English Names of the Millipedes (Diplopoda) of KwaZulu-Natal

Keywords: South Africa, common names, Polyxenida, Polyzoniida, Polydesmida, Siphonophorida, Sphae r otheriida, Spirobolida, Spirostreptida

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INTRODUCTION

A diverse array of invertebrate species is endemic to the Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany biodiversity hotspot in the eastern region of South Africa, in the middle of which lies most of the province of KwaZulu-Natal (Mittermeier et al. 2005). These endemic invertebrates include species of earthworms, insects, millipedes and snails. (e.g. Hamer 1998;Armstrong 2002;Herbert & Kilburn 2004;Plisko 2003). 
The accumulated transformation of land in KwaZulu-Natal, where the natural indigenous vegetation is totally removed or irreversibly changed to a secondary form, reached 45 % of the total land surface of the province in 2008 (Jewitt 2012). Land transformation is probably the most important threat facing invertebrate species in KwaZulu-Natal (e.g. Plisko 2000). As a result, the conservation requirements of the endemic in vertebrate species need to be highlighted and included in conservation planning and environmental impact assessments (McGeoch et al. 2011). 
In order to mainstream invertebrates in conservation practice, a general awareness of their identities, diversity and conservation needs is required. Regarding identities, scientific nomenclature eliminates confusion, but is known only to specialists. Scientific names have little meaning for the layperson or the conservationist (Plant Protection Research Institute 1979), and often these scientific names are even difficult to pronounce correctly. Common names on the other hand can vary markedly from region to region (Plant Protection Research Institute 1979), if indeed there are common names widely in use. These may change with time, as do scientific names as taxonomic and systematic research proceeds. Therefore the list will have to be revised from time to time. However, since many people who are or will be involved in the conservation of invertebrates identify animal species by their common names and not by their scientific names, it seems judicious that a standardised list of English names is created and published for reference. Certain invertebrate groups such as snails (Herbert & Kilburn 2004) and butterflies (Mecenero et al. 2013) already have standardised lists of common names. 
Millipedes are being incorporated into conservation planning and environmental impact assessments in KwaZulu-Natal (McGeoch et al. 2011). Ninety-one percent of the 234 known millipede species and subspecies in KwaZulu-Natal are currently thought to be endemic to the province, and many have very small total distribution ranges. A single common name will be given for a single scientific name to avoid confusion. This is possible with millipedes because common names have only recently been used for this group of invertebrates in KwaZulu-Natal. The provided list can be used as the basis for common names of genera and species elsewhere in South Africa should this be required. 

METHODS OF COMPILATION

English names for various orders, families, genera and species of millipede have been in use for some time (e.g. Lawrence 1987; Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Biodiversity Database). These common names were taken as the starting points for the naming of the millipede taxa in KwaZulu-Natal. Many orders, families and even genera in the province can be given names according to characteristics that are quite easily observable to the layperson. However, since the elaborate secondary sex organs derived from the seventh pair of legs of the males are the main distinguishing characteristics of species of millipede, and the females are often indistinguishable without the males, the scientific names often reflect some aspect of these distinguishing characteristics. This means that translation of the specific epithet of the scientific name into English was often the only means of providing a good English name for a species name, but this name may not describe readily observable features. The species occurring in KwaZulu-Natal and the scientific nomenclature were obtained from Hamer (1998Hamer ( , 2000Hamer ( , 2009) ) and Redman et al. (2003). 

RESULTS

Table 1 gives the scientific names and English names of the species of millipede known from KwaZulu-Natal. Figures 1-10 provide general habitus information for various orders and associated genera. 

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

The list of species of millipede in KwaZulu-Natal gives each species a standardised English name that can be used for conservation planning and other conservation activities. Although identification of millipede species usually (but not invariably) requires male specimens and has to be done by specialists and trained technicians, the species of certain genera can be distinguished by externally visible features such as colour patterns (e.g. Centrobolus species, Allawrencius species, certain Doratogonus species, and certain Zinophora species), in conjunction with distribution if colour alone is insufficient. Other species of certain groups (e.g. some genera of Polydesmida) can be identified using external morphology under high magnification and available diagnostic keys. Species of some genera with externally similar morphology that require dissection out of the secondary sexual organs can nevertheless be easily identified under high magnification with the use of diagnostic keys (e.g. Doratogonus species using the key and illustrations in Hamer 2000). 

Figs 1 2 Fig. 3 .

 123 Figs 1, 2. Order Polydesmida: Family Dalodesmidae (Keeled millipedes): (1) Complex keeled millipede, Allawrencius complex Lawrence, 1953; (2) Lumpy keeled millipede, Gnomeskelus tuberosus (subspecies unknown).1 2 


Fig. 4 .

 4 Fig. 4. Order Sphaerotheriida: Family Sphaerotheriidae (Pill millipedes): Giant pill millipede, Sphaerotherium giganteum Porat, 1872. 


Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. Order Spirobolida: Family Pachybolidae (Red millipedes): Bifid red millipede, Centrobolus bifidus(Lawrence, 1967). 


Figs 6

 6 Figs 6-8. Order Spirostreptida: (6) Family Harpagophoridae (Large spined millipedes): Short-lobed large spined millipede, Zinophora brevilobata (Attems, 1928); (7) Family Odontopygidae (Slender and two-spined millipedes): Forest slender spined millipede, Spinotarsus silvarum Kraus, 1960; (8) Family Spirostreptidae: Camaricoproctus sp. 




  Figs 9, 10. Order Spirostreptida: Family Spirostreptidae (Black and shagreened millipedes): (9) Rattray's black millipede, Doratogonus rattrayi Hamer, 2009; (10) Corrugated black millipede, Orthoporoides corrugatus (Attems, 1934). 


Scientific Name English Name Order Polydesmida Family Dalodesmidae Keeled millipedes (Figs 1, 2)

  
	Allawrencius complex Lawrence, 1953	Complex keeled millipede (Fig. 1)
	Allawrencius gladiator Lawrence, 1958	Gladiator keeled millipede
	Allawrencius nodulosus Verhoeff, 1939	Nodular keeled millipede
	Allawrencius teres (Attems, 1934)	Elegant keeled millipede
	Allawrencius triordinatus Lawrence, 1953	Three-ordered keeled millipede
	Allawrencius verrucosus Lawrence, 1962	Warty keeled millipede
	Drakensius minor Schubart, 1956	Minor Drakensberg keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus arcuatus Verhoeff, 1939	Arcuate keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus jaculator Lawrence, 1958	Javelin keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus krausi Lawrence, 1962	Kraus's keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus laevigatus Lawrence, 1953	Polished keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus larvatus Lawrence, 1962	Ghost keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus latzeli Verhoeff, 1939	Latzel's keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus lawrencei Verhoeff, 1939	Lawrence's keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus maritimus Lawrence, 1962	Maritime keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus medius Verhoeff, 1939	Midway keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus montivagus Verhoeff, 1939	Mountain-wandering keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus multidentatus Verhoeff, 1940	Many-toothed keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus natalicus Attems, 1928	Natal keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus origensis Lawrence, 1953	Original keeled millipede

Gnomeskelus attemsii Verhoeff, 1939 Attems's keeled millipede Gnomeskelus auriculatus Lawrence, 1953 Bumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus bifurcatus Lawrence, 1953 Twin-forked keeled millipede Gnomeskelus brevipes Lawrence, 1953 Short-legged keeled millipede Gnomeskelus brincki Schubart, 1956 Brink's keeled millipede Gnomeskelus burius Verhoeff, 1939 Plough-share keeled millipede Gnomeskelus circulipes Verhoeff, 1939 Circular-gonopod keeled millipede Gnomeskelus cyclocanthus Lawrence, 1958 Circular-angled keeled millipede Gnomeskelus edentulus Lawrence, 1953 Toothless keeled millipede Gnomeskelus falcifer Verhoeff, 1930 False keeled millipede Gnomeskelus fluvialis Lawrence, 1958 Riverine keeled millipede Gnomeskelus forcipifer Lawrence, 1953 Forceps-carrying keeled millipede Gnomeskelus furculatus Verhoeff, 1939 Forked keeled millipede Gnomeskelus glaber Lawrence, 1958 Hairless keeled millipede Gnomeskelus globifer Attems, 1928 Globed keeled millipede Gnomeskelus gonarthrodus Lawrence, 1962 Jointed-gonopod keeled millipede Gnomeskelus hamuliger Verhoeff, 1939 Hook-carrying keeled millipede Gnomeskelus harpagonifer Verhoeff, 1939 Hooked-gonopod keeled millipede 
TABLE 1

 1 English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 


	Scientific Name	English Name
	Gnomeskelus petersii Verhoeff, 1940	Peters' keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus processiger Lawrence, 1953	Advanced keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus pugnifer Lawrence, 1953	Fisted keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus retrusus Schubart, 1956	Obscure keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus serratus Verhoeff, 1939	Serrated keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus setosus Verhoeff, 1939	Bristled keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus spectabilis Verhoeff, 1940	Visible keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus subterraneus Lawrence, 1962	Subterranean keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus tenuipes Lawrence, 1953	Preserved keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus tereticornis Lawrence, 1962	Smooth-horned keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus trifurcatus Lawrence, 1953	Three-forked keeled millipede
	Gnomeskelus tristriatus (Attems, 1938)	Three-striped keeled millipede
	Platytarropus polydesmoides Verhoeff, 1953	Many-rowed flat-backed millipede
	Platytarrus excelsus Lawrence, 1959	Lofty flat-backed millipede
	Platytarrus guduensis Schubart, 1956	Gudu Falls flat-backed millipede
	Rhopaleskelus affinis Schubart, 1956	Neighbouring keeled millipede
	Rhopaleskelus biseriatus Verhoeff, 1939	Two-rowed keeled millipede
	Rhopaleskelus longisetosus Lawrence, 1962	Long-bristled keeled millipede
	Rhopaleskelus minor Lawrence, 1958	Minor keeled millipede
	Rhopaleskelus pietermaritzburgensis Schubart, 1956 Pietermaritzburg keeled millipede
	Rhopaleskelus terreus (Attems, 1928)	Brownish keeled millipede
	Schubartina formicinus Lawrence, 1958	Ant keeled millipede
	Family Gomphodesmidae	Soil millipedes (Fig. 3)
	Ulodesmus anodontus Lawrence, 1953	Toothless soil millipede
	Ulodesmus biconus biconus Attems, 1928	Two-coned soil millipede
	Ulodesmus biconus ramidens Lawrence, 1953	Branch-toothed two-coned soil millipede
	Ulodesmus bispinosus Attems, 1928	Two-spined soil millipede
	Ulodesmus cultrifer Lawrence, 1963	Weaponed soil millipede
	Ulodesmus denticulatus Verhoeff, 1939	Denticulate soil millipede
	Ulodesmus fossor Lawrence, 1958	Trench soil millipede
	Ulodesmus lawrencei Verhoeff, 1939	Lawrence's soil millipede
	Ulodesmus major Lawrence, 1953	Major soil millipede

Gnomeskelus tuberosus clivicolusLawrence, 1962Slope-dwelling lumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus falcifer Verhoeff, 1939 Sickle-carrying lumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus microdens Lawrence, 1962 Small-toothed lumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus tuberosus Attems, 1934 Lumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus urbanus Lawrence, 1962 Urban lumpy keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tugelanus alticolus Verhoeff, 1939 High-collared Tugela keeled millipede Gnomeskelus tugelanus unicolor Verhoeff, 1939 One-coloured Tugela keeled millipede 
TABLE 1 (

 1 continued) English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 


	Scientific Name	English Name
	Ulodesmus margatensis Attems, 1934	Margate soil millipede
	Ulodesmus micramma bothae Lawrence, 1962	Botha's small sandy soil millipede
	Ulodesmus micramma micramma Lawrence, 1962 Small sandy soil millipede
	Ulodesmus micramma zuluensis Lawrence, 1962	Zululand small sandy soil millipede
	Ulodesmus munroi Lawrence, 1963	Munro's soil millipede
	Ulodesmus natalensis microdens Lawrence, 1953 Small-toothed Natal soil millipede
	Ulodesmus natalensis natalensis Lawrence, 1953 Natal soil millipede
	Ulodesmus pluridens Lawrence, 1953	Many-toothed soil millipede
	Ulodesmus robustus Lawrence, 1958	Robust soil millipede
	Ulodesmus schubarti Lawrence, 1958	Schubart's soil millipede
	Ulodesmus securifer minor Lawrence, 1953	Little axe-armed soil millipede
	Ulodesmus securifer securifer Attems, 1928	Axe-armed soil millipede
	Ulodesmus simplex Lawrence, 1953	Simple soil millipede
	Ulodesmus spiralipes Verhoeff, 1939	Spiral-gonopod soil millipede
	Family Paradoxosomatidae	Paradoxical keeled millipedes
	Habrodesmus alatipes Lawrence, 1953	Winged-gonopod keeled millipede
	Family Pyrgodesmidae	Nurse keeled millipedes
	Attemsodesmus minutus Lawrence, 1953	Minute Attems's keeled millipede
	Family Vaalogonopodidae	Dull keeled millipedes
	Phygoxerotes coronatus Lawrence, 1953	Crowned dull keeled millipede
	Phygoxerotes myrmecophilus Lawrence, 1953	Ant-loving dull keeled millipede
	Phygoxerotes nodulosus Verhoeff, 1939	Nodular dull keeled millipede
	Phygoxerotes proximus Lawrence, 1958	Nearest dull keeled millipede
	Order Polyxenida	
	Family Polyxenidae	Bristly millipedes
	Propolyxenus lawrencei Condé, 1949	Lawrence's bristly millipede
	Typhloxenus mirificus Condé, 1955	Remarkable bristly millipede
	Typhloxenus modestus Condé, 1959	Modest bristly millipede
	Order Polyzoniida	
	Family Siphonotidae	Sucking millipedes
	Rynchomecogaster lawrencei Verhoeff, 1939	Lawrence's sucking millipede
	Order Siphonophorida	
	Family Nematozoniidae	Sucking millipedes
	Nematozonium elongatissimum Verhoeff, 1940	Most elongate sucking millipede
	Nematozonium filum Verhoeff, 1939	Thread-like sucking millipede

TABLE 1 (

 1 continued) English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 


	Scientific Name	English Name
	Zinophora levis (Attems, 1928)	Light large spined millipede
	Zinophora mudenensis Redman, 2003	Muden large spined millipede
	Zinophora pearlae Redman, 2003	Pearlrose's large spined millipede
	Zinophora thukela Redman, 2003	Thukela large spined millipede
	Order Spirostreptida	
	Family Odontopygidae	Slender and two-spined millipedes (Fig. 7)
	Chaleponcus discalceatus (Attems, 1934)	Barefooted two-spined millipede
	Chaleponcus durbanicus (Attems, 1914)	Durban two-spined millipede
	Chaleponcus spathulatus Kraus, 1966	Spatulate two-spined millipede
	Patinatius ambiguus Kraus, 1966	Ambiguous slender spined millipede
	Patinatius attemsi Kraus, 1960	Attems's slender spined millipede
	Patinatius bidentatus bidentatus Kraus, 1960	Two-toothed slender spined millipede
	Patinatius bidentatus simulator Kraus, 1966	Resembling two-toothed slender spined millipede
	Patinatius natalicus (Kraus, 1960)	Natal slender spined millipede
	Patinatius richmondus Kraus, 1966	Richmond slender spined millipede
	Patinatius rusticus (Attems, 1934)	Rural slender spined millipede
	Patinatius terreus (Attems, 1934)	Earthy slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus anguliferus Kraus, 1960	Angled slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus apertus Kraus, 1960	Open slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus avirostris Kraus, 1960	Bird-beaked slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus bruggenorum Kraus, 1966	Bruggen's slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus bullatinus Kraus, 1960	Bubbled slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus bullatoides Kraus, 1966	Puckered slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus bullatus (Attems, 1926)	Horned slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus colosseus (Attems, 1928)	Colossal slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus costatus (Attems, 1934)	Costate slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus cuspidosus Kraus, 1960	Cusped slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus debilis (Attems, 1928)	Weak slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus destructus Kraus, 1960	Destroyed slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus dingaanus Schubart, 1966	Dingaan's slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus drummondicus Kraus, 1966	Drummond slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus durbanensis Kraus, 1966	Durban slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus elatior Kraus, 1960	Tall slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus elegans Kraus, 1960	Elegant slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus glabrus Kraus, 1960	Shiny slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus glomeratus Kraus, 1960	Glomerate slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus gracilis (Attems, 1934)	Thin slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus grandis grandis Kraus, 1960	Great slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus grandis zonatus Kraus, 1960	Zoned great slender spined millipede

TABLE 1 (

 1 continued) English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 


	Scientific Name	English Name
	Spinotarsus hluhluwensis (Schubart, 1966)	Hluhluwe slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus hospitii Kraus, 1960	Hosted slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus inermis (Attems, 1934)	Unarmed slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus ingwavuma Kraus, 1960	Ingwavuma slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus kranskopensis Kraus, 1960	Kranskop slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus krausi Schubart, 1966	Kraus's slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus lawrencei Kraus, 1960	Lawrence's slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus lobatus Kraus, 1960	Lobed slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus lobuliferus Kraus, 1960	Lobulate slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus magnus Kraus, 1960	Great slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus malleolus Kraus, 1960	Hammered slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus maritzburgensis Kraus, 1960	Maritzburg slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus mazongwanus Kraus, 1966	Mazongwaan slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus mertensi Kraus, 1966	Mertens's slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus parvus Kraus, 1960	Little slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus rostrum Kraus, 1960	Beaked slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus silvarum Kraus, 1960	Forest slender spined millipede (Fig. 7)
	Spinotarsus silvicolens Kraus, 1960	Woodland slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus striatus Kraus, 1960	Striate slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus striolatus Attems, 1928	Striped slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus swartkopensis Kraus, 1966	Swartkop slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus triangulosellus Kraus, 1966	Small triangular slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus triangulosus Kraus, 1960	Triangular slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus tridens Kraus, 1966	Trident slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus tristis Kraus, 1960	Dull slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus tubulosus Kraus, 1960	Hollow slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus tugela Kraus, 1960	Tugela slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus umgeni Kraus, 1966	Umgeni slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus unicus Kraus, 1960	Unique slender spined millipede
	Spinotarsus zuluinus (Attems, 1934)	Zululand slender spined millipede
	Family Spirostreptidae	Black and shagreened millipedes (Figs 8, 9, 10)
	Camaricoproctus disparatidens Lawrence, 1965	Disparate-toothed shagreened millipede
	Camaricoproctus planidens Lawrence, 1965	Flat-toothed shagreened millipede
	Camaricoproctus torquidens Lawrence, 1965	Twisted-toothed shagreened millipede
	Camaricoproctus transvaalicus Lawrence, 1966	Transvaal shagreened millipede
	Camaricoproctus tumididens Lawrence, 1965	Tumid-toothed shagreened millipede
	Doratogonus avius Hamer, 2000	Solitary black millipede
	Doratogonus bilobatus (Schubart, 1966)	Bilobed black millipede
	Doratogonus cristulatus (Porat, 1872)	Cristulate black millipede

TABLE 1 (

 1 continued) English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 


	Scientific Name	English Name
	Doratogonus falcatus (Attems, 1928)	Sickle-shaped black millipede
	Doratogonus flavifilis (Peters, 1855)	Yellow-banded black millipede
	Doratogonus hoffmani Hamer, 2000	Hoffman's black millipede
	Doratogonus infragilis Hamer, 2000	Strong black millipede
	Doratogonus krausi (Lawrence, 1965)	Kraus's black millipede
	Doratogonus major (Lawrence, 1965)	Major black millipede
	Doratogonus meridionalis Hamer, 2000	Southern black millipede
	Doratogonus minor Hamer, 2000	Minor black millipede
	Doratogonus montanus Hamer, 2000	Montane black millipede
	Doratogonus natalensis (Attems, 1928)	Natal black millipede
	Doratogonus peregrinus (Lawrence, 1965)	Wandering black millipede
	Doratogonus praealtus Hamer, 2000	High-altitude black millipede
	Doratogonus precarius Hamer, 2000	Precarious black millipede
	Doratogonus rattrayi Hamer, 2009	Rattray's black millipede (Fig. 9)
	Doratogonus rubipodus Hamer, 2000	Ruby-footed black millipede
	Doratogonus septentrionalis Hamer, 2000	Northern black millipede
	Doratogonus stephensi Hamer, 2000	Stephens's black millipede
	Doratogonus xanthopus (Attems, 1914)	Yellow-footed black millipede
	Doratogonus zuluensis Hamer, 2000	Zululand black millipede
	Orthoporoides corrugatus (Attems, 1934)	Corrugated black millipede (Fig. 10)

Orthoporoides laccatus(Attems, 1934)Milky black millipede Orthoporoides pontifex (Attems, 1928) Leading black millipede Orthoporoides pyrhocephalus (L. Kock, 1865) Fire-headed black millipede Orthoporoides zulu (Chamberlin, 1947) Zulu black millipede 
TABLE 1 (

 1 continued) English names for millipedes occurring in KwaZulu-Natal. 



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We trust that this short communication will assist with the increasing mainstreaming of millipede taxa in conservation activities and planning, as Herbert and Kilburn (2004) have done in the case of snail and slug species. The illustration of the millipede species by means of photographs in a guide could be a further improvement in the effort to increasingly include millipede species in conservation activities, as might standardisation of English names for millipede species in other parts of South Africa. 


Scientific Name

English Name 

Order Sphaerotheriida

Family Sphaerotheriidae Pill millipedes (Fig. 4) 

Order Spirostreptida

Family Harpagophoridae Large spined millipedes (Fig. 6) 
Zinophora brevilobata (Attems, 1928) Short-lobed large spined millipede (Fig. 6) 
Zinophora brevispina (Lawrence, 1965) Short-spined large spined millipede Zinophora laminata (Lawrence, 1965) Laminate large spined millipede
Adrian J Armstrong, Michelle L Hamer
English Names of the Millipedes (Diplopoda) of KwaZulu-Natal