THE^ JOURNBL OF THE SOOIETY OF aBENIUBL INDUSTRY


found out nboiit it. Iii the iiicniitiinc it ~~i i l d IN best to stick to tlic good Eiiglisli word '' Iinrdeiiinp," which clenrly dcfiucd tlic openitioii. Tciiiiicriiig wns n tliflcrciit liroccss nltogctlicr. Ur. E. RILEY quite ngrccil with Mr. Ilntllicld ns to tlic cffcct of cliroiiiiiiiii. Ilis firiii lint1 iiscd it iii tlic iiiniiiifuc- turc of soft steel, Iic~iiiisc t h y lint1 foiiiitl t1i:it it iiicrcnscd the teiisilc etrciigtli of tlic iiictnl without iiicrciisiiig its Iinrtliicss. I t ivns cspciwivc to iisc, Iio\vcver, niid PO t h y did without it ns firr ns pnssiililr. Nr. 11. A. I L \ i ~i m i m mid tlint it ivns n strikiiig iiistniicc 

sliowing how iiicii's iiiiiids iii different pcirts of thc work1 iiiicoiiscioiisly workctl on the sniiie itlai, tliiit espcriiiicrits liiitl Iiccii iiiiitlc in Aiiicricii ivitliiii tlic last two ycurs iii the sniirc tlircctioii 11s tlrc proccss 1101~ tlcscribeil liy 'JcoCc~so~ Siiiitli. Is i t cominiiiiiciitioii oii tlic nctioii of iiitric ncid oii or11iii:iry tribroiiiiiuiliiic, iiicltitig :it 119' C., I Iicivc slio\vii tlicit iii the rciictioii wliicli tiikcs p1:icc nloiig with n ccrtiiiii iiiiioiiiit of otlicr products, Iiroiiiiiiiil is Iirodiicctl iii coiisidcnililc qiiiiiitity (ulioiit 10 per cciit.) (Ilcr 15, 471). 
Tlds rcwtion for the foriiu\tioii of broinniri\ is importnnt, siiicc liy its nit1 tlic Iiiirc siibstniicc cnii be cusily ~irc~inrc11. I t is only iiccessnry to boil tlic tribroiiiiiiiiliiic with ctroiig iiitric wid till the dccoiiipositioii ~irotliicts (tliliroiiitliiiitro-nict1i:iiic iiiiil tctriibroiulcilzciic) Iiiivc distilled over, iiftcrwnrds ivnsliiiig tliu resitliic with hot nlcoliol, iii ortlcr to olitniii broiiiniiil iii piirc goltlcii.ycllow crystiilliiic ~iliitcs. I i i tlic iiivcstigntioii rcfcrrcd to, I 111ivc this olitiiiiiccl scvcixl Iiiiiidrcd gniiiiiiics of piire broiiiiiiiil us :I by-lirodiict, iiud this iiintcriiil scrvctl for tlic further stiitly of Iiroiiiuiiil. 
f3roirrnnil is nisily soliililc iii hot h very ~oiiililctc :lciiriigc is iiiniiifestctl in n tlircctioii ~i~imllcl to (001). 'I'lic dniic of tlic optic iisis coiiicitlcs with tlint of tlic syiiiiiictricnl \xis." 
llroiiiniiil is iiot soliililc iii coiicciitrntcd siilpliiiric ucitl, itit nii loiig lioiliiig it dissolves slowly wit11 lilicrntioii of Jroiiiiiic, niid is coiivcrtctl iiito II dirty rctl crystnlliiic powdcr. This Iiowclcr coiirists of Iiroiiiniiilic ucitl. 1 Iinvc iiivcstigntctl two snlts of this ricitl. Tlic silver s i l t , CJk2O~(0,\g)~, sclinnites n s II tlnrk rcd nii1orp1ioiis lire-:ipitiitc on tlic niltlitioii of nit cite of silver to tlic :iqiicoiis soliitinii of tlic ncitl. .idtlitioii of s~litliiic (ortliiiiiry). l'liis stiliititiii wiis ?viilioixtc*tl to tlryiicss, iiiitl tliu rcsidiic tlissolvcil iii j$icid icctic iicid. ITroiii tlic wliitioii tlic syliclc crptiilliscs i i i yellow ~iliitcs. Sitrogcii foiiiid = 5 . 3 per cciit. ; tlic Foriiiulii rctpiriiig 5'5G per eelit. 

Siippl. 8, 02).


I)lsccsslos.

011 tiiiisliiiig -the r ~~l i i i ~ of tlic cu:iiiiiiitiic:itioii, nlr. \\',imos Swrii s:titl tliiit tlic t~iily iiitliciitioii lie coiilil lit lircseiit see of tlic Iiructiciil iipliliciitioii of Iiroiiiitiiil WIIS the possiliility of its Iiciiig, iisctl iii tlic i i w i i f w t i i r c of co~oiiriiig iiiiitters. lhit iiiilcss its iisc \v:is foiiiitl to coii5titiitc soiiic uoiisitlciiible iiiilirovciiiciit oii Clilor.iiiil Iiliie, lie I'eiircd t h i t thcrc WIIS riot iiiiicli cli:iiicc of its ciiiployiiiciit evcii iii that dircctioii. If siiiiieiciit tiipcr is givcii to tlic pips, i i i i d ciiro is tiikcii not to ovcrlill tliciii e i t l i ~iiicliiiig, ii diiiiiiiged or olistriictctl p i p iiiiiy 1)u lifted out iriitl iiiiotlicr oiic siiIis1itiitci1, without iiitcrfcriiig w i ~l i tlic rest of tliu tower. 

I

  ~K O ~L ~I ~, . I'rnfesor I f ~:/lclllis~ry ill Ihc I~oyrrl Scruiirtl Ilciltirnly. IIP r. 11. i . o s , w w x . 


'

  Tlic vnliics prefiscd Iiy nii nstcrisk nliovc Icnd oii cnlciintioii to tliciisisrel:itioiisliip:--tr:b: c = 1.0005: I:z*~:w, in11 the nsiul iiicliiintioii B = 7.1' OGh'. 




  Tdit;th if Jlroatcttri~ic rlcitl (ortlio niid p i i x ) , -rI t d i f / C 0 s I~roartr1rilic 1 1 Cid, C&02(S I I . CJ I>):, CJlr202 ( S I I . C,J CI Drtlio niiil p:ir;itoliiiiliiic coiiiliiiiit with broiiiniiil to furiii ~licse toliiidcs wlicri they iirc Imilctl with liciizctic or gliiciiil ,icetic :icitl. Tlic urt/io-lobriilc sc~innitcs in dirty yellow, tlic prrii-!ohtitle iii dwk rcil rlioiuliic pliitcs. 'l'lic liittcr coiiiputiiiil i i ~i ~i c m yellow 1iy triiiisiiiittctl light. llotli tlicsc toliiiilcs w e dissolvcd by Iici~zc~ic or gliiciiil ncctic ncitl, yicldiiig ycllow stiliitioiis. The ortlio-coiiilioiiiitl is iiiorc twily soliillc tlinii tlic 1i:iix. 'l'lic iiitrogeii \viis dctcriiiiiictl iii llicse coII1~loI1IIl1s, Illlll fulllltl to Irc 5.92 l l l l t l 5.69 1" CCllt. rcslicetively, tlie foriiiiilii tleiiiliiidiiig 5.88 per cent. Xyliilc of f l r o m u d i c h i d , CGlir202[SJ I . C611:,(Cl I:, ). . ]. , . 'I'Iic Iiciirciic soliitioii of tlio ~iroiiiiiiiiI tiiriis lirotvii uii 




  foriiictl, or by ioilisiiig, tho tcti~i-ioilo-coiii~ioiiiit~ (eryt~irosiii) of I h c ~I i i i i l u , would IIC olitriiiictl, oii1y nctiiii1 cslicriiiiciit coiiltl tlccitlc. ' ~l i c ~I i , \ i i i ~i , \ s ~i i i i l tliiitlio\voiild 110 t i Iioltl t i i ~i i i iiitlcc.il wlio slioiiltl R I I ~ of niiy givcii 1iroces3 that it woultl iicvcr 1iitcoiiio vnlriiililu iii tcclitiiciil cl~ciiii~try. ~~ciiiciiiItcriii~ 1111 iiistiiiico iii his o~vii stiitlciit cliiys, ~vlicii soinc cnrliolic acid was rcqiiircd iiiitl tlicrc WIS iiotliiiig to prcliiire it froiii csccpt the iilkiiliiie wiisliings of soinc coal tiir-lie \ Y ~S I I ~Y C P surprised to find clIciiiicn~ riirities of n few yciirs Iiiiclc Iiccoiniiig tlic coiiiiiioii protliictioiis of to-thy. A Iiiircly Liciciititic p:ipcc of to-day iiiiglit iii LL few ycnrs lici\cc 1 ) ~ tlic soiircc of 11 viiliinblc cliciiiicnl iiidiistry : rind tlicrcforc ~r c l i ~)iipcrs slioiiltl bc rcgiirtletl with rcspcctfiil, if iiot iictivc, iiitcrcst. Nr. A\ . 11. T ~i s c ; wislicd to draw iittciitioii to tlic fnct tliiit Iic lint1 dcscril)cd ii iiictlioil iii the Clien~iciil Society's ~J O I I ~I I C I ~, 1887, 1.18, by which Iiroiniiiiil could Iic obtiiinctl in tlieoreticii~ qiiiiiitity. 'fliis consisted in hciitiiig dibroinorthoor tliliroin-jrnr.ci-iiitro~iliciiol with Iiroiiiiiic iuitl wiitcr, tlic rciictioii Iiciiig rclircsciitctl liy the followiiig cipitioii :-C,&ih(X02) ,011 + .I Ik, + 3 011, = CJlr,O.l + G 111k + IIx&. 


ilcohol. Lbxortliiig to iiii curlier report, it is coiisitlcixlily soIiiIiIu iii boiliiig nlcoliol ( A i i i i . 143, 055 ; 91, :!07 ; 205, 53), biit this is to Iic nscrilicd to tlic Iircsciicc of iiiipuriticr. lo tlic niinlyscs, the liroiniiic foiind wns iii oiic cnsc i S * : I O per cent., iiiid iii ntiotlicr 75-49, tlic cnlcitliited iinioiiiit for CJ3r402 lieiug 75.47 Iicr cent. l'lic lirofliict olitiiiiictl wiis tliercl'orc II pire broiiiiiiiil. It crystnlliscd from gliiciiil ucid iii sliiiiiiig rlioiiibic ~iliites of

  n siilpliiir-ycllow coloiir, iiiitl from beiirciic in thick tliirk yc~llow ~tliitcn. Jjy lettitig hot iiiitlcr-siitiiriitetl Iiciieciie aolritioiis of the fiiilistniicc stiiiid iii lieirker gln?;scs for soiiic tiiiic, I siicccci1cd in obtiiiiiiiig ~icrfcetly foriiicd crystids of liroiiiiitiil. 



Iicitrcric, :in11 toleltibly soliiblc in glacial ncetic ncitl, liut nliiiost iiisoliililc iii :Froiii siicli 11 ~olutitiii, 
iiftcr fioiiic tlnys, Lcniitifiilly ilcvclo~icd crptiils were olitiiiiicd, tiiitl tliese were crystiillo- wi iliicnlly csiiiiiiiietl Iiy iiiy friend Professor A. Arzriiiii. stutcs tlint '1 Iirniiiiiiiil crystn~~iscs iii tlic iiioiiocliiiic systcrii. 'I'lie crystiils iirc of nii oniiigc-ycllorv coloiir <carrcspoiuliiig to tlic tiiit 4 I<. of I~iiildc's coloiir scalu by iiicitlcntnl, niitl G X. to 7 X. by tniiisiiiittctl light), ciiitl tlicy itre very lustmiis. "'IYI~ forills obserrct~ tire (ooi), (iio), nut1 ioi), nliieli 1111 csliiliit very cveii surfnccs. '' Tlic cryfititla iirc, v;itlioiit csceptioii, twiiis iipoii tho flico '' Tho fiict lins liecii dcchicecl by repeated cspcrieiicc, iiiitl iii siicli crystnllisiitioii no sciisiblu diatiirbuiicc in tho for- iiiiitioii niid iiiiglc viiliics ircrc observed. This is slio\vii iii the followiiig tnblc :-

  
	(ooi).

19 perceiit. 'J'h Iiiiriiiiii s d t , C~l~r2O,1~~i,sc~i;ir~itc.~ 11s :I 1irowii

  'rlic ~icrcetitiigc of silver foiiiirl iii this siilt w:id .1?'19, wliilst tlic foriiiiilii giveii rciliiircs cryst:illiiic powttcr \vlicii liroiiiniiil is lioilctl with 1111 :it1iicoiis sohitioii of Iinriiiiii 1iydi:itc. Tliis powder ilksolves iii lioiliiig iyntcr sliglitly :iciiliil;itctl with 1iyclrocliloric :iciiI, to which it coiiiiniiiiicutcs 11 violet coloiir, niitl froiii this aoliitioii the liiiriiiiii silt scpwntes in Iirowir Iivisiiis growii together iii flic foriii of crosses. 111 this s:ilt :%1*15 per 



cciit. of b:iriiiiii wiis foiiiid, tlic foriiiii1:i i1ciii:iiidiiig 31' 61. scliarntcs iii sliiiiiiig rlioiiiliic plntes oii iidtliiig iiiiiliiie to ':i

  IioiIiiig soliitioii of I~roiiiiiiiil iii bciizeiic or g1iici:il iicctic iicitl. TIicsc crptnls Iiirvc ii Iicniitifiil Iiliiisli-violet euloiir 



iii rcllcctctl light, niitl :ipliciir ycllo\v Iry tr;iiisiiiittctl light. l' 
lic coiiiporiiiil w i s lirst ~irc1i:irc~1 by ~~C i i ~i I J i i S C , riiitl

  

iccorcliiig to Iiiiii, it crystiillisctl iu Iiliiclt tiiblcs (;iiiii. 
Cliloriiiiil wis Iirotliicctl very cliciiply lit 1ircsciit Iiy tlru rciictioii of Iiotiissiiiiii cliloriitc n i i t l liytlrocliloric iiciil oii p r o pliciiul.

  Tlic cliloriiiiil tliiis furiiictl ciii~il~itict~ OII Iieotiiig with tlic iiroiiiutic tertiary iiiiiiiics, yidtliiig I I tiiiu bliie coloiir, or Iiy Iiciitiiiy with ~ieii~yltli~i~iciiy~~iiiiiiic 



, II iiiw grccii colliiiriiig iiiiittcr WIIS olitiiiiictl. \\'lictli~~r it iiiight IIU liossililc Iiy siilistitiitiiig liroiiiniiil to ~J ~l I l ~U C ~ iiii iiii1111iguiis viiriiitioii of sliiicles siicli IIS wcru

  

ol)tiiiiici\, fur csuiiiplr, in tliu Ifosiii groiip, wlicrc, liy Iiroiiiiiititiiig liiiorcscciii tlic tctni-liroiiiiiiiitctl Iirotluct (ordiiiiiry 12osiii) of yellow sliiitlu is. 
Siiicc tlilirori~-or./l~o-iiitro~i~ieiio~ coiild Iic rciidily

  o1)t:iiiicd by iiiti:itiiig criitlc diliroiiiopliciiol (froin plieiiol i i i d liroiiiiiic), this incthod nppc:ircd to liiiii to lie worthy of iittciilioii, slioiild liroiiiniiil Iiccoiiic of tccliiiiciil iiiiportiiiice. \\'it11 rcgiirtl to Iiroiiiiiiiilic iicitl the coiistitiitioii of wliicli Iiiitl 



rccciitly Iiccii tlctcriiiiiieil liy Ilir~itzscl~-to the otlier coni~ioiiiiils iiiciitioiicil iii tlic piipcr, lie tlioiiglit tli:it tlicy 1iiiiI bccii iilreiidg fully clescrilietl by Stciilioiisu iiiitl otlicrs. 1 ' . Gossnjic.

  

W. 1).1lcriii:tii.A. 
If. liiiiglit. I). MCKCClllliC. Ci. Slinck-Soiiiiiier. Ilcnry l'atc. Ziberpool Btctiort. Noticor of I'iilwrw niitl Coiiiriiiiiiicutloiis id to Llio Lociil Sccretiiry. for t l l U to bu sorl+: 0s 11

  

CI,i\SS TO\\'lbll. C0SI)~SXIClI. iis liiiviiig si)iiie ruliitioii to tlic priiici~iiiI Iiiisiiicss of this cveiiiiig-the tlisciissioii of I h . Iliirter's iiiiistcrly piipcr oii tliu (I Coiidciisnlioii of Ilgdroclilorie Acid Giis "-1 tlioiiglit it iiiiglit Iiu of iiitcrcst to tliu iiiciiilicrs to see Iio\v i\ towr coiitlciiscr ciiii lie iiintlc liriicticiilly ciitircly of gliiss. I n tho Iiil)oi~itory, for t lie co~idc~isiitioii of iicitl or corrosivu giiscs (except of C O I I ~H C iii tho c~isu of lliioriiic), 1111 cliciiiist liroliiilily woiihl tIii,tik of iisiiig airy other iniitcriiil tliirii glass, its siiperiority Iwiiig so iiiiiiiifcst. 
011 111e Iiirgu sciilv, Ill. IIOU(1I.AS l l ~l l ~l . t s . iowxcr

  , csliceiiilly wlicrc it is desired to ciiiploy II tower illcd with soiiic iuotcriiil csposiog 11 Iitrge sarfiice, tlic litliciiltics i n the way of ciiiployiiig gliiss iirc grciit. IIS n riictiirc iii tlic lower Iiiirt of tlic toeerciiiid by the prcssurc If iiiiy coiisidenililc height of piickiiig iiiiitcriiil or otlierwisc. iiiglit cinpty tlie tower of its contents. If the glnss wiills if tlic tower w r c iiiiide riillicieiitly tliick to be rensoiinbly ,iifc iigiiiiist siicli itn iiccitlciit tlicy \voitld lie very costly, iesitlcs Iiciiig liiible to fly with cliiiiigcs of tciiipcnitiirc. 



bIoreovcr, one of tlic principiil iidviiiitiigcs to lie derived 'roiii tlic iisc of

  gliiss, iiiiiiiely tlic cooliiig elrcct iirising froin lic tliiiiiicss of the miiteriiil, woiild Iic to t i coiisidcniblc istciit iiciitriiliscil.111 tlic iippiinitris liefore yoii 



1111 nttciiipt hiis Iiceii iii:rdc to )vcrcoiiic tlicsc tliflicitlties

  , ivitli whit pro1i:iliility of siicccss [ iiiiist lcnvc it to iiieiiilicrs to tlctcriiiiiic \vho Iiirve fiir iiioru iriicticiil iiciliiiiiiitiiiicc with tlic siibjcct of tlic coiidciisntioii )f iicids, kc. 



, tliiiii I eiiii ~irctciid to. 'IYic priiiciplc

  iidopteil is to divide tlic vcrticd lieiglit of tlic t o w r iiito scctioiis of two or tlirce feet, so nrniiigetl tliiit tiicli section sliiill carry tlic ciitirc \vciglit of packiiig iiuiteriiil :oiitiiiiietl witliiii it, \vitlioiit iii tlic sliglitcst clcgrcc Iircssiig IIIOII tlic portioii of tlic tower Iiclorv it.A t1:iiigcroiis ~ircss~irc III tlic lowcr prts of tlic tower is tliiis iivoitletl, nntl tlic tower limy lie h i l t to iuiy Iiciglit t h i t is coiisideretl dcrinrl)le.The principle of sii1i-1Iividiiig the aeiglit is ciirriccl iiito :fTcct liy providiiig sliglitly tiipcriiig ghss pips, ( 



I , with :in iipper csteriiiil iiiid loiwr i~itcrunl fliiugc, of tlic foriii shorvii

  
	-l r
	0 A

iii scctioii tit L iiiid r. Tlic iippcr fliuigc, rcstiiig iipoii stiitiililc supports, e,J, y, carries tlic wliolc weight of the pipe with its coiitciits. 2 1 grid, i f , siipliortcd by

  tlic lower intermil tliiiigc, ciirrics tliu 1i:ickiiiCr iniiteriiil.Tlic pilies Iiciiig s ~i g ~i t ~y tiipcr, t ~i c lower IiorZoii of oiic pipe tits iiito the iiplicr portion of the pipe iiiiiiictliiitcly below it, iiiicl ~h c joint is iiiii11c good with iiiig siiitiiblc cciiicnt.Pliiiigcs of tlic foriii sliowii, iu ndditioii to scrviiig tl!c piirposcs described, iiiiitcriiilly iitltl to tlic strciigtli of tlic ppc.Hciitls to coiiiicct oiic tower with iiiiotlicr ciiii bc iiiiidc of gliiss, liiit it is pcticiilly iiiiliossiblc to iiiiike Iiirgc tccs of this iiiiitc'~iii1, i 



i i i t l wlicrc siicli coiiiicsioiis iiru iicccssiiry, ciirtliciiwnro rlioiiltl be ciiiployed.

  If clcsirctl, tlic bottoiii pipe of eiicli tower iiiiiy be iiiiitlc fiiiiiiel-shiipcd to fiicilitiitu tlic coiivcyiiig ii~vny of tlic licliiid product. l'lie grids, rf, siipportiiig tlic picking iniitcriiil tire coiiiposed of strips of gliiss, $ ill. tliick liy 1: iii. deep, iiiid to prevciit tliu liqiiitl triclcliiip iiloiig tliese to tlie sides of tlic 



tower, tliep tire cut with II slight ciirvc, from tlic lowst p r t of wliicli tlic liqiiitl 1iiis II tentleiicy to drop. I!? plnciiig tliu grid iii oiiu pilie at riglit tiiiglcs to tliist in tlw oiic iiiiiiicdintcly iiliove it, tlic cciitrc of ilistriliiitioii of tlic ~lcscciiiliiig liqiiid is coirtiiiiuilly cliiiiigcil froiii pipe to pilie. l'liu 1iiicIciiig iiiiitcriiil iiiiiy lie gliiss, iiiid if iii tlie twisted irwgiiliir foriir lrcru sho\vii, will wcigli, with tliu siipportiiig grid, nlioiit 1 cwt. per pipe.
THE^ JOURNBL OF THE SOOIETY OF aBENIUBL INDUSTRY