annua" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "Year":2022, "Citations":71, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What level of genetic diversity characterizes the *Artemisia annua* species?", "options":[ "Very low heterozygosity due to extensive self-pollination.", "High heterozygosity.", "Complete homozygosity across different strains." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Artemisia annua" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "Year":2022, "Citations":71, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the key artemisinin biosynthesis pathway genes *ADS* and *CYP71AV1* typically organized in the *Artemisia annua* genome?", "options":[ "Both *ADS* and *CYP71AV1* are always found as single copies.", "*CYP71AV1* typically occurs in tandem clusters, while *ADS* is dispersed.", "*ADS* typically occurs in tandem clusters, while *CYP71AV1* is dispersed." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Artemisia annua" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2022.05.013", "Year":2022, "Citations":71, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the MKK3-MPK7 kinase cascade in Arabidopsis seed dormancy?", "options":[ "It is involved in seed coat formation but not dormancy.", "It establishes and maintains seed dormancy.", "It promotes the release of seed dormancy." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "Year":2023, "Citations":11, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor is identified as a direct substrate phosphorylated by MPK7 in the MKK3-MPK7 pathway regulating Arabidopsis seed dormancy?", "options":[ "DOG1", "ERF4", "RDO5" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "Year":2023, "Citations":11, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcription factor ERF4 influence seed dormancy release in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "It directly enhances gibberellin synthesis to break dormancy.", "It activates the expression of specific EXPA genes, thereby promoting embryo expansion.", "It suppresses the expression of specific EXPA genes, thereby inhibiting embryo expansion." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "Year":2023, "Citations":11, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What happens to the ERF4 protein after it is phosphorylated by the MKK3-MPK7 module in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Its stability increases, enhancing its function.", "It undergoes rapid degradation via the 26S proteasome pathway.", "It translocates to the cytoplasm to inhibit translation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "Year":2023, "Citations":11, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which signaling molecule is proposed to act upstream and activate the MKK3-MPK7 module in response to dormancy-breaking treatments like GA and CS in Arabidopsis seeds?", "options":[ "ABA (abscisic acid)", "H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)", "Ethylene" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2023.09.006", "Year":2023, "Citations":11, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the pollen genotype influence fruit ripening in *Malus domestica* via the xenia effect?", "options":[ "Pollen genotype primarily affects seed development but has no impact on the ripening of the maternal fruit flesh.", "Pollen from early-maturing cultivars can accelerate fruit ripening compared to pollen from late-maturing cultivars.", "Pollen from late-maturing cultivars consistently causes earlier fruit ripening than pollen from early-maturing cultivars." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Malus domestica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "Year":2024, "Citations":6, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific mRNA was identified as moving from seeds to the fruit flesh in *Malus domestica* to promote ripening?", "options":[ "*MdACO3* (ACC oxidase 3) mRNA.", "*GFP* (Green Fluorescent Protein) mRNA.", "*MdACTIN* mRNA." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Malus domestica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "Year":2024, "Citations":6, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What cellular structures are implicated in the movement of *MdACO3* mRNA from seeds to fruit flesh in apple?", "options":[ "Xylem vessels.", "Plasmodesmata.", "Cell wall pores." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Malus domestica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "Year":2024, "Citations":6, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the functional consequence of *MdACO3* mRNA moving from seeds to the flesh in *Malus domestica* fruit?", "options":[ "It primarily enhances seed dormancy without affecting fruit ripening.", "It promotes ethylene production and accelerates fruit ripening.", "It inhibits ethylene production and delays fruit ripening." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Malus domestica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "Year":2024, "Citations":6, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides apple, in which other fleshy-fruited species was the movement of *ACO3* mRNA from seed to flesh demonstrated to promote ripening?", "options":[ "Tomato (*Solanum lycopersicum*) and Strawberry (*Fragaria \u00d7 ananassa*).", "Cucumber (*Cucumis sativus*) and Peach (*Prunus persica*).", "Grape (*Vitis vinifera*) and Banana (*Musa acuminata*)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2024.06.008", "Year":2024, "Citations":6, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the AvrNb effector from *Phytophthora sojae* in its interaction with *Nicotiana benthamiana*?", "options":[ "It suppresses the hypersensitive response in *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It triggers incompatibility (resistance) in *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It is required for *Phytophthora sojae* to successfully infect *Nicotiana benthamiana*." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein in *Nicotiana benthamiana* mediates the recognition of the *Phytophthora sojae* effector AvrNb?", "options":[ "The pattern recognition receptor FLS2.", "The NLR protein NbPrf.", "The helper NLR protein NRC4." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the broader role of the NbPrf protein in *Nicotiana benthamiana* immunity beyond recognizing AvrNb from *Phytophthora sojae*?", "options":[ "It only recognizes effectors from non-adapted *Phytophthora* species.", "It mediates immunity against effectors from multiple *Phytophthora* species, including adapted ones like *P. infestans* and *P. capsici*.", "It primarily functions in pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) suppression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which helper NLRs are primarily involved in mediating the incompatibility of *Nicotiana benthamiana* towards *Phytophthora sojae* upon AvrNb recognition?", "options":[ "EDS1 and BAK1.", "NRC2 and NRC3.", "NRC4 only." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the *Phytophthora infestans* effector AVRcap1b affect the interaction between *Phytophthora sojae* and *Nicotiana benthamiana*?", "options":[ "It directly interacts with AvrNb to block its recognition by NbPrf.", "It suppresses NbPrf-NRC2\/3 mediated immunity, allowing *Phytophthora sojae* to infect *Nicotiana benthamiana*.", "It enhances the hypersensitive response triggered by AvrNb in *Nicotiana benthamiana*." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "source_journal":"Molecular Plant", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana benthamiana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.01.018", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of protein does the GS2 gene encode in *Oryza sativa*, and what trait does it primarily influence?", "options":[ "An E3 ubiquitin ligase influencing grain width only.", "A transmembrane protein influencing grain length only.", "A transcription factor (OsGRF4) influencing grain size and weight." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "Year":2015, "Citations":321, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the expression of the rice transcription factor OsGRF4 (encoded by GS2) regulated, and what is the consequence of a specific mutation (GS2AA) in its OsmiR396 target site?", "options":[ "It is positively regulated by OsmiR396 binding; the GS2AA mutation enhances this binding, leading to smaller grains.", "It is regulated by phosphorylation; the GS2AA mutation affects kinase binding, leading to altered plant height.", "It is negatively regulated by OsmiR396-mediated cleavage; the GS2AA mutation impairs this cleavage, leading to larger grains." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "Year":2015, "Citations":321, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which family of proteins does the rice grain size regulator OsGRF4 interact with?", "options":[ "KNOTTED1-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors.", "OsGIF transcription coactivators (OsGIF1\/2\/3).", "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "Year":2015, "Citations":321, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of overexpressing the transcription coactivator OsGIF1 in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "No significant change in grain characteristics but altered flowering time.", "Decreased grain size and increased plant height.", "Increased grain size and weight." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "Year":2015, "Citations":321, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"At the cellular level, how does the GS2\/OsGRF4 pathway primarily influence grain size in rice?", "options":[ "By promoting cell expansion in spikelet hulls, embryo, and endosperm.", "Primarily by increasing the rate of cell division throughout the plant.", "By altering starch composition within the endosperm cells." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2015.203", "Year":2015, "Citations":321, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the essential bHLH transcription factors required for stomata formation in the moss Physcomitrella patens?", "options":[ "PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF2 and PpSCRM1", "PpSMF1 and PpSMF2" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Physcomitrella patens" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "Year":2016, "Citations":129, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the essential bHLH proteins PpSMF1 and PpSCRM1 regulate stomatal development in Physcomitrella patens?", "options":[ "By independently binding to different DNA promoter regions.", "By forming a heterodimer that activates downstream transcription.", "By PpSMF1 inhibiting the function of PpSCRM1." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Physcomitrella patens" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "Year":2016, "Citations":129, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the bHLH protein PpSMF2 in Physcomitrella patens stomatal development?", "options":[ "It acts as a repressor, preventing excessive stomata formation.", "It is essential for initiating stomatal development, working with PpSMF1.", "It is not essential for stomata formation, as mutants develop normally." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Physcomitrella patens" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "Year":2016, "Citations":129, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What functional consequence was observed in stomata-less sporophytes of Physcomitrella patens?", "options":[ "Significantly reduced sporophyte size and biomass.", "Enhanced spore viability and germination rate.", "Delayed capsule dehiscence and spore release." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Physcomitrella patens" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "Year":2016, "Citations":129, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which Arabidopsis thaliana stomatal development gene is considered the closest ortholog to Physcomitrella patens PpSMF1 based on phylogenetic and functional evidence?", "options":[ "SPCH", "FAMA", "MUTE" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Physcomitrella patens" ], "doi":"10.1038\/nplants.2016.179", "Year":2016, "Citations":129, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the core principle behind the INTACT (Isolation of Nuclei Tagged in specific Cell Types) system for isolating specific nuclei?", "options":[ "Utilizes a two-component system where a biotin ligase tags a nuclear-localized protein in target cells for affinity purification.", "Uses fluorescence-activated sorting (FACS) of whole cells expressing a specific marker.", "Relies on laser capture microdissection of specific cells followed by nuclear extraction." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "Year":2017, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"During early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, which factor generally has a more dominant impact on overall transcriptome dynamics?", "options":[ "Environmental temperature fluctuations.", "Specific cell type.", "Developmental stage." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "Year":2017, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In early Arabidopsis embryogenesis, what is the relative timing of fate specification for vascular versus ground tissue precursors?", "options":[ "Vascular identity is established earlier (by the 16-cell stage), while ground tissue identity acquisition involves later reprogramming.", "Both vascular and ground tissue identities are established simultaneously at the globular stage.", "Ground tissue identity is established first, followed by vascular identity after the globular stage." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "Year":2017, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor families are highlighted as having highly dynamic expression patterns, suggesting significant roles in transcriptional reprogramming during early Arabidopsis embryo development?", "options":[ "MADS-box, WRKY, and MYB families.", "Zinc finger, NAC, and AP2\/ERF families.", "Auxin response factors (ARF), basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH), and Homeobox (HOX)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "Year":2017, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the differential developmental significance of the suspensor during early Arabidopsis embryogenesis based on transcriptomic shifts?", "options":[ "The post-globular suspensor becomes transcriptionally more active and crucial for embryo proper patterning.", "The pre-globular suspensor shows gene expression patterns critical for development, which diminish post-globular stage.", "The suspensor maintains a constant, critical developmental role with unchanged transcriptional activity throughout early embryogenesis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-017-0035-3", "Year":2017, "Citations":70, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which receptor kinase primarily mediates the regulation of stomatal lineage development by the CLE9\/10 peptide in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "CLV1", "HSL1", "BAM1" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "Year":2018, "Citations":118, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana, which class of receptor kinases is principally involved in CLE9\/10-mediated regulation of periclinal cell division in xylem precursor cells?", "options":[ "BAM class receptors", "HSL1 class receptors", "ERECTA family receptors" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "Year":2018, "Citations":118, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of kinases function as co-receptors with HSL1 when sensing the CLE9\/10 peptide to regulate stomatal development in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "BAM kinases", "SERK kinases", "MAP kinases" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "Year":2018, "Citations":118, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the signaling mechanism involving CLE9\/10 differ between HSL1-mediated stomatal regulation and BAM-mediated xylem regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana regarding co-receptor recruitment?", "options":[ "HSL1 recruits SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9\/10, whereas BAM receptors do not.", "BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9\/10, whereas HSL1 does not.", "Neither HSL1 nor BAM receptors recruit SERK co-receptors in the presence of CLE9\/10." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "Year":2018, "Citations":118, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the downstream molecular effect of CLE9\/10 signaling through HSL1 that leads to a reduction in stomatal lineage stem cells in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Increased transcription of the EPF2 gene.", "Direct binding and inhibition of the TMM receptor.", "Destabilization of the SPCH transcription factor via MAPK phosphorylation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-018-0317-4", "Year":2018, "Citations":118, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the HISE1 protein regulate the levels of the rate-limiting sterol synthesis enzymes HMGR1 and HMGR2 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the transcript level.", "HISE1 downregulates HMGR1 and HMGR2 at the protein level.", "HISE1 increases the enzymatic activity of HMGR1 and HMGR2." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "Year":2019, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary biochemical function of the PSAT1 enzyme in the context of sterol homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "PSAT1 converts excess free sterols into sterol esters.", "PSAT1 synthesizes free sterols from isoprenoid precursors.", "PSAT1 degrades sterol esters back into free sterols." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "Year":2019, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the major type of lipid found within the characteristic intracellular structures, known as SE bodies, that accumulate in the leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana *hise1* mutants?", "options":[ "Free sterols", "Sterol esters", "Triacylglycerols" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "Year":2019, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypic outcome occurs in Arabidopsis thaliana double mutants lacking both HISE1 and PSAT1 function?", "options":[ "Enhanced growth and increased seed yield compared to wild type.", "Normal growth but an inability to produce any sterol esters.", "Severe growth defects attributed to the toxic accumulation of free sterols." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "Year":2019, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding their localization within Arabidopsis thaliana cells, where are the HISE1 and PSAT1 proteins primarily found?", "options":[ "Both HISE1 and PSAT1 are located within the nucleus.", "HISE1 is located on the general ER membrane, while PSAT1 is found on specific ER microdomains.", "HISE1 resides in the cytoplasm, whereas PSAT1 is embedded in the plasma membrane." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-019-0537-2", "Year":2019, "Citations":31, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many genes, organized into distinct clusters, are primarily involved in the biosynthesis of zealexin (ZX) antibiotic cocktails in Zea mays?", "options":[ "Six genes in two clusters", "Ten genes in three clusters", "Four genes in one cluster" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "Year":2020, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the phenotypic consequence in Zea mays when the first four genes (Zx1-Zx4) of the zealexin biosynthetic pathway are simultaneously mutated?", "options":[ "Specific loss of resistance to bacterial pathogens only", "Increased resistance to fungal pathogens", "Broad-spectrum loss of disease resistance" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "Year":2020, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which model best describes the overall organization of the zealexin (ZX) biosynthetic pathway in Zea mays, characterized by enzyme promiscuity and genetic redundancy?", "options":[ "An hourglass pathway model", "A linear sequential pathway model", "A branched divergent pathway model" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "Year":2020, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary enzymatic function of the proteins encoded by Zx gene cluster II (Zx5, Zx6, Zx7) in Zea mays zealexin biosynthesis?", "options":[ "Performing final hydroxylation and desaturation steps via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP81A family)", "Catalysing the oxidation of sesquiterpene precursors via cytochrome P450 activity (CYP71Z family)", "Synthesizing the initial sesquiterpene hydrocarbon backbones via terpene synthase activity" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "Year":2020, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which enzyme family is primarily responsible for the later-stage modifications (e.g., hydroxylation, desaturation) of zealexins, encoded by Zx gene cluster III (Zx8, Zx9, Zx10) in Zea mays?", "options":[ "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP71Z family", "Terpene synthases (TPS)", "Cytochrome P450s of the CYP81A family" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00787-9", "Year":2020, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is RNA polymerase V (Pol V) initially recruited to new target sites for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Recruitment depends on prior targeting by an siRNA-guided AGO4-clade ARGONAUTE protein.", "Recruitment relies primarily on pre-existing DNA methylation recognized by SUVH2\/SUVH9 proteins.", "Recruitment is initiated by RNA Polymerase II transcription acting as a direct scaffold before Pol V arrives." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "Year":2021, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which size(s) of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are sufficient to initiate RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Initiation strictly requires 21-nucleotide siRNAs derived from DCL1 activity.", "Only 24-nucleotide siRNAs produced by DCL3 are capable of initiating RdDM.", "21, 22, and 24-nucleotide siRNAs processed by various DCL proteins are all sufficient." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "Year":2021, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a necessary role of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription during the initiation phase of RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) at a new target locus?", "options":[ "It directly substitutes for RNA polymerase V (Pol V) activity to deposit the initial methylation marks.", "Its sole function during initiation is to generate the double-stranded RNA precursors for siRNA production.", "It is required to make the locus receptive, likely by producing a transcript for AGO-siRNA interaction." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "Year":2021, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the initiation of RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana, what is the recruitment order and dependency between AGO4-clade proteins and RNA Polymerase V (Pol V)?", "options":[ "AGO4-clade proteins and Pol V are recruited simultaneously, and their recruitment is mutually dependent.", "Pol V recruitment occurs first and is essential for guiding AGO4-clade proteins to the chromatin.", "AGO4-clade proteins are recruited first to the target locus independently of Pol V, guiding subsequent Pol V recruitment." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "Year":2021, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the very first recruitment event of RNA polymerase V (Pol V) to a newly targeted, unmethylated DNA locus dependent on the methyl-binding proteins SUVH2\/SUVH9 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "No, the initial recruitment of Pol V to unmethylated loci is independent of SUVH2\/SUVH9.", "Yes, these proteins are required to recognize specific DNA sequences to recruit Pol V initially.", "Yes, SUVH2\/SUVH9 binding to nascent methylation is the primary trigger for initial Pol V recruitment." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-021-01008-7", "Year":2021, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which newly identified subunit in *Vigna radiata* Complex I, based on an L-shaped density, appears to be plant-specific?", "options":[ "NDUFX", "NDUP9", "NDUA11" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Vigna radiata" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "Year":2022, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the Complex I bridge domain play in *Vigna radiata* according to structural analysis?", "options":[ "It sets the angle between the enzyme's arms, limiting large-scale conformational changes.", "It forms the major interface with Complex III\u2082 in the SC I+III\u2082 supercomplex.", "It is absent in plant Complex I and only found in mammals." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Vigna radiata" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "Year":2022, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which component provides the major interface contact between Complex I and Complex III\u2082 in the *Vigna radiata* SC I+III\u2082 supercomplex?", "options":[ "The core transmembrane subunits Nad1-Nad6 of Complex I.", "The bridge domain of Complex I.", "The Mitochondrial Processing Peptidase (MPP) domain of Complex III\u2082." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Vigna radiata" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "Year":2022, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the Active\/Deactive (A\/D) transition behavior of Complex I in isolated *Vigna radiata* mitochondria differ from the 'classic' mammalian response?", "options":[ "Its susceptibility to NEM modification does not significantly change after thermal deactivation or substrate pre-activation, suggesting it doesn't adopt distinct A\/D states like mammalian CI.", "It undergoes a much faster and complete transition to the deactive state upon incubation without substrate.", "It is completely insensitive to NEM, indicating the absence of the A\/D transition mechanism." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Vigna radiata" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "Year":2022, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which Complex I accessory subunit, along with C-terminal helices of Nad5 and TMH4 of Nad6, was structurally resolved at the interface in the *Vigna radiata* SC I+III\u2082 structure, confirming its presence in plants?", "options":[ "NDUP9", "NDUA11 (B14.7)", "MPP-\u03b2" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Vigna radiata" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-022-01306-8", "Year":2022, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which set of proteins is primarily required in Arabidopsis thaliana for maintaining normal chlorophyll levels under blue light, where loss-of-function mutants exhibit a pale green phenotype?", "options":[ "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA) and FIONA1 (FIO1)", "Cryptochromes (CRYs) and mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "Year":2023, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein acts as a necessary intermediate or chaperone for the light-dependent co-condensation of the m6A writer FIONA1 (FIO1) with the photoreceptor Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) into photobodies in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "FIONA1 (FIO1) itself directly binds photoexcited CRY2", "SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1)", "mRNA adenosine methylase (MTA)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "Year":2023, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the proteins Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) and SUPPRESSOR of PHYTOCHROME A (SPA1) influence the enzymatic activity of the m6A RNA methyltransferase FIONA1 (FIO1) in vitro?", "options":[ "CRY2 activates FIO1 activity, while SPA1 inhibits it.", "Neither CRY2 nor SPA1 has a direct effect on the methyltransferase activity of FIO1.", "CRY2 and SPA1 synergistically or additively activate the methyltransferase activity of FIO1." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "Year":2023, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular mechanism, induced by blue light, involves the photoreceptor CRY2, the signaling protein SPA1, and the m6A writer FIO1 to regulate mRNA methylation in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Blue light causes CRY2 to directly phosphorylate FIO1, enhancing its activity.", "Light-induced liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) leading to the formation of CRY2\/SPA1\/FIO1 trimolecular condensates.", "SPA1 acts as a transcription factor activated by blue light via CRY2 to increase FIO1 expression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "Year":2023, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific structural feature of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cryptochrome 2 (CRY2) protein is essential for both activating FIONA1 (FIO1) methyltransferase activity and mediating the light-induced co-condensation within the CRY2\/SPA1\/FIO1 complex?", "options":[ "The VP motif located within the C-terminal extension (CCE) domain.", "A nuclear localization signal sequence.", "The FAD chromophore binding pocket within the N-terminal PHR domain." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-023-01580-0", "Year":2023, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characterises the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in plants in the context of microbiota interactions?", "options":[ "It is a core set of host genes consistently induced by diverse leaf microbiota members and linked to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI).", "It is a plant defence mechanism specifically targeting pathogenic bacteria while promoting commensals.", "It is a response mediated solely by bacterial genes upon colonization of the plant." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the plant's General Non-Self Response (GNSR) system influence the leaf microbiota?", "options":[ "It selectively enhances the growth of pathogenic bacteria within the leaf.", "It has no discernible effect on the structure or composition of the leaf microbial community.", "It functions as a feedback system that shapes microbiota composition, partly by inhibiting the colonization of certain bacterial strains." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What determines the intensity of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) gene expression in plants?", "options":[ "The expression level is determined solely by the specific bacterial species present, not their abundance.", "The expression level is dose-responsive, influenced by bacterial abundance, molecular composition, and the duration of exposure.", "The expression level is constant once triggered, regardless of bacterial load." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 enzyme, is identified as a central and highly responsive component of the General Non-Self Response (GNSR) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "CYP71A12", "RBOHF", "BAK1" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which family of transcription factors is predicted to be significantly involved in orchestrating the expression of General Non-Self Response (GNSR) genes during plant immune responses?", "options":[ "WRKY transcription factors", "MADS-box transcription factors", "bZIP transcription factors" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-024-01856-z", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein domain is primarily responsible for conferring instability to the MpARF2 protein in Marchantia polymorpha?", "options":[ "The Middle Region (MR)", "The Phox and Bem1 domains (PB1)", "The DNA-binding domain (DBD)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Marchantia polymorpha MpARF2, which specific single amino acid mutation within the identified instability motif failed to stabilize the protein?", "options":[ "S299N", "R300Q", "E297K" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major developmental consequence observed in Marchantia polymorpha expressing a stabilized, non-degradable form of the full-length MpARF2 protein?", "options":[ "Formation of ectopic apical notches and developmental defects", "Complete loss of response to applied auxin", "Accelerated thallus growth and increased gemmae production" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on comparative analysis, when is the emergence of ARF protein instability thought to have occurred relative to the evolution of the auxin response system?", "options":[ "It evolved independently multiple times only within flowering plants.", "It likely preceded or coincided with the origin of the auxin response system, originating in the common ancestor of A- and B-ARFs.", "It occurred significantly after the establishment of the auxin response system, specifically in B-ARFs." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the instability motif identified in the A-class ARF protein MpARF1 functionally interchangeable with the motif in the B-class MpARF2 in Marchantia polymorpha?", "options":[ "Yes, swapping the MpARF1 motif into the MpARF2 DBD confers instability.", "No, the motifs are strictly class-specific and cannot function outside their native protein.", "Yes, but swapping the MpARF1 motif stabilizes the MpARF2 protein." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "source_journal":"Nature Plants", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Marchantia polymorpha" ], "doi":"10.1038\/s41477-025-01975-1", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the ectomycorrhizal fungus *Suillus bovinus* interact with the pathogenic fungus uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) affecting *Pinus sylvestris*?", "options":[ "It completely excludes UnR colonization from all parts of the *Pinus sylvestris* root system.", "It inhibits UnR growth in vitro, but UnR can still colonize root tissues including *S. bovinus* mycorrhizas in planta.", "It forms a synergistic relationship with UnR, increasing the severity of root disease in *Pinus sylvestris*." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Pinus sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the overall effect of *Suillus bovinus* mycorrhizal colonization on *Pinus sylvestris* seedling performance when challenged with the pathogen uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) in nutrient-limited soil?", "options":[ "It significantly increases the seedling's susceptibility to UnR, leading to rapid decline and death.", "It promotes vigorous shoot growth and maintains seedling health despite the presence and colonization potential of UnR.", "It offers no significant benefit or detriment to seedling performance under UnR challenge." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Pinus sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the ectomycorrhizal fungi *Wilcoxina mikolae* and *Paxillus involutus* influence *Pinus sylvestris* seedlings under conditions of low soil nutrients and exposure to uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR)?", "options":[ "They dramatically improve nutrient acquisition, fully compensating for the negative impacts of UnR colonization.", "They provide robust protection against UnR, leading to enhanced seedling growth compared to uninoculated controls.", "They do not effectively protect the seedlings; root biomass is negatively affected by both nutrient limitation and UnR presence." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Pinus sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Can the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) cause damping-off symptoms in *Pinus sylvestris* germlings if non-symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungal (ECMF) mycelia are present in the soil rhizosphere?", "options":[ "Yes, the presence of ECMF mycelia alone does not prevent UnR colonization of radicle apices and the onset of damping-off.", "Yes, but damping-off only occurs if the ECMF mycelium belongs to the genus *Paxillus*.", "No, the mere presence of any ECMF mycelium is sufficient to inhibit UnR colonization and prevent disease." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Pinus sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is it possible for the pathogenic uninucleate Rhizoctonia (UnR) to colonize the internal tissues of established ectomycorrhizas on *Pinus sylvestris* roots?", "options":[ "Yes, but internal colonization is restricted only to mycorrhizas formed by *Wilcoxina mikolae*.", "No, the mantle and Hartig net of established mycorrhizas form a complete physical barrier against UnR penetration.", "Yes, UnR can be isolated from surface-sterilized mycorrhizas and long root segments, indicating internal colonization." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Pinus sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.0028-646X.2001.00265.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which fungus is commonly identified as a latent invader within the xylem of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) stems and branches?", "options":[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme", "Trichoderma sp.", "Coniophora puteana" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Fagus sylvatica" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does incubation under a 100% CO2 atmosphere have on the expression of latent endophytic fungi in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood, even if the wood dries?", "options":[ "It significantly accelerates the growth of all endophytic fungi.", "It prevents the growth of the endophytic fungi.", "It selectively promotes the growth of Trichoderma sp." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Fagus sylvatica" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do abiotic conditions influence the dominance of specific endophytic fungi emerging from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?", "options":[ "Elevated temperatures favor Trichoderma sp., while low oxygen tensions favor Biscogniauxia nummularia.", "Low temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while high oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp.", "Elevated temperatures favor Biscogniauxia nummularia, while low oxygen tensions favor Trichoderma sp." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Fagus sylvatica" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key difference observed in the fungal communities developing from latent infections in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood when the bark is removed compared to when it is left intact?", "options":[ "Hypoxylon fragiforme is largely absent in debarked units, while Coniophora puteana becomes dominant.", "Coniophora puteana is largely absent in debarked units, while Hypoxylon fragiforme is often more frequent.", "Bark removal completely prevents any fungal outgrowth from latent infections." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Fagus sylvatica" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the composition of the latent fungal endophyte community typically change with increasing size (from twigs to stems) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica)?", "options":[ "The frequency of Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to increase, while Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to decrease.", "The frequency of Biscogniauxia nummularia tends to increase, while Hypoxylon fragiforme tends to decrease.", "The fungal community remains identical regardless of the branch order or size." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Fagus sylvatica" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2002.00473.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do different regions of an *Avena sativa* leaf generally behave regarding transpiration during complex oscillatory periods?", "options":[ "Distal regions oscillate while the central region remains stable.", "They oscillate synchronously but may exhibit small phase differences.", "They oscillate completely independently and asynchronously." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Avena sativa" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":41, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What spatial pattern of stomatal conductance can sometimes be observed in *Avena sativa* leaves when whole-leaf transpiration is stable and non-oscillatory?", "options":[ "Synchronous oscillations across the entire leaf.", "Nonhomogeneous, patch-like distributions.", "Completely homogeneous distribution across the entire leaf." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Avena sativa" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":41, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"During synchronous oscillatory transpiration in *Avena sativa*, what is the typical phase relationship between distal (top\/bottom) and central leaf regions?", "options":[ "Distal regions lag behind the central region by 0.5-3 minutes.", "Distal and central regions oscillate exactly in phase with no lag.", "Distal regions lead the central region by 0.5-3 minutes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Avena sativa" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":41, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What level of coupling between stomata is indicated by the observation of synchronous whole-leaf oscillations during transpiration in *Avena sativa*?", "options":[ "Strong coupling.", "Weak coupling.", "Variable coupling that prevents synchronization." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Avena sativa" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":41, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"If an *Avena sativa* leaf exhibits period-doubling in its whole-leaf transpiration, how do individual areas of the leaf behave?", "options":[ "All areas display the same period-doubling pattern in their temperature oscillations.", "Different areas oscillate at unrelated simple frequencies.", "Only the leaf base shows period-doubling." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Avena sativa" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2003.00741.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":41, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary physiological process associated with the respiration of newly assimilated carbon (Rnew) in plants like Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus?", "options":[ "Growth processes", "Maintenance processes", "Nutrient uptake exclusively" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa and Helianthus annuus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":37, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the specific respiration rate of old, mobilized carbon (rold) typically change as the shoot biomass of a plant like Medicago sativa increases?", "options":[ "It remains relatively constant", "It decreases exponentially", "It increases linearly" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":37, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Under favorable growth conditions (e.g., high light, sufficient nutrients), what is the approximate value of the growth coefficient (g), representing the respiratory cost of incorporating newly assimilated carbon (Rnew:An ratio) in species like Medicago sativa?", "options":[ "Less than 0.10", "Around 0.32", "Greater than 0.60" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":37, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the proportion of newly assimilated carbon contributing to total shoot respiration generally relate to the plant's instantaneous relative growth rate?", "options":[ "It increases as the relative growth rate increases, up to a certain point", "It is highest when the relative growth rate is near zero", "It decreases as the relative growth rate increases" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":37, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which respiratory component tends to dominate the total carbon cost in subordinate plants experiencing severe shading and very low growth rates?", "options":[ "Respiration of new, currently assimilated carbon (Rnew), associated with growth", "Respiration of old, mobilized carbon (Rold), associated with maintenance", "Photorespiration during the day" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2004.01170.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":37, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary cellular process inhibited by oxaziclomefone (OAC) in maize cell cultures shortly after treatment?", "options":[ "DNA replication", "Cell expansion", "Cell division" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the herbicide oxaziclomefone (OAC) impact turgor pressure in maize cells?", "options":[ "It does not significantly affect turgor pressure.", "It significantly increases turgor pressure.", "It causes a rapid decrease in turgor pressure." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does oxaziclomefone (OAC) have on the acidification of the apoplast (medium) by maize cell cultures?", "options":[ "OAC strongly inhibits apoplast acidification.", "OAC does not prevent apoplast acidification.", "OAC causes excessive apoplast acidification." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does oxaziclomefone (OAC) treatment hinder the movement of water across the membranes of maize cells?", "options":[ "No, it does not impede water transport.", "Yes, it damages membranes, causing uncontrolled water leakage.", "Yes, it blocks aquaporins, significantly reducing water transport." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Since oxaziclomefone (OAC) inhibits maize cell expansion without reducing turgor pressure or blocking wall acidification, what is its proposed mechanism of action?", "options":[ "Altering cell wall extensibility (loosening\/tightening).", "Inhibiting the synthesis of osmotic solutes.", "Blocking ATP production required for expansion." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2005.01501.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":9, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi typically associate with plant roots compared to ectomycorrhizal fungi?", "options":[ "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi primarily colonize the root hairs.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi form a sheath around the root surface only.", "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi penetrate into root cortical cells." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In models simulating mycorrhizal symbiosis, which component generally dominates the removal of phosphate from the soil?", "options":[ "Direct root uptake.", "Fungal hyphal uptake.", "Uptake by soil bacteria stimulated by root exudates." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What primary spatial advantage do external fungal hyphae provide to plants regarding nutrient acquisition, particularly for ions like phosphate?", "options":[ "They primarily increase nutrient concentration near the root surface.", "They facilitate nutrient uptake mainly by solubilizing soil minerals directly at the root tip.", "They vastly increase the soil volume explored for nutrient uptake." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In the transfer of phosphate from arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the plant, which step is often considered potentially rate-limiting?", "options":[ "Initial uptake of phosphate from the soil solution by the hyphae.", "Transfer across the fungus-root interface.", "Long-distance transport within the fungal hyphae via cytoplasmic streaming." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanisms are considered for solute transport within the fungal mycelium in models of mycorrhizal nutrient uptake?", "options":[ "Both passive diffusion and convection (cytoplasmic streaming).", "Only passive diffusion.", "Only active transport via specific transporters lining the hyphae." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2006.01771.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Under which abiotic stress conditions does trehalose accumulate significantly in Glomus intraradices hyphae?", "options":[ "Osmotic stress only", "Prolonged heat and chemical stress", "Osmotic and heat stress" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the transcriptional response of the neutral trehalase gene (GiNTH1) in Glomus intraradices during heat stress?", "options":[ "Strong transient up-regulation", "No significant change in RNA accumulation", "Constitutive down-regulation" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role is suggested for neutral trehalase activity in Glomus intraradices following the cessation of heat stress?", "options":[ "Continued accumulation of trehalose for long-term storage", "Inhibition of trehalose synthesis", "Mobilization of accumulated trehalose during recovery" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What function of the Glomus mosseae neutral trehalase (GmNTH1) was confirmed using a yeast complementation assay?", "options":[ "Essential involvement in trehalose synthesis pathway", "A primary role in osmotic stress tolerance", "A role in thermotolerance and recovery from heat shock" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Phylogenetic analysis of neutral trehalase sequences from Glomus species suggests they are most closely related to neutral trehalases from which group?", "options":[ "Ascomycete yeasts (e.g., Saccharomyces)", "Bacteria", "Basidiomycetes" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2007.02048.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotype is observed upon overexpression of UBA2 genes (UBA2a, UBA2b, UBA2c) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Leaf senescence and hypersensitive-like cell death.", "Enhanced vegetative growth and delayed flowering.", "Increased root development and improved water retention." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of stress primarily induces the expression of UBA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Mechanical wounding.", "Cold stress.", "Heat stress." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Overexpression of UBA2 proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to an altered expression of which group of genes?", "options":[ "Decreased transcript levels of all senescence-associated genes (SAGs).", "Increased transcript levels of specific senescence-associated genes (SAGs) and defense-related genes.", "Increased transcript levels of genes involved in photosynthesis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of UBA2 protein overexpression on ethylene levels in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "No significant change in ethylene levels.", "Decreased ethylene biosynthesis.", "Increased ethylene biosynthesis." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where are the UBA2 proteins primarily localized within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?", "options":[ "Cytoplasm.", "Plasma membrane.", "Nucleus." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2008.02557.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary trigger for the induction of the defense gene *PIN2* in *Solanum lycopersicum* upon initial contact by insects like caterpillars or moths?", "options":[ "Secretion of specific salivary elicitors by the insect.", "Physical rupture of glandular trichomes.", "Extensive chewing damage to the leaf lamina." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":186, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which two components are essential for the touch-induced expression of the defense gene *PIN2* in *Solanum lycopersicum*?", "options":[ "Abscisic acid and stomatal density.", "Jasmonic acid signaling and the presence of glandular trichomes.", "Salicylic acid signaling and the root system integrity." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":186, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What signaling molecule, released upon the rupture of glandular trichomes, acts as a necessary secondary messenger for the induction of *PIN2* expression in *Solanum lycopersicum*?", "options":[ "Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).", "Ethylene.", "Nitric oxide (NO)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":186, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where have key components of the jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis and signaling pathway, including JA itself, been localized in *Solanum lycopersicum* leaves, suggesting a role in rapid defense initiation?", "options":[ "Within the glandular trichomes.", "Exclusively in the vascular tissue.", "Primarily within the mesophyll cells." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":186, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does pretreating *Solanum lycopersicum* with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) affect its response to subsequent physical contact (touch)?", "options":[ "It decreases trichome density, making the plant less sensitive to touch.", "It increases trichome density and enhances the induction of defense genes like *PIN2*.", "It completely inhibits any defense response to physical contact." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03002.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":186, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are plant ICK\/KRP proteins phylogenetically classified based on their conserved motifs?", "options":[ "Into three subgroups based on their interaction with different cyclin types (A, B, D).", "Into two subgroups, where subgroup 1 members generally possess motifs 1-6, and subgroup 2 members possess only motifs 1 and 2.", "Based solely on the C-terminal motif 1 responsible for CDK\/CYC binding." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What determines the punctuate subnuclear localization pattern observed for SIKRP1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)?", "options":[ "The C-terminal region containing the CDK\/CYC binding motifs 1 and 2.", "The N-terminal region containing conserved motifs 3 and 5.", "Interaction with chromatin components mediated solely by motif 4." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides inhibiting CDK\/CYC complexes, what role does the tomato protein SIKRP1 play regarding SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1?", "options":[ "It targets SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 for degradation in the cytoplasm.", "It exclusively binds SICDKA1 but not SICYCD3;1, sequestering it outside the nucleus.", "It interacts with both SICDKA1 and SICYCD3;1 and promotes their concentration within the nucleus." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which conserved motif within the SIKRP1 protein is primarily responsible for its interaction with the COP9 signalosome subunit SICSN5A?", "options":[ "Motif 4 (located in the central region).", "Motif 2.", "Motif 1 (the primary CDK\/CYC binding site)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In addition to the C-terminal domain, where is another interaction site located on SIKRP1 specifically for binding SICYCD3;1?", "options":[ "In the central region of the protein, between residues 45 and 164.", "Within the extreme N-terminal motif 6.", "There is no secondary binding site; interaction occurs solely via the C-terminal motifs 1 and 2." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many distinct calcium-regulated outward-rectifying anion conductances were identified in the plasma membrane of Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts?", "options":[ "Only one major conductance", "Three (Icl1, Icl2, and Icl3)", "Two (Icl1 and Icl2)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lilium longiflorum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the three identified anion conductances (Icl1, Icl2, Icl3) in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts respond differently to varying intracellular calcium concentrations?", "options":[ "All three conductances increase linearly with increasing intracellular calcium up to 0.5 mM.", "Icl1 increases up to 0.5 mM [Ca\u00b2+]in, while Icl2 and Icl3 reach maximum activity at 8.50 \u00b5M [Ca\u00b2+]in.", "All three conductances show maximum activity at nM levels of intracellular calcium and are inhibited at higher concentrations." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Lilium longiflorum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characteristic allows the discrimination between the anion currents Icl2 and Icl3 in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts after rundown?", "options":[ "Their permeability; Icl2 is permeable to Cl\u207b while Icl3 is permeable to NO\u2083\u207b.", "Their voltage dependence; Icl2 activates at more positive potentials than Icl3.", "Their differential sensitivity to the inhibitor NPPB; Icl3 is inhibited while Icl2 is largely insensitive." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lilium longiflorum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relative permeability of the plasma membrane anion channels in Lilium longiflorum pollen protoplasts to chloride (Cl\u207b) versus nitrate (NO\u2083\u207b)?", "options":[ "The channels exhibit similar permeability to both Cl\u207b and NO\u2083\u207b.", "The channels are significantly more permeable to Cl\u207b than to NO\u2083\u207b.", "The channels are exclusively permeable to Cl\u207b and block NO\u2083\u207b." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lilium longiflorum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the anionic channel activities found in germinated Lilium longiflorum pollen tube protoplasts compare to those in ungerminated pollen grain protoplasts?", "options":[ "Anion channel activity is completely absent in germinated pollen tubes but high in the grain.", "Germinated pollen tubes exhibit entirely different types of anion channels not found in the grain.", "Similar types of anion channel activities are present in both, although their relative contributions may differ." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Lilium longiflorum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2011.03780.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where are Populus PHYB proteins primarily localized under white light conditions, enabling their role in gene regulation?", "options":[ "Chloroplast membrane", "Nucleus", "Cytoplasm" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Populus sp." ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which Populus phytochrome B homolog, when expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana, functionally rescued the elongated hypocotyl phenotype characteristic of the phyB mutant under white light?", "options":[ "Populus PHYB2", "Populus PHYA", "Populus PHYB1" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Populus deltoides \/ Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the regulation of shade avoidance syndrome (SAS) in Populus, what functional relationship exists between PHYB1 and PHYB2?", "options":[ "PHYB1 and PHYB2 have distinct yet overlapping functions in regulating SAS.", "Only PHYB1 is involved in SAS, while PHYB2 regulates unrelated developmental processes.", "PHYB1 and PHYB2 function redundantly with identical roles in SAS." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Populus sp." ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Populus trichocarpa leaves, which biological processes show significant transcriptional up-regulation shortly after the plant perceives shade signals (enriched far-red light)?", "options":[ "Jasmonate biosynthesis and defense signaling", "Photosynthesis and primary carbon metabolism", "Cell wall modification and brassinosteroid signaling" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Populus trichocarpa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many phytochrome (PHY) genes are encoded in the Populus genome compared to the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?", "options":[ "Populus encodes only two PHY genes (PHYB1, PHYB2), lacking the PHYA found in Arabidopsis.", "Populus encodes three PHY genes (PHYA, PHYB1, PHYB2), whereas Arabidopsis encodes five (PHYA-PHYE).", "Populus encodes five PHY genes, the same number as Arabidopsis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Populus sp. \/ Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the two distinct calcium responses induced by rhizobial Nod factors in legume root hairs?", "options":[ "Intra-nuclear calcium oscillations and a calcium influx at the root hair tip.", "Apoplastic calcium influx and calcium-induced calcium release from vacuoles.", "A sustained increase in cytoplasmic calcium and calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "Year":2013, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the absence of the O-linked acetyl group (due to nodL mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factors affect calcium signaling in Medicago truncatula root hairs?", "options":[ "It completely abolishes both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It enhances both calcium influx and calcium spiking.", "It greatly reduces the induction of calcium influx without significantly affecting calcium spiking." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "Year":2013, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of replacing the N-linked C16:2 acyl group with a C18:1 group (nodF mutation) on Sinorhizobium meliloti Nod factor activity in Medicago truncatula?", "options":[ "It specifically enhances calcium influx but not calcium spiking.", "It has no effect on calcium spiking but eliminates calcium influx completely.", "It significantly reduces the potency for inducing calcium spiking and further reduces calcium influx when combined with a nodL mutation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "Year":2013, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does ethylene influence the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx in Medicago truncatula root hairs?", "options":[ "Ethylene suppresses the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx.", "Ethylene specifically inhibits calcium spiking but not calcium influx.", "Ethylene enhances the Nod-factor-induced calcium influx." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "Year":2013, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Medicago truncatula mutants defective in downstream nodulation signaling components like NIN or NSP2, what is the status of the initial Nod-factor-induced calcium influx?", "options":[ "Calcium influx is completely blocked, similar to the block in nodulation.", "Calcium influx is hyper-activated due to lack of downstream feedback.", "Calcium influx is still induced, indicating it acts upstream or parallel to these transcription factors." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12475", "Year":2013, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Approximately what fraction of the Aux\/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana is directly regulated by the transcription factor ARF5\/MP?", "options":[ "Nearly one-half", "The vast majority (over 90%)", "Only a few specific members" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "Year":2014, "Citations":45, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the Aux\/IAA genes targeted by ARF5\/MP in Arabidopsis thaliana distributed phylogenetically?", "options":[ "They are randomly scattered across the Aux\/IAA family tree", "They exclusively belong to the most recently evolved Aux\/IAA genes", "They coincide with distinct subclades within the Aux\/IAA family" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "Year":2014, "Citations":45, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What regulatory effect do the protein products of Aux\/IAA genes, targeted by ARF5\/MP, have on ARF5\/MP activity itself in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They enhance ARF5\/MP activity through positive feedback", "They have no direct regulatory impact on ARF5\/MP activity", "They provide negative feedback, repressing ARF5\/MP activity" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "Year":2014, "Citations":45, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Are the conserved dimerization domains III and IV of the ARF5\/MP protein required for its ability to recognize and bind AuxRE sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?", "options":[ "No, these domains are not essential for DNA binding site recognition", "Yes, both domains III and IV are absolutely required for DNA binding", "Only domain III is required, while domain IV is dispensable" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "Year":2014, "Citations":45, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which statement best describes the overall role of ARF5\/MP in regulating the Aux\/IAA gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "ARF5\/MP broadly influences Aux\/IAA expression, potentially activating specific subsets of redundantly functioning factors", "ARF5\/MP primarily acts as a repressor for most Aux\/IAA genes", "ARF5\/MP regulation is limited to a single, non-redundant Aux\/IAA gene critical for root development" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.12994", "Year":2014, "Citations":45, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the microRNA osa-miR1848 regulate the expression of the obtusifoliol 14\u03b1-demethylase gene OsCYP51G3 in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "By binding to the OsCYP51G3 protein and inhibiting its enzymatic activity.", "By directing the cleavage of OsCYP51G3 mRNA post-transcriptionally.", "By promoting the transcription of the OsCYP51G3 gene." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "Year":2015, "Citations":98, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the enzymatic function of the protein encoded by the OsCYP51G3 gene in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "It functions as an obtusifoliol 14\u03b1-demethylase in the phytosterol biosynthetic pathway.", "It functions as a squalene epoxidase, catalyzing an early step in sterol synthesis.", "It functions as a brassinosteroid receptor kinase involved in hormone signaling." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "Year":2015, "Citations":98, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the downstream consequences of OsCYP51G3 regulation by osa-miR1848 in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "It primarily regulates gibberellin biosynthesis, affecting plant height.", "It mediates the biosynthesis of both phytosterols and brassinosteroids.", "It controls only membrane fluidity through phytosterol levels, without affecting hormone synthesis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "Year":2015, "Citations":98, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which phenotypic changes are associated with altered expression of osa-miR1848 and OsCYP51G3, indicating phytosterol and brassinosteroid deficiency in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "Increased plant height, drooping leaves, and enhanced seed production.", "Normal growth patterns but increased susceptibility to fungal pathogens.", "Dwarf plants, erect leaves, semi-sterile pollen, and shorter cells." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "Year":2015, "Citations":98, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the circadian expression of osa-miR1848 play in regulating OsCYP51G3 in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "It controls the diurnal abundance of OsCYP51G3 transcript and modulates the response to salt stress.", "It maintains constant OsCYP51G3 levels throughout the day, independent of environmental cues.", "It primarily regulates OsCYP51G3 expression during flowering, not diurnally or under stress." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.13513", "Year":2015, "Citations":98, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the circadian clock properties (period, amplitude) of Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots compare under constant light (LL) versus constant darkness (DD)?", "options":[ "They show significant differences in period and amplitude in LL, but these differences are much less pronounced in DD.", "They show significant differences in DD, but their properties become identical in LL.", "They have identical properties in both LL and DD conditions." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "Year":2016, "Citations":86, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Can the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock be entrained solely by direct light exposure?", "options":[ "Yes, even very low-intensity light can directly entrain the root clock independently of the shoot.", "Yes, but only high-intensity light, similar to that received by shoots, can directly entrain the root clock.", "No, the root clock relies exclusively on signals, like sucrose, transported from the shoot for entrainment." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "Year":2016, "Citations":86, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Under constant light (LL) conditions, how does the free-running period (FRP) of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock typically compare to that of the shoot clock?", "options":[ "The root and shoot clocks have identical FRPs under LL.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a longer FRP compared to the shoot clock.", "The root clock consistently exhibits a shorter FRP compared to the shoot clock." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "Year":2016, "Citations":86, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Are evening-expressed clock genes, such as TOC1 and GI, considered functional components of the Arabidopsis thaliana root circadian clock?", "options":[ "They are present but non-functional in roots, playing a role only in the shoot clock.", "No, the root clock is a simplified version relying only on morning-expressed genes like CCA1\/LHY.", "Yes, they are functional components contributing to root clock rhythmicity, although their oscillations may be less robust than in shoots under some conditions." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "Year":2016, "Citations":86, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is considered the primary factor explaining the differing circadian dynamics (e.g., period length in LL) between Arabidopsis thaliana shoots and roots?", "options":[ "The presence of fundamentally different core oscillator gene networks in shoots compared to roots.", "Organ-specific differences in how light signals are perceived and integrated as inputs to the respective clocks.", "A strong dependence of the root clock solely on temperature cues, while the shoot clock relies on light." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14024", "Year":2016, "Citations":86, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do plant carbon use efficiency (CUEa) and microbial carbon use efficiency (CUEh) generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT) across ecosystems?", "options":[ "CUEa generally increases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally decreases with increasing MAT.", "Both CUEa and CUEh generally increase with increasing MAT.", "CUEa generally decreases with increasing MAT, while CUEh generally increases with increasing MAT." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "Year":2017, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the approximate homeostatic ratio of microbial growth (\u00b5) to gross primary production (GPP) suggested by the interplay of plant, microbial, and ecosystem carbon use efficiencies?", "options":[ "Around 0.27.", "Around 0.52.", "Around 0.13." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "Year":2017, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does ecosystem carbon use efficiency (CUEe), the ratio of Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) to Gross Primary Production (GPP), generally relate to mean annual temperature (MAT)?", "options":[ "CUEe shows no significant relationship with MAT.", "CUEe is directly related to MAT (increases as MAT increases).", "CUEe is inversely related to MAT (decreases as MAT increases)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "Year":2017, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the apparent temperature sensitivity (activation energy, Ea) of microbial growth compare to that of microbial respiration at the ecosystem scale?", "options":[ "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is higher than that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is approximately equal to that for microbial respiration.", "The apparent Ea for microbial growth is lower than that for microbial respiration." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "Year":2017, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What ecosystem component plays a key role in modulating the relationship between plant and microbial carbon use efficiencies to stabilize microbial growth relative to gross primary production across temperature gradients?", "options":[ "Atmospheric CO2 concentration.", "Soil organic carbon stocks.", "Above-ground plant biomass." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.14485", "Year":2017, "Citations":68, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do different C4 subtypes primarily meet the extra ATP demand required for their CO2-concentrating mechanism?", "options":[ "Exclusively through increased rates of linear electron transport (LET) in both cell types.", "By enhancing mitochondrial respiration equally across all subtypes.", "Through varying levels and locations of cyclic electron transport (CET) adapted to subtype-specific metabolic requirements." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "Year":2018, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In NAD-ME type C4 plants, what is the approximate distribution of cyclic electron transport (CET) activity between bundle sheath (BS) and mesophyll (M) cells?", "options":[ "CET occurs predominantly in bundle sheath cells relative to mesophyll cells (approx. 6:4 ratio BS:M).", "CET occurs exclusively in bundle sheath cells.", "CET occurs predominantly in mesophyll cells relative to bundle sheath cells (approx. 4:6 ratio BS:M)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "Year":2018, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the main bioenergetic reason that a 'pure' PEP-CK C4 cycle, relying solely on PEP carboxykinase for decarboxylation, is considered unrealistic?", "options":[ "It leads to an excessive production of NADPH in the mesophyll cells.", "It is impossible to satisfy the ATP:NADPH energy requirements within the bundle sheath cells using only this pathway.", "It generates insufficient CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath cells for efficient Rubisco function." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "Year":2018, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which classical C4 subtype is characterized by requiring the least amount of cyclic electron transport (CET) and consequently possesses the highest theoretical intrinsic quantum yield?", "options":[ "The standard PEP-CK subtype.", "The NAD-ME subtype.", "The NADP-ME subtype." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "Year":2018, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"To achieve a balanced cellular energy budget, what secondary decarboxylation route is thought to be obligatorily utilized alongside the primary route in NADP-ME species such as *Zea mays*?", "options":[ "Increased mitochondrial NAD-ME activity.", "The PEP-CK pathway operating facultatively in bundle sheath cytosol.", "The 'aspartate-malate' pathway, where aspartate is transported and contributes to decarboxylation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15051", "Year":2018, "Citations":35, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the protein TaJAZ1 influence abscisic acid (ABA)-inhibited seed germination in *Triticum aestivum* (bread wheat)?", "options":[ "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination independently of TaABI5 interaction.", "TaJAZ1 positively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5.", "TaJAZ1 negatively modulates ABA-inhibited germination by interacting with TaABI5." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "Year":2019, "Citations":162, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which group of proteins in *Arabidopsis thaliana* has been shown to physically interact with the transcription factor ABI5?", "options":[ "A subset of Jasmonate-ZIM domain (JAZ) proteins.", "Allene Oxide Synthase (AOS) proteins.", "PYR\/PYL\/RCAR receptor proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "Year":2019, "Citations":162, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the functional consequence of the interaction between JAZ3 and ABI5 in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "JAZ3 triggers the degradation of ABI5.", "JAZ3 represses the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5.", "JAZ3 enhances the transcriptional activation activity of ABI5." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "Year":2019, "Citations":162, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does abscisic acid (ABA) application have on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "ABA has no significant effect on JA biosynthesis but degrades existing JA.", "ABA inhibits JA biosynthesis by repressing JA biosynthetic genes, independently of ABI5.", "ABA promotes JA biosynthesis by inducing JA biosynthetic genes, partially dependent on ABI5." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "Year":2019, "Citations":162, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does abscisic acid (ABA) treatment affect the stability of JAZ proteins, such as JAZ3, in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins independently of jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA promotes the degradation of JAZ proteins in a manner dependent on jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis.", "ABA stabilizes JAZ proteins by inhibiting JA biosynthesis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.15757", "Year":2019, "Citations":162, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on genomic analyses, when is the estimated divergence time between the living fossil trees Cercidiphyllum japonicum and its sister species Cercidiphyllum magnificum?", "options":[ "Mid-Miocene", "Early Pliocene", "Late Pleistocene" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "Year":2020, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What was a primary impact of Quaternary climate fluctuations on the population history of Cercidiphyllum japonicum?", "options":[ "Significant reduction in genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks.", "Continuous increase in genetic diversity through range expansion.", "Maintenance of stable population sizes and genetic diversity." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "Year":2020, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which evolutionary force likely counteracted the loss of genetic diversity caused by bottlenecks in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, maintaining polymorphism at certain genomic regions?", "options":[ "Long-term balancing selection.", "Accelerated mutation rates.", "Complete linkage across all chromosomes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "Year":2020, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What genomic signature strongly suggests local adaptation in Cercidiphyllum japonicum, particularly distinguishing Chinese and Japanese populations?", "options":[ "An absence of fixed genetic differences between populations.", "Uniformly high genetic diversity across the entire genome.", "Selective sweeps targeting stress-response and growth-related genes, notably on chromosome 14." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "Year":2020, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What significant large-scale evolutionary event is evident in the genome structure of Cercidiphyllum japonicum, dating back to the ancestry of core eudicots?", "options":[ "Massive horizontal gene transfer from conifers.", "An ancient whole-genome triplication (gamma event).", "A recent species-specific whole-genome duplication." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Cercidiphyllum japonicum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16798", "Year":2020, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the molecular chaperone HSP90 influence root development, specifically gravitropism and lateral root formation, in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By directly controlling cell division rates in the root meristem.", "By enhancing the synthesis of cytokinins in the root tip.", "By regulating the polar distribution of the PIN1 auxin efflux carrier." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "Year":2021, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary effect of inhibiting HSP90 function on the subcellular localization of the PIN1 auxin transporter in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?", "options":[ "It leads to overexpression of PIN1 uniformly across the plasma membrane.", "It causes mis-localization of PIN1, reducing its presence at the plasma membrane and increasing its accumulation intracellularly.", "It specifically targets PIN1 for degradation via the proteasome pathway." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "Year":2021, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What consequence does the depletion of HSP90 have on the development of cotyledon vasculature in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It disrupts vein pattern formation, resulting in reduced complexity and connectivity of the vascular network.", "It causes a switch from xylem to phloem differentiation in the veins.", "It leads to an overproliferation of vascular strands, creating denser networks." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "Year":2021, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does compromised HSP90 function impact auxin signaling and transport in Arabidopsis thaliana roots, beyond affecting PIN1 localization?", "options":[ "It leads to an aberrant auxin response pattern and impaired auxin transport, suggesting defects in both signaling perception and polar flow.", "It primarily affects auxin biosynthesis pathways, reducing overall auxin levels.", "It specifically enhances auxin sensitivity, leading to exaggerated growth responses." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "Year":2021, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of HSP90 during the early stages of embryo development in Arabidopsis thaliana concerning auxin dynamics?", "options":[ "HSP90 primarily controls cell fate determination in the suspensor during early embryogenesis.", "HSP90 is mainly involved in protecting the embryo from stress, with no direct role in auxin patterns.", "HSP90 is essential for the proper polar localization of PIN1 in provascular tissues and establishing correct auxin distribution patterns from the heart stage onwards." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.17528", "Year":2021, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function identified for the GmSSS1 gene, a SPINDLY homolog, in Glycine max?", "options":[ "It acts as a regulator of seed size and pod size.", "It is essential for nitrogen fixation in root nodules.", "It primarily controls flowering time determination." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "Year":2022, "Citations":19, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific nonsynonymous mutation in the Gmsss1 allele of Glycine max was found to confer an enhancing effect on seed weight and was selected during domestication?", "options":[ "A G (Glycine) to S (Serine) substitution at the 61st amino acid residue.", "An E (Glutamic acid) to Q (Glutamine) substitution at the 182nd amino acid residue.", "An S (Serine) to L (Leucine) substitution at the 947th amino acid residue." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "Year":2022, "Citations":19, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does modulation of GmSSS1\/Gmsss1 expression affect seed size at the cellular level in soybean cotyledons?", "options":[ "It influences both cell expansion and cell division.", "It primarily changes the density of starch granules within cells.", "It only affects the rate of cell division." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "Year":2022, "Citations":19, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The activity of GmSSS1 in regulating soybean seed weight is potentially linked to the modulation of expression levels of genes involved in which two key plant hormone signaling pathways?", "options":[ "Auxin signaling (via ARFs) and Cytokinin signaling (via Response Regulators).", "Gibberellin (GA) signaling (via GmGAI1\/DELLA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) signaling (via GmBZR1).", "Abscisic Acid (ABA) signaling (via SnRK2s) and Jasmonate signaling (via JAZ proteins)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "Year":2022, "Citations":19, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is the GmSSS1 gene located within the Glycine max genome?", "options":[ "On chromosome 19, within a region rich in quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with seed weight.", "On chromosome 8, near genes controlling pod shattering resistance.", "On chromosome 17, linked to a phosphatase 2C-1 gene." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.18461", "Year":2022, "Citations":19, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary effect of the small molecule HYSPARIN (HYS) on Arabidopsis thaliana root development?", "options":[ "It inhibits primary root growth and promotes lateral root formation.", "It promotes both lateral root and adventitious root formation equally.", "It specifically induces adventitious root formation in hypocotyls without promoting lateral root formation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "Year":2023, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does HYSPARIN's activity differ from classical synthetic auxins like NAA in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "HYSPARIN strongly inhibits primary root growth and activates rapid auxin responses.", "HYSPARIN does not inhibit primary root growth or trigger rapid auxin responses like DR5 activation or Ca2+ signaling.", "HYSPARIN primarily induces lateral root formation, unlike classical auxins which induce adventitious roots." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "Year":2023, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which signaling pathways are essential for HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Only the plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathway.", "Signaling pathways independent of canonical auxin receptors like TIR1\/AFB or TMK.", "Both nuclear TIR1\/AFB-mediated and plasma membrane TMK-mediated auxin signaling pathways." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "Year":2023, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene families were identified as novel regulators specifically involved in HYSPARIN-induced adventitious root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SAUR19 subfamily, OFP transcription factors, and AGC kinases (specifically AGC2).", "TIR1\/AFB receptors and ARF transcription factors.", "LBD transcription factors and GH3 enzymes, common to both LR and AR." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "Year":2023, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the activity of HYSPARIN in inducing adventitious\/nodal roots in Arabidopsis thaliana, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), and Oryza sativa (rice) suggest?", "options":[ "HYSPARIN induces lateral roots in tomato and rice, unlike in Arabidopsis.", "HYSPARIN's activity is strictly limited to dicotyledonous plants like Arabidopsis and tomato.", "The molecular mechanism underlying adventitious root formation involving HYSPARIN's bioactivity is evolutionarily conserved across different plant species." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.19292", "Year":2023, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of the BBX7\/8-CCA1\/LHY transcription factor cascade in Arabidopsis response to shade?", "options":[ "It promotes shade tolerance by activating HY5 expression.", "It promotes shade avoidance by activating PIF4 expression.", "It inhibits shade avoidance by degrading PIF4." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does shade influence the protein levels of BBX7 and BBX8 in Arabidopsis, and what is the role of phytochrome B in this process?", "options":[ "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, but requires active phytochrome B.", "Shade decreases the levels of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, dependent on phytochrome B.", "Shade triggers the accumulation of BBX7 and BBX8 proteins, and this process is independent of phytochrome B." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the molecular mechanism by which BBX7 and BBX8 regulate CCA1 and LHY transcription in Arabidopsis under shade?", "options":[ "BBX7 and BBX8 associate with the CCA1 and LHY promoters to activate their transcription.", "BBX7 and BBX8 directly bind to PIF4, which then activates CCA1 and LHY.", "BBX7 and BBX8 inhibit a repressor protein, thereby allowing CCA1 and LHY transcription." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the perception of shade (low Red:Far-Red light ratio) affect the interaction between phytochrome B (phyB) and the proteins BBX7\/BBX8 in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Shade stabilizes the interaction between phyB and BBX7\/BBX8.", "Shade interferes with or disrupts the interaction between phyB and BBX7\/BBX8.", "Shade converts phyB to its active form, which then strongly binds BBX7\/BBX8." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the circadian clock components CCA1 and LHY in regulating the key shade avoidance factor PIF4 in Arabidopsis under low Red:Far-Red conditions?", "options":[ "CCA1 and LHY repress PIF4 transcription, limiting its accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY positively regulate PIF4 transcription, leading to increased PIF4 accumulation.", "CCA1 and LHY directly promote the degradation of PIF4 protein." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.20256", "Year":2024, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What gene silencing technique was demonstrated as suitable for functional gene analysis in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis*, particularly during asymbiotic and early symbiotic stages?", "options":[ "Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS)", "Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)", "Host-induced gene silencing (HIGS)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which initial developmental process in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis* requires the function of G-protein signaling components like RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?", "options":[ "Lipid biosynthesis", "Endospore formation", "Spore germination" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What critical early stage structure formation during plant interaction by *Rhizophagus irregularis* is dependent on G-protein signaling involving RiRgs3, RiGpa3, and RiGpb1?", "options":[ "Hyphopodium formation", "Vesicle maturation", "Arbuscule development" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the observed phenotypic consequence of silencing the G-protein signaling genes RiRgs3, RiGpa3, or RiGpb1 in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus *Rhizophagus irregularis*?", "options":[ "Enhanced spore viability but inhibited hyphal branching", "Normal spore germination but failed root penetration", "Defects in both spore germination and hyphopodium formation" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Silencing of the primary G-protein signaling genes (RiRgs3, RiGpa3, RiGpb1) in *Rhizophagus irregularis* leads to the downregulation of which specific downstream cAMP-PKA pathway components during hyphopodium formation?", "options":[ "RiCyr1 (adenylate cyclase) and RiBcy1 (PKA regulatory subunit)", "RiMst2 (monosaccharide transporter) and RiEF1a (elongation factor)", "RiSnf1 (protein kinase) and RiTor2 (TOR kinase)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.70091", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of enzyme activity is associated with the protein encoded by the rf2 gene in Zea mays?", "options":[ "Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)", "Cytochrome c oxidase (COX)", "Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "Year":2001, "Citations":200, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which subcellular compartment does the RF2 protein primarily localize in Zea mays cells?", "options":[ "Chloroplast stroma", "Cytosol", "Mitochondrial matrix" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "Year":2001, "Citations":200, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of the rf2-R213 allele in Zea mays, despite accumulating RF2 protein?", "options":[ "Loss of mitochondrial ALDH activity and failure to restore male fertility", "Enhanced mitochondrial ALDH activity leading to sterility", "Normal ALDH activity but altered protein localization" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "Year":2001, "Citations":200, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the fertility restoration mechanism of the rf2 gene differ from rf1 in Texas cytoplasm (cms-T) Zea mays?", "options":[ "rf2 reduces the accumulation of URF13 more effectively than rf1.", "rf2 restores fertility without reducing the accumulation of the URF13 mitochondrial protein, unlike rf1.", "rf2 encodes a protein that directly binds and degrades URF13, while rf1 modifies URF13 transcription." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "Year":2001, "Citations":200, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What developmental process is affected by mutations in the rf2 gene in Zea mays plants with normal (N) cytoplasm?", "options":[ "Leaf development and photosynthesis", "Female gamete development", "Normal anther development, leading to partial male sterility" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.13.5.1063", "Year":2001, "Citations":200, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which domain of the Arabidopsis CAP protein (AtCAP1) is primarily responsible for binding actin in vitro and rescuing cytoskeleton-related defects in yeast?", "options":[ "The C-terminal domain", "The proline-rich middle region", "The N-terminal domain" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "Year":2002, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary morphological consequence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing the AtCAP1 gene?", "options":[ "Reduction in the size of leaves and petioles due to decreased cell size and number", "Enhanced root growth and branching", "Accelerated flowering time and increased flower number" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "Year":2002, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the overexpression of Arabidopsis AtCAP1 have on the actin cytoskeleton and cell cycle in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells?", "options":[ "It causes depolymerization of actin filaments and inhibits mitosis", "It promotes the formation of thicker actin bundles and accelerates mitosis", "It stabilizes actin filaments but has no effect on the cell cycle" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "Year":2002, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed overall biological function of the AtCAP1 protein in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Catalysis of cAMP production in response to hormonal stimuli", "Direct regulation of gene expression in response to light signals", "Regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization, which is crucial for proper cell elongation and division" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "Year":2002, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the complementation of yeast CAP mutant defects, which phenotypes can be rescued by expressing Arabidopsis AtCAP1?", "options":[ "Only the defects related to cAMP signaling", "Abnormal cell morphology, random budding pattern, and temperature sensitivity", "Only the temperature sensitivity phenotype" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.010301", "Year":2002, "Citations":63, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary consequences of constitutively overexpressing the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Arrest of cells in G1-phase, normal proliferation, and accelerated endoreduplication.", "Reduced G1-phase cell population, hyperproliferation, and inhibited differentiation\/endoreduplication.", "Increased G1-phase cell population, reduced proliferation, and enhanced differentiation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "Year":2002, "Citations":333, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which tissues of Arabidopsis is the expression of the D-type cyclin CYCD3;1 typically highest?", "options":[ "Dormant tissues like seeds and quiescent centers.", "Fully differentiated tissues like mature leaves and pith.", "Proliferating tissues like meristems and young leaf primordia." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "Year":2002, "Citations":333, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does overexpression of CYCD3;1 affect endoreduplication in Arabidopsis leaf cells?", "options":[ "It significantly promotes endoreduplication.", "It strongly inhibits endoreduplication.", "It has no effect on endoreduplication levels." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "Year":2002, "Citations":333, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the regulatory relationship between CYCD3;1 and AINTEGUMENTA (ANT) in determining Arabidopsis leaf cell number?", "options":[ "ANT acts downstream of CYCD3;1.", "CYCD3;1 acts downstream of ANT.", "CYCD3;1 and ANT function in independent parallel pathways." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "Year":2002, "Citations":333, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role is proposed for the downregulation of CYCD3;1 during Arabidopsis development?", "options":[ "It is required for cell cycle exit in G1-phase and normal cellular differentiation.", "It is required to maintain cells in a proliferative state.", "It is essential for promoting S-phase entry and cell division." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.004838", "Year":2002, "Citations":333, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the import of the PORA enzyme regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledons compared to true leaves?", "options":[ "Import into cotyledon plastids requires protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), but import into true leaf plastids does not show this requirement.", "Import requires Pchlide in both cotyledons and true leaves.", "Import requires Pchlide only in true leaves, not cotyledons." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "Year":2003, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What distinguishes the expression patterns of the three POR enzymes (PORA, PORB, PORC) during Arabidopsis thaliana development?", "options":[ "PORA and PORB are expressed early in seedling development, while PORB and PORC are expressed in older seedlings and adult plants.", "All three POR enzymes are expressed equally throughout all developmental stages.", "PORC is primarily expressed early in seedlings, while PORA and PORB expression increases in adult plants." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "Year":2003, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which structural component of the PORA precursor protein is responsible for its substrate-dependent import into Arabidopsis thaliana cotyledon plastids?", "options":[ "The catalytic domain within the mature protein sequence.", "The C-terminal region of the protein.", "The N-terminal transit peptide sequence." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "Year":2003, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a proposed physiological advantage for the protochlorophyllide-dependent import mechanism of PORA into plastids in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?", "options":[ "It potentially ensures the immediate assembly of the stable PORA-NADPH-Pchlide complex and prevents the accumulation of potentially phototoxic free Pchlide.", "It allows the plant to conserve energy by importing PORA only when light is available for photosynthesis.", "It synchronizes PORA import with the import of chlorophyll-binding proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "Year":2003, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana *flu* mutants, which overaccumulate protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) upon darkness, what change occurs regarding PORA protein localization when shifted to dark conditions?", "options":[ "PORA protein begins to accumulate within plastids, coinciding with the increase in Pchlide levels.", "PORA protein import into plastids remains blocked, similar to wild-type plants in the light.", "PORA protein is rapidly exported from plastids back into the cytoplasm." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.015008", "Year":2003, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific intron splicing process requires the maize (Zea mays) CRS1 protein?", "options":[ "Splicing of all chloroplast group II introns.", "Splicing of the mitochondrial *cox1* intron.", "Splicing of the chloroplast *atpF* group II intron." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "Year":2005, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which domains of the *atpF* intron RNA does the CRS1 protein primarily interact with for specific binding in maize (Zea mays)?", "options":[ "Domains V and VI.", "Domains II and III.", "Domains I and IV." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "Year":2005, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does CRS1 binding affect the conformation of its target *atpF* intron RNA in maize (Zea mays)?", "options":[ "It destabilizes the intron structure, preventing proper folding.", "It promotes folding into a more compact, catalytically competent structure.", "It linearizes the intron RNA, targeting it for degradation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "Year":2005, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What multimeric state does the CRS1 splicing factor likely adopt to function in maize (Zea mays)?", "options":[ "Tetrameric state.", "Dimeric state.", "Monomeric state." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "Year":2005, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is the CRS1 protein specific for the *atpF* intron compared to other group II introns in maize (Zea mays)?", "options":[ "Its primary binding sites located in domains I and IV are not conserved in sequence or structure in other introns.", "It primarily recognizes specific sequences within the exons flanking the *atpF* intron.", "It requires a unique cofactor protein that is only expressed alongside *atpF* transcripts." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.104.027516", "Year":2005, "Citations":88, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary phenotype observed in Oryza sativa upon knockout of the OSMADS3 gene?", "options":[ "Severe loss of floral meristem determinacy, resulting in reiterated floral organs.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into lodicules and formation of ectopic lodicules in whorl 2.", "Complete transformation of carpels into stamens." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "Year":2005, "Citations":258, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the major consequence of silencing the OSMADS58 gene in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "Failure to specify lodicules, resulting in flowers lacking these organs.", "A severe defect in floral meristem determinacy, leading to the reiteration of floral organ sets.", "Homeotic transformation of stamens into petals and sepals into carpels." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "Year":2005, "Citations":258, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How have the functions of the ancestral C-class gene been partitioned between OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 in Oryza sativa through subfunctionalization?", "options":[ "OSMADS3 controls floral meristem determinacy, while OSMADS58 controls stamen and carpel identity.", "OSMADS3 predominantly controls stamen identity and lodicule number, while OSMADS58 primarily regulates floral meristem determinacy and carpel morphology.", "Both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 equally control all aspects of stamen, carpel, and meristem development redundantly." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "Year":2005, "Citations":258, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role do OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 play together in determining the arrangement of lodicules in the Oryza sativa flower?", "options":[ "They repress lodicule development on the palea side, contributing to the flower's asymmetry where lodicules normally only form on the lemma side.", "They promote lodicule development equally on both palea and lemma sides, leading to symmetric flowers with four lodicules.", "They specify the identity of lodicules, differentiating them from sepals and petals." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "Year":2005, "Citations":258, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the regulatory relationship between the C-class genes (OSMADS3, OSMADS58) and the DROOPING LEAF (DL) gene in Oryza sativa floral development?", "options":[ "DL functions in carpel specification and its expression appears independent of OSMADS3 and OSMADS58; DL does not regulate these C-class genes.", "OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 are required to repress the expression of DL in whorls 3 and 4.", "DL acts upstream to activate the expression of both OSMADS3 and OSMADS58 specifically in whorl 4." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.037200", "Year":2005, "Citations":258, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of the Arabidopsis thaliana transcription factor TELOMERASE ACTIVATOR1 (TAC1) in regulating telomerase activity in vegetative tissues?", "options":[ "TAC1 induces the expression of the BT2 gene, which subsequently leads to the activation of telomerase.", "TAC1 represses telomerase activity in leaves as part of the normal developmental control.", "TAC1 directly binds to the promoter of the telomerase catalytic subunit (ATTERT) to activate its transcription." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "Year":2007, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the BT2 protein within the telomerase activation pathway mediated by TAC1 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "BT2 acts downstream of TAC1, and its constitutive expression is sufficient to induce telomerase activity, while its absence blocks TAC1-mediated induction.", "BT2 directly binds to and stabilizes the telomerase enzyme complex, preventing its degradation.", "BT2 functions upstream of TAC1, activating TAC1 expression in response to specific environmental cues." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "Year":2007, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcription factor TAC1 influence the expression of the BT2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "TAC1 prevents the degradation of the BT2 protein by inhibiting ubiquitin ligase activity.", "TAC1 directly binds to a specific cis-regulatory element within the BT2 gene promoter, enhancing its transcription.", "TAC1 increases the translation efficiency of BT2 mRNA without affecting its transcription rate." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "Year":2007, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on the domains present in the BT2 protein, what signaling molecule, in addition to auxin, is implicated in modulating the TAC1-BT2 pathway for telomerase induction in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Abscisic acid (ABA), because BT2 directly interacts with key ABA signaling receptors.", "Calcium ions (Ca2+), because BT2 possesses a calcium-dependent calmodulin binding domain.", "Cytokinins, because BT2 expression levels are primarily controlled by cytokinin concentrations." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "Year":2007, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What happens to the expression level of the BT2 gene in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana leaves upon short-term treatment with exogenous auxin (IAA)?", "options":[ "The level of BT2 mRNA significantly increases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA rapidly and specifically decreases.", "The level of BT2 mRNA remains unchanged." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.106.044321", "Year":2007, "Citations":62, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein in the regulation of KNOX genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor.", "It directly modifies chromatin structure without affecting transcription.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "Year":2008, "Citations":266, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES1 (AS1) protein achieve binding to its target DNA sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana promoters?", "options":[ "It forms a complex with the ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) protein, which facilitates DNA binding.", "It binds directly to DNA through its MYB domain without requiring other protein partners.", "It requires interaction with the HIRA protein to bind DNA." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "Year":2008, "Citations":266, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"To which specific gene promoter regions does the AS1-AS2 repressor complex directly bind to regulate KNOX gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It binds to two distinct sites within the promoters of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) and KNAT2.", "It binds only to the promoter of SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM).", "It binds to enhancer regions located far downstream of the KNOX genes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "Year":2008, "Citations":266, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the consensus DNA sequence motifs recognized by the AS1-AS2 complex for binding to the BP and KNAT2 promoters in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "CWGTTD and KMKTTGAHW.", "G-box (CACGTG) and MYC-binding site (CANNTG).", "TATA box and CAAT box." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "Year":2008, "Citations":266, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which chromatin-remodeling factor is proposed to be recruited by the AS1-AS2 complex to establish stable silencing of KNOX genes during Arabidopsis thaliana organogenesis?", "options":[ "HIRA.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2).", "SWI\/SNF complex." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.107.056127", "Year":2008, "Citations":266, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the combined role of the MYB5 and MYB23 transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana trichome development?", "options":[ "MYB5 activates MYB23, which then controls trichome branching.", "They are solely responsible for trichome initiation.", "They act redundantly to regulate trichome branching and extension." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "Year":2009, "Citations":188, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the main defects observed in the seed coat of Arabidopsis thaliana *myb5* mutants?", "options":[ "Increased mucilage production and enlarged columellae.", "Dramatically reduced mucilage production and flattened columellae.", "Complete absence of the seed coat epidermis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "Year":2009, "Citations":188, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which set of genes involved in Arabidopsis thaliana seed development are directly downregulated by the loss of MYB5 function?", "options":[ "PAP1, PAP2, and MUM4.", "ABE1, ABE4, MYBL2, and GL2.", "TTG1, EGL3, and TT8." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "Year":2009, "Citations":188, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed function of the ABE1 and ABE4 genes, which are regulated by MYB5 in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds?", "options":[ "They encode enzymes required for secondary cell wall formation in columellae.", "They encode transcription factors that repress mucilage production.", "They encode \u03b1\/\u03b2 fold hydrolases likely involved in modifying pectins for mucilage synthesis." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "Year":2009, "Citations":188, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypic changes occur in Arabidopsis thaliana plants ectopically expressing the MYB5 gene?", "options":[ "Increased trichome branching and elimination of trichomes from leaf margins.", "Formation of more small trichomes, reduced trichome branching, and ectopic trichomes on cotyledons\/hypocotyls.", "Formation of fewer, larger trichomes and complete suppression of seed coat mucilage." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.108.063503", "Year":2009, "Citations":188, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis respond to treatment with either DNA methylation inhibitors (like Zebularine) or histone deacetylase inhibitors (like TSA) alone?", "options":[ "It is readily reactivated by histone deacetylase inhibitors alone.", "It remains largely silenced, showing resistance to reactivation by individual inhibitors.", "It is readily reactivated by DNA methylation inhibitors alone." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene mutations were identified in a forward genetic screen as capable of releasing the polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) of the HPT transgene in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Mutations in the chromatin remodeler DDM1 or the SAH hydrolase HOG1.", "Mutations in histone deacetylases HDA6 or HDA19.", "Mutations in DNA methyltransferases MET1 or CMT3." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the key requirement for reactivating the extremely stable HPT epiallele silenced by polyploidy-associated transcriptional gene silencing (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Simultaneous reduction of both DNA methylation and repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2).", "Only the removal of repressive histone methylation (H3K9me2) is necessary.", "Only the removal of DNA methylation is necessary." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the global epigenetic consequences of mutations in the HOG1 (SAHH) gene in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "A specific decrease in DNA methylation only at transposons, with no effect on H3K9me2.", "An increase in overall DNA methylation but a decrease in H3K9me2.", "A reduction in both overall DNA methylation and histone H3 Lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the SAHH inhibitor dihydroxypropyladenine (DHPA) affect the silenced HPT transgene (paTGS) in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "It reactivates transcription by reducing both DNA methylation and H3K9 histone methylation, mimicking hog1 mutants.", "It enhances silencing by increasing H3K9 histone methylation.", "It only reduces DNA methylation without affecting histone marks or transcription." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072819", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed evolutionary origin of methylthioalkylmalate synthase (MAM) involved in glucosinolate biosynthesis in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "MAM is believed to have evolved from isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS), an enzyme involved in leucine biosynthesis.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from deoxyhypusine synthase, an enzyme involved in translation factor activation.", "MAM is believed to have evolved from homomethionine synthase, the final enzyme in the pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "Year":2011, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What major structural difference between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes accounts for the loss of leucine feedback inhibition in MAM?", "options":[ "MAM enzymes lack the ~120 amino acid C-terminal regulatory domain present in IPMS.", "MAM enzymes have an additional subdomain inserted within the catalytic domain compared to IPMS.", "MAM enzymes lack the N-terminal catalytic domain present in IPMS." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "Year":2011, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What happens to leucine feedback inhibition when the C-terminal regulatory domain is removed from Arabidopsis IPMS2?", "options":[ "Leucine feedback inhibition becomes stronger.", "The enzyme becomes inhibited by methionine instead of leucine.", "Leucine feedback inhibition is lost." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "Year":2011, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific amino acid exchanges in the active site of a truncated Arabidopsis IPMS2 significantly shifted its substrate preference towards a MAM substrate (MTOP)?", "options":[ "The single exchange H167L.", "The combined exchanges S216G and P252G.", "The single exchange L143I." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "Year":2011, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the difference in preferred divalent metal cofactors between Arabidopsis IPMS and MAM enzymes?", "options":[ "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mg2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mn2+.", "IPMS enzymes preferentially use Mn2+, while MAM enzymes preferentially use Mg2+.", "Both IPMS and MAM enzymes preferentially use Zn2+." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.110.079269", "Year":2011, "Citations":87, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does localized iron supply primarily affect Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root development compared to homogeneous supply?", "options":[ "It equally enhances both lateral root density and elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root density more than lateral root elongation.", "It significantly enhances lateral root elongation more than lateral root density." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "Year":2012, "Citations":154, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What cellular process is primarily responsible for the increased length of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots observed under optimal localized iron supply?", "options":[ "Increased rate of cell division within the lateral root meristem.", "Enhanced elongation of differentiated cells leaving the meristem.", "A significant increase in the size of the lateral root meristem." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "Year":2012, "Citations":154, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What hormonal change occurs in the apices of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots specifically in response to growth-promoting localized iron supply?", "options":[ "Reduction in auxin levels due to increased degradation.", "Accumulation of cytokinin, inhibiting cell elongation.", "Accumulation of auxin, primarily driven by enhanced rootward transport." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "Year":2012, "Citations":154, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which auxin transporter protein in Arabidopsis thaliana is essential for the stimulation of lateral root elongation specifically triggered by localized iron availability?", "options":[ "AUX1 (AUXIN RESISTANT 1).", "ABCB19 (MDR1\/PGP19).", "PIN2 (PIN-FORMED 2)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "Year":2012, "Citations":154, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is the iron transporter IRT1 crucial for the localized iron-induced elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots when iron is supplied only to the roots?", "options":[ "IRT1 transports auxin into the lateral root apex in response to iron.", "IRT1 directly senses external iron levels and activates auxin signaling.", "IRT1 mediates the root uptake of iron necessary to increase internal iron levels, which triggers the elongation response." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.092973", "Year":2012, "Citations":154, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does phytochrome B (phyB) influence seedling development in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light conditions?", "options":[ "It primarily mediates responses to red light and has no significant role under FR light.", "It promotes etiolation responses, such as increased hypocotyl elongation and reduced anthocyanin accumulation.", "It strongly promotes photomorphogenesis, leading to short hypocotyls and high anthocyanin levels." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "Year":2013, "Citations":67, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the functional relationship between phytochrome B (phyB) and the SPA1\/COP1 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana FR light signaling?", "options":[ "SPA1 acts upstream of phyB, directly phosphorylating it upon FR light perception.", "PhyB acts upstream of the SPA1\/COP1 complex and its function in repressing photomorphogenesis under FR light is dependent on SPA1.", "PhyB and the SPA1\/COP1 complex act in parallel, independent pathways to control FR light responses." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "Year":2013, "Citations":67, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the subcellular localization of phytochrome B (phyB) regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana during the transition from dark to far-red (FR) light?", "options":[ "PhyB is imported into the nucleus upon FR light exposure, and this import facilitates the nuclear accumulation of its interacting partner SPA1.", "PhyB nuclear import under FR light is strictly dependent on phytochrome A (phyA) activity.", "PhyB is exclusively cytoplasmic under FR light, signaling indirectly to nuclear components." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "Year":2013, "Citations":67, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a downstream consequence of phytochrome B (phyB) activity in Arabidopsis thaliana under far-red (FR) light regarding the COP1-SPA1 E3 ligase complex?", "options":[ "PhyB inhibits the COP1-SPA1 complex, causing an accumulation of factors like HY5.", "PhyB promotes the E3 ligase activity of the COP1-SPA1 complex, leading to decreased accumulation of photomorphogenesis-promoting factors like HY5.", "PhyB directly targets HY5 for degradation, bypassing the need for the COP1-SPA1 complex under FR light." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "Year":2013, "Citations":67, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does phytochrome B (phyB) influence phytochrome A (phyA)-mediated responses under far-red (FR) light in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Yes, phyB strongly enhances phyA signaling under FR light, leading to exaggerated photomorphogenesis.", "No, phyB and phyA functions under FR light are completely separate and do not influence each other.", "Yes, phyB antagonizes phyA signaling, repressing photomorphogenesis even in the absence of phyA." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.112.107086", "Year":2013, "Citations":67, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect do geminivirus-based replicons have on gene targeting efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum when used for delivering genome engineering reagents?", "options":[ "They decrease the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They significantly increase the frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery.", "They have no significant effect on frequency compared to conventional T-DNA delivery." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "Year":2014, "Citations":449, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanisms contribute to the high efficiency of gene targeting achieved using geminivirus-based replicons?", "options":[ "Only the efficient delivery into the nucleus by Agrobacterium.", "A combination of targeted double-strand breaks, replication of the repair template, and pleiotropic activity of viral replication proteins.", "Solely the high copy number achieved through replication." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "Year":2014, "Citations":449, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why are deconstructed geminiviruses, lacking movement functions, advantageous for delivering large DNA cargos in plant cells?", "options":[ "They overcome genome size limitations imposed by the requirements for cell-to-cell movement.", "They integrate more efficiently into the host genome.", "They replicate faster than full viruses." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "Year":2014, "Citations":449, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In geminivirus replicon-mediated gene targeting, which component's replication is the primary driver of enhanced efficiency?", "options":[ "The sequence encoding the sequence-specific nuclease.", "The DNA repair template.", "The viral vector backbone." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "Year":2014, "Citations":449, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Beyond initiating viral replication, what additional role do geminivirus Rep\/RepA proteins play in enhancing gene targeting frequencies?", "options":[ "They suppress non-homologous end joining repair pathways.", "They have pleiotropic activities that promote homologous recombination, possibly by influencing the cell cycle.", "They directly facilitate the integration of the repair template into the genome." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.113.119792", "Year":2014, "Citations":449, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary phenotypic consequences of the dominant Abph2 mutation in Zea mays?", "options":[ "Reduced shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to spiral phyllotaxy.", "Enlarged shoot apical meristems (SAM) and a switch from alternate to decussate phyllotaxy.", "Normal shoot apical meristem (SAM) size but development of twin shoots." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "Year":2015, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular event underlies the Abph2 dominant mutation in Zea mays?", "options":[ "A missense point mutation in the coding sequence of the original Abph2 gene.", "Transposition of the glutaredoxin gene MSCA1, resulting in its altered embryonic expression pattern.", "Deletion of a regulatory element upstream of the MSCA1 gene." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "Year":2015, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of loss-of-function mutations in the MSCA1 gene on shoot apical meristem (SAM) size in Zea mays?", "options":[ "They have no discernible effect on the size of the vegetative SAM.", "They cause a significant reduction in SAM size compared to wild-type siblings.", "They lead to a significant enlargement of the SAM, similar to the Abph2 mutant." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "Year":2015, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of transcription factor does the maize glutaredoxin MSCA1 interact with, potentially regulating meristem development?", "options":[ "TGA transcription factors, specifically FEA4.", "CLAVATA signaling pathway components.", "KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "Year":2015, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the genetic interaction between msca1 and fea4 mutations impact shoot apical meristem (SAM) size regulation in Zea mays?", "options":[ "msca1 is epistatic to fea4, suggesting MSCA1 functions downstream of FEA4 in SAM size control.", "msca1 and fea4 mutations have additive effects, suggesting they regulate SAM size through independent pathways.", "fea4 is epistatic to msca1, indicating they likely function in the same regulatory pathway for SAM size control." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.114.130393", "Year":2015, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which proteins were identified as genetic enhancers of the relatively mild phenotype observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *lhp1* mutants, suggesting parallel or redundant repressive functions?", "options":[ "RING finger proteins AtBMI1A and AtBMI1B involved in H2A ubiquitination.", "TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) and its paralog TRB3.", "Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) core components CURLY LEAF (CLF) and SWINGER (SWN)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "Year":2015, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of cis-regulatory element does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 predominantly bind to across the genome?", "options":[ "Telobox motifs and related telomere-repeat sequences.", "GAGA motifs, recruiting Polycomb complexes.", "Promoter-proximal TATA-box elements." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "Year":2015, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the Arabidopsis thaliana protein TRB1 function in transcriptional regulation depending on the target gene context?", "options":[ "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional activator required for basal expression levels.", "It acts bivalently, helping repress PcG targets (especially when LHP1 is absent) while promoting the expression of many LHP1-independent targets, often related to metabolism.", "It functions exclusively as a transcriptional repressor for all its target genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "Year":2015, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the phenotypic enhancement observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *trb1 lhp1* double mutants compared to *lhp1* single mutants primarily caused by accelerated telomere shortening?", "options":[ "No, the phenotypic enhancement precedes significant changes in telomere length, indicating a role independent of telomere maintenance.", "Yes, the loss of TRB1 leads to rapid telomere loss, mimicking strong PcG mutant phenotypes.", "Yes, but only when combined with mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "Year":2015, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the presence of the LIKE HETEROCHROMATIN PROTEIN1 (LHP1) influence the binding pattern of TELOMERE REPEAT BINDING PROTEIN1 (TRB1) at Polycomb Group (PcG) target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "LHP1 recruits TRB1 specifically to the transcription start sites (TSS) of PcG target genes.", "LHP1 generally restricts TRB1 binding at PcG targets; loss of LHP1 results in increased TRB1 binding strength and occupancy, often across gene bodies.", "LHP1 and TRB1 bind independently to PcG target genes without influencing each other's occupancy." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.15.00787", "Year":2015, "Citations":66, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the WIND1 transcription factor promote shoot regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By directly activating the WUSCHEL (WUS) gene.", "By repressing the expression of cytokinin response factors.", "By transcriptionally activating the ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION1 (ESR1) gene." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "Year":2016, "Citations":171, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the functional relationship between WIND1 and ESR1 in the context of wound-induced regeneration in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "WIND1 and ESR1 function independently in parallel pathways to control regeneration.", "ESR1 acts downstream of WIND1, mediating its effects on callus formation and shoot regeneration.", "WIND1 acts downstream of ESR1, activating it in response to wounding." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "Year":2016, "Citations":171, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"To which type of cis-regulatory elements does WIND1 directly bind within the ESR1 promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Auxin response elements (AuxREs).", "Dehydration-responsive elements (DREs), exclusively.", "Vascular system-specific and wound-responsive cis-element (VWRE)-like motifs." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "Year":2016, "Citations":171, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotype is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana explants overexpressing ESR1 when cultured on hormone-free medium?", "options":[ "Complete inhibition of any regeneration at wound sites.", "Enhanced root regeneration specifically at wound sites.", "Enhanced shoot regeneration specifically at wound sites." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "Year":2016, "Citations":171, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the WIND1-ESR1 molecular pathway required for all types of de novo organ regeneration from wound sites in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "No, it is required for shoot regeneration but not for de novo root regeneration.", "Yes, it is essential for both shoot and root regeneration.", "No, it is required for root regeneration but not for shoot regeneration." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.16.00623", "Year":2016, "Citations":171, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How conserved is genomic imprinting during the polyploidization events that led to hexaploid wheat?", "options":[ "Genomic imprinting patterns were completely reset during each polyploidization event in wheat.", "Almost all imprinted genes lost their parent-of-origin bias after wheat polyploidization.", "A significant portion of imprinted genes maintained their parent-of-origin expression bias throughout hexaploidization." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "Year":2018, "Citations":25, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What functional roles are generally associated with Maternally Expressed Genes (MEGs) versus Paternally Expressed Genes (PEGs) identified in wheat endosperm?", "options":[ "MEGs primarily regulate transcription, while PEGs are involved in metabolic pathways.", "Both MEGs and PEGs in wheat endosperm are mainly involved in cell wall synthesis.", "MEGs are often linked to metabolic processes, whereas PEGs are frequently involved in transcription regulation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "Year":2018, "Citations":25, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characterizes the expression pattern of many imprinted genes during wheat endosperm development?", "options":[ "Imprinted genes in wheat endosperm are consistently expressed from the maternal or paternal allele throughout development.", "Imprinted genes in wheat are typically silenced completely during later stages of endosperm development.", "Many imprinted genes show dynamic expression, being imprinted only at specific developmental stages." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "Year":2018, "Citations":25, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the number of identified imprinted genes (MEGs and PEGs combined) compare across different ploidy levels in wheat (diploid Aegilops spp., tetraploid Triticum spp., hexaploid Triticum spp.)?", "options":[ "Diploid wheat relatives (Aegilops spp.) have significantly more imprinted genes than polyploid wheat.", "The number of imprinted genes remains constant regardless of the ploidy level in wheat and its relatives.", "The number of identified imprinted genes generally increases with ploidy level (diploid < tetraploid \u2248 hexaploid)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Triticum spp." ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "Year":2018, "Citations":25, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does imprinting in wheat and its relatives (Aegilops) suggest about the evolutionary conservation of this phenomenon?", "options":[ "Imprinting is a recent evolutionary phenomenon specific only to hexaploid wheat and absent in its relatives.", "Genomic imprinting appears to be evolutionarily conserved between closely related species like Triticum and Aegilops, and persists through polyploidization.", "Genomic imprinting is highly variable even between closely related species and is lost during polyploidization." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Triticum spp." ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.17.00837", "Year":2018, "Citations":25, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the HOS15 protein in the photoperiodic flowering pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Directly binds to FT mRNA to inhibit its translation.", "Activates GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone acetyltransferase complex.", "Represses GIGANTEA (GI) transcription by associating with a histone deacetylase complex." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "Year":2019, "Citations":78, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What flowering phenotype is observed in hos15 loss-of-function mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana under long-day conditions?", "options":[ "Late flowering due to reduced CONSTANS (CO) expression.", "Early flowering due to elevated GIGANTEA (GI) expression.", "No change in flowering time, but increased sensitivity to cold stress." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "Year":2019, "Citations":78, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein complex does HOS15 interact with to target the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "The Evening Complex (EC), including LUX, ELF3, and ELF4.", "The FLC\/SVP repression complex.", "The CO\/FT activation complex." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "Year":2019, "Citations":78, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the HOS15 protein influence the chromatin state at the GIGANTEA (GI) promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Promotes histone deacetylation via interaction with HDA9, leading to reduced GI expression.", "Mediates DNA methylation, leading to silencing of GI expression.", "Promotes histone acetylation via interaction with HATs, leading to increased GI expression." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "Year":2019, "Citations":78, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the overall mechanism by which the HOS15-EC-HDA9 complex regulates photoperiodic flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Transcriptional repression of GIGANTEA (GI) through histone deacetylation.", "Post-translational activation of the FT protein.", "Enhancing the stability of CONSTANS (CO) protein." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.18.00721", "Year":2019, "Citations":78, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the ARF-GEF GNOM protein primarily function during ARF1 activation in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "As a dimer that coordinately activates two ARF1 molecules.", "As a tetramer complex that sequesters inactive ARF1.", "As a monomer that activates a single ARF1 molecule." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "Year":2020, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the spatial consequence of coordinated ARF1 activation by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana membranes?", "options":[ "Insertion of ARF1 GTP molecules in close proximity (<10 nm) to each other.", "Random distribution of ARF1 GTP molecules across the membrane.", "Clustering of ARF1 GTP molecules far apart (>50 nm) on the membrane." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "Year":2020, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the functional significance of the close proximity of membrane-inserted ARF1 GTP proteins mediated by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It inhibits the recruitment of coat proteins to the membrane.", "It primarily regulates the degradation of ARF1 proteins.", "It is essential for efficient ARF1-dependent vesicle trafficking." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "Year":2020, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the GN-loop>J(3A) mutation affect GNOM function in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It prevents GNOM dimerization, rendering the protein inactive.", "It reduces the efficiency of coordinated ARF1 activation and vesicle trafficking by impairing ARF1 binding to one SEC7 domain.", "It enhances ARF1 activation leading to excessive vesicle formation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "Year":2020, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The coordinated activation of ARF1 by GNOM dimers in Arabidopsis thaliana represents a mechanism that likely ensures what crucial step in vesicle formation?", "options":[ "Proper spacing of ARF1 GTP molecules required for efficient membrane trafficking.", "Phosphorylation of ARF1 to regulate its activity cycle.", "Direct binding of GNOM to cargo proteins for selection." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.20.00240", "Year":2020, "Citations":18, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of PIF1 in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination in response to light?", "options":[ "Acts as a central repressor whose degradation promotes germination.", "Acts as a positive regulator required for germination initiation.", "Directly activates GA biosynthesis genes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "Year":2021, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does PIF1 influence the expression of miR408 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Stabilizes the miR408 transcript post-transcriptionally.", "Directly binds to the miR408 promoter and represses its transcription.", "Induces miR408 expression by activating its promoter." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "Year":2021, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the mechanism by which miR408 regulates PLANTACYANIN (PCY) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Binds to the PCY protein, inhibiting its activity.", "Targets the PCY mRNA for cleavage, reducing its abundance.", "Enhances the translation efficiency of PCY mRNA." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "Year":2021, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of PLANTACYANIN (PCY) in Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination and where is it primarily localized?", "options":[ "Acts as a positive regulator of germination and is localized in the nucleus.", "Promotes seedling greening and is secreted outside the cell.", "Acts as a negative regulator of germination and is associated with the vacuole." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "Year":2021, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the PIF1-miR408-PCY pathway influence the hormonal balance critical for Arabidopsis thaliana seed germination?", "options":[ "Modulates the GA\/ABA ratio, with the active pathway (low PIF1, high miR408, low PCY) favoring a high GA\/low ABA state.", "Primarily regulates auxin levels to control germination timing.", "Increases ABA levels while decreasing GA levels, thus inhibiting germination." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab060", "Year":2021, "Citations":44, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the PI4K\u03b11 complex anchored to the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Via S-acylation lipid modification of the EFOP subunit.", "Through direct interaction of PI4K\u03b11's PH domain with PI4P.", "By binding of the NPG subunit to transmembrane proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "Year":2021, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a consequence of losing HYC2 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Embryo lethality at the globular stage.", "Mild growth defects with normal fertility.", "Complete male sterility due to pollen defects." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "Year":2021, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the PI4K\u03b11 complex spatially organized at the plasma membrane in Arabidopsis thaliana root cells?", "options":[ "It is evenly distributed across the entire plasma membrane.", "It dynamically moves between the cytosol and the plasma membrane.", "It concentrates in immobile nanodomains." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "Year":2021, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What morphological defect is observed in pollen grains lacking functional PI4K\u03b11 in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They fail to develop apertures for germination.", "They exhibit a reduced exine layer but normal intine.", "They are shriveled and possess an abnormally thick intine layer." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "Year":2021, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed role of NPG proteins within the PI4K\u03b11 complex in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They possess the catalytic activity to produce PI4P.", "They directly anchor the complex to the plasma membrane lipids.", "They act as scaffolds connecting PI4K\u03b11, HYC, and EFOP proteins." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koab135", "Year":2021, "Citations":32, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the protein phosphatases PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 in the SOS pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana under non-salt-stress conditions?", "options":[ "They activate the Na+\/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1.", "They phosphorylate the SOS2 kinase to enhance its activity.", "They interact with and inhibit the Na+\/H+ antiporter activity of SOS1." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "Year":2022, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the calcium sensor SCaBP8 regulate the activity of PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 phosphatases in Arabidopsis thaliana under salt stress?", "options":[ "SCaBP8 interacts with PP2C.D6\/D7 and suppresses their phosphatase activity.", "SCaBP8 increases the phosphatase activity of PP2C.D6\/D7.", "SCaBP8 prevents PP2C.D6\/D7 from interacting with SOS1." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "Year":2022, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the impact of the calcium sensor SCaBP8 on the subcellular localization of PP2C.D6 in Arabidopsis thaliana roots during salt stress?", "options":[ "SCaBP8 causes PP2C.D6 to translocate from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane.", "SCaBP8 mediates the release of PP2C.D6 from the plasma membrane into the cytoplasm.", "SCaBP8 anchors PP2C.D6 more firmly to the plasma membrane." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "Year":2022, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the enzymatic activity of PP2C.D6 essential for its function in regulating SOS1 activity in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Yes, the inhibition of SOS1 by PP2C.D6 depends on its protein phosphatase activity.", "No, PP2C.D6 primarily regulates SOS2, not SOS1.", "No, the interaction alone is sufficient; phosphatase activity is dispensable." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "Year":2022, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotype related to salt stress is observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants lacking both PP2C.D6 and PP2C.D7 (pp2c.d6 pp2c.d7 double mutants)?", "options":[ "They show hypersensitivity (reduced tolerance) to salt stress.", "Their salt stress phenotype is identical to that of wild-type plants.", "They exhibit hyposensitivity (increased tolerance) to salt stress, particularly in the initial phase." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koac283", "Year":2022, "Citations":33, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the coordinated role of NKD1, NKD2, and O2 transcription factors during the transition phase of maize endosperm development?", "options":[ "They promote cellular development while constraining nutrient storage.", "They constrain cellular development while promoting nutrient storage.", "They exclusively promote cellular development throughout the phase." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "Year":2023, "Citations":14, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do NKD1\/NKD2 and O2 mutually influence chromatin accessibility at their target gene sites in maize endosperm?", "options":[ "O2 decreases accessibility for NKD1\/NKD2 targets, while NKD1\/NKD2 increase accessibility for O2 targets.", "O2 increases accessibility for NKD1\/NKD2 targets, while NKD1\/NKD2 decrease accessibility for O2 targets.", "All three factors mutually increase accessibility at each other's target sites." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "Year":2023, "Citations":14, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of NKD1 and NKD2 transcription factors concerning aleurone cell layer development in maize endosperm?", "options":[ "They increase the number of aleurone cell layers and inhibit differentiation.", "They are primarily involved in nutrient transport within the aleurone layer, not patterning.", "They limit the number of aleurone cell layers and promote their differentiation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "Year":2023, "Citations":14, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major consequence of mutations in the OPAQUE2 (O2) gene on maize kernel composition?", "options":[ "Reduced storage protein content leading to increased relative lysine content and an opaque phenotype.", "Altered starch branching patterns without affecting protein or lysine content.", "Increased storage protein content leading to decreased relative lysine content and a translucent phenotype." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "Year":2023, "Citations":14, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role do NKD1, NKD2, and O2 play in the process of endoreduplication in maize endosperm?", "options":[ "They function together to promote endoreduplication.", "Only O2 affects endoreduplication, while NKD1 and NKD2 have no role.", "They function together to constrain endoreduplication." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koad247", "Year":2023, "Citations":14, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana, how does the UV-B photoreceptor UVR8 influence stomatal closure?", "options":[ "It interacts with the enzyme LOX1 to promote closure.", "It prevents stomatal closure independently of LOX1.", "It interacts with the enzyme LOX1 to promote opening." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which tissue-specific signaling of UVR8 is primarily responsible for UV-B-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Epidermal UVR8 signaling.", "Cortex UVR8 signaling.", "Phloem UVR8 signaling." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the lipoxygenase LOX1 in UV-B induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It directly senses UV-B light to trigger stomatal closure.", "It catabolizes linoleic and \u03b1-linolenic acid to produce oxylipins that mediate closure.", "It synthesizes linoleic and \u03b1-linolenic acid required for stomatal opening." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the direct interaction between photoactivated UVR8 and LOX1 have on LOX1's function in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It enhances the enzymatic activity of LOX1.", "It changes the subcellular localization of LOX1.", "It inhibits the enzymatic activity of LOX1." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which signaling pathway acts downstream of the LOX1-derived oxylipin pathway to mediate UV-B-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Nitric oxide (NO) pathway, acting upstream of LOX1.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) pathway." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plcell\/koaf060", "Year":2025, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What dual regulatory functions do TGA transcription factors exhibit in plant defense responses?", "options":[ "They solely function as positive regulators, activating all known defense genes.", "They exclusively act as negative regulators, repressing the entire plant defense system.", "They have both positive roles (e.g., activating specific stress genes) and negative roles (e.g., suppressing PR gene induction)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":56, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the functional suppression of TGA transcription factor activity influence the induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes by salicylic acid (SA) in Nicotiana tabacum?", "options":[ "It results in the complete blockage of PR gene induction by SA.", "It leads to an enhanced induction of PR genes in response to SA treatment.", "It causes a significant delay but not an increase in PR gene induction by SA." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":56, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What impact does reducing TGA factor activity have on the expression of specific glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes, such as GNT35 and STR246, following hormonal stimuli like auxin or salicylic acid in Nicotiana tabacum?", "options":[ "The expression of these GST genes becomes constitutive and unresponsive to hormones.", "The hormone-induced expression of these GST genes is suppressed or reduced.", "The hormone-induced expression of these GST genes is significantly increased." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":56, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of diminishing TGA factor DNA-binding activity on the establishment of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) in Nicotiana tabacum?", "options":[ "The timing of Systemic Acquired Resistance induction is delayed.", "Systemic Acquired Resistance is enhanced.", "Systemic Acquired Resistance is completely abolished." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":56, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which critical protein mediator of salicylic acid (SA) signaling and Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) has been shown to physically interact with TGA transcription factors?", "options":[ "SA itself", "NPR1 (also known as NIM1\/SAI1)", "PR1 (Pathogenesis-Related protein 1)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2001.01086.x", "Year":2001, "Citations":56, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the free-running period of PHYB gene expression compare to that of CAB gene expression under constant light conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "The PHYB and CAB periods are identical.", "The PHYB period is approximately 1 hour longer than the CAB period.", "The CAB period is approximately 1 hour longer than the PHYB period." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":60, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the regulatory effect of the phytochrome B (phyB) protein on the expression of its own gene (PHYB) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "phyB protein positively regulates PHYB gene expression.", "phyB protein has no effect on PHYB gene expression.", "phyB protein negatively regulates PHYB gene expression." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":60, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the absence of functional phytochrome B (phyB) affect the circadian period of CAB and PHYB gene expression under constant red light in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It lengthens the period for CAB but shortens it for PHYB expression.", "It shortens the period for both CAB and PHYB expression.", "It lengthens the period for both CAB and PHYB expression." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":60, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the impact of mutations in core circadian clock components like ELF3 or LHY on the rhythmic expression of the PHYB gene in Arabidopsis thaliana under constant light?", "options":[ "Mutations in ELF3 or LHY significantly shorten the period of PHYB expression.", "Mutations in ELF3 or LHY lead to arrhythmia in PHYB expression.", "Mutations in ELF3 or LHY only affect the amplitude, not the rhythmicity, of PHYB expression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":60, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Although PHYB and CAB gene expression rhythms have different periods in Arabidopsis thaliana, what does the analysis of photoreceptor and clock mutants suggest about the underlying clock mechanisms?", "options":[ "The clocks use entirely different molecular components and regulatory pathways.", "The clocks share common components and likely represent similar mechanisms operating independently, possibly in different cells.", "The clocks are tightly coupled and synchronized by a master oscillator located in the shoot apex." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2002.01441.x", "Year":2002, "Citations":60, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which organ is the AtAGP30 arabinogalactan-protein primarily expressed in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Flowers", "Leaves", "Roots" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":112, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What process requires AtAGP30 function specifically for in vitro initiation in Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultures?", "options":[ "Somatic embryogenesis", "Root initiation", "Shoot initiation" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":112, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the absence of AtAGP30 (in the agp30 mutant) affect seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana in the presence of abscisic acid (ABA)?", "options":[ "It increases the ABA-induced delay, leading to slower germination.", "It completely blocks germination regardless of ABA presence.", "It reduces the ABA-induced delay, leading to faster germination." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":112, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the AtAGP30 protein play concerning the phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It modulates the perception of ABA, influencing the plant's response.", "It degrades ABA, reducing its overall levels.", "It directly synthesizes ABA in the roots." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":112, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the observed phenotypic consequence of ectopically expressing AtAGP30 throughout Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Severely impaired shoot development.", "Enhanced root growth and branching.", "Accelerated flowering time." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1365-313X.2003.01874.x", "Year":2003, "Citations":112, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Approximately how many genes were identified as being more highly expressed in *Lotus japonicus* nodules compared to roots in the transcriptome analysis?", "options":[ "Around 2500 genes", "Around 860 genes", "Over 5000 genes" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Lotus japonicus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":253, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What major functional group constitutes about one-third of the genes found to be upregulated in *Lotus japonicus* nodules?", "options":[ "Protein synthesis and cell biogenesis", "Metabolism and transport", "Signaling and transcription control" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lotus japonicus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":253, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which group of metabolic pathways appears coordinately upregulated in *Lotus japonicus* nodules based on transcriptome analysis?", "options":[ "Photosynthesis, fatty acid synthesis, and starch storage", "Cell wall synthesis, hormone degradation, and lipid breakdown", "Glycolysis, CO2 fixation, amino acid biosynthesis, and redox metabolism" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lotus japonicus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":253, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In addition to the expected hypoxia, what other physiological stress conditions are indicated by the gene expression patterns within *Lotus japonicus* nodule cells?", "options":[ "P-limitation and osmotic stress", "Heat shock and drought stress", "Heavy metal toxicity and light stress" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lotus japonicus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":253, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary nitrogen-containing compound exported from mature *Lotus japonicus* nodules?", "options":[ "Asparagine", "Ammonium", "Glutamine" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lotus japonicus" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2004.02150.x", "Year":2004, "Citations":253, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function attributed to the product of the MORE AXILLARY BRANCHING 4 (MAX4) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It is required for producing a mobile signal that inhibits shoot branching.", "It promotes the outgrowth of axillary buds.", "It directly senses auxin levels in the axillary bud." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":114, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which tissues is the expression of the MAX4 gene significantly upregulated by auxin treatment in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "In the nodal tissue of the stem.", "In the shoot apical meristem.", "In the root elongation zone and hypocotyl." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":114, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcriptional regulation of MAX4 by auxin in Arabidopsis thaliana nodal tissue compare to its ortholog RMS1 in pea nodal tissue?", "options":[ "Both MAX4 and RMS1 are strongly upregulated by auxin in nodal tissue.", "MAX4 shows little to no auxin-induced upregulation in nodal tissue, unlike RMS1 which is strongly upregulated.", "MAX4 is strongly upregulated by auxin in nodal tissue, while RMS1 is not." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":114, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the interaction between auxin and the MAX pathway for shoot branching control in Arabidopsis thaliana, where is the functionally significant point of interaction indicated to occur?", "options":[ "At the level of MAX4 gene transcription in the nodal tissue.", "Through auxin-mediated stabilization of the MAX4 protein.", "Post-synthesis of the MAX4-dependent mobile signal." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":114, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the simultaneous application of cytokinin have on the auxin-induced upregulation of MAX4 gene expression in the Arabidopsis thaliana root elongation zone?", "options":[ "It enhances the level of auxin-induced upregulation.", "It reduces the level of auxin-induced upregulation.", "It completely abolishes any MAX4 expression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2005.02548.x", "Year":2005, "Citations":114, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can Plum Pox Virus (PPV) systemic spread be enabled in *Nicotiana tabacum*, a host where its movement is normally restricted?", "options":[ "By co-infecting the plant with Tobacco Etch Virus (TEV).", "Only through mechanical inoculation directly into the vascular tissues.", "By expressing a viral silencing suppressor (like TEV P1\/HC-Pro) or by depleting salicylic acid (SA) via NahG expression." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed role of salicylic acid (SA) concerning RNA silencing during Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infection in *Nicotiana tabacum*?", "options":[ "SA directly inhibits PPV replication independent of RNA silencing.", "SA enhances the RNA-silencing antiviral defense pathway.", "SA suppresses the RNA-silencing mechanism, thereby promoting viral spread." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific host gene, associated with both RNA silencing and salicylic acid response, exhibits increased transcript levels following Plum Pox Virus (PPV) infection in wild-type *Nicotiana tabacum*?", "options":[ "The Pathogenesis-Related protein PR-1a gene.", "The putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NtRDR1.", "The bacterial salicylate hydroxylase (NahG) gene." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the presence of the TEV P1\/HC-Pro silencing suppressor influence the salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense system in *Nicotiana tabacum* when challenged with Plum Pox Virus (PPV)?", "options":[ "It modifies the expression patterns and timing of SA-related defense genes like PR proteins and AOX-1.", "It completely inhibits the activation of any SA-mediated defense response.", "It leads to a significant decrease in basal SA levels within the plant." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the observation of increased Plum Pox Virus (PPV) systemic spread in double-transgenic *Nicotiana tabacum* expressing both NahG and TEV P1\/HC-Pro, compared to plants with single transgenes, imply about host defenses?", "options":[ "TEV P1\/HC-Pro enhances viral spread primarily by degrading salicylic acid.", "RNA-silencing is the sole effective defense mechanism against PPV in tobacco.", "Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense and RNA-silencing represent distinct, cooperative defense mechanisms that limit PPV spread." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02861.x", "Year":2006, "Citations":139, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the subunit components of the native, non-proteolysed Class-2 PEPC complex identified in developing Ricinus communis endosperm?", "options":[ "Four identical p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC) subunits.", "The p118 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) and the p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC).", "The truncated p64 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) and the p107 plant-type PEPC (PTPC)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Ricinus communis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What modification occurs to the p118 bacterial-type PEPC (BTPC) subunit in Ricinus communis extracts under specific incubation conditions?", "options":[ "It dissociates completely from the p107 subunit and becomes inactive.", "It becomes phosphorylated at its N-terminus, enhancing its activity.", "It undergoes truncation to a smaller p64 polypeptide by an endogenous cysteine endopeptidase." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Ricinus communis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the subunit structure distinguish Class-1 PEPC from the native Class-2 PEPC in developing castor oil seeds?", "options":[ "Both Class-1 and Class-2 PEPC are homotetramers of p107, differing only in their native molecular mass.", "Class-1 PEPC is a homotetramer of p107 subunits, whereas Class-2 PEPC is a hetero-oligomer containing both p118 and p107 subunits.", "Class-1 PEPC is a hetero-oligomer of p118 and p107, whereas Class-2 PEPC is a homotetramer of p118." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Ricinus communis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What functional role is suggested for the p118 BTPC subunit in the Class-2 PEPC complex of developing Ricinus communis, given that its truncation to p64 did not alter total PEPC activity?", "options":[ "The sole catalytic role, with p107 being regulatory.", "A structural role only, stabilizing the complex without affecting activity or regulation.", "A regulatory role rather than a primary catalytic role." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Ricinus communis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the composition of PEPC complexes contrast between developing and germinating castor oil seeds?", "options":[ "Developing seeds possess both Class-1 (p107) and Class-2 (p118\/p107) PEPCs, whereas germinating seeds mainly have Class-1 PEPC (p107) with no detectable p118 or Class-2 complex.", "Germinating seeds exclusively contain the Class-2 PEPC complex (p118\/p107), while developing seeds only have Class-1 (p107).", "Both developing and germinating seeds contain identical amounts and types of Class-1 and Class-2 PEPC complexes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Ricinus communis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03274.x", "Year":2007, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the MYBL2 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings regarding flavonoid biosynthesis?", "options":[ "It acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.", "It promotes the accumulation of anthocyanins.", "It specifically regulates flavonol biosynthesis, leaving anthocyanins unaffected." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":480, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which types of genes involved in anthocyanin synthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana are regulated by MYBL2?", "options":[ "Only early biosynthetic genes (EBGs) like CHS and CHI.", "Only the WD40-repeat protein TTG1.", "Both structural genes (like DFR, LDOX) and regulatory genes (like TT8, GL3, PAP1)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":480, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does MYBL2 likely exert its inhibitory effect on flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By directly binding to the promoters of late biosynthetic genes (LBGs) and repressing their transcription.", "By enhancing the degradation of anthocyanin pigments after synthesis.", "By interacting with BHLH proteins (like TT8, GL3) within the MBW regulatory complex, thus inhibiting its transcriptional activation function." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":480, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of overexpressing MYBL2 specifically in the seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Specific inhibition of flavonol biosynthesis in the seed coat.", "Inhibition of proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis.", "Increased accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":480, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does high light stress affect the expression of MYBL2 in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves?", "options":[ "MYBL2 expression remains unchanged regardless of light intensity.", "High light significantly increases MYBL2 mRNA levels.", "High light leads to a decrease in MYBL2 mRNA levels." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2008.03564.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":480, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the overexpression of the histone deacetylase OsHDAC1 typically have on seedling root growth in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "It decreases root length.", "It increases root length.", "It causes roots to branch excessively." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the histone deacetylase OsHDAC1 influence the expression of the OsNAC6 gene in Oryza sativa roots?", "options":[ "OsHDAC1 negatively regulates OsNAC6 expression.", "OsHDAC1 positively regulates OsNAC6 expression.", "OsHDAC1 has no effect on OsNAC6 expression." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which gene acts as a primary mediator for the altered root growth phenotype observed in OsHDAC1-overexpressing Oryza sativa seedlings?", "options":[ "FBP (Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase)", "OsHDAC1", "OsNAC6" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What epigenetic mechanism does OsHDAC1 employ to repress OsNAC6 gene expression in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "Deacetylation of specific lysine residues (K9, K14, K18 on H3; K5, K12, K16 on H4) at the OsNAC6 promoter.", "Acetylation of histone H3K56 at the OsNAC6 promoter.", "Methylation of CpG islands within the OsNAC6 coding sequence." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the root growth phenotype of an OsNAC6 knock-out mutant compare to that of an OsHDAC1 overexpressor in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "The OsNAC6 knock-out has normal roots, while the OsHDAC1 overexpressor has longer roots.", "The root phenotypes are similar (longer roots).", "The OsNAC6 knock-out has shorter roots than the OsHDAC1 overexpressor." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2009.03908.x", "Year":2009, "Citations":59, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key dual function of INDEHISCENT (IND) genes during fruit development in Brassicaceae species?", "options":[ "Enhancing replum size and inhibiting valve lignification.", "Promoting valve margin cell fate and repressing replum formation.", "Controlling seed size and promoting fruit elongation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brassicaceae" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many functional copies of the INDEHISCENT (IND) orthologue are typically present in the diploid Brassica rapa genome?", "options":[ "One copy.", "Two copies, one on chromosome A3 and one on C3.", "Three copies, consistent with the genome triplication event." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the significance of the conserved 400-bp region located upstream of the Arabidopsis thaliana INDEHISCENT (IND) gene?", "options":[ "It acts as a binding site primarily for replum-specific transcription factors.", "It encodes a small regulatory RNA that controls IND translation.", "It is sufficient to drive valve margin-specific gene expression and mediate regulation by SHP and FUL." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the INDEHISCENT (IND) gene contribute to fruit patterning via hormonal control in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It promotes gibberellin synthesis specifically within the valves for elongation.", "It establishes an auxin minimum at the valve margin by regulating auxin transport, crucial for separation layer specification.", "It creates a peak of cytokinin concentration in the replum to define its boundaries." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What combination of phenotypes characterises strong loss-of-function *braA.ind.a* mutants in *Brassica rapa*?", "options":[ "Complete absence of valves and replum, leading to a fused structure.", "Increased fruit length and delayed maturation.", "Defective valve margin formation and the appearance of outer replum tissue." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Brassica rapa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2010.04244.x", "Year":2010, "Citations":65, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does *Blumeria graminis* infection affect stomatal function in *Hordeum vulgare* approximately 9 hours post-infection?", "options":[ "It accelerates light-induced opening by activating proton pumps.", "It inhibits light-induced opening by stimulating S-type anion channels.", "It forces stomata to remain open by inhibiting K+ channels." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of applying the fungal elicitor chitosan to the substomatal cavity of *Hordeum vulgare* leaves?", "options":[ "It has no significant effect on stomatal aperture but increases photosynthesis.", "It triggers stomatal closure through the stimulation of S-type anion channels.", "It induces stomatal opening by enhancing K+ uptake." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary mechanism by which stimulated S-type anion channels cause stomatal closure in *Hordeum vulgare* guard cells following pathogen or elicitor perception?", "options":[ "Efflux of anions depolarizes the membrane, leading to K+ efflux and loss of turgor.", "Influx of anions hyperpolarizes the membrane, promoting K+ uptake and swelling.", "They directly block water channels, preventing turgor maintenance." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key molecular target in *Hordeum vulgare* guard cells is activated by both *Blumeria graminis* infection and its elicitor chitosan, contributing to stomatal closure?", "options":[ "S-type anion channels.", "R-type anion channels.", "K+ uptake channels." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characterizes the spatial range of the stomatal closure response induced by a single *Blumeria graminis* appressorium on a *Hordeum vulgare* leaf?", "options":[ "It is systemic, causing all stomata across the entire leaf surface to close.", "It is localized, affecting stomata primarily within approximately 200 \u00b5m of the appressorium.", "It only affects the single stoma directly positioned beneath the appressorium." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Hordeum vulgare" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2011.04719.x", "Year":2011, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the rapid physiological responses during Arabidopsis pollen hydration and germination primarily thought to be regulated, given that mature pollen contains necessary transcripts and proteins?", "options":[ "Through immediate synthesis of new proteins via translation.", "Through post-translational modifications like phosphorylation.", "By initiating de novo transcription of essential genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "Year":2012, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Approximately how many unique phosphoproteins are in mature Arabidopsis pollen?", "options":[ "More than 1000.", "Less than 100.", "Around 600 (specifically 598)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "Year":2012, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What key characteristic was observed for the subset of 240 phosphoproteins identified in Arabidopsis pollen that were previously absent from the general Arabidopsis phosphoproteome database (PhosPhAt)?", "options":[ "They were exclusively membrane-bound proteins.", "They exhibited highly enriched gene expression specifically in pollen.", "They lacked conserved phosphorylation sites." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "Year":2012, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Functional analysis (GO enrichment) of pollen-enriched phosphoproteins in Arabidopsis indicated their involvement in processes crucial for which specific stage of pollen development?", "options":[ "Early microspore formation within the anther.", "Pollen tube growth and associated cellular activities (e.g., actin dynamics, vesicle transport).", "Formation of the pollen outer wall (exine)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "Year":2012, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific type of phosphorylation was confirmed for the mitogen-activated protein kinases MPK8\/MPK15 within their conserved TDY motif in mature Arabidopsis pollen?", "options":[ "Phosphorylation on adjacent Serine residues instead of the TDY motif.", "Phosphorylation only on the Threonine (T) residue.", "Dual phosphorylation on both the Threonine (T) and Tyrosine (Y) residues." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2012.05061.x", "Year":2012, "Citations":69, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary proposed role of the FaBG3 gene in *Fragaria x ananassa* fruit?", "options":[ "Directly controlling cell wall structure independently of hormone levels.", "Primarily involved in ethylene synthesis and response during ripening.", "Modulating abscisic acid (ABA) homeostasis and regulating ripening-related genes, affecting ripening, dehydration stress, and fungal infection resistance." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Fragaria x ananassa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "Year":2013, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypes are observed in *Fragaria x ananassa* fruits when FaBG3 expression is suppressed via RNAi?", "options":[ "Incomplete ripening, reduced ABA levels, increased resistance to *Botrytis cinerea*, and increased sensitivity to dehydration.", "Accelerated ripening, increased ABA levels, increased susceptibility to *Botrytis cinerea*, and decreased sensitivity to dehydration.", "Normal ripening, unchanged ABA levels, but significantly altered fruit shape and size." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Fragaria x ananassa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "Year":2013, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"During which stage of *Fragaria x ananassa* fruit development does the expression of the FaBG3 gene typically peak?", "options":[ "During the early green stages (Small Green\/Large Green).", "Expression remains constant throughout all developmental stages.", "At the mature\/ripening stages (Pink Ripening\/Red Ripening), coinciding with abscisic acid (ABA) content changes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Fragaria x ananassa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "Year":2013, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What biochemical function is proposed for \u03b2-glucosidases like FaBG3 in regulating active abscisic acid (ABA) levels in *Fragaria x ananassa*?", "options":[ "Hydrolysis of ABA glucose ester to release active ABA.", "De novo synthesis of ABA from carotenoid precursors.", "Conjugation of active ABA to glucose to form ABA glucose ester." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Fragaria x ananassa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "Year":2013, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular changes are associated with the increased resistance of FaBG3-RNAi *Fragaria x ananassa* fruits to *Botrytis cinerea* infection?", "options":[ "Up-regulation of cell-wall hydrolase genes and decreased PAL activity.", "Increased ethylene production and activation of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins.", "Down-regulation of cell-wall hydrolase genes and increased phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity leading to altered phenolic compound levels." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Fragaria x ananassa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12272", "Year":2013, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the sequence of protein binding to long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) produced by Pol V during RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "IDN2 binds first, followed by AGO4, and then DRM2 association depends only on IDN2.", "AGO4 binds first, independently of IDN2, followed by IDN2 binding which depends on AGO4, and finally DRM2 association which depends on both AGO4 and IDN2.", "DRM2 binds first, recruiting AGO4 and IDN2 simultaneously." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "Year":2014, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is required for the association of the ARGONAUTE4 (AGO4) protein with Pol V-produced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in Arabidopsis thaliana's RdDM pathway?", "options":[ "The presence of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and functional Pol V.", "Only the presence of the IDN2 protein is required.", "It occurs independently of both siRNAs and Pol V activity." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "Year":2014, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The association of the DNA methyltransferase DRM2 with Pol V-produced long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during RdDM in Arabidopsis thaliana is dependent on which factors?", "options":[ "It is independent of AGO4, IDN2, and siRNAs, binding directly to the lncRNA structure.", "It requires the prior association of AGO4 and IDN2, as well as the presence of siRNAs.", "It only depends on the presence of AGO4." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "Year":2014, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana, how do RdDM target loci dependent on IDN2\/IDNL1\/IDNL2 differ from those that are independent?", "options":[ "IDN2-dependent loci are more frequently found in gene promoters and intergenic regions, whereas independent loci often overlap with transposons and centromeres.", "IDN2-dependent loci primarily overlap transposons, while independent loci are mainly in promoters.", "There is no significant difference in the genomic location between IDN2-dependent and independent RdDM loci." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "Year":2014, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which RNA polymerases are crucial for generating the non-coding RNAs involved in the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "RNA Polymerase IV (Pol IV) generates precursors for siRNAs, and RNA Polymerase V (Pol V) produces scaffold lncRNAs targeted by the silencing machinery.", "Only RNA Polymerase II is involved in producing all necessary non-coding RNAs for RdDM.", "RNA Polymerase I produces the siRNAs, and RNA Polymerase III produces the lncRNAs." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.12563", "Year":2014, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How quickly can significant changes in mRNA accumulation be detected in Arabidopsis thaliana following the application of light stress?", "options":[ "Within 20-60 seconds", "After 10-15 minutes", "Only after 1 hour" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "Year":2015, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What proportion of transcripts accumulating within the first 20-60 seconds of light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana are known to be responsive to H2O2 and ABA signaling?", "options":[ "Approximately 50%", "More than 20%", "Less than 5%" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "Year":2015, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect did the transcriptional inhibitors \u03b1-amanitin and actinomycin D have on the accumulation of selected ultra-fast response transcripts in Arabidopsis thaliana under light stress?", "options":[ "Had no significant effect", "Suppressed their accumulation", "Enhanced their accumulation" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "Year":2015, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, impaired in hormone signaling, showed enhanced tolerance to light stress?", "options":[ "apx1 (ascorbate peroxidase 1)", "rbohD (respiratory burst oxidase homolog D)", "abi-1 (ABA insensitive 1)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "Year":2015, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does the ultra-fast transcriptional response (within 60 seconds) to light stress in Arabidopsis thaliana involve genes previously unknown to be related to light stress?", "options":[ "No, only well-characterized stress response genes are involved.", "No, the response is too fast for unknown gene activation.", "Yes, it includes both known and previously unknown proteins and pathways." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13039", "Year":2015, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor is considered a ubiquitous and primary regulator of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) genes, including in the oil palm mesocarp?", "options":[ "ZFP-1", "WRI1-1", "NF-YB-1" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Elaeis guineensis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "Year":2016, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary factor influencing the variation in palmitic acid (16:0) content in oil palm mesocarp oil, according to transcriptomic analysis?", "options":[ "The transcript level of FATB thioesterases", "The transcript level of KASII (\u03b2-ketoacyl-ACP synthase II)", "The overall rate of TAG assembly" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Elaeis guineensis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "Year":2016, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which metabolic processes within the plastid are tightly transcriptionally coordinated with fatty acid synthesis (FAS) in the oil palm mesocarp?", "options":[ "Cytosolic glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway", "Photorespiration and amino acid synthesis", "Plastidial glycolysis, transient starch storage, and carbon recapture pathways" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Elaeis guineensis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "Year":2016, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In addition to WRI1-1, what two novel transcription factors were identified as coregulators within the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) coexpression module in oil palm mesocarp?", "options":[ "NF-YB-1 and ZFP-1", "LACS9 and GPDHc1", "SAD-1 and FATA" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Elaeis guineensis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "Year":2016, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which two enzymes, encoded by genes found coexpressed with FAS genes but in a different module, provide a key link between plastidial fatty acid synthesis and TAG assembly in the ER in oil palm?", "options":[ "LACS9 (long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase) and GPDHc1 (cytosolic glycerol-3-P dehydrogenase)", "FATA (Acyl-ACP thioesterase) and DGAT (Diacylglycerol acyltransferase)", "KASIII (Ketoacyl-ACP synthase III) and LPAAT (Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Elaeis guineensis" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13208", "Year":2016, "Citations":50, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the MAPK kinase MPKK10.2 regulate stress responses in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "It activates MPK6 to promote bacterial streak resistance and MPK3 to promote drought tolerance.", "It activates MPK3 to promote bacterial streak resistance and MPK6 to promote drought tolerance.", "It inhibits both MPK6 and MPK3, decreasing resistance to both bacterial streak and drought." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "Year":2017, "Citations":111, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between MPKK10.2 and the MAPKs MPK6 and MPK3 in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "MPKK10.2 physically interacts with and phosphorylates both MPK6 and MPK3.", "MPKK10.2 physically interacts only with MPK3 but phosphorylates both MAPKs.", "MPKK10.2 only phosphorylates MPK6 but physically interacts with both MPK6 and MPK3." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "Year":2017, "Citations":111, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the distinct roles of the MAPK MPK6 in *Oryza sativa* stress responses?", "options":[ "MPK6 promotes both bacterial streak (Xoc) resistance and drought tolerance.", "MPK6 promotes resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) but negatively regulates drought tolerance.", "MPK6 negatively regulates bacterial streak (Xoc) resistance but promotes drought tolerance." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "Year":2017, "Citations":111, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific role does the MAPK MPK3 play in *Oryza sativa*'s response to different stresses?", "options":[ "MPK3 negatively regulates both drought tolerance and resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection.", "MPK3 promotes drought tolerance but is not involved in the response to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection.", "MPK3 promotes resistance to bacterial streak (Xoc) infection but not drought tolerance." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "Year":2017, "Citations":111, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the association between MPKK10.2 and its target MAPKs change under different stress conditions in *Oryza sativa*?", "options":[ "MPKK10.2 associates primarily with MPK3 after bacterial streak infection and with MPK6 after drought stress.", "MPKK10.2 associates primarily with MPK6 after bacterial streak infection and with MPK3 after drought stress.", "MPKK10.2 associates equally with both MPK6 and MPK3 under both bacterial streak infection and drought stress." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13674", "Year":2017, "Citations":111, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of transcription factors are HECATE (HEC) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana, and what general role do they play?", "options":[ "They are MADS-box factors primarily regulating flowering time.", "They are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factors involved in diverse developmental processes like photomorphogenesis and meristem control.", "They are zinc-finger factors mainly involved in root development." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "Year":2018, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do HEC factors influence photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?", "options":[ "They interact with PIF proteins, preventing PIF binding to DNA and thus promoting photomorphogenesis.", "They directly activate light-responsive genes, bypassing PIF factors.", "They repress PIF protein expression, leading to skotomorphogenesis." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "Year":2018, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key role of HEC factors in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) of Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "They directly activate WUSCHEL expression to maintain the organizing center.", "They regulate stem cell differentiation timing by interacting with factors like SPATULA and modulating hormone balance.", "They primarily control leaf polarity and phyllotaxis independent of hormone signaling." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "Year":2018, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides meristem and gynoecium development, what additional developmental process do HEC genes modulate in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Flowering time transition.", "Seed dormancy duration.", "Root hair formation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "Year":2018, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between HEC1 and NGATHA (NGA) transcription factors in Arabidopsis thaliana shoot apical meristem (SAM) regulation?", "options":[ "NGA factors directly repress HEC1 transcription to control SAM homeostasis.", "HEC1 and NGA form an obligatory complex essential for all aspects of SAM development.", "HEC1 activates NGA transcription, but they can function independently and have opposing effects on SAM size." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.13930", "Year":2018, "Citations":22, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which phytohormone is implicated as working downstream of strigolactone (SL) to mediate axillary bud dormancy in rice?", "options":[ "Gibberellin (GA)", "Cytokinin (CK)", "Abscisic acid (ABA)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "Year":2019, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In rice axillary buds, where is the primary site proposed for strigolactone (SL) function in mediating dormancy?", "options":[ "Shoot apical meristem (SAM)", "Vascular bundles connecting the bud", "Leaf primordia" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "Year":2019, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What cellular process primarily arrests in the leaf primordia of rice axillary buds when they enter strigolactone-mediated dormancy?", "options":[ "Cell division", "Cell expansion", "Cell differentiation into vascular tissue" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "Year":2019, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Overexpression of which gene, involved in ABA biosynthesis, leads to decreased tiller number in rice?", "options":[ "FINE CULM1 (FC1)", "DWARF14 (D14)", "OsNCED1" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "Year":2019, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which types of genes are typically downregulated in rice axillary buds as they enter strigolactone-mediated dormancy?", "options":[ "Abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis genes", "Cell cycle and ribosomal genes", "Strigolactone (SL) signaling genes like D14" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14266", "Year":2019, "Citations":54, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which characteristic distinguishes Poncirus trifoliata from most evergreen Citrus species?", "options":[ "It is deciduous", "It produces sweet, edible fruit", "It lacks thorns on its shoots" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Poncirus trifoliata" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "Year":2020, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What mechanism contributes significantly to the enhanced cold tolerance observed in Poncirus trifoliata?", "options":[ "Specific adaptations in both CBF-dependent and CBF-independent cold signaling pathways", "A complete absence of the CBF signaling pathway, relying solely on alternative mechanisms", "Exclusive reliance on the CBF-dependent cold signaling pathway" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Poncirus trifoliata" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "Year":2020, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of genes are notably clustered within quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with HLB tolerance and resistance to CTV and citrus nematode in Poncirus trifoliata?", "options":[ "Photosynthesis-related genes", "Flowering time control genes", "Nucleotide-binding site (NBS) genes" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Poncirus trifoliata" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "Year":2020, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Approximately how long ago did the lineage leading to Poncirus trifoliata diverge from the common ancestor it shares with the Citrus clade?", "options":[ "9.8 million years ago", "50 million years ago", "2.8 million years ago" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Poncirus trifoliata" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "Year":2020, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the high genetic relatedness (r=1) between the Poncirus trifoliata accessions 'Flying Dragon' and 'Rubidoux' indicate about their origin?", "options":[ "They represent distinct wild populations collected from geographically isolated regions.", "They are clonally related, likely originating via somatic mutation from a common ancestor.", "They originated from separate hybridization events with different Citrus species." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Poncirus trifoliata" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.14993", "Year":2020, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which proteins are targeted for degradation by the KAI2-SCF(MAX2) complex in the karrikin signaling pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SMAX1 and SMXL2", "KAI2 and MAX2", "HY5 and BBX20" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "Year":2021, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What transcriptional module integrates karrikin and light signaling to control seedling photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SMAX1-SMXL2-TPL", "KAI2-MAX2-COP1", "HY5-BBX20\/BBX21" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "Year":2021, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which B-BOX DOMAIN (BBX) proteins act redundantly in Arabidopsis thaliana to mediate the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation in response to karrikins?", "options":[ "BBX20 and BBX22", "BBX20 and BBX21", "BBX22 and BBX23" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "Year":2021, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which developmental response in Arabidopsis thaliana, regulated downstream of SMAX1 and SMXL2, is fully dependent on the HY5-BBX transcriptional module?", "options":[ "Anthocyanin accumulation", "Seed germination stimulation", "Inhibition of hypocotyl elongation" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "Year":2021, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the karrikin receptor KAI2 regulate the BBX20 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana, besides promoting its transcript levels?", "options":[ "KAI2 promotes the degradation of BBX20 protein via the proteasome.", "KAI2 activity leads to post-transcriptional stabilization of BBX20 protein.", "KAI2 directly phosphorylates BBX20 to activate it." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15383", "Year":2021, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the two key enzymes mediating the chlorophyll salvage pathway responsible for recycling chlorophyll during photosystem turnover in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) and geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR)", "Chlorophyll dephytylase 1 (CLD1) and chlorophyll synthase (CHLG)", "Mg dechelatase (SGR) and chlorophyll b reductase (NYC1)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "Year":2022, "Citations":16, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What metabolic intermediate accumulates in Arabidopsis chlg-1 mutants, particularly in the dark or under heat stress, due to insufficient chlorophyll synthase activity?", "options":[ "Chlorophyllide a", "Pheophytin a", "Protochlorophyllide" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "Year":2022, "Citations":16, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides chlorophyll synthase (CHLG), which other proteins were shown to interact with chlorophyll dephytylase 1 (CLD1) potentially assisting in the chlorophyll salvage pathway in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "The LHC-like proteins OHP1 and LIL3", "Mg dechelatase (SGR) and ferrochelatase 2 (FeC2)", "The photosystem core proteins D1 and PSAL" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "Year":2022, "Citations":16, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does chlorophyll dephytylase 1 (CLD1) activity occur in Arabidopsis leaves kept in darkness, and what is the consequence in mutants with low chlorophyll synthase (CHLG) activity?", "options":[ "No, CLD1 activity is strictly light-dependent, preventing chlorophyllide accumulation in the dark", "Yes, CLD1 is active in the dark, leading to chlorophyllide accumulation in low-CHLG mutants", "Yes, CLD1 is active, but it leads to chlorophyll degradation without chlorophyllide accumulation, even in low-CHLG mutants" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "Year":2022, "Citations":16, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary proposed function of the chlorophyll salvage pathway involving CLD1 and CHLG in plants?", "options":[ "To recycle chlorophyll components (chlorophyllide and phytol) during the turnover of photosystem proteins", "To degrade chlorophyll completely during leaf senescence", "To synthesize chlorophyll de novo from 5-aminolevulinic acid" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.15865", "Year":2022, "Citations":16, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do plant RTE LINEs generally differ structurally from plant L1 LINEs?", "options":[ "Both RTE and L1 LINEs in plants typically have a single ORF and a poly(A) tail.", "RTE LINEs have multiple ORFs and a poly(A) tail, while L1 LINEs have a single ORF and a microsatellite tail.", "RTE LINEs typically have a single ORF and a microsatellite tail (like [TTG]n), whereas L1 LINEs often have multiple ORFs and a poly(A) tail." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed evolutionary strategy enabling the persistence of SoIRTE LINEs in Nicotiana genomes despite host silencing mechanisms?", "options":[ "Maintaining extremely high copy numbers to overwhelm host defenses, similar to mammalian LINEs.", "Frequent horizontal transfer between closely related Nicotiana species to escape species-specific silencing.", "An interplay between highly conserved 3' UTRs\/ORF bodies and rapidly evolving, exchangeable 5' UTR promoter regions (5' switching)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the phylogenetic distribution pattern observed for SoIRTE-type RTE LINEs?", "options":[ "They are widespread within the Solanaceae family but appear absent in closely related families like Convolvulaceae (Ipomoea).", "They are universally present across all flowering plants, including Solanaceae and outgroups like Beta vulgaris.", "They are found exclusively in the Nicotiana genus and not in other Solanaceae like Solanum or Capsicum." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In the allotetraploid Nicotiana tabacum, what evidence suggests recent, albeit limited, transpositional activity of a specific SoIRTE subfamily after polyploidization?", "options":[ "A massive burst of transposition affecting all SoIRTE families immediately following hybridization.", "The complete silencing and removal of all paternally derived SoIRTE variants from the N. tabacum genome.", "The identification of an SoIRTE_Nt1B insertion site in N. tabacum that is absent in the orthologous location of its maternal progenitor, N. sylvestris." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural feature variability is primarily used to classify SoIRTE LINEs into different subfamilies and variants within Nicotiana?", "options":[ "The type of target site duplication (TSD) generated upon insertion.", "Differences in the sequences and lengths of their untranslated regions (UTRs), particularly the variable 5' UTR and variable part of the 3' UTR.", "Variations within the coding sequences of the reverse transcriptase (RT) domain." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16208", "Year":2023, "Citations":1, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the WOX11 gene influence the interaction between *Arabidopsis thaliana* and cyst nematodes?", "options":[ "WOX11 restricts the radial expansion of the nematode feeding structure (syncytium) and reduces female nematode fecundity.", "WOX11 enhances nematode penetration into the root but does not affect syncytium size or nematode fecundity.", "WOX11 promotes the expansion of the syncytium, leading to increased nematode fecundity." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed cellular mechanism by which WOX11 controls the size of nematode-induced syncytia in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "WOX11 increases the transport of sugars away from the syncytium, limiting its growth.", "WOX11 modulates cell wall plasticity, potentially through the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis.", "WOX11 directly blocks the secretion of effector proteins by the nematode." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the primary function of WOX11 in reducing cyst nematode fecundity in *Arabidopsis thaliana* linked to its role in promoting adventitious root formation?", "options":[ "No, the function of WOX11 in controlling syncytium size appears distinct from its role in adventitious root formation, which confers tolerance.", "Yes, the adventitious roots induced by WOX11 directly compete with syncytia for essential nutrients.", "Yes, WOX11-induced adventitious roots enhance plant defense signaling, suppressing nematode reproduction." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does inhibiting cellulose biosynthesis affect the development of nematode-induced syncytia in wild-type *Arabidopsis thaliana* roots?", "options":[ "It triggers a strong defense response that eliminates the syncytium.", "It leads to increased radial expansion of the syncytia, phenocopying the effect observed when WOX11 function is repressed.", "It causes the syncytial cell walls to become excessively rigid, preventing expansion." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the transcription factor LBD16, regulated by WOX11, play during cyst nematode infection of *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "LBD16 promotes syncytial expansion, counteracting the effect of WOX11.", "LBD16 is essential for the initial establishment of the syncytium but not its later expansion.", "LBD16 restricts the radial expansion of syncytia and attenuates female nematode growth, mirroring the function of WOX11." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.16999", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which diploid species are the paternal and maternal parents, respectively, of the sibling allopolyploid marsh orchids Dactylorhiza majalis and D. traunsteineri?", "options":[ "Dactylorhiza fuchsii (paternal) and Dactylorhiza incarnata (maternal)", "Dactylorhiza majalis (paternal) and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri (maternal)", "Dactylorhiza incarnata (paternal) and Dactylorhiza fuchsii (maternal)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Dactylorhiza majalis and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding the establishment of new Dactylorhiza polyploid lineages, what dual effects can phenotypic plasticity have?", "options":[ "It can facilitate colonization of novel environments but also permit gene flow with related species.", "It primarily increases competition with diploid relatives and prevents adaptation.", "It strictly prevents gene flow while allowing adaptation only to nutrient-rich soils." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Dactylorhiza" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of response characterizes most gene expression differences found between Dactylorhiza majalis and D. traunsteineri when grown in different native habitats?", "options":[ "Fixed (constitutive) differences independent of the environment.", "Epigenetic silencing leading to identical expression patterns.", "Plastic responses specific to the environmental conditions." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Dactylorhiza majalis and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the alpha diversity of the root fungal community typically compare between the nutrient-poor environment of Dactylorhiza traunsteineri and the more nutrient-rich environment of Dactylorhiza majalis?", "options":[ "The nutrient-rich D. majalis environment harbors a higher diversity of fungal taxa.", "The nutrient-poor D. traunsteineri environment harbors a higher diversity of fungal taxa.", "Fungal diversity is consistently low and identical in both environments." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Dactylorhiza majalis and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which sibling allopolyploid species, Dactylorhiza majalis or D. traunsteineri, demonstrates a greater degree of transcriptional remodeling (plasticity) when transplanted into the alternative environment of the other?", "options":[ "Dactylorhiza majalis exhibits greater transcriptional remodeling when moved to the D. traunsteineri environment.", "Both species exhibit nearly identical, minimal levels of transcriptional remodeling.", "Dactylorhiza traunsteineri exhibits greater transcriptional remodeling when moved to the D. majalis environment." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Dactylorhiza majalis and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri" ], "doi":"10.1111\/tpj.70001", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does nitric oxide (NO) influence sporangiophore development in *Phycomyces blakesleeanus* in the absence of light?", "options":[ "NO promotes microsporangiophore development and represses macrosporangiophore development.", "NO promotes macrosporangiophore development and represses microsporangiophore development, mimicking the effect of light.", "NO inhibits the development of both macro- and microsporangiophores." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Phycomyces blakesleeanus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "Year":2001, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What effect does the inhibition of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis have on the photomorphogenesis of sporangiophores in *Phycomyces blakesleeanus*?", "options":[ "It enhances the light-induced promotion of macrosporangiophores but does not affect microsporangiophores.", "It has no effect on photomorphogenesis, only affecting dark development.", "It inhibits the typical light-induced changes, namely the promotion of macrosporangiophores and the repression of microsporangiophores." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Phycomyces blakesleeanus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "Year":2001, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the observed effect of blue light on NO synthase (NOS)-like activity in *Phycomyces blakesleeanus*?", "options":[ "Blue light enhances NOS-like activity, leading to increased citrulline production and NO emission.", "Blue light converts NOS into an inactive form.", "Blue light inhibits NOS-like activity, reducing citrulline production." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Phycomyces blakesleeanus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "Year":2001, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the light-stimulated NO synthase (NOS)-like activity in *Phycomyces blakesleeanus* dependent on the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)?", "options":[ "Yes, the light-enhanced NOS activity requires the presence of BH4.", "No, the light-enhanced NOS activity is completely independent of BH4.", "BH4 is only required for basal NOS activity in the dark, not for the light-stimulated activity." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Phycomyces blakesleeanus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "Year":2001, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which cofactors or ions influence the NO synthase (NOS)-like citrulline-forming activity found in *Phycomyces blakesleeanus* extracts?", "options":[ "The activity is dependent on NADPH but independent of calcium.", "The activity is dependent on both NADPH and calcium.", "The activity is independent of NADPH but dependent on calcium." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Phycomyces blakesleeanus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.126.3.1323", "Year":2001, "Citations":58, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary roles of the cytosolic (GS1) and chloroplastic (GS2) glutamine synthetase isoforms in plant leaves?", "options":[ "GS1 assimilates ammonia from various metabolic processes, while GS2 assimilates ammonia from nitrate reduction and photorespiration.", "GS1 assimilates ammonia from nitrate reduction and photorespiration, while GS2 assimilates ammonia from symbiotic nitrogen fixation.", "Both GS1 and GS2 primarily function in assimilating ammonia released during protein breakdown in the cytosol." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "Year":2002, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) genes classified in soybean (Glycine max), and how many members are suggested for each class?", "options":[ "They are classified into four classes (I, II, III, IV) based on promoter structure, with each class having a single member.", "They are classified into two classes (GS1A, GS1B) based on coding sequence similarity, with each class having three members.", "They are classified into three distinct classes (\u03b1, \u03b2, \u03b3) based on 3'-UTR sequence divergence, with each class likely having two distinct members." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "Year":2002, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which cytosolic glutamine synthetase (GS1) gene class in soybean (Glycine max) shows expression primarily specific to nodules?", "options":[ "The Gmgln-\u03b2 genes.", "The Gmgln-\u03b1 genes.", "The Gmgln-\u03b31 gene." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "Year":2002, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the regulation of gln-\u03b2 genes by ammonia differ between soybean (Glycine max) and French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris)?", "options":[ "In French bean, gln-\u03b2 genes are inducible by ammonia, whereas in soybean, they are repressed by ammonia.", "Both soybean and French bean gln-\u03b2 genes are constitutively expressed and not regulated by ammonia levels.", "In soybean, gln-\u03b2 genes are inducible by ammonia (or reduced N), whereas in French bean, the homologous gene is not." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "Year":2002, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural features are characteristic of the promoter regions of the two soybean (Glycine max) gln-\u03b3 genes (Gmgln-\u03b31 and Gmgln-\u03b32)?", "options":[ "They lack TATA boxes and rely solely on nodulin consensus sequences for initiation of transcription.", "They share homology near the TATA box but diverge significantly upstream, although both contain putative nodulin consensus and NAT2-binding sites.", "They are highly homologous throughout their entire length, including identical enhancer elements." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Glycine max" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.010380", "Year":2002, "Citations":38, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What primary factor significantly offsets the potential increase in leaf photosynthesis (A) under elevated atmospheric pCO2 during the continuous light period of a simulated polar summer in conifers like coastal redwood, dawn redwood, and swamp cypress?", "options":[ "A significant increase in photorespiration rates", "Enhanced stomatal closure reducing CO2 uptake", "A strong acclimation involving a decrease in Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vc,max)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Sequoia sempervirens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "Year":2003, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the observed summer photosynthetic acclimation (reduction in Vc,max) in conifers like coastal redwood, dawn redwood, and swamp cypress under simulated polar conditions a permanent change for the leaves?", "options":[ "It is permanent only in the deciduous species (dawn redwood and swamp cypress), but not the evergreen (coastal redwood).", "No, the acclimation is temporary, and CO2 sensitivity of photosynthesis (A) is largely restored during autumn.", "Yes, the reduced photosynthetic capacity persists until leaf senescence." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Sequoia sempervirens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "Year":2003, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What biochemical change in leaves is closely associated with the summer decline in Rubisco carboxylation capacity (Vc,max) during photosynthetic acclimation in conifers like coastal redwood, dawn redwood, and swamp cypress under simulated polar summer conditions?", "options":[ "A consistent and significant accumulation of soluble sugars.", "A decline in total leaf nitrogen content.", "A universal increase in leaf starch concentration across all species." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Sequoia sempervirens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "Year":2003, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the magnitude of carbon loss through complete leaf abscission in deciduous conifers (like dawn redwood) compare to the carbon loss via winter respiration and partial abscission in related evergreen conifers (like coastal redwood) under simulated warm polar conditions?", "options":[ "Carbon loss through deciduous leaf abscission is significantly greater than that from evergreen winter respiration and abscission.", "The carbon losses from both strategies are approximately equal.", "Carbon loss through evergreen winter respiration is significantly greater than that from deciduous leaf abscission." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Sequoia sempervirens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "Year":2003, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In conifers like coastal redwood, dawn redwood, and swamp cypress grown under elevated pCO2, what limits the light-saturated rate of photosynthesis (Asat) during spring and fall?", "options":[ "The capacity for RuBP regeneration via electron transport (Jmax).", "Significantly reduced stomatal conductance limiting CO2 diffusion.", "The carboxylation efficiency mediated by Rubisco (Vc,max)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Sequoia sempervirens, Metasequoia glyptostroboides, Taxodium distichum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.026567", "Year":2003, "Citations":17, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How many conventional [2Fe-2S] Ferredoxin proteins are encoded in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, and what are their general types?", "options":[ "Four proteins: two leaf types, one root type, and one unique high-potential type.", "Six proteins: three leaf types and three root types.", "Three proteins: one leaf type, one root type, and one high-potential type." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "Year":2004, "Citations":120, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What functional distinction exists between leaf-type (e.g., AtFd1\/AtFd2) and root-type (e.g., AtFd3) Ferredoxins in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Leaf types are more efficient in photosynthetic NADP+ reduction, while the root type is more efficient in non-photosynthetic sulfite reduction.", "Both types are equally efficient in photosynthesis and sulfite reduction, differing only in tissue expression.", "Root types are more efficient in photosynthetic NADP+ reduction, while leaf types excel in sulfite reduction." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "Year":2004, "Citations":120, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a distinctive characteristic of the Arabidopsis thaliana Ferredoxin AtFd4 compared to other conventional Ferredoxins?", "options":[ "It lacks the [2Fe-2S] cluster entirely, functioning through a different mechanism.", "It has an exceptionally low (negative) redox potential, making it a universal electron donor.", "It possesses a remarkably high (positive) redox potential, limiting its electron transfer partners." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "Year":2004, "Citations":120, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which conventional Ferredoxin protein is most abundant in mature Arabidopsis thaliana leaves?", "options":[ "AtFd2 (a leaf-type Ferredoxin).", "AtFd3 (the root-type Ferredoxin).", "AtFd4 (the unique high-potential Ferredoxin)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "Year":2004, "Citations":120, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do the redox potentials generally compare between the different types of conventional Ferredoxins in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "All conventional Ferredoxin types have roughly the same negative redox potential.", "AtFd4 has the most negative potential, followed by leaf types, and then the root type.", "Leaf types (AtFd1\/AtFd2) have the most negative potentials, followed by the root type (AtFd3), with AtFd4 having the most positive potential." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.103.032755", "Year":2004, "Citations":120, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the molecular consequence of the tRNAala anticodon mutation (CGC to CAC) identified in an auxin-resistant Arabidopsis thaliana mutant?", "options":[ "The tRNA fails to be charged with any amino acid.", "The tRNA is charged with Alanine but recognizes a Valine codon (GUG).", "The tRNA is charged with Valine but recognizes an Alanine codon (GCG)." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "Year":2005, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which phenotype is characteristic of the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant carrying a specific tRNAala anticodon mutation conferring auxin resistance?", "options":[ "Enhanced lateral root development.", "Homozygous embryonic lethality.", "Increased sensitivity to ethylene." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "Year":2005, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the auxin resistance phenotype caused by a specific tRNAala anticodon mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana segregate?", "options":[ "It is not heritable.", "In a recessive fashion.", "In a dominant fashion." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "Year":2005, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does the Arabidopsis thaliana mutant with the tRNAala anticodon mutation show altered sensitivity to the ethylene precursor ACC?", "options":[ "Yes, it shows increased sensitivity to ACC.", "Yes, it shows resistance to ACC.", "No, it retains wild-type sensitivity to ACC." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "Year":2005, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the auxin-induced expression of the IAA19 gene affected in the Arabidopsis thaliana tRNAala anticodon mutant?", "options":[ "IAA19 fails to be induced by IAA.", "IAA19 is constitutively expressed at high levels.", "IAA19 induction by IAA remains comparable to wild-type." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.105.068700", "Year":2005, "Citations":15, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do Golgi stacks and Prevacuolar Compartments (PVCs) respond differently to low concentrations (5-10 \u00b5g\/mL) of Brefeldin A (BFA) in typical plant cells?", "options":[ "Both Golgi and PVCs form large aggregates.", "Golgi forms aggregates or ER-Golgi hybrids, while PVCs remain largely unaffected.", "PVCs form aggregates, while Golgi structures remain unaffected." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "Year":2006, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In tobacco BY-2 cells treated with a high concentration of Brefeldin A (BFA, 50 \u00b5g\/mL), what is the observed timing difference in aggregate formation between Golgi and Prevacuolar Compartments (PVCs)?", "options":[ "PVC aggregates form significantly earlier (around 15 minutes) compared to Golgi aggregates (around 45 minutes).", "Golgi aggregates form significantly earlier (around 15 minutes) compared to PVC aggregates (around 45 minutes).", "Both Golgi and PVC aggregates start forming simultaneously after approximately 30 minutes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "Year":2006, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Are the structural changes induced by high concentrations (50-100 \u00b5g\/mL) of Brefeldin A (BFA) on Golgi and PVCs in tobacco BY-2 cells permanent?", "options":[ "No, the BFA-induced aggregates dissipate, and normal punctate organelle structures can be fully recovered upon removal of BFA.", "Yes, the formation of aggregates represents irreversible damage to the organelles.", "Only Golgi aggregates are reversible; PVC aggregates persist after BFA removal." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "Year":2006, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"When plant cells are treated with high concentrations of Brefeldin A (BFA), what is the structural relationship between the resulting Golgi-derived and PVC-derived aggregates?", "options":[ "The aggregates are segregated into completely different cytoplasmic regions with no observable interaction.", "Golgi and PVCs fuse completely, forming large, indistinguishable hybrid BFA compartments.", "The aggregates derived from Golgi and PVCs remain physically distinct compartments, although they are often found closely associated." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "Year":2006, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the phenomenon of Brefeldin A (BFA) inducing aggregation of VSR-marked Prevacuolar Compartments (PVCs) at high concentrations restricted to specific cell types like tobacco BY-2 suspension cells?", "options":[ "No, similar PVC aggregation responses to high BFA have been observed in root-tip cells of various plants including pea, mung bean, and Arabidopsis.", "Yes, this specific response is only documented in the tobacco BY-2 cell line.", "No, it occurs in other species, but only in suspension culture cells, not differentiated tissues like root tips." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.106.090423", "Year":2006, "Citations":51, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the key components mediating high-affinity sulfate uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana roots under sulfur limitation, and what is their relative contribution?", "options":[ "SULTR3;5 and SULTR2;1 act cooperatively as the primary high-affinity uptake system.", "Only SULTR1;1 is essential for high-affinity uptake; SULTR1;2 is mainly involved in transport to shoots.", "SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 are essential, with SULTR1;2 generally having a predominant role in total uptake capacity." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "Year":2007, "Citations":127, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the functional abundance of SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 sulfate transporters primarily regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana roots in response to sulfur availability?", "options":[ "Mainly through posttranscriptional control that leads to increased protein accumulation under sulfur deficiency.", "Solely through transcriptional activation mediated by sulfur-responsive promoter elements.", "Primarily by altering mRNA stability and degradation rates in the cytoplasm depending on sulfur levels." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "Year":2007, "Citations":127, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"When SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 are expressed under a constitutive promoter in Arabidopsis thaliana, where and under what condition do the transporter proteins predominantly accumulate?", "options":[ "Exclusively in the roots, with significant accumulation occurring specifically during periods of sulfur starvation.", "Predominantly in the leaves, especially when the plant is supplied with adequate sulfate.", "Accumulation occurs equally in roots and leaves, largely independent of the plant's sulfur nutritional status." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "Year":2007, "Citations":127, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the major physiological impact observed in Arabidopsis thaliana plants that lack functional copies of both SULTR1;1 and SULTR1;2 genes?", "options":[ "A complete loss of high-affinity sulfate uptake capacity from the environment and severely inhibited growth, particularly under low-sulfur conditions.", "Normal sulfate uptake in roots but significantly reduced translocation of sulfate from roots to shoots.", "Enhanced sulfate uptake due to the upregulation of compensatory low-affinity transport systems." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "Year":2007, "Citations":127, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"During short-term sulfur starvation (e.g., 8-72 hours) in Arabidopsis thaliana expressing SULTR1;1 or SULTR1;2 from a constitutive promoter, what is the typical relationship between the levels of the transporter protein and its corresponding mRNA?", "options":[ "mRNA levels rise significantly due to stress responses, but protein levels are suppressed posttranscriptionally, limiting uptake.", "Both mRNA and protein levels show a large and proportional increase throughout the starvation period.", "The protein levels increase substantially, leading to higher uptake capacity, while the mRNA levels remain relatively constant during this period." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.105742", "Year":2007, "Citations":127, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE 1 (PKS1) in the negative phototropism of Arabidopsis thaliana roots?", "options":[ "PKS1 inhibits negative phototropism in response to blue light.", "PKS1 mediates positive phototropism in response to red light.", "PKS1 is essential for mediating the negative phototropic response to unilateral blue light." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "Year":2007, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does PKS1 influence root gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "PKS1 enhances root gravitropism, making roots more sensitive to gravity.", "PKS1 is required for the perception of gravity but does not regulate the response intensity.", "PKS1 negatively regulates root gravitropism, meaning its presence reduces the gravitropic response." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "Year":2007, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which photoreceptor is required for the blue light-induced enhancement of PKS1 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana roots?", "options":[ "Phytochrome A (phyA) is required for enhanced PKS1 expression in response to blue light.", "Phototropin 1 (phot1) is solely responsible for enhancing PKS1 expression under blue light.", "Cryptochrome 1 (cry1) mediates the blue light induction of PKS1 expression." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "Year":2007, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Does the effect of PKS1 on root phototropism in Arabidopsis thaliana depend entirely on its influence on gravitropism?", "options":[ "No, PKS1 affects root phototropism directly, even when gravitational influence is minimized.", "The influence is indirect; PKS1 only modulates phototropin sensitivity to light.", "Yes, the phototropic defect in pks1 mutants is solely due to their enhanced gravitropic response." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "Year":2007, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the temporal relationship between the blue light-induced increase in PKS1 expression and the visible root bending in Arabidopsis thaliana phototropism?", "options":[ "Increased PKS1 expression occurs several hours before detectable root curvature.", "Increased PKS1 expression happens concurrently with the initiation of root bending.", "Root bending precedes the increase in PKS1 expression." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.107.106468", "Year":2007, "Citations":61, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the molecular identity and primary function of the protein encoded by the TIR2 gene in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It is identical to ASA1, an anthranilate synthase involved in tryptophan biosynthesis.", "It is identical to TAA1, a tryptophan aminotransferase involved in the IPA pathway of auxin biosynthesis.", "It is identical to TIR1, an F-box protein that functions as an auxin receptor." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "Year":2009, "Citations":168, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does a mutation in the TIR2 gene affect the sensitivity of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings to the tryptophan analog 5-methyl-tryptophan (5-MT)?", "options":[ "tir2 mutants are hypersensitive to 5-MT.", "tir2 mutants show wild-type sensitivity to 5-MT.", "tir2 mutants are resistant to 5-MT." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "Year":2009, "Citations":168, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role does the TIR2 gene play in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to elevated temperatures?", "options":[ "TIR2 expression is repressed by higher temperatures, causing reduced hypocotyl growth.", "TIR2 is required for temperature-dependent hypocotyl elongation, and its expression increases at higher temperatures.", "TIR2 inhibits hypocotyl elongation at higher temperatures by reducing auxin synthesis." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "Year":2009, "Citations":168, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the expression of the TIR2 gene spatially regulated in Arabidopsis thaliana roots undergoing gravitropic bending?", "options":[ "TIR2 expression is repressed on the lower side and induced on the upper side of the root.", "TIR2 expression is induced uniformly throughout the root tip.", "TIR2 expression is induced specifically in the epidermal cells on the lower side of the root." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "Year":2009, "Citations":168, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotype characterizes the response of Arabidopsis thaliana tir2 mutants to the auxin transport inhibitor NPA and to exogenous auxins like IAA?", "options":[ "tir2 mutants are resistant to both NPA and exogenous IAA.", "tir2 mutants are hypersensitive to NPA and resistant to exogenous IAA.", "tir2 mutants are resistant to NPA but respond normally to exogenous IAA." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.138859", "Year":2009, "Citations":168, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary effect of homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the OsKu70 gene on telomere length in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "Telomeres become markedly longer compared to wild-type plants.", "Telomere length remains unchanged compared to wild-type plants.", "Telomeres become significantly shorter compared to wild-type plants." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "Year":2009, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which significant developmental phenotype is observed in homozygous osku70 knockout mutants of Oryza sativa under normal growth conditions?", "options":[ "Severe defects in both vegetative and reproductive growth, leading to sterility.", "Enhanced vegetative growth but reduced seed production.", "Normal vegetative growth but complete absence of flower formation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "Year":2009, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein forms a heterodimer complex by physically interacting with OsKu70 in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "OsRTBP1", "OsMre11", "OsKu80" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "Year":2009, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the absence of functional OsKu70 affect the response of Oryza sativa seedlings to the DNA-damaging agent methyl-methane sulfonate (MMS)?", "options":[ "Their sensitivity remains the same as wild-type seedlings.", "They exhibit increased sensitivity and growth inhibition.", "They show increased tolerance and faster growth." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "Year":2009, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key difference in the observed phenotypes between Ku70 loss-of-function mutants in Oryza sativa (OsKu70) and Arabidopsis thaliana (AtKu70) under standard growth conditions?", "options":[ "Both Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis mutants show identical, severe developmental defects.", "Arabidopsis mutants display severe developmental abnormalities, while Oryza sativa mutants appear phenotypically normal.", "Oryza sativa mutants display severe developmental abnormalities, while Arabidopsis mutants appear phenotypically normal." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.109.150391", "Year":2009, "Citations":28, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What approximate percentage of wood production in Eucalyptus miniata branches is attributed to corticular photosynthesis?", "options":[ "11%", "50%", "1%" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Eucalyptus miniata" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary source of CO2 utilized during corticular photosynthesis in the bark of woody plants?", "options":[ "Direct uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere.", "CO2 transported dissolved in xylem sap from the roots.", "Internally respired CO2 from woody tissues." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is considered a major evolutionary advantage of maintaining smooth bark via seasonal shedding in some Eucalyptus species, despite the cost of reduced fire resistance?", "options":[ "The maintenance of capacity for corticular photosynthesis as the tree grows.", "Improved defense against herbivorous insects.", "Increased water absorption from rainfall running down the trunk." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "Eucalyptus" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Compared to leaf photosynthesis, what is characteristic of the water use efficiency of corticular photosynthesis?", "options":[ "Its water use efficiency is highly variable and similar to leaves.", "It proceeds with minimal water loss, making it highly water-efficient.", "It requires significantly more water per unit of carbon fixed." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific pattern of bark type is observed on mature Eucalyptus miniata trees?", "options":[ "Thick, persistent bark covering the entire trunk and branches.", "Completely smooth bark covering the entire trunk and branches.", "Thick, persistent bark on the lower trunk and smooth, seasonally shedding bark on the upper trunk and branches." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Eucalyptus miniata" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.110.163337", "Year":2010, "Citations":64, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a significant metabolic consequence of nitrogen deprivation in Zea mays source leaves concerning phosphate homeostasis?", "options":[ "Accumulation of phosphate and up-regulation of phosphate starvation response genes.", "Accumulation of phosphate and down-regulation of phosphate starvation response genes.", "Depletion of phosphate and up-regulation of phosphate starvation response genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "Year":2012, "Citations":180, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does nitrogen starvation selectively affect nitrogen assimilation pathways at the transcript level in Zea mays source leaves?", "options":[ "Transcripts for both nitrate reduction and ammonium assimilation are strongly down-regulated.", "Transcripts for ammonium assimilation are down-regulated, while those for nitrate reduction remain largely unaffected.", "Transcripts for nitrate reduction are down-regulated, while those for ammonium assimilation remain largely unaffected." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "Year":2012, "Citations":180, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What shift occurs in carbohydrate allocation within Zea mays source leaves under nitrogen deficiency?", "options":[ "Starch accumulates slightly, but more carbohydrates are channelled into cell walls and secondary metabolites.", "Starch levels decrease significantly, and carbohydrates are primarily used for respiration.", "Soluble sugar levels increase dramatically, while starch and cell wall synthesis decrease." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "Year":2012, "Citations":180, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What shared transcriptional pattern links nitrogen metabolism and phosphate homeostasis regulation in Zea mays leaves under N deficiency?", "options":[ "Phosphate homeostasis genes are down-regulated, while nitrogen metabolism genes are up-regulated.", "Genes involved in both nitrogen metabolism and phosphate homeostasis regulation are predominantly down-regulated.", "Nitrogen metabolism genes are down-regulated, while phosphate homeostasis genes are up-regulated." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "Year":2012, "Citations":180, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which classes of transcription factors show significant down-regulation in Zea mays source leaves during nitrogen deficiency, potentially impacting C4-specific gene expression?", "options":[ "MADS-box and NAC transcription factors.", "WRKY and bZIP transcription factors.", "Specific MYB and LOB transcription factors." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.112.204420", "Year":2012, "Citations":180, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary groups of chemical defense compounds produced by Norway spruce (Picea abies) bark against fungal and bark beetle invasion?", "options":[ "Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides", "Glucosinolates and flavonoids", "Terpenoid resins and stilbenes" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Picea abies" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "Year":2013, "Citations":132, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the fungus Ceratocystis polonica counteract the antifungal stilbene defenses present in Norway spruce bark?", "options":[ "It metabolizes stilbenes into ring-opened lactones, aglycones, and dimers.", "It secretes enzymes that degrade the spruce cell wall before stilbenes are released.", "It actively pumps stilbenes out of its cells using transport proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Picea abies" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "Year":2013, "Citations":132, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do stilbene levels in Picea abies bark change during Ceratocystis polonica infection when stilbene synthase gene expression is induced?", "options":[ "Stilbene concentrations decrease due to rapid metabolism by the fungus.", "Stilbene concentrations remain unchanged as synthesis balances degradation.", "Stilbene concentrations increase proportionally to gene expression." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Picea abies" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "Year":2013, "Citations":132, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What metabolic capability is linked to higher virulence among different strains of the fungus Ceratocystis polonica when infecting Norway spruce?", "options":[ "Enhanced production of blue-stain pigments.", "Faster biotransformation and degradation of host stilbenes.", "More efficient uptake of simple sugars from the host." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Picea abies" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "Year":2013, "Citations":132, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Beyond detoxification, what nutritional advantage can the fungus Ceratocystis polonica gain from metabolizing phenolic compounds like stilbenes from its host, Picea abies?", "options":[ "It acquires essential nitrogen unavailable elsewhere in the host.", "It can potentially utilize these compounds as a carbon source for growth.", "It obtains phosphate groups required for energy metabolism." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Picea abies" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.218610", "Year":2013, "Citations":132, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In the leaf epidermis of Arabidopsis thaliana, where do flavonols predominantly accumulate?", "options":[ "Equally distributed between guard cells and pavement cells.", "Primarily in pavement cells, with negligible amounts in guard cells.", "Primarily in guard cells, with negligible amounts in pavement cells." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "Year":2014, "Citations":187, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role do flavonols play in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells regarding Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels?", "options":[ "Flavonols have no interaction with ROS.", "Flavonols promote the production of ROS.", "Flavonols act as antioxidants, suppressing ROS accumulation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "Year":2014, "Citations":187, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the absence of flavonols, as seen in the Arabidopsis thaliana tt4 mutant, affect ABA-induced stomatal closure?", "options":[ "It leads to a slower ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type.", "It completely prevents ABA-induced stomatal closure.", "It leads to a more rapid ABA-induced stomatal closure compared to the wild type." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "Year":2014, "Citations":187, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which signaling pathway is required for ethylene to induce flavonol accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?", "options":[ "The EIN2-dependent ethylene signaling pathway.", "The cytokinin signaling pathway.", "The ABA signaling pathway." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "Year":2014, "Citations":187, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the overall effect of ethylene-induced flavonol accumulation on ROS levels and ABA-mediated stomatal closure rate in Arabidopsis thaliana guard cells?", "options":[ "No significant change in ROS levels or the rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Decreased ROS levels and a slower rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure.", "Increased ROS levels and a faster rate of ABA-mediated stomatal closure." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.113.233528", "Year":2014, "Citations":187, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the WRKY42 transcription factor in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae?", "options":[ "It acts as a transcriptional repressor and negatively regulates resistance.", "It has no significant role in resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae.", "It acts as a transcriptional activator and positively regulates resistance." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "Year":2015, "Citations":130, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the WRKY45-2 protein function transcriptionally in Oryza sativa?", "options":[ "It functions as a transcriptional activator.", "It functions as a transcriptional repressor.", "It functions as both an activator and a repressor depending on the target gene." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "Year":2015, "Citations":130, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which sequence describes the transcriptional regulatory cascade involving WRKY45-2, WRKY13, and WRKY42 in Oryza sativa defense against Magnaporthe oryzae?", "options":[ "WRKY13 activates WRKY45-2, which represses WRKY42.", "WRKY42 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY45-2.", "WRKY45-2 activates WRKY13, which represses WRKY42." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "Year":2015, "Citations":130, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The negative regulatory role of WRKY42 in Oryza sativa resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae is primarily associated with the suppression of which signaling pathway?", "options":[ "Ethylene (ET) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "Year":2015, "Citations":130, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which rice WRKY transcription factor acts as a repressor and directly suppresses the expression of both WRKY42 and WRKY45-2?", "options":[ "WRKY13", "WRKY42", "WRKY45-2" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.114.256016", "Year":2015, "Citations":130, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary consequence of losing AtPAT14 function in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Delayed leaf senescence and increased plant height.", "Enhanced resistance to all pathogen types.", "Accelerated leaf senescence and smaller plant stature." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "Year":2015, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which signaling pathway is primarily implicated in the early senescence observed in Arabidopsis thaliana *atpat14* mutants?", "options":[ "Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway.", "Salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway.", "Jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathway." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "Year":2015, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of enzyme is AtPAT14 and what is its role concerning leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "It is a kinase that positively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a Protein S-Acyl Transferase (PAT) that negatively regulates leaf senescence.", "It is a phosphatase involved in delaying flowering time." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "Year":2015, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is the AtPAT14 protein predominantly located within Arabidopsis thaliana cells?", "options":[ "Nucleus.", "Golgi apparatus.", "Plasma membrane." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "Year":2015, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the early senescence phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana *atpat14* mutants relate to autophagy?", "options":[ "The early senescence is caused by hyperactive autophagy.", "The early senescence is directly caused by a blockage in autophagy.", "The early senescence is independent of defects in the autophagy process." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.15.00448", "Year":2015, "Citations":30, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the effect of the auxin influx inhibitors 1-NOA and 2-NOA on nodulation in Medicago truncatula?", "options":[ "They have no effect on nodulation.", "They reduce nodulation.", "They increase nodulation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "Year":2017, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which auxin influx transporter gene in Medicago truncatula is induced during early nodule development and functions similarly to Arabidopsis AUX1?", "options":[ "AtAUX1", "MtLAX2", "MtLAX1" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "Year":2017, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypes are observed in Medicago truncatula mtlax2 mutants compared to wild-type plants?", "options":[ "Reduced auxin response, fewer lateral roots, and fewer nodules.", "Increased auxin response, more lateral roots, and more nodules.", "Normal auxin response, but increased root hair length and faster gravitropism." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "Year":2017, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of MtLAX2-mediated auxin accumulation in Medicago truncatula nodule development?", "options":[ "It is important for nodule formation.", "It inhibits nodule formation.", "It is only required for lateral root development, not nodulation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "Year":2017, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the mutation of MtLAX2 in Medicago truncatula affect the expression of the early auxin responsive gene ARF16a after rhizobial inoculation?", "options":[ "ARF16a expression is decreased.", "ARF16a expression remains unchanged.", "ARF16a expression is increased." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.16.01473", "Year":2017, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed evolutionary origin of the FT-like and TFL1-like clades within the plant PEBP gene family?", "options":[ "They are thought to have arisen from an ancestral MFT-like clade through gene duplication events.", "The MFT-like clade is believed to have originated from the TFL1-like clade.", "They evolved independently from different ancestral genes outside the PEBP family." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "Year":2018, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the NsCET1 gene, identified in Nicotiana sylvestris, in relation to flowering?", "options":[ "It acts cell-autonomously within the shoot apex to directly activate floral meristem identity genes.", "It functions as a mobile florigen, promoting flowering in response to photoperiod.", "It acts as a mobile, non-cell-autonomous inhibitor of flowering, similar to Arabidopsis ATC." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana sylvestris" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "Year":2018, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What characteristic regarding mobility was demonstrated for the NsCET1 transcript in grafting experiments involving tobacco and Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "NsCET1 mRNA was shown to be mobile, capable of moving long distances between grafted plants, including across species.", "NsCET1 mRNA movement was restricted to within the source plant and could not cross the graft union.", "Only the NsCET1 protein, but not its mRNA, was found to be mobile across graft junctions." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "Year":2018, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What did heterografting experiments between tobacco and tomato reveal about the mobility of mRNAs from different PEBP gene family clades?", "options":[ "mRNA mobility was limited to TFL1-like (antiflorigen) genes, but not observed for FT-like or MFT-like genes.", "Only mRNAs from the FT-like (florigen) clade were mobile, while TFL1-like and MFT-like mRNAs were not.", "mRNAs from multiple members of the FT-like, TFL1-like, and MFT-like clades were found to be mobile between the two species." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "Year":2018, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the function of some FT-like genes (NtFT1, NtFT2, NtFT3) in Nicotiana tabacum differ from the typical function of FT in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "In tobacco, these specific FT-like genes act as floral inhibitors, whereas Arabidopsis FT typically promotes flowering.", "These tobacco FT-like genes have no role in flowering time regulation, unlike Arabidopsis FT.", "In tobacco, these FT-like genes promote flowering more strongly than Arabidopsis FT." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum; Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.00725", "Year":2018, "Citations":34, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary site of temperature perception required for hypocotyl elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings?", "options":[ "Roots", "Cotyledons", "Hypocotyl" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "Year":2019, "Citations":107, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which hormone pathway is locally activated in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl by the mobile auxin signal originating from warm-sensing cotyledons?", "options":[ "Brassinosteroid signaling", "Gibberellin signaling", "Ethylene signaling" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "Year":2019, "Citations":107, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides temperature sensing in the cotyledons, what additional component is required within the Arabidopsis hypocotyl for temperature-induced elongation?", "options":[ "Direct light perception via phototropins", "Autonomous auxin synthesis independent of cotyledons", "A permissive temperature sensor that gates the auxin response" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "Year":2019, "Citations":107, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the temperature response mechanism of Arabidopsis roots differ fundamentally from that of hypocotyls?", "options":[ "Roots are completely insensitive to ambient temperature fluctuations.", "Roots rely entirely on auxin transported downwards from the shoot apex.", "Roots can sense and respond to temperature changes autonomously, without shoot-derived signals." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "Year":2019, "Citations":107, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary transcriptional function of the PIF4 factor in the cotyledons of Arabidopsis during the thermomorphogenesis response?", "options":[ "Repressing the transcription of photoreceptor genes like phytochrome B.", "Directly activating genes involved in cell wall modification.", "Inducing the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes like YUC8." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.18.01377", "Year":2019, "Citations":107, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) regulate SOMNUS (SOM) expression in Arabidopsis thaliana under high temperature?", "options":[ "They cooperate to epigenetically activate SOM expression by reading H3K4me3 and mediating H4K5 acetylation.", "AGL67 represses EBS, which in turn activates SOM expression via H3K27me3.", "They independently repress SOM expression through DNA methylation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "Year":2020, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the SOMNUS (SOM) protein in regulating its own gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SOM binds to its own promoter and represses its transcription.", "SOM is degraded upon binding to its own promoter, leading to reduced expression.", "SOM binds to its own promoter and activates its transcription." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "Year":2020, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific cis-regulatory elements in the SOMNUS (SOM) promoter does AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) bind to in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "RY motifs in the distal region of the promoter.", "G-box elements scattered throughout the promoter.", "The cis-j and cis-k CArG-box motifs within the proximal P3 region." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "Year":2020, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the epigenetic function of EARLY BOLTING IN SHORT DAY (EBS) at the SOMNUS (SOM) locus in Arabidopsis thaliana during thermoinhibition?", "options":[ "EBS removes H3K4me3 marks, leading to SOM repression.", "EBS reads H3K4me3 marks and facilitates H4K5 acetylation, activating SOM expression.", "EBS deposits H3K27me3 marks, silencing the SOM locus." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "Year":2020, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the genetic relationship between AGAMOUS-LIKE67 (AGL67) and SOMNUS (SOM) in controlling seed germination thermotolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SOM acts downstream of AGL67; AGL67 targets SOM to control thermotolerance.", "AGL67 and SOM function in parallel, independent pathways.", "AGL67 acts downstream of SOM; SOM targets AGL67 to control thermotolerance." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1104\/pp.20.00056", "Year":2020, "Citations":29, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"At which growth stage is the secretion of \u03b1-tomatine by tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots generally highest in hydroponic culture?", "options":[ "Green-fruit stage", "Flowering stage", "Early vegetative growth stage" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "Year":2021, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do \u03b1-tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine affect soil bacterial communities?", "options":[ "They primarily enhance fungal growth while suppressing bacteria", "They modulate the communities in a concentration-dependent manner", "They specifically inhibit all Gram-negative bacteria regardless of concentration" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "Year":2021, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which bacterial family is consistently observed to be enriched in the rhizosphere of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and also increases in abundance when soil is treated with tomatine or tomatidine?", "options":[ "Enterobacteriaceae", "Rhizobiaceae", "Sphingomonadaceae" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "Year":2021, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key characteristic of the jre4-1 mutant of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) concerning its interaction with rhizosphere bacteria?", "options":[ "Complete sterility of the rhizosphere due to altered root exudates", "Reduced abundance of Sphingomonadaceae associated with low tomatine production", "Increased secretion of tomatine leading to higher overall bacterial diversity" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "Year":2021, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What metabolic transformation can \u03b1-tomatine undergo in the soil environment due to microbial activity?", "options":[ "Polymerization into complex carbohydrate structures", "Conversion into volatile organic compounds", "Degradation to its aglycone, tomatidine" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiab069", "Year":2021, "Citations":57, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of genetic alteration underlies the short fiber phenotype in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li\u2082) mutant of Gossypium hirsutum L.?", "options":[ "Loss of the entire D13 chromosome.", "A single point mutation within a key fiber elongation gene.", "A large structural rearrangement on chromosome D13 involving a deletion and a tandem inverted duplication." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "Year":2022, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which molecular mechanism is triggered by the structural rearrangement at the Ligon lintless-2 (Li\u2082) locus in Gossypium hirsutum L., leading to reduced fiber length?", "options":[ "Disruption of a microRNA gene essential for fiber development.", "Formation of a hairpin RNA structure from the Gh_D13G2437 gene, resulting in siRNA production and gene silencing.", "Overexpression of a fiber growth inhibitor due to promoter capture." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "Year":2022, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The gene Gh_D13G2437, affected by the Ligon lintless-2 (Li\u2082) mutation in Gossypium hirsutum L., encodes a protein belonging to which family?", "options":[ "MYB Transcription Factor", "Cellulose Synthase (CesA)", "Ran-Binding Protein 1 (RanBP1)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "Year":2022, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecules, produced as a consequence of the structural rearrangement in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li\u2082) cotton mutant, directly inhibit the expression of RanBP1 family genes during fiber elongation?", "options":[ "Transfer RNAs (tRNAs)", "Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)", "Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "Year":2022, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenotypic effect was observed when the Gh_D13G2437 gene was overexpressed in the Ligon lintless-2 (Li\u2082) cotton mutant?", "options":[ "Exacerbation of the short lint fiber phenotype.", "Partial recovery of the long lint fiber phenotype.", "Complete restoration of the wild-type long lint fiber phenotype." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Gossypium hirsutum L." ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiac384", "Year":2022, "Citations":7, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What role do the splicing factors SCL33 and its paralog SCL33L play in regulating alternative splicing during the development of *Brachypodium distachyon*?", "options":[ "They play redundant and sometimes antagonistic roles in regulating intron assembly across distinct developmental stages.", "SCL33 is the primary regulator, while SCL33L enhances its activity synergistically.", "They exclusively control the splicing of non-coding RNAs, having no impact on protein-coding gene development." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "Year":2023, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of alternative splicing event was found to be the most predominant across different developmental stages in *Brachypodium distachyon*?", "options":[ "Exon Skipping (SE)", "Intron Retention (IR)", "Mutually Exclusive Exons (MXE)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "Year":2023, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key function of microRNA156 (miR156) related to developmental transitions in *Brachypodium distachyon*?", "options":[ "It primarily regulates root development independent of shoot developmental stage.", "It acts as an age monitor influencing phase transitions, partly by modulating alternative splicing profiles.", "It accelerates developmental transitions by promoting the degradation of floral repressors." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "Year":2023, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does miR156 regulate the expression of its target SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE (SPL) genes in *Brachypodium distachyon*, beyond canonical mRNA cleavage or translational repression?", "options":[ "miR156 promotes the export of SPL transcripts from the nucleus, increasing their cytoplasmic abundance.", "miR156 guides epigenetic modifications, specifically DNA methylation, at SPL gene loci.", "miR156 influences the alternative splicing of SPL transcripts, such as altering intron retention patterns." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "Year":2023, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between the regulatory networks of miR156 and the SCL33\/SCL33L splicing factors in controlling age-dependent alternative splicing in *Brachypodium distachyon*?", "options":[ "Age-dependent alternative splicing events can be regulated coincidently or separately by both miR156 and SCL33\/SCL33L.", "miR156 acts upstream, solely controlling the expression levels of SCL33 and SCL33L.", "SCL33\/SCL33L function is entirely dependent on miR156 levels for regulating any alternative splicing." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Brachypodium distachyon" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiad223", "Year":2023, "Citations":3, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcription factor HY5 modulate sugar transport in tomato fruit?", "options":[ "Represses the expression of the SWEET12c promoter, thereby decreasing sugar transport.", "Binds to the promoter of Sucrose Synthase (Susy) to enhance its activity.", "Binds directly to the G-box cis-element in the SWEET12c promoter to activate its expression." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "Year":2024, "Citations":20, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of the APETALA2a (AP2a) transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening regarding ethylene?", "options":[ "It acts as a positive regulator, increasing ethylene production.", "It acts as a negative regulator of ethylene biosynthesis.", "It directly mediates ethylene signal transduction downstream of the receptors." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "Year":2024, "Citations":20, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the role of RIN, TDR4, and MBP7 transcription factors concerning steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) during tomato ripening?", "options":[ "They inhibit the degradation pathway of all alkaloid compounds.", "They promote the conversion of SGAs to less toxic metabolites.", "They significantly increase the de novo synthesis of SGAs." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "Year":2024, "Citations":20, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary effects on major metabolite classes when the HY5 gene is knocked out in tomato fruit?", "options":[ "Flavonoid content decreases, while fructose and glucose contents increase.", "Both flavonoid and sugar contents decrease significantly.", "Carotenoid content significantly increases, while sugar content decreases." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "Year":2024, "Citations":20, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general function of the RIN transcription factor in the context of tomato fruit ripening?", "options":[ "It functions primarily as a repressor, delaying the onset of ripening.", "It specifically controls only carotenoid biosynthesis, independent of other ripening processes.", "It acts as a master positive regulator, critical for ripening by targeting numerous ripening-related genes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum lycopersicum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiae195", "Year":2024, "Citations":20, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary mechanism by which the enzyme F3'H (flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase) enhances freezing tolerance in *Solanum commersonii*?", "options":[ "By directly stabilizing cell membranes.", "By increasing the production of flavonoids with higher ROS scavenging capacity.", "By decreasing sugar accumulation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum commersonii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which transcription factor directly activates the *F3'H* gene in *Solanum commersonii* in response to cold by binding its promoter?", "options":[ "ScWRKY41", "ScMYB113", "ScHAC1" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum commersonii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the transcription factor ScWRKY41 activate *ScF3'H* gene expression epigenetically in *Solanum commersonii*?", "options":[ "By recruiting a histone deacetylase to remove acetylation marks.", "By directly methylating the DNA in the promoter region.", "By recruiting the histone acetyltransferase ScHAC1 to increase H3K27 acetylation at the promoter." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Solanum commersonii" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major metabolic consequence of overexpressing *ScF3'H* in cultivated potato (*Solanum tuberosum*) that contributes to enhanced freezing tolerance?", "options":[ "Increased accumulation of kaempferol derivatives.", "Increased accumulation of quercetin derivatives.", "Decreased levels of all flavonoid types." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Solanum tuberosum" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do flavonoids, particularly those influenced by F3'H activity, enhance plant tolerance to freezing stress?", "options":[ "By acting as antifreeze proteins.", "By scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) via their hydroxyl groups.", "By directly altering ice crystal formation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "source_journal":"Plant phys", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1093\/plphys\/kiaf070", "Year":2025, "Citations":0, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a key advantage of modifying the chloroplast genome compared to the nuclear genome in plants regarding gene flow?", "options":[ "Complete prevention of gene transfer through seeds.", "Enhanced gene expression stability in subsequent generations.", "Reduced risk of transgene escape via pollen due to maternal inheritance of chloroplasts." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "Year":2001, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary environmental concern associated with the use of antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers in transgenic plants?", "options":[ "The potential horizontal transfer of these resistance genes to soil or gut microbes.", "The antibiotic resistance protein being toxic to beneficial insects.", "The marker gene reducing the overall yield of the genetically modified crop." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "Year":2001, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which molecular mechanism allows for the removal of selectable marker genes, like aadA, from the chloroplast genome after transformation, facilitated by flanking direct repeats?", "options":[ "Homologous recombination between the direct repeat sequences leading to excision of the flanked gene(s).", "Site-specific cleavage by restriction enzymes naturally present in the chloroplast.", "Epigenetic silencing of the marker gene during plant development." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "Year":2001, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What principle underlies the use of the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) gene as an antibiotic-free selectable marker for chloroplast transformation?", "options":[ "The BADH enzyme produces a visible pigment, enabling visual selection of transformed shoots.", "The BADH enzyme detoxifies a toxic compound (betaine aldehyde) applied in the selection medium, allowing only transformed cells to survive.", "The BADH enzyme confers resistance to a common herbicide used for selection." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Spinacia oleracea" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "Year":2001, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the efficiency of selecting tobacco chloroplast transformants using betaine aldehyde (BA) compare to selection using the antibiotic spectinomycin?", "options":[ "Both BA and spectinomycin selection methods yielded comparable transformation efficiencies and regeneration times.", "Spectinomycin selection was found to be more efficient and rapid than BA selection.", "BA selection demonstrated significantly higher transformation efficiency and faster regeneration of transgenic shoots." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(01)01949-5", "Year":2001, "Citations":27, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the gene family size encoding GSK3\/SHAGGY-like kinases differ between Arabidopsis thaliana and mammals?", "options":[ "Mammals possess a significantly larger multigene family compared to Arabidopsis.", "Both Arabidopsis and mammals have only two genes encoding these kinases.", "Arabidopsis possesses a larger multigene family (ten genes) compared to mammals (two genes)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "Year":2002, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What developmental process in Arabidopsis thaliana is regulated by the GSKs AtSK11 and AtSK12?", "options":[ "They regulate flower patterning, influencing meristem and perianth organ numbers.", "They are primarily responsible for root hair elongation.", "They control the timing of seed germination." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "Year":2002, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the established role of the GSK homolog BIN2 (also known as ASK\u03b7 or UCU1) in the Arabidopsis brassinosteroid signaling pathway?", "options":[ "BIN2 acts as a positive regulator, directly activated by brassinosteroid binding.", "BIN2 functions upstream of the BRI1 receptor, controlling its localization.", "BIN2 acts as a negative regulator downstream of the BRI1 receptor kinase." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "Year":2002, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which specific GSK homolog in Medicago sativa is rapidly activated in response to wounding?", "options":[ "AtGSK1, the salt-stress related kinase, is activated by wounding.", "WIG (Wound-Induced GSK) kinase activity is induced upon injury.", "MSK1, another Medicago GSK, shows reduced activity upon wounding." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Medicago sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "Year":2002, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Legumes", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding post-translational regulation, what significant difference exists at the N-terminus between plant GSKs and mammalian GSK-3?", "options":[ "Plant GSKs possess an extra N-terminal domain that enhances their activity upon phosphorylation, unlike mammalian GSK-3.", "Plant GSKs lack the conserved N-terminal Serine residue (Ser9 in mammals) that is phosphorylated by PKB\/AKT to inhibit activity.", "Mammalian GSK-3 lacks the N-terminal regulatory region found in all plant GSKs." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/s1360-1385(02)02331-2", "Year":2002, "Citations":102, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of dormancy involves growth inhibition due to signals generated within the bud itself?", "options":[ "Ecodormancy", "Endodormancy", "Paradormancy" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "Year":2003, "Citations":462, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"At which phase of the cell cycle do cells in dormant vegetative buds typically arrest?", "options":[ "S phase", "G1 phase", "G2 phase" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "Year":2003, "Citations":462, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What protein complex phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma protein (RB) initiates the G1-S phase transition in the plant cell cycle?", "options":[ "CYCD-CDK complex", "CYCB-CDKB complex", "RB-E2F complex" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "Year":2003, "Citations":462, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which plant hormone, primarily transported downwards from the shoot apex, plays a key role in regulating paradormancy (apical dominance)?", "options":[ "Abscisic acid (ABA)", "Auxin", "Gibberellic acid (GA)" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "Year":2003, "Citations":462, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What environmental cue primarily induces endodormancy and associated developmental changes in the terminal buds of deciduous trees like *Betula papyrifera*?", "options":[ "High nutrient availability", "Extended chilling periods", "Shortening day length" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Betula papyrifera" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.09.013", "Year":2003, "Citations":462, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What strategy do plant viruses typically employ to counteract the host's antiviral RNA silencing defense?", "options":[ "Mimicking host microRNAs to overload the silencing machinery.", "Integrating viral RNA directly into the host genome to evade detection.", "Expressing specific proteins that suppress the RNA silencing pathway." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "Year":2004, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the DICER enzyme family in RNA silencing?", "options":[ "Synthesizing complementary RNA strands using short RNAs as primers.", "Processing long double-stranded RNAs or precursor miRNAs into short RNA molecules (siRNAs or miRNAs).", "Binding directly to target mRNA sequences to block translation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "Year":2004, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the Tombusvirus p19 protein primarily interfere with RNA silencing?", "options":[ "By binding to short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes, preventing their incorporation into the RISC complex.", "By directly inhibiting the activity of the DICER enzyme.", "By promoting the degradation of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "Year":2004, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which key component of the RNA silencing pathway is targeted by the Potyvirus HC-Pro suppressor protein?", "options":[ "The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC).", "The primary viral RNA transcripts before processing.", "The DICER enzyme responsible for siRNA production." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "Year":2004, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides suppressing antiviral defense, what significant side-effect can viral silencing suppressors have on host plants?", "options":[ "Enhancing the plant's systemic acquired resistance (SAR) pathway.", "Interfering with endogenous small RNA pathways, such as miRNA regulation, leading to developmental defects.", "Specifically inducing the production of host antiviral proteins." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2003.12.010", "Year":2004, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the primary roles of glycosylation mediated by UGTs in plants?", "options":[ "Synthesis of primary metabolites and structural cell wall components.", "Direct catalysis of photosynthesis and respiration pathways.", "Regulation of hormone levels, detoxification, and modification of secondary metabolites." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "Year":2005, "Citations":406, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What conserved sequence motif is characteristic of the plant-specific secondary metabolism glycosyltransferase family?", "options":[ "The P450 heme-binding motif.", "The Walker A ATP-binding motif.", "The PSPG (Plant Secondary Product Glycosyltransferase) motif." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "Year":2005, "Citations":406, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides inactivation or detoxification, what other functional consequence can glycosylation have on plant molecules, as exemplified by oat saponins or piceid?", "options":[ "It primarily increases the molecule's volatility for scent production.", "It exclusively leads to the breakdown and catabolism of the molecule.", "It can be essential for the molecule's biological activity, such as antifungal properties." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "Year":2005, "Citations":406, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is the substrate specificity of plant UGTs typically described?", "options":[ "Absolutely specific to a single substrate both in vitro and in vivo.", "Completely random and non-selective under all conditions.", "Often broad in vitro but can exhibit significant regio-selectivity in vivo, sometimes conserved within UGT groups." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "Year":2005, "Citations":406, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which approaches have significantly advanced the functional characterization of plant UGTs, overcoming challenges like broad in vitro specificity?", "options":[ "Combining functional genomics (transcriptomics, metabolomics) with reverse genetics (mutant analysis).", "Focusing exclusively on phylogenetic analysis without experimental validation.", "Relying solely on classical protein purification and in vitro assays." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.09.007", "Year":2005, "Citations":406, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed base chromosome number for the ancestral karyotype of the Brassicaceae family used as a reference for comparative genomics?", "options":[ "n = 12", "n = 5", "n = 8" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "Year":2006, "Citations":456, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What sequence of events is proposed as a common mechanism for chromosome number reduction in Brassicaceae evolution?", "options":[ "Whole-genome duplication followed by gene loss.", "Chromosome fission followed by neocentromere formation.", "Pericentric inversion followed by reciprocal translocation and mini-chromosome elimination." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "Year":2006, "Citations":456, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is Arabidopsis thaliana sometimes considered less suitable than the proposed ancestral karyotype as a standard for comparative genomics within the Brassicaceae family?", "options":[ "Its genome has undergone significant reduction and rearrangement (n=5) compared to the ancestral state (n=8).", "Its genome size is too large for easy comparison.", "It lacks conserved gene blocks found in other Brassicaceae." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "Year":2006, "Citations":456, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What major genomic event is hypothesized to have occurred uniquely in the ancestry of the Brassica genus after its divergence from Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "An ancient genome triplication (hexaploidy).", "A significant reduction in chromosome number.", "An ancient genome duplication (tetraploidy)." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Brassica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "Year":2006, "Citations":456, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are the 24 conserved chromosomal blocks (A-X) primarily ordered and named in the proposed unified framework for Brassicaceae comparative genomics?", "options":[ "Based on the alphabetical order of the genes they contain.", "Based on their position and orientation in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome (n=5).", "Based on their position and orientation in the proposed ancestral karyotype (n=8)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.09.002", "Year":2006, "Citations":456, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of proteins are Phytochrome Interacting Factors (PIFs) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors", "Receptor-like kinases involved in cell surface signaling", "Ubiquitin E3 ligases targeting proteins for degradation" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":384, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which molecular event initiates the light-induced degradation of the PIF3 protein?", "options":[ "Phosphorylation of PIF3 following direct interaction with photoactivated phytochromes", "Direct cleavage of PIF3 by activated phytochrome proteases", "Binding of PIF3 to cytoplasmic chaperone proteins" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":384, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"With which form of phytochrome do PIFs, such as PIF3, preferentially interact?", "options":[ "The biologically inactive, red light-absorbing form (Pr)", "The biologically active, far-red light-absorbing form (Pfr)", "Both Pr and Pfr forms with equal affinity" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":384, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary role of PIF1 in regulating seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Inhibiting germination in the dark by suppressing gibberellin (GA) signaling and promoting abscisic acid (ABA) pathways", "Promoting germination by activating chlorophyll biosynthesis genes", "Enhancing germination under far-red light by stabilizing phytochrome A" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":384, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the function of the conserved Active Phytochrome-Binding (APB) motif located at the N-terminus of PIF proteins?", "options":[ "It targets the PIF protein for degradation by the 26S proteasome independently of light", "It is required for the specific binding interaction with the active Pfr form of phytochrome B", "It mediates the binding of PIFs to G-box DNA sequences in target gene promoters" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.10.001", "Year":2007, "Citations":384, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does introducing glycinebetaine (GB) biosynthesis capabilities generally affect plants that don't naturally produce it?", "options":[ "It has no significant effect on their stress tolerance but increases vegetative growth.", "It increases their tolerance to various abiotic stresses like drought, salt, and chilling.", "It decreases their tolerance to abiotic stresses." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "Year":2008, "Citations":465, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Following foliar application to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum), where is glycinebetaine primarily translocated?", "options":[ "To actively growing meristematic tissues such as flower buds and shoot apices via the phloem.", "It remains localized within the treated leaf tissues only.", "It is primarily transported to the roots via the xylem." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicon esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "Year":2008, "Citations":465, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana accumulating glycinebetaine, what specific benefit is observed for reproductive structures under salt stress?", "options":[ "Enhanced development and reduced abortion of flower buds, leading to more siliques and seeds.", "Increased petal size but reduced seed viability.", "Delayed flowering to avoid the stress period." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "Year":2008, "Citations":465, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Regarding subcellular localization, where does glycinebetaine (GB) accumulation often prove more effective for enhancing abiotic stress tolerance in transgenic plants?", "options":[ "Targeting GB accumulation to the chloroplasts.", "Targeting GB accumulation to the mitochondria.", "Targeting GB accumulation exclusively to the cytosol." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "Year":2008, "Citations":465, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides direct osmoprotection, how else might glycinebetaine (GB) enhance plant stress tolerance at a molecular level?", "options":[ "By directly inhibiting photosynthesis to conserve energy.", "By inducing the expression of specific stress-responsive genes, such as those encoding ROS-scavenging enzymes or membrane transporters.", "By breaking down toxic compounds produced under stress." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.06.007", "Year":2008, "Citations":465, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Where is nicotine, a defensive alkaloid, primarily synthesized in *Nicotiana* species?", "options":[ "In the roots, followed by transport to the shoots.", "In the flowers to deter pollinators.", "In the leaves where it provides defense." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What defensive protein in *Zea mays* is primarily synthesized in the roots and transported upwards to disrupt the digestive system of leaf herbivores?", "options":[ "Trypsin inhibitors", "Lectins", "Mir1-CP (a cysteine protease)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which plant hormone, primarily produced in the shoot apex, is indicated to act as a negative regulator of nicotine synthesis in the roots of *Nicotiana tabacum*?", "options":[ "Auxin (Indole-3-acetic acid - IAA)", "Ethylene (ET)", "Jasmonic acid (JA)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana tabacum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What pattern characterizes the root transcriptional response in *Zea mays* following leaf attack by herbivores like *Spodoptera littoralis*?", "options":[ "Roots show minimal transcriptional changes, primarily activating defenses already present.", "A large, distinct set of genes are regulated (induced and suppressed) specifically in the roots, different from the shoot response.", "The root transcriptome changes mirror exactly the changes occurring in the attacked leaves." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do roots actively contribute to plant tolerance against leaf herbivory, particularly observed in species like *Nicotiana attenuata*?", "options":[ "By rapidly producing volatile compounds that attract predators to the leaves.", "By increasing their function as sinks for assimilates (like sugars), storing resources belowground to enable potential regrowth.", "By initiating cell death in the attacked leaf tissue to limit damage spread." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nicotiana attenuata" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2009.08.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":153, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary role of AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) in the cell cycle?", "options":[ "Acting as a transcription factor for cell cycle genes.", "Regulating the G1\/S transition in response to auxin.", "Directly phosphorylating cyclins to promote M phase." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "Year":2010, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does ABP1 primarily initiate rapid cellular responses to auxin at the plasma membrane?", "options":[ "By activating proton pumps and modulating ion channels.", "By directly binding to DNA and activating gene transcription.", "By triggering endocytosis of auxin transporters." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "Year":2010, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the characteristic phenotype of a null *abp1* mutant in *Arabidopsis thaliana*?", "options":[ "Overproliferation of shoot apical meristem cells.", "Embryo lethality at the globular stage due to cell division and expansion defects.", "Enhanced root growth and increased lateral root formation." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "Year":2010, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does ABP1 influence the expression of auxin-regulated genes, such as Aux\/IAAs?", "options":[ "It has no influence on auxin-regulated gene expression.", "Directly, by binding to promoter regions of target genes in the nucleus.", "Indirectly, affecting signaling cascades that modulate their steady-state levels and auxin responsiveness." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "Year":2010, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the evolutionary analysis of the ABP1 C-terminal sequence suggest about its ER-retention motif?", "options":[ "The KDEL motif is highly conserved across all plant lineages and bacteria.", "The KDEL\/HDEL motif is a relatively recent acquisition, primarily found in flowering plants.", "ABP1 completely lacks any ER retention motif in all studied organisms." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.05.001", "Year":2010, "Citations":73, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is endoreplication in eukaryotic cells?", "options":[ "A mechanism where cells skip DNA replication but undergo mitosis, reducing ploidy.", "The process of cell division that produces four genetically distinct daughter cells.", "A cell cycle variant where DNA replication occurs repeatedly without intervening mitosis, resulting in polyploidy." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "Year":2011, "Citations":265, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the CCS52A protein in regulating the plant cell cycle?", "options":[ "It is a transcription factor that represses genes needed for DNA replication.", "It functions as a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) required for entry into S-phase.", "It acts as an activator of the Anaphase-Promoting Complex\/Cyclosome (APC\/C), targeting mitotic cyclins for degradation to promote endoreplication." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "Year":2011, "Citations":265, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana trichomes, what is the established function of the SIAMESE (SIM) protein?", "options":[ "It functions as an activator of mitotic cyclins, driving cell division.", "It is a structural protein essential for maintaining trichome shape.", "It acts as a plant-specific CDK inhibitor (CKI) that represses mitotic CDK activity, promoting the transition to endoreplication." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "Year":2011, "Citations":265, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do KIP-RELATED PROTEINS (KRPs) generally influence the plant cell cycle?", "options":[ "They activate the DNA replication licensing factors required for S-phase.", "They exclusively promote cell cycle exit and differentiation by degrading CDKs.", "They act as CDK inhibitors (CKIs) whose effect can be concentration-dependent, potentially promoting endoreplication at low levels or inhibiting both mitosis and endoreplication at high levels." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "Year":2011, "Citations":265, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which factor has been identified as a trigger or condition associated with endoreplication in plants?", "options":[ "DNA damage response, pathogen interaction, or specific light conditions (e.g., darkness for hypocotyls).", "Accumulation of sugars during active photosynthesis.", "Increased oxygen availability during respiration." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2011.07.001", "Year":2011, "Citations":265, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the approximate percentage of intron-containing genes estimated to undergo alternative splicing in *Arabidopsis thaliana* based on recent RNA-seq analyses?", "options":[ "Over 60%", "Around 30%", "Less than 10%" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":408, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In *Arabidopsis thaliana*, while intron retention (IR) is the most frequent single *type* of alternative splicing event, what is true about its overall contribution to AS?", "options":[ "The majority of genes undergoing AS utilize mechanisms other than intron retention.", "Intron retention is less frequent than exon skipping.", "Intron retention affects almost all alternatively spliced genes." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":408, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the general roles of Serine\/Arginine-rich (SR) proteins and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) in regulating alternative splicing?", "options":[ "Both SR proteins and hnRNPs primarily inhibit splicing.", "SR proteins typically promote splicing, while hnRNPs typically inhibit splice site selection.", "SR proteins typically inhibit splicing, while hnRNPs typically promote splice site selection." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":408, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does alternative splicing often couple with the Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD) pathway to regulate gene expression?", "options":[ "NMD primarily targets constitutively spliced transcripts, leaving AS isoforms unaffected.", "AS generates transcript isoforms with premature termination codons (PTCs) that are targeted for degradation by NMD, thereby controlling functional mRNA levels.", "AS generates transcripts that actively block the NMD machinery." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":408, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does alternative splicing of the *IDD14* gene in *Arabidopsis thaliana* contribute to regulating starch metabolism, particularly under cold stress?", "options":[ "The main IDD14 isoform is degraded via NMD during cold stress, halting starch degradation.", "An AS isoform (IDD14\u03b2) lacking the DNA-binding domain is produced in the cold and forms nonfunctional heterodimers with the full-length protein, reducing starch degradation.", "An AS isoform produced in the cold directly binds starch molecules, preventing their breakdown." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2012.06.001", "Year":2012, "Citations":408, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which protein families were the first identified plasma membrane ABA transporters, AtABCG25, AtABCG40 and NRT1.2, found to belong to in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Aquaporin and Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) families", "ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and Nitrate transporter 1\/peptide transporter (NRT1\/PTR) families", "Receptor-Like Kinase (RLK) and G-protein families" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "Year":2013, "Citations":269, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed dual transport function of the NRT1.2 (AIT1) protein in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and nitrate (NO3-)", "Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and auxin (IAA)", "Transport of both abscisic acid (ABA) and sucrose" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "Year":2013, "Citations":269, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Based on the 'ionic trap model' for weak acids, which form of abscisic acid (ABA) is primarily responsible for passive diffusion across biological membranes?", "options":[ "The deprotonated, anionic form (ABA-)", "The glucose-conjugated form (ABA-GE)", "The protonated, uncharged form (ABA-H)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "Year":2013, "Citations":269, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In which primary locations within the vegetative tissues are the key enzymes for ABA synthesis expressed?", "options":[ "Root cap and meristematic cells", "Vascular tissues (veins) and guard cells", "Epidermal pavement cells and trichomes" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "Year":2013, "Citations":269, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the contrasting proposed functions of the identified Arabidopsis thaliana ABA transporters AtABCG25 and AtABCG40?", "options":[ "AtABCG25 acts as an ABA influx transporter, while AtABCG40 acts as an ABA efflux transporter.", "Both AtABCG25 and AtABCG40 primarily function in ABA influx into vascular cells.", "AtABCG25 acts as an ABA efflux transporter (exporting ABA), while AtABCG40 acts as an ABA influx transporter (importing ABA)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2013.01.007", "Year":2013, "Citations":269, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides mycorrhizal fungi, which group of fungi, including genera like Metarhizium, can transfer nitrogen obtained from insects to host plants?", "options":[ "Ectomycorrhizal fungi exclusively", "Saprophytic decomposer fungi", "Endophytic insect-pathogenic fungi (EIPF)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "Year":2014, "Citations":202, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural difference distinguishes nutrient exchange interfaces in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) versus ectomycorrhizal (EM) symbioses?", "options":[ "AM fungi form intracellular arbuscules within root cells, while EM fungi form an intercellular Hartig net around root cells.", "Both AM and EM fungi penetrate root cells to form Hartig nets for nutrient exchange.", "EM fungi form intracellular arbuscules, while AM fungi form an intercellular Hartig net." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "Year":2014, "Citations":202, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What amino acid is often proposed as the primary molecule for transporting nitrogen within mycorrhizal fungal hyphae before breakdown and transfer to the plant?", "options":[ "Glutamine", "Nitrate", "Arginine" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "Year":2014, "Citations":202, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In the symbiosis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Medicago truncatula, where are key coordinately upregulated phosphate transporters like GmosPT (fungal) and MtPt4 (plant) primarily localized?", "options":[ "At the plant root epidermal cell plasma membrane.", "At the periarbuscular membrane (PAM) surrounding the arbuscule.", "Within the fungal extraradical mycelium only." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Medicago truncatula" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "Year":2014, "Citations":202, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of molecule do plants primarily provide to fungal symbionts like Glomus intraradices in the reciprocal exchange for nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus?", "options":[ "Lipids and fatty acids", "Essential amino acids", "Carbohydrates (sugars)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2014.06.007", "Year":2014, "Citations":202, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"From which ancestral group are higher plant phytohormone biosynthesis pathways suggested to have originated?", "options":[ "Terrestrial fungi", "Ancient microalgae", "Early land plants independently" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "Year":2015, "Citations":301, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What functional relationship is suggested between endogenous ABA and CK in the microalga *Nannochloropsis oceanica* during nitrogen depletion?", "options":[ "They act antagonistically, regulating cellular homeostasis", "Only ABA is functional, while CK has no role", "They act synergistically to promote growth" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Nannochloropsis oceanica" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "Year":2015, "Citations":301, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which component related to ethylene (ET) signaling has homologs widely identified in microalgal lineages?", "options":[ "ET receptors (e.g., ETR1\/ERS\/EIN4)", "Downstream transcription factors like EIN3", "The complete ET signaling cascade as found in land plants" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "Year":2015, "Citations":301, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the proposed evolutionary origin of the gibberellin (GA) receptor GID1 found in higher plants?", "options":[ "It evolved convergently in microalgae and land plants without a common ancestor protein", "It was directly inherited in its final form from cyanobacteria via endosymbiosis", "It likely originated from hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) family proteins and was later modified in vascular plants for specific GA binding" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "Year":2015, "Citations":301, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What potential application arises from the observation that exogenous phytohormones can affect microalgal growth and stress responses?", "options":[ "Manipulation of phytohormone levels or pathways could be used to improve microalgal traits for biotechnology, like biofuel production", "Microalgae are completely unresponsive to hormones typically found in higher plants", "Exogenous phytohormones can only be used to study higher plant physiology, not microalgae" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2015.01.006", "Year":2015, "Citations":301, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary function of transcriptional enhancers in eukaryotic gene regulation?", "options":[ "To block the interaction between promoters and RNA polymerase.", "To directly encode proteins involved in transcription.", "To increase the transcription rate of target genes, often located at a distance." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":122, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which characterFistic is typically associated with *active* plant enhancers?", "options":[ "Binding of transcriptional repressors and presence of H3K27me3 marks.", "High chromatin accessibility and presence of histone acetylation marks (like H3ac).", "High levels of DNA methylation and condensed chromatin structure." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":122, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do enhancers typically exert their activating effect on target gene promoters that may be located far away?", "options":[ "By altering the DNA sequence of the promoter region itself.", "By releasing diffusible signaling molecules that travel to the promoter.", "By physically interacting with the promoter through chromatin looping." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":122, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In *Zea mays*, which enhancer element, located far upstream of its target gene, is known for its tandem repeats and association with paramutation?", "options":[ "The hepta-repeat enhancer of the *booster1* (*b1*) gene.", "The AB80 enhancer regulating a chlorophyll a\/b binding protein gene (in *Pisum sativum*).", "The enhancer of the *teosinte branched1* (*tb1*) gene controlling plant architecture." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Zea mays" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":122, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What histone modification is commonly associated with *inactive* or poised enhancers across different eukaryotes?", "options":[ "Acetylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27ac).", "Trimethylation of lysine 4 on histone H3 (H3K4me3).", "Trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2016.07.013", "Year":2016, "Citations":122, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What primary role do eIF4E translation initiation factors play during infections by Potyviridae family viruses?", "options":[ "They function as primary antiviral defense proteins.", "They are involved in replicating the viral RNA genome.", "They act as host susceptibility factors required by the virus for infection." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "Year":2017, "Citations":108, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do many naturally occurring eIF4E resistance alleles primarily confer resistance without harming the plant?", "options":[ "They completely eliminate the expression of the eIF4E protein.", "They contain mutations that prevent viral interaction but maintain the essential translation function.", "They cause the plant cell to undergo apoptosis upon viral contact." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "Year":2017, "Citations":108, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a significant challenge when using knockout (KO) mutations of single eIF4E genes for durable virus resistance?", "options":[ "Single KO mutations provide resistance to all known plant virus families.", "Gene redundancy allows viruses to potentially utilize other eIF4E family members as susceptibility factors.", "Knockout mutations invariably lead to enhanced plant growth and yield." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "Year":2017, "Citations":108, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum), how did the resistance conferred by a natural, functional eIF4E1 allele compare to an induced eIF4E1 knockout allele against Potyvirus Y (PVY)?", "options":[ "The knockout allele provided a broader spectrum of resistance.", "The natural functional allele provided a broader spectrum of resistance.", "Both alleles conferred identical, narrow resistance spectra." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Lycopersicum esculentum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "Year":2017, "Citations":108, "normalized_plant_species":"Solanaceae & Relatives", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What strategy, leveraging knowledge of natural resistance, is proposed for developing improved, broad-spectrum eIF4E-based viral resistance using gene editing?", "options":[ "Creating synthetic alleles with specific point mutations that mimic functional natural resistance alleles.", "Completely deleting the entire eIF4E gene family.", "Inducing random mutations across the entire plant genome." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2017.01.008", "Year":2017, "Citations":108, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary reason high nitrogen (N) fertilizer application is considered necessary for conventional bread wheat production?", "options":[ "To maximize grain starch content for energy.", "To enhance the mineral content like Zinc and Iron.", "To achieve high grain protein concentration required for optimal baking quality." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "Year":2018, "Citations":235, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What environmental issue is directly linked to nitrogen (N) losses from wheat production systems?", "options":[ "Depletion of atmospheric carbon dioxide.", "Increased soil compaction reducing water infiltration.", "Nitrate leaching into freshwater and gaseous emissions (N2O, ammonia) contributing to pollution and climate change." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "Year":2018, "Citations":235, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What general relationship exists between grain yield and grain protein concentration in wheat?", "options":[ "A directly proportional relationship, where higher yields consistently lead to higher protein.", "An inverse relationship, where high-yielding varieties often have lower protein concentrations.", "No consistent relationship exists between yield and protein concentration." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "Year":2018, "Citations":235, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which major protein group in wheat grain corresponds to gluten and is dominant in determining dough properties?", "options":[ "Prolamins (divided into gliadins and glutenins).", "Albumins and globulins.", "Chitinases and defensins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "Year":2018, "Citations":235, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What novel genetic approach is suggested to potentially reduce nitrogen requirements for wheat cultivation, particularly for feed wheats?", "options":[ "Deleting or reducing specific storage protein genes (e.g., via genome editing) that consume nitrogen but do not significantly contribute to essential quality.", "Overexpressing nitrogen transporter genes in the roots.", "Increasing the number of chromosomes through polyploidization." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Triticum aestivum" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2018.08.012", "Year":2018, "Citations":235, "normalized_plant_species":"Cereal Grains", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of autophagy in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants?", "options":[ "Directly synthesizing stress-response proteins.", "Recycling cellular components to promote stress tolerance.", "Blocking all cellular transport to conserve energy." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "Year":2019, "Citations":234, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which kinases are identified as key regulators balancing autophagy and plant growth, especially in response to energy levels and stress?", "options":[ "MAPK and CDPK kinases.", "Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and AGC kinases.", "SnRK1 and TOR kinases." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "Year":2019, "Citations":234, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does abscisic acid (ABA) influence autophagy during stress conditions?", "options":[ "ABA inhibits autophagy by directly activating TOR.", "ABA promotes autophagy by increasing sugar production via SnRK1.", "ABA promotes autophagy by activating SnRK2, which inhibits the TOR complex." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "Year":2019, "Citations":234, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the interplay between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and autophagy in plant cells under stress?", "options":[ "ROS can induce autophagy, and autophagy contributes to ROS scavenging by removing damaged ROS-producing organelles.", "Autophagy directly produces ROS to signal stress tolerance.", "ROS always inhibits autophagy by oxidizing essential ATG proteins." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "Year":2019, "Citations":234, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is the coordination between autophagy and cytosolic osmotic adjustment crucial for cell survival?", "options":[ "To balance the increased vacuolar osmolality caused by autophagy and prevent tonoplast rupture leading to mega-autophagy.", "To directly signal the nucleus to halt autophagy when osmolality is too high.", "To ensure efficient transport of nutrients out of the vacuole via permeases." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2019.02.001", "Year":2019, "Citations":234, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which metabolite rapidly accumulates under sulfur deficiency and acts as a signal correlated with the induction of key regulatory genes like SDI1 and MSA1?", "options":[ "O-Acetylserine (OAS)", "Glutathione (GSH)", "S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "Year":2020, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary role of the Sulfur Deficiency Induced (SDI1 and SDI2) proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana under sulfur starvation?", "options":[ "They enhance sulfur uptake by activating SULTR transporters.", "They directly promote the synthesis of sulfur-rich amino acids like cysteine.", "They repress glucosinolate (GSL) biosynthesis by interacting with the transcription factor MYB28." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "Year":2020, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What function is attributed to the MSA1 (More Sulfur Accumulation1) gene product in Arabidopsis thaliana during sulfur deficiency?", "options":[ "It directly binds to sulfate in the soil to facilitate its uptake.", "It modulates S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) biosynthesis and DNA methylation, affecting genes involved in sulfur uptake and secondary metabolism.", "It acts as a primary sensor for extracellular sulfate levels." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "Year":2020, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does sulfur deficiency generally impact the composition of seed storage proteins?", "options":[ "The accumulation of both sulfur-rich and sulfur-poor proteins is decreased.", "The accumulation of sulfur-rich proteins is increased as a compensatory mechanism.", "The accumulation of sulfur-rich proteins is decreased, while sulfur-poor proteins increase." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "Year":2020, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the biochemical function of gamma-glutamyl cyclotransferase 2;1 (GGCT2;1) in response to sulfur deficiency?", "options":[ "It degrades glutathione (GSH) into its constituent amino acids, likely to remobilize cysteine.", "It incorporates sulfate into adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (APS).", "It catalyzes the final step in cysteine synthesis from O-acetylserine and sulfide." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.07.007", "Year":2020, "Citations":74, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which source of abscisic acid (ABA) is primarily responsible for inducing stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana shoots during water deficit?", "options":[ "Root-derived ABA", "Shoot-derived ABA", "ABA transported from flowers" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "Year":2021, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which root-derived peptide moves to the shoot to regulate stomatal closure in response to water deficit?", "options":[ "ELF4", "CLE25", "HY5" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "Year":2021, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which mobile transcription factor translocates from shoot to root via the phloem to coordinate root growth and nitrogen uptake in response to light signals in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "XND1", "HY5", "ELF4" ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "Year":2021, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does ambient temperature influence the movement of the circadian clock component ELF4 from shoot to root in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Cool temperatures promote its movement, while warm temperatures suppress it.", "Warm temperatures promote its movement, while cool temperatures suppress it.", "Its movement is independent of temperature fluctuations." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "Year":2021, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural adaptation occurs in the root vasculature of Arabidopsis thaliana under water deficit conditions?", "options":[ "Decrease in the number of phloem sieve elements", "Significant widening of metaxylem vessels", "Formation of additional protoxylem strands" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.03.005", "Year":2021, "Citations":100, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the toxin coronatine, produced by the bacterium *Pseudomonas syringae*, typically affect plant stomata?", "options":[ "It prevents stomatal closure, facilitating bacterial entry.", "It causes stomatal opening by directly activating guard cell proton pumps.", "It induces rapid stomatal closure as a defense mechanism." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "Year":2022, "Citations":89, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary effect of salivary glucose oxidase (GOX) secreted by some insect herbivores like *Helicoverpa zea* on plant physiology?", "options":[ "It triggers stomatal closure and inhibits the emission of certain plant volatiles.", "It promotes stomatal opening to increase CO2 uptake for the plant.", "It enhances the emission of plant volatiles to attract more herbivores." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "Year":2022, "Citations":89, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a potential benefit for a poikilothermic insect herbivore when its feeding induces stomatal closure in the host plant?", "options":[ "Reduced leaf temperature helps the herbivore avoid heat stress.", "Increased plant water loss makes the leaf tissue easier to digest.", "Elevated leaf temperature resulting from reduced transpiration can accelerate the herbivore's growth." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "Year":2022, "Citations":89, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What physiological change often occurs in plants when piercing-sucking insects induce stomatal closure?", "options":[ "Transpiration increases, leading to rapid wilting.", "Transpiration decreases, helping to maintain leaf water potential.", "Photosynthesis rates significantly increase due to conserved water." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "Year":2022, "Citations":89, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"The emission rate of which type of plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is most significantly controlled by stomatal conductance?", "options":[ "VOCs with a high Henry's Law Constant (H), indicating higher volatility.", "All VOCs regardless of their physicochemical properties.", "VOCs with a low Henry's Law Constant (H), indicating higher water solubility." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2021.08.017", "Year":2022, "Citations":89, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary advantage of CRISPR\/Cas-mediated genome editing in crops compared to conventional breeding?", "options":[ "It completely eliminates the need for tissue culture and regeneration.", "It relies solely on random mutagenesis for genetic variation.", "It allows for precise, targeted modifications, accelerating crop improvement." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "Year":2023, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do base editing (BE) and prime editing (PE) differ fundamentally from standard CRISPR\/Cas approaches involving double-strand breaks?", "options":[ "They exclusively create large deletions or insertions via homologous recombination.", "They require the integration of large foreign DNA sequences at the target site.", "They induce specific base changes without primarily relying on double-strand break repair mechanisms." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "Year":2023, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why is transient expression of Cas nucleases, such as through RNP delivery, often preferred in plant genome editing?", "options":[ "It ensures stable, long-term expression of the Cas enzyme in all plant tissues.", "It can generate transgene-free edited plants, potentially reducing regulatory hurdles and increasing public acceptance.", "It guarantees 100% editing efficiency in every targeted cell." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "Year":2023, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What strategy involving developmental regulators can improve plant transformation\/regeneration efficiency, and what is a key challenge?", "options":[ "Using developmental regulators always results in transgene-free plants without any side effects.", "Overexpressing developmental regulators inhibits tissue culture response and prevents regeneration entirely.", "Overexpressing regulators like WUS2 or GRF\/GIF improves efficiency but can cause detrimental pleiotropic effects if not properly controlled." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "Year":2023, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the goal of using CRISPR\/Cas for 'de novo domestication' of wild plant species?", "options":[ "To rapidly introduce desirable agronomic traits found in domesticated crops by modifying key 'domestication genes' in wild relatives.", "To revert elite crop varieties back to their ancestral wild state to increase stress tolerance.", "To exclusively introduce disease resistance genes from unrelated species into wild plants." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2023.05.012", "Year":2023, "Citations":85, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a primary characteristic of Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs)?", "options":[ "They are large proteins (>100 amino acids) exclusively used for drug delivery in mammals.", "They are carbohydrates that primarily interact with the plant cell wall.", "They are short peptides (typically 5-30 amino acids) that facilitate cellular uptake of various cargo molecules." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are the two main mechanisms by which Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) enter eukaryotic cells?", "options":[ "Exclusively through receptor-mediated endocytosis and viral vector assistance.", "Energy-independent direct translocation across the membrane and energy-dependent endocytosis.", "Passive diffusion through lipid channels and active transport via specific protein carriers." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What structural component of plant cells presents a major challenge for Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) entry compared to animal cells?", "options":[ "The plasma membrane's unique lipid composition.", "The rigid cell wall composed of negatively charged carbohydrates like pectin.", "The presence of chloroplasts and large central vacuoles." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) be associated with their cargo molecules for delivery into cells?", "options":[ "Only through covalent bonding via disulfide bridges.", "Either through covalent conjugation or by forming noncovalent complexes.", "Primarily through encapsulation within lipid nanoparticles." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How might Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) contribute to sustainable agriculture?", "options":[ "By delivering bioinsecticides (like toxins or dsRNA) or defense activators directly into plant cells, reducing the need for chemical pesticides.", "By acting as potent fertilizers that directly nourish the plant.", "By genetically modifying the plant genome to enhance nutrient uptake." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.05.011", "Year":2024, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How can extreme drought facilitate the invasion of non-native plants into a native community?", "options":[ "By increasing the overall species richness and resilience of the native community during the drought.", "By directly stimulating the growth and reproduction of non-native plants during the drought period.", "By creating 'invasion windows' due to reduced native competition and increased resource availability after the drought." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "Year":2025, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What phenomenon describes the increased resilience of some native plant communities to extreme drought due to past exposure, potentially reducing invasibility?", "options":[ "Maladaptive conditioning", "Invasion meltdown", "Climatic conditioning" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "Year":2025, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the impact of extreme drought typically differ between the initial establishment phase and the post-drought recovery phase for non-native plants?", "options":[ "It consistently hinders establishment both during and after the drought event.", "It may hinder establishment during the drought due to water stress but facilitate it during the recovery phase.", "It strongly facilitates establishment during the drought but hinders it during recovery." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "Year":2025, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Besides direct effects on plant water status, how can extreme drought influence non-native plant invasion through biotic interactions?", "options":[ "By altering soil microbial communities and plant-herbivore\/pollinator interactions, potentially benefiting invaders post-drought.", "By universally strengthening native plant defenses against all herbivores and pathogens.", "By synchronizing the phenology of all plants and pollinators perfectly." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "Year":2025, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which plant characteristics often contribute to the proliferation success of non-native species following an extreme drought event?", "options":[ "High reproductive output (propagule pressure) and the formation of persistent seed banks.", "Slow growth rates and specialized pollination requirements.", "Low seed viability and intolerance to fluctuating resources." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2024.10.009", "Year":2025, "Citations":2, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments in *Helianthus annuus* leaves relate to the light environment they grow in?", "options":[ "Leaves grown in deep shade contain approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves grown in full sun.", "Leaves grown in full sun contain approximately twice the amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments as leaves grown in deep shade.", "The amount of xanthophyll cycle pigments is independent of the growth light environment." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Helianthus annuus" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":749, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is pigment development characterized in the sclerophyllous evergreen *Quercus agrifolia*?", "options":[ "Gradual development of both chlorophyll and xanthophyll cycle pigments, accompanied by a pronounced peak of anthocyanin content in newly expanding leaves.", "Delayed development of chlorophyll and xanthophylls until full leaf expansion, with minimal anthocyanin production.", "Rapid, simultaneous development of chlorophyll, xanthophylls, and anthocyanins early in leaf expansion." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Quercus agrifolia" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":749, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What complementary roles might anthocyanins and xanthophyll cycle pigments play during the early leaf development of *Quercus agrifolia*?", "options":[ "Anthocyanins may provide initial photoprotection while xanthophyll cycle pigments are still developing.", "Xanthophylls provide structural support while anthocyanins handle all photoprotection.", "Anthocyanins primarily attract pollinators, while xanthophylls are involved in photosynthesis." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Quercus agrifolia" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":749, "normalized_plant_species":"Woody Perennials & Trees", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What physiological process is primarily estimated using the Photochemical Reflectance Index (PRI) and its change upon illumination (\u0394PRI)?", "options":[ "The concentration of total leaf chlorophyll.", "The relative water content of the leaf tissue.", "The activity and pool size of the xanthophyll cycle pigments involved in photoprotection." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":749, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How is chlorophyll accumulation characterized during leaf development in *Helianthus annuus*?", "options":[ "Chlorophyll content increases rapidly and reaches near-maximal levels very early in the leaf expansion process.", "Chlorophyll content increases gradually throughout the entire period of leaf expansion.", "Chlorophyll content remains low during initial expansion and only increases significantly once the leaf is fully expanded." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Helianthus annuus" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00424.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":749, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which leaf trait is suggested as a more robust predictor of a plant's position on the resource capture, usage, and availability axis compared to Specific Leaf Area (SLA)?", "options":[ "Maximum leaf area", "Leaf thickness", "Leaf dry matter content (LDMC)" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":695, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a recognized practical difficulty when using Specific Leaf Area (SLA) as a plant trait measurement?", "options":[ "Measuring leaf area accurately for plants with non-standard leaf forms (e.g., vertical or absent leaves)", "SLA measurement requires expensive equipment unavailable in the field", "SLA values are highly consistent across different environments for the same species" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":695, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Why might Specific Leaf Area (SLA) be a potentially misleading indicator of resource use strategy in deep-shade plants like Oxalis acetosella?", "options":[ "Shade plants like Oxalis acetosella exhibit low SLA due to high investment in structural tissue", "Oxalis acetosella has exceptionally thick leaves, lowering its SLA unexpectedly", "Shade adaptation often involves thin leaves, leading to high SLA despite a slow-growing, resource-conservative strategy" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Oxalis acetosella" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":695, "normalized_plant_species":"Other Herbaceous Crops, Spices, Fibers & Weeds", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"According to phylogenetically independent contrast analyses within the British flora, how are evolutionary changes in Specific Leaf Area (SLA) primarily related to changes in its components?", "options":[ "Changes in SLA are usually linked to changes in either leaf thickness or leaf dry matter content, but not typically both, and changes in thickness and dry matter content are unrelated", "Changes in SLA are consistently driven by simultaneous, proportional changes in both leaf thickness and leaf dry matter content", "Changes in leaf thickness are positively correlated with changes in leaf dry matter content when SLA evolves" ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":695, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a potential limitation of using leaf dry matter content (LDMC) as a universal predictor of plant strategy, particularly in certain environments?", "options":[ "LDMC is only relevant for predicting strategies in woody plants, not herbaceous ones", "LDMC measurements are less accurate than SLA measurements under all conditions", "The protocol may be difficult to apply reliably to succulents in arid climates due to challenges in standardizing leaf hydration and their distinct tissue types" ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.1999.00427.x", "Year":1999, "Citations":695, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does mean annual temperature generally influence fine root turnover rates in grasslands and forests?", "options":[ "Turnover rates show no correlation with temperature.", "Turnover rates increase exponentially with temperature.", "Turnover rates decrease linearly with temperature." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "Year":2000, "Citations":950, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which plant functional group generally exhibits the slowest average annual root turnover rate for its entire root system?", "options":[ "Forests (fine roots).", "Grasslands (fine roots).", "Trees (entire root system)." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "Year":2000, "Citations":950, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the observed global relationship between mean annual precipitation and root turnover rates after accounting for the effect of temperature?", "options":[ "No significant global relationship was found.", "A strong negative exponential relationship was found.", "A strong positive linear relationship was found." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "Year":2000, "Citations":950, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In forest ecosystems, how does the diameter class used to define 'fine roots' typically affect the calculated root turnover rate?", "options":[ "Root diameter class has no impact on turnover rates.", "Larger diameter classes are associated with higher turnover rates.", "Larger diameter classes are associated with lower turnover rates." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "Year":2000, "Citations":950, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What general pattern is observed for root turnover rates when moving from tropical ecosystems to high-latitude ecosystems?", "options":[ "Root turnover rates increase towards higher latitudes.", "Root turnover rates remain constant across latitudes.", "Root turnover rates decrease towards higher latitudes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "source_journal":"New phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1046\/j.1469-8137.2000.00681.x", "Year":2000, "Citations":950, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary effect of severe gibberellin deficiency, as seen in the ga1-3 mutant, on the flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana under short-day conditions?", "options":[ "It causes significantly earlier flowering.", "It prevents flowering.", "It induces flowering independently of photoperiod." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"HORMONES", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "Year":1998, "Citations":430, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"HORMONES", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do gibberellins primarily promote the transition to flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "By directly activating the CONSTANS (CO) protein.", "By activating the promoter of the floral meristem identity gene LEAFY (LFY).", "By repressing the promoter of the SPINDLY (SPY) gene." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "Year":1998, "Citations":430, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the consequence of the ga1-3 mutation on LEAFY (LFY) promoter activity in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under short days?", "options":[ "LFY promoter activity is delayed but eventually reaches wild-type levels.", "LFY promoter activity is constitutively high.", "The induction of LFY promoter activity is absent." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "Year":1998, "Citations":430, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Can the flowering defect of the gibberellin-deficient ga1-3 mutant Arabidopsis thaliana under short days be overcome?", "options":[ "No, the defect is absolute and cannot be rescued genetically.", "Yes, by increasing the expression of the CONSTANS (CO) gene.", "Yes, by constitutively expressing the LEAFY (LFY) gene." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "Year":1998, "Citations":430, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana, what effect does constitutive gibberellin signal transduction, caused by mutations in the SPINDLY (SPY) gene, have on LEAFY (LFY) expression?", "options":[ "It decreases LFY promoter activity.", "It abolishes LFY promoter activity.", "It increases LFY promoter activity." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.10.5.791", "Year":1998, "Citations":430, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the general interaction preference observed among Arabidopsis MADS box transcription factors identified through yeast two-hybrid assays?", "options":[ "Type I proteins readily form homodimers, while type II proteins exclusively interact with type I proteins.", "Both type I and type II proteins show equal preference for homodimerization and heterodimerization within and between types.", "Type II (MIKC) proteins predominantly interact with other type II proteins, while type I proteins often require a M\u03b1 type protein to form stable dimers with M\u03b2 or M\u03b3 types." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "Year":2005, "Citations":470, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What type of interactions link the flowering time regulation network and the floral organ formation network in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "Flowering time regulators exclusively interact amongst themselves and do not form complexes with floral organ identity proteins.", "Floral organ identity proteins (like AG, SEP, SHP) interact with both positive (SOC1, AGL24) and negative (SVP) regulators of flowering time.", "Floral organ identity proteins only interact with positive regulators of flowering time, activating downstream pathways." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "Year":2005, "Citations":470, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What molecular mechanism is proposed to explain the altered floral phenotypes observed upon ectopic overexpression of flowering time regulators like SVP or AGL24 in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "These regulators directly bind to floral organ identity gene promoters, causing transcriptional silencing.", "These ectopically expressed proteins form dominant-negative complexes with floral organ identity proteins (like AP1, SEP3), disrupting their normal function.", "Overexpression leads to depletion of shared interaction partners, preventing the formation of any functional MADS box complexes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "Year":2005, "Citations":470, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How are higher-order complexes of MIKC-type MADS box proteins typically formed in Arabidopsis?", "options":[ "They form stable homodimers that do not associate further into higher-order structures.", "They are often formed as tetramers, hypothesized to consist of two dimers interacting via their C-terminal domains.", "They primarily form large aggregates through non-specific interactions involving the MADS domain." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "Year":2005, "Citations":470, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the comparison of MADS box protein interactions across different plant species, such as Arabidopsis, petunia, and rice, suggest?", "options":[ "Interactions are conserved only for floral organ identity proteins, but not for flowering time regulators.", "Many protein-protein interactions among orthologous MADS box proteins are conserved, indicating evolutionary preservation of regulatory networks.", "MADS box protein interactions are highly species-specific, showing little conservation even between closely related plants." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.105.031831", "Year":2005, "Citations":470, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In rice (Oryza sativa), how do the epigenetic marks DNA methylation and H3K4me3 generally correlate with gene transcription levels in genic regions?", "options":[ "Both DNA methylation and H3K4me3 correlate positively with transcription levels.", "High levels of H3K4me3 correlate positively with transcription, while high levels of DNA methylation correlate negatively.", "High levels of DNA methylation correlate positively with transcription, while high levels of H3K4me3 correlate negatively." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "Year":2010, "Citations":468, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"When comparing the rice subspecies Nipponbare and 93-11, what correlation is typically observed between differential DNA methylation in genic regions and differential gene expression?", "options":[ "A strong positive correlation, where higher methylation is associated with higher expression.", "A weak negative correlation, where higher methylation tends to be associated with lower expression.", "No significant correlation between differential methylation and differential expression." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "Year":2010, "Citations":468, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In reciprocal hybrids of Oryza sativa subspecies, genes consistently showing nonadditive expression (upregulation relative to mid-parent) are significantly enriched for which biological function?", "options":[ "Energy metabolic processes, including the Calvin cycle.", "Flowering time regulation.", "Stress response pathways." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "Year":2010, "Citations":468, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the relationship between the difference in expression levels of a gene between two parental rice lines and the allelic expression bias of that gene in their F1 hybrid?", "options":[ "There is a strong negative correlation; the allele from the lower-expressing parent tends to be more highly expressed in the hybrid.", "There is no consistent correlation between parental expression differences and allelic bias in the hybrid.", "There is a strong positive correlation; the allele from the higher-expressing parent tends to be more highly expressed in the hybrid." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "Year":2010, "Citations":468, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What general trend is observed for the expression of small interfering RNA (siRNA) clusters in reciprocal rice hybrids compared to the mid-parent value?", "options":[ "More siRNA clusters are upregulated than downregulated, suggesting a general activation in hybrids.", "siRNA cluster expression generally shows an additive pattern, matching the mid-parent value.", "More siRNA clusters are downregulated than upregulated, suggesting a general suppression in hybrids." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.109.072041", "Year":2010, "Citations":468, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the activity level of miR156 influence the relative accumulation of anthocyanins and flavonols in Arabidopsis thaliana stems?", "options":[ "Increased miR156 activity favors flavonol accumulation, while decreased activity favors anthocyanin accumulation.", "miR156 activity levels affect total flavonoid content but not the ratio between anthocyanins and flavonols.", "Increased miR156 activity favors anthocyanin accumulation, while decreased activity favors flavonol accumulation." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "Year":2011, "Citations":781, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the primary regulatory role of the SPL9 transcription factor, a target of miR156, concerning anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SPL9 acts as a negative regulator, suppressing anthocyanin accumulation.", "SPL9 primarily regulates flavonol biosynthesis, with no direct effect on anthocyanins.", "SPL9 acts as a positive regulator, promoting anthocyanin accumulation." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "Year":2011, "Citations":781, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"By what molecular mechanism does the SPL9 transcription factor repress anthocyanin biosynthetic genes like DFR in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "SPL9 directly binds to the DFR promoter's core cis-regulatory elements, acting as a transcriptional repressor.", "SPL9 enhances the degradation of DFR mRNA transcripts post-transcriptionally.", "SPL9 interacts with the MYB protein PAP1, disrupting the MYB-bHLH-WD40 activation complex." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "Year":2011, "Citations":781, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the spatial relationship between the expression levels of the anthocyanin biosynthetic gene DFR and the miR156-targeted genes SPL9\/SPL15 along the Arabidopsis thaliana stem axis?", "options":[ "DFR expression is highest apically and decreases basally, while SPL9\/SPL15 expression shows the inverse pattern.", "DFR expression is highest basally and decreases apically, while SPL9\/SPL15 expression shows the inverse pattern.", "Both DFR and SPL9\/SPL15 expression levels decrease from the base to the apex of the stem." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "Year":2011, "Citations":781, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Is the MYB-bHLH-WD40 transcriptional activation complex required for the miR156\/SPL pathway to modulate DFR gene expression in Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "Yes, the complex (including components like PAP1, TT8, TTG1) is necessary for the observed upregulation of DFR when SPL activity is low.", "No, the miR156\/SPL pathway regulates DFR independently of the MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex.", "The MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex is only required for suppressing DFR expression when SPL activity is high." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "source_journal":"Plant Cell", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1105\/tpc.111.084525", "Year":2011, "Citations":781, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do artificial microRNAs (amiRNAs) primarily achieve gene silencing in plants?", "options":[ "By introducing long double-stranded RNA that triggers non-specific degradation.", "By directly interfering with DNA replication in the nucleus.", "By utilizing endogenous miRNA precursor processing pathways to produce specific silencing RNAs." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":549, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the predominant mechanism by which most plant miRNAs regulate their target genes?", "options":[ "Cleavage of the target mRNA transcript.", "Inhibition of target mRNA translation initiation.", "Modification of chromatin structure at the target gene locus." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":549, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which family of enzymes is responsible for processing long RNA precursors into functional silencing RNAs (miRNAs and siRNAs) in plants like Arabidopsis thaliana?", "options":[ "RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases (RDRs).", "Dicer-like (DCL) enzymes.", "Argonaute (AGO) proteins." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":549, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is the fundamental principle behind Virus-Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) in plants?", "options":[ "Using viral proteins to directly bind and inhibit plant gene promoters.", "Exploiting the plant's antiviral defense system by using modified viruses to express sequences homologous to target plant genes, leading to their silencing.", "Introducing viral RNA that enhances the expression of specific plant genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":549, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"According to design principles for effective siRNAs\/miRNAs, what characteristic often correlates with efficient incorporation into the silencing complex (RISC)?", "options":[ "High GC content throughout the small RNA sequence.", "Perfect complementarity along the entire length of the target mRNA.", "Thermodynamic instability at the 5' end of the guide strand." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "source_journal":"Plant Journal", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2007.03328.x", "Year":2008, "Citations":549, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What primarily characterizes quantitative disease resistance (QDR) in plants compared to qualitative resistance?", "options":[ "It always provides complete and durable immunity against all pathogen races.", "It is controlled by a single major R-gene providing complete immunity.", "It is typically controlled by multiple genetic loci, each contributing a small effect towards resistance." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENE REGULATION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":562, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENE REGULATION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What is a major limitation of relying solely on single R-gene mediated resistance for crop protection?", "options":[ "Resistance conferred by single R-genes can often be overcome by pathogen evolution, leading to resistance breakdown.", "R-genes only provide quantitative resistance, never complete immunity.", "R-genes are only effective against bacterial pathogens, not fungal ones." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"EVOLUTION", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":562, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"EVOLUTION", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which type of genes, involved in recognizing conserved microbial patterns, are hypothesized to contribute to quantitative disease resistance (QDR) through allelic variation?", "options":[ "Genes controlling plant flowering time exclusively.", "Major R-genes that recognize specific pathogen effectors.", "Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) like FLS2 or CERK1 involved in basal defense." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":562, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How might some Quantitative Resistance Loci (QRLs) be related to classical Resistance (R) genes?", "options":[ "Some QRLs may represent weaker alleles or 'defeated' versions of R-genes, sometimes retaining residual or race-specific effects.", "QRLs exclusively encode detoxification enzymes, while R-genes encode receptors.", "QRLs and R-genes always operate through completely independent molecular pathways." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":562, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What does the characterization of the rice QRL pi21 suggest about the genetic basis of quantitative disease resistance?", "options":[ "The pi21 gene encodes a typical NB-LRR resistance protein.", "QDR can be mediated by genes with novel functions, not necessarily related to known R-genes or defense signaling pathways.", "All QRLs are allelic variants of classical R-genes." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "plant_species":[ "Oryza sativa" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.006", "Year":2009, "Citations":562, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"GENOME AND GENOMICS", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How do non-essential heavy metals like Cadmium (Cd) primarily enter plant cells?", "options":[ "Exclusively by binding to cell wall pectins and polysaccharides.", "By utilizing transporters intended for essential inorganic ions with similar properties.", "Through passive diffusion across the plasma membrane only." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "Year":2009, "Citations":912, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"Which key subcellular locations are predominant sources of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in plant cells under metal stress?", "options":[ "Vacuoles, cell wall, and cytosol.", "Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.", "Chloroplasts, mitochondria, and peroxisomes." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "Year":2009, "Citations":912, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"CELL BIOLOGY AND CELL SIGNALING", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What are some major enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the plant cellular antioxidant defense system?", "options":[ "Heavy metal transporters and storage lipids.", "Phytohormones like Auxin and Cytokinin, and structural proteins.", "Enzymes like Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT), and molecules like Glutathione (GSH) and Ascorbate." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "Year":2009, "Citations":912, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In Arabidopsis thaliana, what was the effect of overproducing Serine Acetyl Transferase (SAT) from the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi goesingense?", "options":[ "It enhanced resistance to Ni-induced growth inhibition and oxidative stress, coinciding with increased levels of OAS, Cys, and GSH.", "It decreased tolerance to Nickel (Ni) due to excessive cysteine production.", "It specifically increased phytochelatin levels without altering glutathione (GSH) concentration." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "Year":2009, "Citations":912, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"BIOTECHNOLOGY", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What specific protective role does \u03b1-tocopherol (Vitamin E) play in Arabidopsis thaliana when exposed to copper (Cu) or cadmium (Cd)?", "options":[ "It acts as an antioxidant, protecting against metal-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.", "It functions as a signaling molecule to directly activate heavy metal efflux pumps.", "It serves as the primary chelator, directly binding and sequestering Cu and Cd ions." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "source_journal":"TIPS", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "Arabidopsis thaliana" ], "doi":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2008.10.007", "Year":2009, "Citations":912, "normalized_plant_species":"Model Organisms", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does stomatal conductance typically respond to sustained high Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in most plant species?", "options":[ "It remains unchanged.", "It increases.", "It declines." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "source_journal":"New Phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "Year":2020, "Citations":1262, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"How does the stomatal sensitivity to increasing leaf-to-air Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPDL) generally compare between mesic plant species and desert plant species, relative to their stomatal conductance at low VPDL (gsref)?", "options":[ "Desert species generally exhibit higher sensitivity compared to mesic species.", "Mesic species generally exhibit higher sensitivity (e.g., sensitivity parameter m \u2248 0.6 \u00d7 gsref) compared to desert species (e.g., m \u2248 0.4 \u00d7 gsref).", "Both mesic and desert species exhibit equally low sensitivity relative to their gsref." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "source_journal":"New Phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "Year":2020, "Citations":1262, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What significant role has elevated Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) been identified to play in recent drought-associated events affecting conifers in regions like southwestern USA?", "options":[ "It primarily enhances tree growth and resilience against drought.", "It has a negligible impact on tree mortality compared to pathogen attacks or soil nutrient depletion.", "It is a major contributor to tree mortality, sometimes more strongly correlated with mortality than temperature or precipitation anomalies." ], "answer":2, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "source_journal":"New Phy", "area":"ENVIRONMENT", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "Year":2020, "Citations":1262, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"ENVIRONMENT", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"What fundamental trade-off do recent goal-oriented stomatal models, like the gain-risk algorithm, propose that stomata balance?", "options":[ "The rate of water uptake from soil against the rate of nutrient absorption from leaves.", "The risk of hydraulic stress (e.g., cavitation) against the opportunity for photosynthetic gain.", "The energy cost of stomatal movement against the energy gained from root respiration." ], "answer":1, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "source_journal":"New Phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "Year":2020, "Citations":1262, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false }, { "question":"In seed plants, what transient stomatal response is often observed immediately before the steady-state decrease in stomatal conductance following exposure to increased leaf-to-air Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPDL)?", "options":[ "Stomata temporarily 'pop open' to a wider aperture.", "Stomata immediately close to their minimum possible aperture.", "Stomata exhibit a rapid and sustained oscillation between fully open and fully closed states." ], "answer":0, "source":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "source_journal":"New Phy", "area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "plant_species":[ "non-specific" ], "doi":"10.1111\/nph.16485", "Year":2020, "Citations":1262, "normalized_plant_species":"Non-specific", "normalized_area":"PHYSIOLOGY AND METABOLISM", "is_expert":false } ]