ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CENTAUREA L. SECTION PHALOLEPIS (CASS.) DC. IN TURKEY

Keywords: ecology, Centaurea, soil, plant, analysis

In this present study, the ecological characteristics of Phalolepis (Cass.) DC. a section of the Centaurea L. genus growing in Turkish was investigated. Important to note is that all species of the section are restricted endemics. Physico-chemical soil analyses as well as chemical analyses of different parts of the species were conducted. Soil and bedrock samples were investigated resuling in petrographic diagnoses. Discriminant analyses were used to determine the amount of the plant nutritional elements of the different plant parts such as root, stem, and leaf, depending on physical and chemical features of 0-10 cm soil specimens. The amount of the nutrient elements in the roots, stem and leaves, the classification success percentages were 92.3, 92.3 and 88.5, respectively. The discrimination analysis success percentage of the chemical and physical soil contents resulted in 96.2%. 

Introduction

Ecological areas are the result of geological, paleogeographic and historical factors where protected areas are determined based on endemic species (Olson and Dinerstein, 1998;Mittermaier et al., 1998;WWF andIUCN 1994-2001). Islands, mountains or isolated edaphic systems such as ultrabasic rocks, gypsum or limestone areas are generally classified as endemic plant areas (Favarger, 1972;Gomez-Campo et al., 1984). Widespread species become rare depending on the effects of humans on nature. Naturally rare and aquianted rare species are not distinguished easily (Rabinowitz et al, 1986;Gaston, 1994;Norton and De Lange, 1998). Restricted areas such as rocky slopes and cliffs are one of the major reasons for naturally rare plant species (Gaston, 1994). This kind of natural isolations and extreme habitats may lead to formations of local endemic and naturally rare plant species (Wyatt, 1997;Larson et al., 2000;Hopper, 2000). Geographical locations, ecological characteristics, paleogeography and historical features make Turkey rich for its flora. 
Although Turkey is about one fifth of Europe it has relatively more endemic plant species when compared. Approximately 30% of Turkish Flora is endemic, while all Europe consists about 2750 endemic plants (Ekim et al., 2000). 
Globally around 700 Centaurea L. species are present in Asia, North Africa and America (Brummitt, 2004). The genus Centaurea is represented in Turkey by 34 sections, 226 species and the overall endemism rate is 66 % (Kültür, 2016). All of the Phalolepis section species are restricted endemic species, one of them is classified as NT (Near Threatened), 4 species are EN (ENdangered), and 4 species are CR (Critical Endangered) (IUCN, 2001). 

Materials and Methods

Studied species were collected from their natural habitats between 2003-2005 (see Table 1, Fig. 1). Petrographic diagnoses were made both for soil and bedrock samples of plant species. Geological features of all section members were investigated by comparing Turkey geological map (1/500 000 scales), which was previously prepared by the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute (Duberted, 1973). 
Plant samples of the root, stem and leaves were evaluated in detail, respectively. Chemical analyses were made by Semi-Micro Kjeldhal method for N (Jackson, 1962), Olsen method for P (Chapman and Pratt, 1961); Ca, Mg, K, ammonium-acetate; Na, sodium-acetate (Jackson, 1962); Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn wet digestion method (Walkley and Black, 1934). Also, 0-10 cm depth soil samples of the plants were collected from the areas, which were dried and color of the samples were compared with Standart Soil Color Charts (1970). Physical analyses of soils were made by Bouyoucus hydrometer method (1962), and soil types were determined using soil types utilizing triangle (Çepel, 1983). Chemical analyses of soils were made with Beckman and pH meter about 0,01 sensitivity (Jackson, 1962). Soil reaction was observed the in 1/2.5 ratio of suspension, the values of soil pH were compared with Kantarcı (2000). The amount of salt in the soil was determined by Conductance Bridge device (Jackson, 1962), and the results were compared with Eruz (1979). Amounts of CaCO 3 of soils were determined with Scheibler (Çepel, 1983), and the results were compared with Tüzüner (1990). Total N amounts of soils were determined by micro Kjeldahl Method (Jackson, 1962), and compared with Schröder (1972). Organic soil contents and Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn analyses were determined by the combustion method of Walkley and Black (1934). P amount was determined by Olsen method (Chapman and Pratt, 1961). Soil extracts were prepared for ammonium-acetate method (Jackson, 1962), and the results were evaluated comparing with Schröder (1972). Discrimination method was used for plant nutrient elements and soil types. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 10.0 software. 

Results and Discussion


Bedrock and Geology

Sample area of C. cadmea in Denizli-Honaz, bedrock is metamorphic schist while the geological structure is paleozoic; in Zonguldak-Devrek-Eğerci, main rock is andesite, the geological structure is Eocene, Paleocene, and Cretaceous; in Bartın-Ulus, bedrock is limestone and the geological structure is Cretaceous. Sample area of C. aphrodisea in Ödemiş-Bozdağ, bedrock is mica schist while the geological structure is paleozoic; in Aydin-Geyre, bedrock is mica schist, the geological structure is Neogene; in Denizli-Başkarcı, bedrock is crystallized limestone and the geological structure is paleozoic. Sample area of C. amaena in Kayseri-Yılanlı Mountain, bedrock is agglomerate and the geological structure is paleozoic. Sample areas of C. lycia in Antalya-Korkuteli road, Antalya-Kozdağı, Burdur-Kızılkaya and Antalya-Saklıkent main rocks are limestones and the geological structures are Mesozoic-tertiary in Antalya-Korkuteli road, Antalya-Kozdağı, and Antalya-Saklıkent. The geological structure of Burdur-Kızılkaya is Holocene. All sample areas of C. luschaniana main rocks are limestones, in Karaman beli, between Elmali-Korkuteli 30 km and 14 km geological structures are Holocene, and in the other locality geological structure is Miocene. In three localities of C. wagenitzii bedrocks are alluvial, and the geological structures are Quaternary. Sample area of C. tossiensis on rood side, bedrock is serpentine, the geological structure is Eocene; in Tosya bedrock is ultrabasic rocks, the geological structure is Neogene; in Daday bedrock is ultrabasic rocks and the geological structure is Cretaceous. Sample area of C. hieropolitana in Sarıkavak village between Dazkırı-Çardak main rock is marl, the geological structure is Oligocene; in the exit of Dazkırı bedrock is limestone, the geological structure is Quaternary; in Denizli-Pamukkale bedrock is travertine and the geological structure is paleozoic. Sample areas of C. antalyense in Güzelsu-Serebel well side and Sadıklar-Güzelsu way both two localities have limestone bedrocks and upper Cretaceous as the geological structures. 

Plant Analysis

The amounts of nutrient elements of plants roots are seen in Table 4 shows the amount of nutrient elements in the leaves of the species. Almost all the elements are the greater amount of the leaves than the roots and stems. In second 

Physical Analysis of Soils

C. cadmea prefers sandy-slime type soil, two sample areas of C. aphrodisea is sandy-slime type soils and another sample area is slimy sand (Table 5). C. amaena is found in sandy-slime soil; slimy-clay, slimy sand, sandy-slime, slime types soils have been observed in localities of C. lycia, has large soil type tolerance. Soil type rates of Phalolepis section are 30.7% of sandy-slime, 30.7% of slimy-clay, 11.6%, of slimy-sand, 11.6% of sandy clay-loam, 7.8% of sandy-clay, 3.8% of slime and 3.8% of dusty-slime. 

Chemical analysis of soils


Statistical Analysis

In the analyses of the amount of the nutrient elements of the roots, the classification success have been found 92.3%. One sample area of C. aphrodisea passed to C. lycia, one sample area of C. luschaniana passed to C. wagenitzii, other plant species stayed in their own groups (Fig. 2). First, two discrimination functions include 71,8 % of all variance. In separation analyses of amounts of the nutrient elements of the roots, in the first function Mn, P, Ca and N are the most important variants, and in the second function Ca, Mn, Zn, and P (Table 7). 

Figure 2. The graphical representation of the discriminant analysis of amount of nutrient element analyses of roots

The classification analysis success of amounts of nutrient elements of the stems is 92.3%. One sample area of C. cadmea passed to C. tossiensis, one sample area of C. hieropolitana passed to C. lycia, other plant species stayed in their own groups (Fig. 3). First, two functions of Table 8 explain the 77,1% of the variations. In separation analyses of amounts of the nutrient elements of the stems, in the first function Na, N, P, and Cu are the most important variants, and in the second function N, Zn, Fe, and K. The classification analysis success of amounts of nutrient elements of the leaves have been found 88.5%. One sample area of C. aphrodisea passed to C. luschaniana, one sample area of C. luschaniana and C. hieropolitana passed to C. aphrodisea, other plant species stayed in their own groups (Fig. 4). 
First, two separation functions explain the 85,3% of all variations. In the first function Mn, N, K and Cu, in the second function Zn, Cu, Ca and Mg have provided the biggest contribution (Table 9). 
The discrimination analysis success of chemical and physical soil (0-10 cm) contents of the species is 96.2%. One sample area of C. hieropolitana passed to C. lycia, other plant species stayed in their own groups (Fig. 5). First, two separation functions explain the 92,4% of all variations. In the first function Ca ++ , N, the organic compound, and Zn ++ , in the second function Ca ++ , pH, sand and K amounts are important (Table 10). 

Conclusion

Because of limited distribution areas, population of these species are under risk of being extinct. Having narrow habitat let species in Phalolepis section be damaged by any natural or antropogenic activity. Tourism activities (Saklıkent, Termessos), agriculture, road construction, grazing and building activities in the region are the most dangerous activities for future of these species populations. Conservation strategies must be performed immediately for species. 

Figure 3 .

 3 Figure 3. The graphical representation of the discriminant analysis of amount of nutrient element analyses of stems 


Figure 4 .

 4 Figure 4. The graphical representation of the discriminant analysis of amount of nutrient element analyses of leaves 




  




  




  


Table 2 .

 2 The highest amount of N have been found 3.1351% and is seen on the second sample area of C. cadmea.The lowest one is 0.3327% and is seen on the fourth sample area of C. luschaniana.The highest Mg rate (10250 ppm) is seen on the first sample area of C. aphrodisea and the highest Zn amount (419.5 ppm) is seen on the first sample area of C. luschaniana.The amounts of nutrient elements of the plants stems has given in Table3. The analyses show the stems have lower N amounts than the roots. A third sample area of C. 


	wagenitzii, second sample area of C. tossiensis and third sample area of C.
	hieropolitana stems have higher N rates than the roots. A third sample area of C.
	wagenitzii has the highest Na (1300 ppm), third sample area of C. cadmea has the
	highest Fe (2500 ppm), first sample area of C. lycia has the highest Cu (125.5 ppm)
	rates.

http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 2 .

 2 The nutrient elements of species roots 


	Species	Locality	N	Na	Mg	Ca	Fe	K	Mn	Zn	Cu	P
			%	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm
		1	1,0603	400	1715	31795 2130 15000 167,5	39	30	1550
	C. cadmea	2	3,1351	450	1555	14525 1430 11000 398,5	71	29,5	550
		3	1,0564	700	1595	29760 2310 15250 140,5	31,5	31,5	1650
		1	1,3938	225	10250	9500	2970	6250	152	38	15,5	525
	C. aphrodisea	2	1,8704	575	1335	8680	1080 13500	96,5	10,5	11	450
		3	0,7167	450	1635	25620 1920	7000	209	57	18	700
	C. amaena	1	1,4651	350	1185	21450	445	8000	77	71	30	950
		1	2,0476 1500	1250	17590	445	15000	43,5	90	33,5	1550
	C. lycia	2 3	1,1029 1,4509	575 625	1175 1010	4740 7915	680 215	7250 10500	82 14	72,5 72	20 9	1050 900
		4	1,2018	625	2130	22805 3995 11000 154,5	37	20,5	1300
		1	1,1653	775	1780	13495 2025 10500 113,5 419,5	37	1250
	C. luschaniana	2 3	0,8293 0,969	600 350	940 995	8675 14485 1335 980	8750 6250	90 91	84 80,5	44 56,5	700 950
		4	0,3327	575	1135	15300	520	8750	42,5	18,5	13,5	450
		1	2,0484	875	6695	16535 1520	7000	74	174	22	2100
	C. wagenitzii	2	0,3576	550	1455	3750	900	5000	22	31	14,5	200
		3	0,6382	775	1155	2865	330	6250	8,5	20,5	10	525
		1	0,9056	350	1310	9250	350	13000	38	26,5	15	2350
	C. tossiensis	2	0,4396	275	1450	8455	235	12500	20	16,5	9	1000
		3	0,5862	350	1305	10640	585	11750	79,5	37,5	16,5	1100
		1	0,9151 1050	1470	9380	500	10000	21,5	69,5	11	250
	C. hieropolitana	2	1,2687	400	6550	35005	500	14500	31	68,5	13	750
		3	1,592	1175	1795	16575 1035	9500	39	53,5	6,5	525
	C. antalyense	1 2	1,0647 0,8107	675 500	1435 1080	12850 1870 19500 10400 1290 10000	85,5 56	176 29	33,5 26,5	1850 1350

Table 3 .

 3 The nutrient elements of species stems 


	Species	Locality	N	Na	Mg	Ca	Fe	K	Mn	Zn	Cu	P
			%	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm
		1	1,0048	275	1215 13150	445	10500	24	17,5	9,5	1600
	C. cadmea	2	1,1763	300	1040	8230	270	14500 106,5	19	9	750
		3	0,5922	450	1340 18875 2510	7250	74,5	27,5	12	1600
		1	0,9026	500	1435 11590	210	9250	15	18,5	5,5	1000
	C. aphrodisea	2	0,9808	300	1100	9420	755	12000	36,5	10	6,5	250
		3	0,5566	500	930	6560	160	9500	20,5	24,5	10	700
	C. amaena	1	1,1115	200	1005 11915	145	14500	23	24,5	9	1250
		1	1,6296	625	1320 15790	365	10500	25	101	125,5 1200
	C. lycia	2 3	1,4202 1,5348	200 275	1155 1350 14070 4790	375 280	6500 14000	18,5 9,5	83,5 63,5	11,5 12,5	300 750
		4	0,7383	550	1980 22700	515	8500	22	16,5	7	950
		1	0,984	325	1265 11850	505	8750	28,5	181,5	42,5	1100
	C. luschaniana	2 3	0,6869 0,7157	475 250	1145 11835 755 7525	385 280	7000 5500	29 15,5	75,5 93	30,5 23	700 650
		4	0,325	175	2330 16875	210	5250	13,5	20	5,5	600
		1	1,6964	350	1340 12790	575	8000	30,5	177	17	1050
	C. wagenitzii	2	0,5554	800	2360	5715	135	6250	15,5	19,5	10,5	450
		3	0,4	1300	1800	4890	185	7000	13	12,5	9,5	525
		1	0,9855	450	1515 14515	275	12000	20,5	24,5	9	2950
	C. tossiensis	2	0,646	250	1380 14590	75	10500	7	12,5	8	1350
		3	0,8832	125	1435 10315	310	11250	37	33,5	12,5	1350
		1	0,7041	700	2230 11620	145	11250	9,5	50	10	700
	C. hieropolitana	2	1,1337	300	6150 32445	200	7000	29	39,5	10,5	550
		3	1,6449	250	2180 24905	240	4750	17	31	7	950
	C. antalyense	1 2	0,746 0,5797	325 400	1090 620	8010 5275	95 75	18250 17250	4,5 3	109,5 18,5	15 8,5	850 1650



  Hungaryand third sample areas of C. wagenitzii have the highest Na (1650-2000 ppm), and third sample area has the highest Mg (14 305 ppm) rates. 



APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, 
Table 4 .

 4 The nutrient elements of species leaves 


	Species	Locality	N	Na	Mg	Ca	Fe	K	Mn	Zn	Cu	P
			%	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm	ppm
			2,0169	300	3910	31270 1290 23000	65	37,5	21,5	2100
	C. cadmea		2,3444	225	1840	17170 1110 16500	237	39,5	19	1700
			1,1191	350	1800	17505 2940 20750	94,5	46	26	4450
			1,3833	175	2655	25140	650	12500	37	26	7,5	700
	C. aphrodisea		2,2592	325	3395	25045 3880 15250 107,5	33	14,5	750
			1,1414	450	1600	16635	545	11000	43,5	45	22	950
	C. amaena		1,9419	225	1915	28095	480	15750	51	55	11,5	1470
			2,2657	450	2310	36200 2700	8750	113,5	107	114,5 1300
	C. lycia		1,4619 2,8814	500 450	2610 2515	11205 3165 37405 3725 13750 6500	118 104	93,5 70	44 49	500 1300
			1,5095	575	3860	34610 1230 10000	56	26,5	10,5	1050
			1,4243	275	1330	17055	915	8750	55	58,5	22,5	950
	C. luschaniana		1,1122 1,3064	375 250	1365 1725	16480 22455 2250 11000 855 10000	61,5 91,5	40 74,5	20 51,5	1050 1100
			0,4922	325	5800	35340 1490	5750	52	28,5	10	600
			2,4083	625	7300	23070 1280	7750	96	68	71	600
	C. wagenitzii		0,9655 1650	6655	7135	445	9250	25,5	25	20	350
			0,6426 2000 14305	9890	1260	8000	45,5	23,5	19,5	400
			2,6647	175	1855	22550 1805 15250	86,5	41	15	3000
	C. tossiensis		0,9985	225	1265	16210	160	13500	14,5	19,5	9,5	1250
			1,8141	225	6300	21430 2615 17000 172,5	53	29,5	1750
			1,5874	450	2480	23890	465	15000	26	34,5	10	750
	C. hieropolitana		1,8227	275	7450	38015	265	9500	50,5	38,5	14	1000
			2,6221	325	3895	27080	295	8750	25	34	12,5	1900
	C. antalyense		1,7396 1,0479	350 700	2115 1955	29230 30165 4845 22000 490 24750	35 147	89 40	38,5 17	1900 1450

Table 5 .

 5 The physical properties of the soils in the localities of species Soil types of distribution areas of C. luscahaniana are 75% of slimy-clay and 25% sandy clay. C. wagenitzii prefers slimy-clay, sandy-slime, and sandy clay type soils. C. tossiensis distributes in slimy-sand, slimy-clay, and sandy clay-loam type soils. Two sample areas of C. hieropolitana are sandy clay-loam type soils and in the other locality, soil type is dusty slime. Soil type of both two localities of C. anatlyense is slimy-clay. 


	Species r	Locality	Sand %	Structure of Soil Clay %	Dust %	Soil Type	Color of Soil Dry Wet
		1	79,33	10,62	10,05	Sandy-slime	2,5 Y -6/2	2,5 Y -3/2
	C. cadmea	2	84,9	6,23	8,82	Sandy-slime	2,5 Y -4/2	5 YR -1,7/1
		3	72,4	13,44	14,16	Sandy-slime	10 YR -6/4	10 YR -4/4
		1	76,39	14,61	9	Sandy-slime	10 YR -5/4	5 YR -2/2
	C. aphrodisea	2	89	4,2	6,8	Slimy-sand	10 YR -6/4	5 YR -2/2
		3	74	13,3	12,7	Sandy-slime	5 YR -4/3	10 R -2/3
	C. amena	1	70,9	12,8	16,3	Sandy-slime	7,5 YR-5/3	5 YR-2/4
		1	41,17	41,08	17,75	Slimy-clay	5 YR -5/4	5 YR -3/6
	C. lycia	2	86,31	7,5	6,18	Slimy-sand	2,5 Y -5/3	10 YR -3/2
		3	76,04	9,55	14,41	Sandy-slime	5 YR -4/2	

5 YR -2/2 http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 6

 6 shows the chemical properties of the soils in the distribution areas of the species.C. cadmea spreads in slightly acidic and alkaline soil has large tolerance on the amount of CaCO 3 .Besides, first sample area of C. cadmea has the high rate of P 2 O 5 .C. aphrodisia prefers neutral and lightly alkaline soil like C. cadmea has tolerance to the CaCO 3 .Soil type of distribution area of C. amaena is neutral and without lime.C. lycia and C. luschaniana grow in limestone main rocks, they prefer high lime and alkaline soils.An also fourth sample area of C. lycia has the high rate of K. C. wagenitzii grows in lightly alkaline soils and localities of the species have the high rate of Mg. C. tossiensis has a high tolerance for the soil type, prefers without lime or low lime soils.C. hieropolitana grows on marl, lime, travertine bedrock so prefers alkaline and lime soils. C. antalyense prefers neutral, low amounts of lime soils, in the present study first sample area has the high rate of organic compounds. 



APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 6 .

 6 The chemical properties of soils in the area of distribution of species 


	Species	Locality	pH 1/2,5	Salt ms/cm	Lime %	Organic %	N %	Na ppm	Mg ppm	Ca ppm	Fe ppm	K ppm	Mn ppm	Zn ppm	Cu ppm	P2o5 ppm
			8,32	0,47	0,45	1,15	0,0186	15	47	3285	1,2	70	6,2	1,01	0,71	82,82
	C. cadmea		6,52	0,32	0	2,49	0,0497	30	73	946	1,1	51	10,3	1,01	0,2	16,16
			8,64	0,3	55,9	0	0,0489	30	70	7049	0,4	71	6,8	1,11	0,3	5,05
			7,95	0,37	0	0,98	0,028	21	1751	1569	1,4	93	4,8	0,82	0,21	5,15
	C. aphrodisea		7,45	0,28	0,15	0,4	0,0113	25	191	1546	1,1	56	5,9	1,31	0,4	16,16
			8,59	0,24	44,5	0	0,047	21	2470	6586	1,3	101	0,7	0,74	0,42	37,1
	C. amena		7,36	0,47	0	2,87	0,0578	31	190	3005	1,1	296	7,2	4,18	0,82	74,46
			8,26	0,41	44,5	2,02	0,2045	51	204	7781	0,6	416	9,4	1,13	0,93	18,54
	C. lycia		8,09 7,98	0,34 0,44	0,9 39,2	0 1,33	0,0644 0,3746	52 21	331 334	5673 7631	0,4 1,2	98 165	6 3,2	1,13 0,93	0,62 0,62	21,63 18,54
			8,21	0,72	25	11,33	0,5546	74	366	7917	1,7	1525	15,2	0,84	8,51	18,9
			8,23	0,29	6,96	12,07	0,4188	37	581	8175	0,6	783	1,3	1,07	0,75	24,61
	C. luschaniana		8,39 8,22	0,26 0,3	13,04 10,1	2,59 3,66	0,2657 0,3265	37 53	296 262	8055 8140	0,9 0,8	411 318	3,3 2,3	0,74 0,95	0,74 0,74	22,05 19,08
			8,64	0,4	54,4	0,93	0,036	31	427	7381	0,5	258	0,7	0,72	10,61	27,81
			8,1	0,11	0	1,08	0,0201	251	3019	1745	0,5	238	10,2	1,16	0,65	6,45
	C. wagenitzii		7,94	0,36	0	0,58	0,0098	85	2360	746	0,3	97	6,6	0,91	0,34	5,7
			8,22	0,81	0	0,28	0,0371	334	2639	1310	0,7	138	15,8	0,74	0,21	11,66
			8,43	0,43	5,84	1,8	0,0693	25	137	6420	1	55	22,1	1,14	0,61	5,05
	C. tossiensis		6,25	0,2	0	0,27	0,1156	36	244	1265	0,8	98	10,7	1,01	0,62	23,69
			8,41	0,36	2,71	0,99	0,0789	26	112	7434	0,8	82	3,5	1,55	0,52	5,15
			8,22	0,39	28,4	1,27	0,177	25	215	6923	0,8	304	0,9	1,01	0,61	23,23
	C. hieropolitana		8,68	0,49	71,9	1,59	0,0419	21	214	7150	1,4	57	1,4	0,94	0,73	21,84
			8,35	0,53	29,8	1,67	0,0223	32	147	7239	0,6	171	3,7	1,5	0,64	32,1
	C. antalyense		7,45 7,65	0,13 0,58	2,19 0,5	12,95 1,92	0,7206 0,1943	69 47	248 207	8000 6259	1,8 1,2	297 287	16 5,6	1,38 1,35	1,17 0,62	9,54 16,64

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 7 .

 7 The results of discrimination of amount of nutrient elements of the roots 


	Function	Core value	Variance (%)	Total (%)	Kanon. Korelas	Wilks' Lambda	Khi-Kare	SD	Severity level
	1	8,408	51,7	51,7	,945	,001	102,391	80	,047
	2	3,279	20,1	71,8	,875	,013	67,646	63	,322
	3	2,471	15,2	87,0	,844	,054	45,113	48	,592
	4	,754	4,6	91,6	,656	,189	25,823	35	,871
	5	,611	3,8	95,4	,616	,332	17,113	24	,844
	6	,550	3,4	98,7	,596	,534	9,720	15	,837
	7	,190	1,2	99,9	,400	,828	2,925	8	,939
	8	,015	,1	100,0	,120	,986	,225	3	,973

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 8 .

 8 The discriminate analysis results of amount of nutrient element analyses of stems 


	Function	Core value	Variance (%)	Total (%)	Kanon. Korelas	Wilks' Lambda	Khi-Kare	SD	Severity level
	1	14,596	60,8	60,8	,967	,000	118,585	80	,003
	2	3,927	16,3	77,1	,893	,007	76,006	63	,126
	3	2,652	11,0	88,2	,852	,037	51,289	48	,346
	4	1,198	5,0	93,1	,738	,133	31,213	35	,652
	5	1,096	4,6	97,7	,723	,293	19,004	24	,752
	6	,359	1,5	99,2	,514	,615	7,534	15	,941
	7	,173	,7	99,9	,384	,836	2,785	8	,947
	8	,020	,1	100,0	,140	,980	,307	3	,959

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 9 .

 9 The discriminate analysis results of amount of nutrient element analyses of leaves 


	Function	Core value	Variance (%)	Total(% )	Kanon. Korelas	Wilks' Lambda	Khi-Kare	SD	Severity level
	1	17,631	47,7	47,7	,973	,000	133,598	80	,000
	2	13,893	37,6	85,3	,966	,003	88,264	63	,020
	3	3,488	9,4	94,8	,882	,050	46,400	48	,539
	4	,821	2,2	97,0	,671	,225	23,127	35	,938
	5	,698	1,9	98,9	,641	,410	13,838	24	,950
	6	,331	,9	99,8	,499	,695	5,634	15	,985
	7	,044	,1	99,9	,204	,925	1,200	8	,997
	8	,035	,1	100,0	,185	,966	,540	3	,910
	Standardized Separation Function Coefficients				
					Function				
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
	N %	-1,026	-,756	-,010	,684	,215	,899	,275	-,305
	Na ppm	-,640	1,342	1,297	,193	,415	-,119	-,283	-,486
	Mg ppm	-,297	-1,766	-,199	,212	-,212	-,074	,398	,739
	Ca ppm	,315	2,504	,537	,364	,559	-,275	-,705	,076
	Fe ppm	-,620	,311	-,510	-,412	-,570	,751	,264	,532
	K ppm	,923	-,519	,459	,096	-,493	,134	,008	,058
	Mn ppm	1,177	,240	,610	-,341	,715	-,462	-,378	-,594
	Zn ppm	,276	3,350	,655	,683	,262	-,696	1,032	-,033
	Cu ppm	-,739	-2,700	-,039	-1,064	-,222	,513	-,606	,326
	P ppm	,654	-,332	,123	-,065	,831	-,276	,061	,211

Figure 5.The graphical representation of the discriminant analysis of chemical and physical properties of the soils (0-10 cm) of the distribution localities of the speciesAPPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary 
Table 10 .

 10 The discriminate analysis results of chemical and physical properties of the soils (0-10 cm) of the distribution localities of the species 


	Function	Core value	Variance (%)	Total(% )	Kanon. Korelas	Wilks' Lambda	Khi-Kare	SD	Severity level
	1	227,09	82,0	82,0	,998	,000	194,444	128	,000
	2	28,653	10,4	92,4	,983	,000	126,572	105	,075
	3	13,331	4,8	97,2	,964	,001	84,202	84	,473
	4	4,121	1,5	98,7	,897	,017	50,922	65	,899
	5	1,635	,6	99,3	,788	,087	30,505	48	,977
	6	1,063	,4	99,7	,718	,230	18,394	33	,981
	7	,563	,2	99,9	,600	,474	9,344	20	,979
	8	,351	,1	100,0	,510	,740	3,762	9	,926
	Standardized Separation Function Coefficients				
					Function				
		1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
	pH	2,652	1,691	,088	,043	-,326	,323	-,488	,807
	Salt	-,060	-,822	-1,109	-,166	-,021	,023	,700	,007
	Lime	2,823	,508	1,788	,688	,043	,188	,539	,547
	Dust	1,913	,441	-,954	1,552	-,010	-,495	,282	-,748
	Sand	2,334	,942	1,156	1,073	,466	,055	,109	-,288
	Org. comp.	-3,724	,004	-,614	,141	-1,787	-1,107	,229	,204
	N	3,976	,400	-1,523	,643	1,132	1,045	,089	1,082
	Na +	-,033	,826	,322	,496	-,100	-,089	,186	,252
	Mg ++	2,409	,121	-,827	-,314	,051	,219	,074	-,414
	Ca ++	-5,822	-2,083	-,480	-,491	,207	-,234	,189	-1,191
	Fe ++	-,739	-,744	1,847	-1,637	-,465	,510	,187	,230
	K +	2,098	,932	2,160	,702	,831	,740	-,352	-,441
	Mn ++	1,003	-,421	-,164	-,313	,904	-,616	-,040	-,117
	Zn ++	3,232	-,855	-,260	-,054	-,006	,128	-,001	-,057
	Cu ++	-1,042	-,507	-1,096	-,379	,060	,256	-,579	,041
	P 2 O 5	,481	-,178	,133	,830	,075	-,238	-,240	,342

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. 

APPLIED ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 14(4): 523-536. http://www.aloki.hu • ISSN 1589 1623 (Print) • ISSN 1785 0037 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1404_523536  2016, ALÖKI Kft., Budapest, Hungary
Y B Köse, E -Yücel
ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF CENTAUREA L. SECTION PHALOLEPIS (CASS.) DC. IN TURKEY