Race/Ethnicity and Geographic Access to Urban Trauma Care

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a Calculated as travel distance from census tract centroid based on previously published definitions by Crandall and colleagues; included trauma centers designated as level 1 or level 2 by state health departments b Model 2 included racial/ethnic composition and poverty status c Model 3 included racial/ethnic composition, poverty status, and race-poverty interaction effects d Poor was defined as a median household income < 200% federal poverty level for a household of 4 *P < 0.05,**P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 

eTable 1 .

 1 Characteristics of High and Low Access Clusters in Univariate LISA Models, Chicago, New York City, and Los Angeles, 2015 Low access was defined based on relative travel distance in univariate LISA models b Income data were not available for a small number of census tracts in Los Angles (n=4) eTable 2. Access to Trauma Centers by Census Tract Racial/Ethnic Composition and Poverty, Chicago after Level I Trauma Center Opened at University of Chicago in May, 2018 Distance > 8 Kilometers from Nearest Trauma Center a 


		Chicago	Los Angeles	New York City
	Census Tract Characteristic Census Tract Characteristics Chicago (n=798)	High Access n=185 No. (%) % or mean (sd) Low Access a n=131 Model 1 Access High n=182 OR (95% CI) % or mean (sd) Low Access a n=151 Model 2 AOR (95% CI) b	High Access n=428 AOR (95% CI) c Low Model 3 Access a n=212 % or mean (sd)
	Total residents Racial/ethnic composition						
	< 2000 White majority	46 (24.9) 52 (21.5)	25 (19.1) Ref	3 (1.7)	5 (3.3) Ref	39 (9.1)	39 (18.4) Ref
	2000-3999 Black majority	82 (44.3) 86 (30.7)	66 (50.4) 1.62 (1.09-2.41)* 108 (59.3)	72 (47.7) 1.85 (1.09-3.15)* 160 (37.4) 1.25 (0.50-3.13) 88 (41.5)
	4000-5999 Hispanic/Latino majority	42 (22.7) 69 (41.1)	34 (26.0) 2.55 (1.65-3.93)*** 61 (33.5) 2.86 (1.67-4.90)*** 65 (43.1) 129 (30.1) 2.90 (1.30-6.46)** 60 (28.3)
	6000+ Other majority or integrated	15 (8.1) 14 (13.0)	6 (4.6) 0.54 (0.29-1.03) 10 (5.5)	9 (6.0) 0.59 (0.30-1.15)	100 (23.4) 0.81 (0.35-1.88) 25 (11.8)
	Racial/ethnic composition Concentrated poverty d						
	White majority Nonpoor	102 (55.1) 74 (24.0)	22 (16.8) Ref	37 (20.3)	91 (60.3) Ref	113 (26.4)	100 (47.2) Ref
	Black majority Poor	30 (16.2) 147 (30.1)	83 (63.4) 1.37 (0.99-1.89) 2 (1.1)	5 (3.3) 0.85 (0.54-1.34)	115 (26.9) 0.82 (0.32-2.12) 62 (29.3)
	Hispanic/Latino majority	30 (16.2)	15 (11.5)	100 (55.0)	35 (23.2)	103 (24.1)	0 (0)
	Other majority/integrated	23 (12.4)	11 (8.4)	43 (23.6)	20 (13.3)	97 (22.7)	50 (23.6)
	Median household income b						
	< $50K	75 (40.5)	99 (75.6)	106 (58.9)	50 (33.6)	252 (58.9)	53 (25.0)
	$50K-$99K	71 (38.4)	31 (23.7)	66 (36.7)	76 (51.0)	116 (27.1)	149 (70.3)
	$100K-149K	38 (20.5)	1 (0.8)	5 (2.8)	17 (11.4)	52 (12.2)	10 (4.7)
	$150K+	1 (0.5)	0 (0)	3 (1.7)	6 (4.0)	8 (1.9)	0 (0)
	Travel distance (km)	2.6 (1.3)	15.3 (2.6)	2.9 (1.1)	14.6 (2.3)	1.4 (0.5)	10.8 (3.1)

a
Elizabeth L Tung, David A Hampton, Marynia Kolak, Selwyn O Rogers, Joyce P Yang, Monica E Peek
Race/Ethnicity and Geographic Access to Urban Trauma Care