Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry


London

Section. ilfeetiirrJ held tit UiirliqloiL Ifotrse, OIL ilfoiiolriy, Dcrernhcr BNd, 1012. .\Ill. 0. T. IIOLLO\VAY IN T l l E C I I A ~I L -T i I E SLATE-BED 'L'REA'I'BIEN'P OF SE\VAC:lC. BY W. J. DIIIUIN, E1.C. IXTRODUCTORY. I n n Iinpcr on I\hrch 31st, 1904, I lint1 tliu lionniir to bring lofore tlio Members of tide Society certsin proposnls to facilitnto the reduction of WWII~O nolitls t o nn inolicnsivc condition by thc i i ~c of R conrsu contnct bed lillcd with 11 structnro of plntcs nnd bloclis. Thu cnsentinl net ion \vns stntctl to bc tlic sninc as thnt in ordinary contnct betlq ant1 in land trcatniciit,. viz.. tlcconiposition I J ~ tlic! ngcncy of ncrobic orgnnisnr~. Tlic qiccifio nclvoiitages elnitn~.cl for the plate h d were :-'l!lic proviuion of incrcnned w t c r 

oopncity ; niniiitcnnnco of tlrninngo ; the nwiclnncc of oholriiix ; ~~crniancncc of structure nnd tliu ~niiiritennnce of ctrlincity on account of tlic nuii-brcnkiny tloivii or settling togetlier of tlrc inatcrinl. 
111 R lntcr pn~wr, on the 15th Mny, 1906, I snbinitti*il tliu results of crlwience including an :rccuuit of t lie Iiroccas at Duvizes ivliero the results, nu fnr, jurtified tlie originnl s i i g ~e ~t i o i ~s . 
Siiicc thnt tiino tlic system lins been fnirly widrly irdoptetl and lian rcccivccl rccopiitioa ax a sound utidcrtnking. In tho prcsciit pqwr 1 desire to wbniit nn account of tlic success in rcccnt years. 
It, is to IJC notucl tlint tliu iiitrotliielion of tliir; iroccss insrkn tho utiikntion of oiiit w d u Iirodiict, s\nte delrh, to offcub tho corrvcrnion o f olfcmivu organic \t*irstu into I I ~ icroflcnsiru earthy forin which lins H O I I ~U niaiiurial vtiluc. T11E l'itoolzss. 'l'lic actioii of tJic betls l i ~l Iiccn ontlincil lirevioiirtly rind niiby bu suinniiLrised ns follows :-Tho noliil rnnt tcrs in tlie nuwiiqo ore nllowctl to ticttlo on ~I i e I ~e s of nlirto tiuliliortctl Iiy alotu'l~locks irt IL distniice of rrliouL two inclicti, tliesc being siipurpo~cd l o n dcptli of one to live ornis feet. ns ccquircd. I n cuiiseqiicncc of t lie trlteriiato lilling nncl cniptying nncl resting crmpty tlic tlcIionit bcconics tliu lionlo of intiny types of orgnniunis tliiit digest tlrn innttortt tind roiidcr tIi(mi itrofieiiqivo in liko niiuiiiei* to tlw iictiun by \vliich ciirtliworms protlncu ib Iiiiriius froin orgnnic debris nntl tlirow it to the nnrfnce iii tliu forin of worin.etrstn. In tliu nlirtc bed tliu tluposit of onrtliy niirttor tliiis forinccl on tliu aurfircu of tliu lnytr of mud on tliu nliites ix witshed all by thc ruccding uflliicnt wlicn tho bet1 is enipticcl nncl forins R blnoit slnrry, aunnistiiig of ininowl and iat1iycstil)lu tnnttor with numerous orynnimin from tile bed. TIiiu slurry i R thuii pluced OII u iiiiitublu druinngo iwcl forllio wetar to drain off end to nllow t.iuio for tlio full diguntioii of or 3.4 tons of DO per ccnt. rnoistnro pcr million gnllons ixgirinst. 6.5 tons of 00 per ccnt. mointnre per million gallons froni n septic tnnk, nccording to thc Roynl Coinmission Rqiort. 
Cost OJ di8po.val. 

___-

Slnto bud rcslluc froin draliinao bad. 

Tho cib~msnl of arb Ino~~uiiwlve

inunurial otlrth will rcquim littlu Illlld ' 1 ' 1 ~ tlilicrcnccr lwt\veen 550 tint1 YJU, or EM, reprwuiits tlrc swing on Iiiinclliug only, nntl to this slioultl IKI nddctl, on tliu nslninqitioii tlirtt firrinurx will runiovc tho nir.tlriet1 liunins nt tlicir otvn cost., f035 in rcgnrd to sloclgc rclnoval wad tlisponnl, nmking fUUI) ns tliu nnnunl cconouiy poc inillion gullonn clnily. This suni crrpitaliucd nt 3) pcr cont. cqunls f 19,114, which is f i w inoru tli?~,~ xnllicicnt to repay tho wliole cost of tlie ~I i t t u bccl~. llicrc is tbu furtlicr is iholislictl. lbdVlblltl~&!t~ tlllbt tho Wlloh Of thU IllliHllIlCU Of HlUdgO Clifl]iOBlbl u It will bc noticed that no credit is tnltcn for tho vnliic of the '' mnnwjd carth " ns thc amount of this is n dcbntnblc point. 
How fnr, howcvcr, tho nborc nssuniption thnt fnrincrs will rcn\ovc t,lie humus free of cost is warmntcd iuny be judged from tho fact thnt, from irctnnl cspcrinicnts xnntlc by Xcssrs. Unrr and Sons, of 'Inplow, on n tcn ton snniplc of nir-dried humus, thcy report tlint it is cridciit tlint while it posscsscs nutloubtcd innnnrinl propartics i t lins L very bcncficinl incchnnicnl ndvantngc in lightening licnvy sods. To obtnin best, results tho inntrrinl slionlcl be stnckctl until it has nttninetl n frinblc contlition. Oncc it lins nttnined this conclitioc, it would, in their opinion, be nn esccllcnt nictlinm for inixing with potting soils for gcnrrnl pnrposcs, in ntlclition to being n good ninnnrinl ngcnt to dig s""-I " l'riivitlctl tliirt tlic ncwngc is not iillow. 
sions nnd obscrmtions, soinc of which nrc rcinnrknblc whcn plnccd in jnstnposition. 
In their Fifth Report., p. 67, tlic Coniniission nintlc thc follo\viiig stntcnicnt with rcgnrtl to slntc bctls :-'I As the result of our inspcction of thc hcds nt Dcviecs. \ v e e n n ~~ to tho tcntntivc conclusion tlint prininry bcds coi!taining lnrgc slnbs of slntc niusL bc regartled niorc us prcliminnry scttling or sdptic tnnlts tlinn ns contnct brtlr. 
" As regarch tho ctlincnt wliicli results froin the trmtiiicnt of scwngc in slntc beds, this conclnsion lins bccn borne out by the observations wliic1i hnvo rincc been nindc. The cflncnt from n slntc bet1 is, for prncticnl pnrposcs, intlistingiiishnblc froin n tnnk eflucnt. It contnins about the snnic aniount of siispcn~lctl niottcr irnrl rcqiiircs t i ~~b s e q ~~c n t trcntmcnt si~nilnr to tlint wliicl~ ~vonlcl be nccesenry for R 

~I i i c ~i

nrc of the snnic c~inrrktcr ns tliat from the dutc beds, this cvidcncc of thc utility of the olily r e d n c Iron1 ncwagc trcntcd by the ncrobic tncthotl in slntc brde more thnn Sully justitics tlic belief, sitlioi~t ciitcring into nny qimtion of pousible Brofit froin its sulc, thiit, ahrn oncc fnrrners rmlisc tho Aiacrencu between t ~i i s rcsidno anc~ ordinnry '' scwngc sludge," tlicy will rcntlily rcinovc it frcu of cost nncl thns save nll cspcnsc in connection with its disposal. 
Tho following coinpirrison of tlic nbovc-nieiitionctl IInr~chcster innnurc with wcnthrrecl hucnus obtnincti from tho slntc beds at Dcriacs, ns nnalysed by I)r. J. Gilburt Fowlcr, will be of iiitcrcst :->Inncliretor. 

Dovizca. Drlrrl nowyo

Dried menthorod Finnlly, the niincrnl intitter. nxhcti, ctc., nntl srptic solicln whicll ncc~~in~tlatcd on tlru floor of the taiik HC\YCI' were ~rninpcd into the tilntc bctk ~icriirdicnlly. If thcrc lint1 becn n clclilrerirtc iiitcntion to choke tlic IICCIH nlitl s t I hc nniiic tirnc tci destroy tho irerobie conditions iii t1ic111 111. 1 inore ready i n t w i n coulrl hnvu Iwcn clcriwcl. 
111 tlic second CIiHC, irL'I'rowl~ritl~x~, the scwsgc \vns trcntccl to rrnncrnlrie netinn in Inrgc q i t i c ttrriks nncl tho foul liqnor wns pnsss"1 into t1io H h t C beds. ~vhich ndinittctlly wore not wtirlirtl ~rccrirtling to inwtructicrlw. This trcntincnt, cvcn neeorcling to the ofliccrti of the Rnynl Coinmission. Avornw. 
Pcr cent. __ ._ . . . .. 

Loss on

IRllitiOll. - 

On dry




  Proccodiiigs Awo. Mniinger Yowugo I)iYpoaiil, \Vctks. 1010. I. 1OU. t Dlbtlis I)ia~sltloii tint1 Annlynuu of SoiVago 1 ) h i a . Socy. Publlo Annjysta. hIclr. 1007. ROYAL COMNJ~SIOH ON S ~w r o e 'l'11E~T.v I:#T. Tliu Oliioora of tho Royal Coiiiinkdoii IIUVU n~utle IL rcport dtrtcd Octobcr, 101 1, etuting tho followlciy conch. 


"

  nre n ~h o to 5 fonnt~ in t ~i o s~udgc ns it lies on ttlu slutcs. "Invcstigntione by I h . C. J. Foowlcr ant1 OtllCCH, 60 l o xliow tlint tho orgnnic nintti:r ot tlic! ~ilndgu (apart iroin tho wornis and other sninll iininiiilx present) is in on nctiw p10ccss nI inollcnsivc tlcconiposition, n8 it lies on tho slntce. Cornpnretl with other prcliininnr processes of S C W D ~C pnrificntion s ~n t c ~w c ~e will probnblr L foiind to ~w cxpcnsivo ns rcgnrcln cnpitnl outlny : nit on nccoiint of tho sludgu being conipnmtivcly ocloiirlcss, wo tliink tlint tho rhints of tho proccsR rlcscrvc connidcrntion in CIISCS whcrc the rctliiction of sincll nt n su\wgc iristcillntion is of priinnry iniportnncc. " \Yo ccnsitlcr it undcsirnblc to trcnt scttlcd ficwngc hi slnto beds sinco this clcfcnta onu of tho niain objcots of tho pI'OCCSH. " Thin tlludgc posscsscs D etroiig scri-\vccd, but nob olrcnsive, odoiir. " On two occnsicnr, whcn IL dntu bed WIIE o~~cnccl no offcnsivo otloiir conld t o tletrotccl in the bed, U V C I ~ WIICI~ ntnnding nt the bottom of it on I~ hot clny. 111 fuct, it sniolt no w o r ~~ tlinn nn ordliinry tlnnip ccllar." It is urifoortiinrrtc tliut thrcu muin sourcus of irlforiimtion ~veru overlooked 1)s Ihc Conirriitisioii'~ OH~OO~H in regard tn the diniiiiutioci of aolitb, viz. -1. Thu ubovc liiyli Wyuonrbc C C H U ~~M . 




  is reqikctl. 11, in necessary to with the iden tlint linalit.y iti olni~uctl for the HillKlU oontnut i l l suoh beds. 1t \VUM Iiopccl list in tho cnrlicr pupurs U l n h ! t l 118 IL lilll&l lJfl]Uclit. SOlllC~ HltltU IWCl ~f l ~l l l ~l l ~~t ~~~~l J ~t ~ IlOillt, thin ollt l l ~l l i l l , bcUUlltiU ill IIIlilly I l l I l t ~~C ~H I I I W llllX!tH ---___-_..-it hntl been nintla clear tlint tlicfio bcdii were designed ns sliiclgc digcstcrs. Drtrotion o/ /he bcrlx.-J.'he pcrninncncc of t.hc tiliitu hiis n distinct Iicnring on the question of tlic period for which ltrniix coiiltl bo grnntccl. For lnntl trcntincnt ti0 ycnrfi nrc nllorvcd for rcpnynicnt. Por nrtilicinl systcins 30 yen's only arc nllo\vetl. In view of the intlcstriictibility a n d pcrinnncnt clinrnctor of tlic slnto bet18 it in worth considcring wlict,licr tlic rntc iniglit not be lessenctl by the cxteiwion of the pcriod for re rnyincnt nnd p r t of tlio cost Inid o n tho ucst gunoation wfio will protit IJy the instnl~ntion nn in t!ic cnsc of Inntl, nntl n pcriotl of tiixty ycnrs nllowcd for the rcpiryinent. Uaovss OF Pais.uiw OF TIIE SLATE BEDS. 'I'licrc nrc two rctnnrktrblc innttrnccs of lninuric nnd conscqncnt " Inillire " of nhtc I d instiillutions. In ont', taL i\Iiildcn, in Sitrrcy, the 1,iJcnl Anthorit.y made c trinl bid nnd cs1ii-rirnciitrd for twelve months. Thiy tlirn lillrtl onc id tlie Irrccipittrtion tnnks with sliitc :inti \vorIictl il for t\vclvo inonths. They thcn fillccl ii sccon~l tank, but Illlfortllrlirtely the outlet. WIWK of thCHL! two l.iinks were ciriginnlly plncetl nt the shnllocv end, sir tlint the cfliucnt i n tliu clcc~rcr end wns not rnii off, tl1c result being tlitrt, ticptic irclion took plncc in tlic lower Inycr. 1hrthw, the nc\vagc wirn oftw rctninccl for taelvu on to the I J ~~H . 




  " dofents one of 1110 innin objects o f tlic Irrocess." In nddition to this niisusc o f tlic prinwry ~ncthocl only one-hnlf of thc Irlirtit ncccHfinrv for the sccondnry trcntiiiciit wnn provided nnd tiorie for the tcrtinrv tretrtnicnt \yhich \I' ILH ~pccilically rrrrirnyccl for in the ori$iurl schcrne in coilseqiicnco of tho Iicciiliirr clinr~rctcr of this scwngc. 0 1 ' 11101'C ]lOlll.H ill tho " tilllk H C \ V W " IJcfIJrC bCillg ~l l l l l l ~~~d Surface of tlctmoelt Ilnlf-tlcptli of doposit Bottom lnyor of tleposlt on slntm. I on slntes. on slntas. 




  Curlwn on orgiinlc irinttur ............ IIytlrogun VII orgnule iiiuttur .......... xrtrogcn . . . . . . . . . . . . llatlo N : d'. ......................... DIBDIN-THE SIlnTE-BED TREA'l'AlENII! OF SEWAGE. scrnped frotn middle lnyer of d ~p ~s l t on ~liites. I)evizcts, November Zlst, 




  which the rufuwu fiwrri iiiilk Sitot orics iinrl r;lriit~liter-lioitscs nliscncu of iiiiitinncu. JL ~coitied ti) liini tlisL tliu grcirt crclvniitsgu of thu proccss wns tlitit. tliu nut.iviLy of purifiuirtion wis ~~)reitd w u r un c~iur~iioits nrcir tiiid w i l t on nt it iininhur of tlitiuront ccntrre. Il'liqrc IWH lifc of nll kinds premit., unbh OIIO diiiiig it y iiwn piirLiuiilirr wtirl; t t n d 1111 tentling to t,bu BIIIIIU t i l l ~i H f l I C ~0 ~~ untl: W'llB C l U l d ~ \Vith 1 1 s L h U IJI'oWHS. l h ' U \\'Ill4 1111 O l I l i W 




  tioncil by Jlr. Blnrtin sliicli wns at 'l'rowbritlgt~. 'I'lio ncwngc went direct froiii tlic septic tank to two oiit of tlic four sfntc hctls nnd was I~y-pnssctI Lo only two of tlic lnrly I I H C ~. The HCWIIRC hnd liccii RCCII piw&ig tlircct throiiyli tlio ncptic tnnk to 1111 tliu sliitc b e t l ~ nfter tho follow. The cliflicrilty rif t h o nlo\~*fi11iiig of nliitc b i ! t l ~ i i t night nntl tlio coiwcqiicrit prolonged hoiim irridcr wliicli t.hu lower filntc~ wcro kept iincler wntcr, wiis OVCI'COIIIC in many cnws by Iinvingn niinibcr of siiiiill Iictl~ niul tlivcrting tho ncwiigu froni o i i o I~ctl to nnotlier by the UWU of tiutonintio ~yphons or vnl\*t*n, HO tliiit only oiie bed tillctl at n tiine, nftcr it lint1 lintl two l i n i i ~ qiric~cu~it contnct tho wntcr WIIR t,licri clrirwn 011 IIH qiiickly ms I I ( I H H ~~I ~! , provitlrcl thrit~ in tlininirig tho uflliicnt nncl liuniiiH out of tho bt!d the did ncit. scour trtafigc~fed HU\VII~I!. I n most w o r b i v L e projier~p crwtrtl ~i i i m i i n (Iiiiinnco Ah. 1,. A. I)IDDIS nilid h C hnd bccli t h C bJ'-]llISH IIiCI1-l3hto btvllH. nntl IlllfOrtllllntc~y the lJy-]llIPfi \Kin l l O t Wgll-hJ'-IlflRH had hCCll inStlillt!tl, HO tllllt tho IJl!llC*fit did riot ___ _.__ _ _ _ _ _ ~-- 


IN

  fouiirl : ntid nftcr sonic prcliiiiiunry iiivwtigiitioiu w o tlc-teriiiiiiecl i i p i the fdloaiiig, wliich roiiglily is tlc1ieiidcnt 111)iiii tliu sqi:iintion niid c-stiriintion of the glycerol IW liilch. r\ cliinntity, if prissiblc, not Iws tliiin 10 grin.*., of tlic oil to I i c esnriiinccl is i1iisc.d with nboiit !iO C.C. of 0.830 nlcoliol mil unlioiiilietl with AY!~ nlcoliolio Iiotn..Ii : it in tlicn cliyestcd oil the aiitcr bntli for one hour ; tlic soliition is iiow rieiitrnlisecl by IneiiiLs of A' /? liydrocliloric ncicl nntl criiporirted to dryness oii the wntcr bnth in order to rciiiovu tlic nlcoiiiil ; I i l J O i i t 20 0.c. of wntcr nrc ntldccl, niicl tlio oily portion ostrnctctl by iiictliylntrtl ether, tlic wntcr soliitioii k i n g rtiii into i i 6 . 0 ~. raiiiitl bottoiiicd flask : tlic ether cstriict is iigniii wished with 11 fiirtlier qiuiiitity of nlioiit 10 ex. i i f wiitw, wliicli is then ntldrcl to tlint iilrcndy in llic Iliwk niitl tlic \vliole crnlioriited to n syriipy contlitioti. Wiis residue iiow ccititniils tlic glyccrol origiiiirlly Iire.iciit IN glyceryl ncetiitc, rvliicli is cstitnutcd in tliu iisunl the triucctiii iiietlioil, its follows :-To this residue of fiiecci soditmi ncctntu is iidticcl together wit11 . of ticctia iiiiliytlritle niid the wliole refluset1 for onu hour lit n gentle Iiciit., tlieii cooled arid 50 0.c. of boiled, tlintillcd water nddctl. 'J'lic contents of tlio Ilwk iiru 11ow r;iisecl to n tciiilicrnture of 80" C., ngiiin cooled, filtered trnd wnslietl into I L :{o 0%. flnsk. A fuw d r o p of pliuilolplithalcin nro iitltlcd niid n wiitliciericy of cuiwtio tioda sdiitioii of irliout iioriuiil strciigtli, to just, neiitriiliro tlic c s c r ~s iiwtic wid, cnrc bciiig tulieii to irwirc tliorougli iiiiAiiiq. t \ known usccss of ~\'/2 sotliiirii liydroaicle is ilow lidtied niid tho w1i01e gciitly IioiIetI iiiider n plniii tiilie rclliis for l!i niiiuites, tlicii coolctl slid titrntcd witli A'/2 Iiytlrocliloric acid. 'J'lic coiwixii ition of sodiriiii Iiydroxida inenstires t ~i e quniit it.y of glycerol 1msciit nnli consequent IS tho glyci!ryl ncctntci using tliu follo~viiig fnctors : -1 0.0. N n O l l (sciiii-norninl) = 0.01536 glycc!rol=O*O964l glyocrgl awtiito. I t is titlrisrrl)lc nlwirgn to do 11 bliiiik test, using I ) I I ~V the iicctic ciiihydritlu iirict aodiuni ncctntc nntl boiled .with B c.c. iV/z scitliiiln Iiytlroside.Ql!gccryl ricelnfe ilr i~crpttikol cod kicetder oib. Ucrgmrol, 


Slullging nnd liigoonliig Iir vonncctloll with tllU olcl open sulitlu tnnks. 850 OOO ~allulln of tl 45 gnIlot1 &r traid wwtlgo pcr tiny. 1:qlllr1 t0:- BiO.OO0 glllluna of I1 30 gnllorr pcr Iicatl s u \ ~n g o por duy.

  

Actunl coat :-U O O 
l m t nninini wirtngu, ctc. Cbrrentctl to 1 nillllon gnllous tliilly of it 90 gnllon por Iiend ncrvngo :- €035 par irununi cnrtaqc ctc. ~g i i ~i i s t ltnynl Coiiniilsslon' cetl- IlllItC of €73 per I~I~IIIIIII UP) L V S ~ of Innd for illggliig - MU liar nnnuin h h i i r L?O per nnuuni Irihur In, ctc.

  

___ 2. The niiiiiurl cspcnclitnrc nt DevircH, which HJIO\VB n rctlirotipn in the working cslrc~isc~ from f7OO to €200 pcr niaiiiiin, tlic dificrencc being inninly dnc to the nbscncc: of 111:. H111d!&! thntf required hnntllinp before tlic slntc b c t l ~ wcrc instnllccl. ti. T h e ligiires LSH to tho cl1mnt.it.y of sliidgc before the inntnllntion wns nt work, viz., sonic 680 tons of ~ircssctl nliiclgc pcr ianniini. It will 110 ot grcnt intcrcvt if tlic Olficcrs of the Roynl Coniinission will csplnin how n procctis in wliich the ntTcct ire action tnkcn plncc aitlioiit niiisnnce nnd 111e otlour con~~~iarirblc with tlint of R tliinili ccllnr, cnn iiosribly bc the snnic ns tlirat of i i soptie t 4 i . COIltClltH of ' t h ! h l t i , C W I I 011 $1 1101 thy, hllVL! 0111)' rill ESL'EIIIESCE AT ~l l l L A D E L ~I l I ~\ ~ u.s.k 'I'lic following estrnhi from tlic Report of t11c Uurtwi of Survey upon tho Imriticnticrn of tho tiowngc of L'hilntlclphin, critlcncc :- " Ilctwccri setliincxittrt ion irntl contnct Irrocctjscs nury bc clrrssccl the Dibtlin Slntc I5cd No. I~.-'I%I: bcst r c s ~~l t s were ncconiplinlicd when this Iiccl WIIH lillccl twice n rltry or tit the rntc nf two inillion girlloiis per ncrc pcr thy. ~icncletl nolirla ; tho oltlucnt \vns slightly nitrified rrntl rontleretl pnrtinlly stahb.-l'he result sins obtnincd ircro1lic:illy irntl tho Irtrcturinl a o r k is iintlonbtcclly Inrgcly ~iipplcnicritetl by wmns nnd otlicr lower fornui of nnimnl life.-& the rcnultn itcconipli~hccl by this bet1 nrc mora thnn incrc scdimcntntion, inclndin;: osidntion of the npplird scwngc. it. hnn I)ccn eonsidcrccl in two w i t y : first, ns n wdiniciitation tnnk in wliicli thc resilltin:: sliidgc Ins been 1910, lllily be llHl.fII1I$ I ' C f C l l C l l 10, 1 1 s clltircly indcpclldcnt C'rlldc HC\VllgC fl[l]IliCCl t k l i ~l h i t c t l thrCC-fOllrthK Of t l l C HIM- not liinli enough to disturb tho ilrposit on the sletcs, nntl then tho bed be nIIo\ved to reinnin qnicscent. for, snx, one hour.--Ucfore the bed is ngniii fillrcl tlic \wrins nnd other irnininln nntl the Irnotcrin hitre at tnckctl the orinnic inirttcr of this clcposit nntl nro rcncly for tho ticst thin lnycr of fowl, when tliu bed in tinlrscquently lillrcl. If convitlerctl iiti a contnot Ired. itx lnrgy void sIrncc nn cninpnrtd with n contiict bed lillecl wit 11 ortlinnry rnetlin, is of yrcirt ncrntin;: wrliic, nleo dire to tlie corwtruction in Iiorieontrrl Inycr~+, one slntcrcsting nponnnntlicr ; on tlic nnilcr~icleof mnny elntes 11 lirrgc, flnt biibblc of nir niiist liu critrninccl, \vIiicli ~v o i i l t l tend to nsygcnnte the ~cca'irge whilst. in tlic bed. '1'11~ clepo4t n1ion the slirtcs ~v n n iiiodorons iiiud, even gritty wlicn rubbed between the fingers, tint1 the inicroscopic cxnininntion rcrcnlccl Iirrgo irinu~~nts of PtIuIy nitittcr. \Vhcn lictrtctl in n tlinli to obtriin t,he dry resitlnc, tlio ivonnx cnnic to the snrfircc trlitl their activity showed tlic np111ess of the term ' living twth.' " AH nn instirnce of ono of tliu lnirriy rtrrying co~ulitions under which nltrto Irccls lire working tiatirifirctorily the irilitnllrition t i t tlio Ktrxnli Rtrilrond Sttit ion irt i\loacow per dny, nntl tlio khginccrs rcnp~~~nible for its coiwtriiction, i\lCHtirH. Siiiiin wit1 Co., of llw Neptune Co., i\Iosco\v, report t,hnt the Krrztrn Hnilrorrd Bonrcl of I\lnnngorti \s*cro HI) tuitistictl hknt tlicy clecitlctl to IIHU t l 1 0 syatoin in othor Ul&y b C Ill~Jltillll~tl. !rlliH ~l l l l l l ~~ dClllS \ V i t h 'Lo,0m gflllDllH CRtiW. SPECIAL 1'OINTS F01t C'OSYIL~EI~ATI~N IN NEW L)EdlUSY. AltllOlIgh in liinny i l l 8 ~i ~l i C ~H CllU R~bIIIllilllJllS HolidH ill HO- Intion nru rcclucctl i n 11 tilitto bed to the UStelit BOlllOtilllcH of tiftav per cont., n HliitO lied cnillut~t in not t r n d Iu~s not been ui\o~iyh to tliselinrgc into titlol wtrlcrs h t . , iii go11er1t1, HOIIW fiirtlicr trcirtriicnt.

  ___---. 



niitl nllowcd to frec nnd in tlio zoogloca condition, nnd ustrnl scwngo tlcbrin.

  'ree nninionln ...................... Albunilnoltl sinmonln ................. , per urnm ................... 


	0 43. 5	80.50 8.70 10.7.4		80.07 8.78 11.15
				10000
		4 5 W 55.00 7.0 5.0 20.00	42.00 6300 4.0 7.7 17.80	44.08 555.02 5.0 7.4 1 10.38
		3.12 1 : 0 4 5.05	3.71 1 : 4.7 4.70	4.30 1 : 4.03 7u.5
	BnctarinOir ml mad.			0021 0098 480,000,000

I*cr cent. r o r cont. Moisturn ............................ Mlnornl riiotter ....................... O w i i l c nisttar ...................... Oil dried mud. Jliiicrnl ninttar ...................... Urpniiic mutter ...................... Con ................................. Ether extract (fnt. clc.) .............. Orgnnlc cnrbon ...................... Oruanlc nitrogen.. ................... llntio K : c .......................... Xltrogon on dry orgnnic innttcr ........ E.lficro.scopicul Ex(iiaitmtion.--Lorgo numbers of worm, I frccly flourishccl iinclcr tiorninl ncroliic conditions. When nionndinn uiid other infusorin, nnguilliila?, Imctcrin. both tlio clcposits wcro oxposed to tho nir " wcntlicr." us i t is gcncrnlly tcrmd, tho ninsw hccnmu In cach caw tho doposits wcro Im'tirout oflciiaire odour. frinblc nnd odoiirlcss. 
Semgc mud jroiir slule led8 ul Nirrl, Il'ywnibe, Seplesiber 28111. 1006.

  
	Snrfuw of tleymlt on sbted.		
	63.08 7-95 8.37	81-31 7-75 7.04	r e r Wilt. 84.8U 7-40 7-08
		100.00	10090
		49.40 m.00 3-88 7.12	40.27 50.73 3.24 0.80
		25.07	
		4.61 I : 5.4 0"	3.73 1 : 0.2 7.3

I llnlf-dc~itli of cleyosit on slat-. Bottom Inycr of dcpoelt on nlnh. , Per cerrt. Per cent. ~~ ............................ Jrohtum ........................ Jlinernl iuntter Orgnnic inntter ...................... i On dried mud. Jlinernl inntter ........................ GIganic nintter ....................... cu. ................................. Etlier cxtnct (fnt. cte.) .............. Orunnlc wirbon ...................... Orniiilc nitrogen ..................... i Ilirtlo s : c .......................... Sitrogen on drled orgnnlc innttcr ...... i 0.00s Free nninion13 ....................... i Albiniilnold uinnionln ................. ; 0 
*270 On uut mtul.

  

Ilacterh, jwr grnni ................... i 
IO.uw),Mx) 0 0 G 0.250 eucli ns woiild

  

linvo been cvoI\~cd froui nn ordinary suwugt sludyc. In tho bulk tho otlour wus delicribcd by 1,r G. J. Fowler nnd others ns slightly rcscnibling that of sen wecd. It is most imlmrtnnt to notico thiit wlicn kept foi IL tiiiio in clo.s~ul Iiotllca uii cxtronicly ollcnfiivu otloiir wm ovolvd, duo to thu clcconipoeition of tlic organism 
wliicl Jf icroseopicul ~zuzcrmit~alioii.-Usiinl suwngc clcbris, with Inrgo 'numbern of siiinll wornis, inorinclinn nnd othcr

  infusorin, nnguilliilic, bnctcrin, both frw rind in thu zooglu?a conditioiw. Tho following rcsults iiro by Dr. Uilburt J. FowIcr, us given in tho snino pnpcr :-Orgiiiilu uintlor ...................... ................. 


	Unwcntliurctl 1 111111.
	C n r h n in tlrled tnibulniiee, IOU dug. ... , I 9 , . . . . .

AveniguIlytlroguii iii tlrlctl niiiistnurc 100 dug. . Avuruyo ................. ,. ,t *, . Nitroucl& Ill tlrled nllliAlnuco, 100 dog. .. 
nnd there mns rooin for niore ; so milch so, thnt tho scconclnry Imds woiiltl hnvc t o be

  
	rtintcrinl. aeon	On Ins3 011 I Ignitlou. 1 1 11.0 I	Oritlntioll test.
	1.111	,	5.8

I JIr. T~snatr: snicl he \VUK tutinlictl thnt thu process wns nn nerobic one. rHis eqieriencu wns that when the nind had Icon formed on the plates the cnpncity wns not 80 per cent. but nlroiit U(I per cent. The s h t e bc& nt the Currngh Cnnip l i d now Ijccn in n!c four yenrs, nntl nlthough the nnionnt of scwngc coining froin tlic cnnqi Iincl w r y lnrgely incrcnwtl, thuy litid entirely met, the incrcnsc of voluruc inultiplietl t o inec.t thnt cstrn volnnic with which the slntc htls wcrc tlcoling. In onu of tho bcdr, which lincl becn p u t up four years, Iiu lincl found nbout nn inch of inntidy filni nt tho bottoni. To his mind, for thu prcpnmtion of efiluent for Innd, nothing could be inorc sntisfnctory thnn trcntiiicnt by o shtc bed. Choking had only occurred in two CMW, in denling with bnrnick sowngc sonio Rlutlging-up of the bottom linvin * tnkcn plncc. The Iintl, hu bcliuvcd, got over titcdinicihty by screening. &oldest b d 
110 iind wen wis of seven ycnrs' tlnrtrtion, nnd Iiu

  

Iind not noticed nny snbsidencc of tltc siirfncc owing to Iircnkagc ocanrring in the l~cds. l'hc IIIIIIIIIR, ns it hnd becn ctillrd, \vns sn distinct front tlic ~l i i t l g ~ froin septic tnnks tlint sonic niixconcoption originiilly 
luttl oconrrctl 11s to tlic necessity for dealing with it ns it ciinic tiwny from tho nliitu hcds. I n soniu plncw it \ v w fonnd tlint tho top Inycrn of tltu contact bctls woro congested with t.lic hnnnw. 'YO gut ovcr

  tltirt tlifliculty, a t nnu in..tnllntion. 



tiicy lint1 oonatruotcd tlireu shnllow beds of lino nsli, wliich wcru worked in series nitd nltcrntitcd dnily, rind Iroiri thonc, Iiiiniiis wns tlnily tnkon nwny. It WIIP doliiwited in II Itctqi c1o.w to tlio beds, nnd tlicru. it ncratetl and dried. rind witliin the! s111ico (if n tvcclc or two

  , wit Iiont tiny ofTencc litrving ocuitrrctl titiring tlic! \vliolc while, it l 



i d bcconiu priicticiilly giirtlcn cartli. 'l'licw \vus no clotilrt tlint tlie iicrobiu action wcnt on in Itrcnking ilriwn and ~iuriliaat

  
	ioti
	during thu stnckinz.
	1)r. J. A. \ '

o m m s ~~i sitid lie aoiiltl s~icitk wit11 scitiic pereonnl uspcrioncc of w11tit wcnt on tit

  1)cvizcs. 111 liis i~piiiiiin, injtttitiuu lid I~ccn clono to Nr. Dilidin in tliu 



R u jort of tho ltoyitl Coininission Iiy dcsuribing his ttink its Ling Hiniilitr to ii

  q i t i o t.nnk. 11 wiis iiot~iirty of tliu rort. AL . 



Dcvizus w ~t l clscwlierc, Air. Dilitlin lit111 tlonu tliiit whioli WUR not t i n uiisy thing

  , Iio liticl stitialiccl his aliunts I At Dovizcs. ntoru IiiirLiuitlurly, oiio of 1,110 ntost rlifticnlt i~iiituriiilx-dairy i*ufiisu--hnct to IJU dertlt with. Ilu wns intlccil siir~iriscd Lo seu tlte grcnt rciitlinuss wit 11 



lm foiiitcl deriroblc to nllow tlic Iiiiinus to

  dry soniewltnt rnthcr thnn to npjily it in its originnl nioist coittlition. 



cn, A h . J. W . BAIIII mid tlint lie lind tried the slntc h d lirinius with wrcrnl plnnts, Honiu of which wero of n very tlclicnte kind. Its effects, YO. fur ns could Iw! judged, were I)cncliciitl ruttier thnn otllcrwitic. It. certniiily did no ltnrni in niiy ctise. h i t Iic thoiight tlic niu of the Iinniiin wnn rntlicr to iniprovc the physicnl clinrticter of tho soil tlinn ns n furtiliscr. I l c t l i o i i ~l t t tltnt it would Jlr. 11. h i i c y I~OUL~'OIS snid he WDB surprised to seu tlic very sninll nniount of Iiunirw wliich tlit! 
nutlior soid hu got from the slntu I)ccls ILL High \\'yconibc, bccnuvu hu (tltu s )cnLur) lint1 been ncoustolnctl to hcnr of 21 to 60 tons

  

of sludgi from n million gnitoiir. At ~~nneiirntcr, snlfod, orid Cltorluy. tho 
ninount of h d g u W I L ~ fur in u s c w of tlint Jlr. Dibdiii ltnd got with slirtu bculs. Did not Jlr.

  Dibdin think soiuu sort of scdinicntotioii tnnk in froiit of his slntu beds 



\voultl bu n i t iidrnntngc cithcr !o cqitnlkiu the suwngu nntl iiLso tlic tcniiwrntnrc to HOIIIU cstcnt, or to eqniilise its clienictcr its it cnniu down hoar by hour 0 Mr

  

. N.WTIS snit1 Iic hnd seen tliu 'Prowliridgc installntion. nntl bclicved tliirt tltu Locnl Authority. in consequence of. Jlr. Dibilin's re1)raciitntions, hncl put in R direct. 
by- j i i ~ cliiinticl, t o do nniLy with the coiitlition to which Jlr. Dibctin olrjrctcd, nnincIr, tho tletrtition of the rcwtigu in tlic scjitici tiink. IIC ilia not. tltink thnt AIr. I)ibcIin iinti rc!ircsetited t lie oflieem of t Itu Jloyiil Coiuniission clnitu fnirlv. As Iiu Itntl rend their Report. tltcy did iiot refer to tltc ~irodxn operciticli of t ~i c sltitc IJCCI trcntnicnt, Imt to its rc..rnlts ; they snicl nicrcly. "'I'ltu enlncnt froin P slirtc bcd is, for Iwicticnl inirl~tiscs, iiitlistiityiiislitiblc froin it triiik cllliient. 1t contnitis iiljoiit tliu siiniu nnioniit iif sits~ieiiil~d ninttcr, i t n i l rcqiiirrs snhsqitt!nt trcatincnt

  
	,
	siniilnr to tliiit \vliiuh \viiiiltl be nccc*sary fiir t i tiink ufllucnt
	from tho siitnu sctviig~." 'I'hu t i t ~n u a l coat of tlealing with
	s l u

d ~u took no iiccotitit of lliu nniotittt of solitl iiiuttcr wliicli WIIH tlcpositct1 in Lliu interstices

  of tliu bctls, nntI he \vns inforrncti Lhiit i i L 



Ihvizcs tlic! finu Iwds ltncl slndgccl 1111 to ii very ncrioiis

  cstent. 1n tho nutltor's coiit~iiirntivo uatiniuto Lhcro 



tip~ieitrt~1 i t n itcni of E(i30 per niiiiuin for crirttigc of 1.lic sIiitigc frtini tliu septic ttink; if t.ltat Iirnvy ospciitlitiiru \veri? to I)o inciirrctl nilti 11y us nn nit1 to tiis- jJ0Hii1, one w o i i l t l my tlirit it w u n ~ Lu ncccssttry only in tlioso c w r s ~rlieru no Inntl WIIH nviiilnblo a t tltu ~owiigu worlrci. In rufurring

  to t.ltu clilicrcnco 1 



)ctwcrii tho l i i i i i i i i ~ froin ~l i i t u bctls nntl tlitrt obtniiietl Iiy otlicv JII'OCCSBCH, it scenictf to liim tliiit tlio ntitlior tvns etinq~nring the bcst rvsnlt from 11 sltitu lieil

  

witli tltu worsL result froin t i suptic tiink.A niiiiiboi~ of obeurvurs of world-wiilu re nttutioi~ lint1 tcntifictl to tlio inoi~nrous tint1 inoficnxivu clinrnctur of the tligerltrtl rexidiiiini froin 11 suptiu tiink.1\11., IXbiliii's tlc~itluriitnin for I~ nlntu bet1 wns tliirt it slion~d bc worked on tiurobio h c s ; thrt tlicru shoiild Im 11 sntlicicnt period of tinhniorsirni 
to tillow tliu solitls to bo tloliositci\ pi1 tliii InyurH of,wliitc~, 1in11.1ii1 incirt~

  

,Unfytii-iiutuly, otviitg t o tlib uontli~itriin 
iiiiclcr cvliielt sowitgr iirrivcd Go DIBDIN-THE SLA'L'E-BED !I!REATBIENT O F SEWAGE. [Jan. 31, 1013.

  tho ciitfiill, it irns inipossiible tn scciirc those criiitlitions over the wliolc twenty-four Iioirrs. 1 1 Itccl fillet1 iiccortling to tlio rntc of flow--at niglit vcry slowly nrid i n tlic t h ytiinc uiorc quickly. It, wns kclit fii11 the proper tittic, and then lind to be eiiiptietl. In iiinny cirscrr the beds lind Iiccn ciiiptictl very slo\rly. \rith tho object of getting tlic cftliiciit IIS free as pt~ssiblc* froin siiq~riitlctl iiinttcr, \tit11 thc rcsrilt. thnt tlic Jowr 


	_____	________ ___-.

nt 
Iiiyt~s of tlic brtls wcrc rliirrgrtl with lic uitl for iiiirny Iioiirs. Coiisivliiciit 1 y the coiitlitioii i n tlic Lottoin of the ~i c c ~ \rns vrrv clilicrciit froin tlint

  aiinni nt by A h . IXbtIin. with I I co~~rwpotiiIing tiititwricc in tlic chnrnctcr of the resictititin. ' 



I'hc h i i i ~i i i ~ wiiich lie snw lying on the tlrnining bctls nt I)cvizcs wis itidis

  tingiiislinlile froni thnt obtniiiecl by II tliorougli cligeatioii in n septic tnnk. Sludge dig~*tioii wiis 



no C h i t J t , iniliortniit, but. it irna xt~ciintlnry to tho coriclitioii of the cflliitwt, nntl he iroitltt br gliitl of nornt, figiircs iia ryiirds t l w qitiiiititv

  of siinlit~iitletl iiinttcr i n tho cllliic~iit of n Iird norkccl'in the ortlitinry WIIY. !It* thoiipht tlic Iicvirt of thr sIiitc bed qiit*stioii w n i tho iivoii~tiiirt~ of niiisnncc., iitiil t1ic.y lint1 tlic tcstiiiiony of t l i r Itovnl C!oininirisinii, nntl of ir riiiiiibcr of cngiricern nnd others tliiit the s ~n t c bed wnn n w r y rnliirfblc n i t w i s of nroicliiig niiisiiiicc! iii tlcaliiig with iin 



ollrnsivt~ se\vngt'. They initst iit>t, howewr, oxpot too 11iirc11 froin it. Iircnuiw ctf the xla\r tltl\\' of scwnge to the

  works. ~inrticiilnrly nt iiight. Evrii nt I)t~vizcw, for iiistnnce. hc forincl tlint. the t~t~lncirt froiii the slntc: hcda wliicli lind conic down during tlic night nritl \ W H ImwAing off during the tnorning. tiftw Iwing iniiiiv Iionrx in tho beti. lint1 II tlistinctly oticiisivn nnieII iricIiztiiigiiisIi. iiblc froni tlint of tlic rfllueirt froin a 



septic tniik. Jlr. A. 1L DE\VAR mid thnt froin the stniitllioint of tlic I ~~c n l Aiitlioritv the qiicstioci wns tliirt of cost. 1 1 vrry goot~ iden of the cost of ccnwrsioii of the ~c \ w g u iiitci inndoroue Iiiiiiius hacI ~iccn given

  tiirni, Iiut Mr. '~)iI)din lind not told tlicw~ of thc cost nftcrcviircla of convt~rtitig tliu enliicnt-into onc which wns fit to bu tlisclinrgcil into ticlel wntcrd. nntl niorc ~inrticrilnrly iitto 



rkcrs. 'l'lint \vnn IC innttcr of very p e n t iiiiportntice to all in inlnncl

  towns. Another point wns, how did Nr. I)ibtlin'n ~iroccsn coiii~iirI~! with sprinklers over bcth of gravel or coke. rind whnt \vnn tlie enpacity of his slntc beds, of tlie wiint. 



deptli, I I R coni- p ~4 with tlrrhc spriiililcr beds froiii which, of coiirsc, thc cfllucnt wns clcnn cnoiigli to be pnssctl off

  
	into titliil wntcrR
	or crcn rivcrs?

I) 
r. 6. 1tmj:at snit1

  the iirinlyses of tlic cliiTcrciit. sections of ninterinl did not seen1 to wnrrnnt Jlr. l~ihtlin in tlrnwing any eniicliifii~~i ns to nny diliercncc IJct\recn thcin. 



Onc chnrncterhtic nliniit the cleposit which irored tlic aerobic nntiirc of t~ic o~innge tn~;ing p~ncc. \rns tlic cowtnnt prtwncc in the tlc m i t s of II coii~iilrrnl~lu qiiniitity o f fnt. It xccmec~ t o iiiin t i i n t

  AIr. ~i t r c ~i n 



hati rcniovct~ n portion of the n ~~i i p c snlitln in t?ic rlntc bctl, . h i t tlint n grcnt clcnl of them niurt go forirnril nntl reinnin cither iii tho ncciintliiry ctrtch pit. or ]>I! in tht! filtrrx or on tlic Inncl. Not II sin+ nnnlysis lint1 Iiccn piit forwnrcl t o s h m r wlint sort Lf cflliicnt \VIM obtninctl

  . Jlr. 1)ihtliii lint1 finid thnt iintlcr ccrtnin conilitinnn it niiglit be cliscliargeil into tidnl wntcrx. hit it wiix ccrtninly rin cflliiei~t tlint rcqiiirctl furtlier purificntion hi tlic? two ritnl chnrnctcristirr, viz., I L rcmovnl of it good den1 nf tlic rernriintler of tho siis~iciitlrcl ~oliclu, nnil nn oritlining procr~a. 



~c t l r were

  proridctl. the cflliicnt, wnq tlischnrgcd IS quitiltly ns iinssiblc, pIovitletl thiit tho ~incligestccl iewrge w ~i s not broiiglit oiit. The tinic t. 



lint wo~iltl d c , vnried with t . 1 1 ~ nizc of the lied i i i ~c l tlic tlcpth, but night be nbout nn

  hour for n tlirec-foot depth of wntcr. Eslicriinciits hncl been inntlc Iiy iwiiig ii flontiiig nrni oiitlct. in iIriiwing tho wiitcr froiii tho bct~. 



~~i c r c \rns II IiiCgc lirltl yet for cqicriiiicntnl work ns to tho best 1iiiviii.r [if riiilityiiig

  tlic slnto Iictl. I t iiiiglit Ire fctisililr sonit'. t i t i i w to eniptv the bctls froiii scveriil points; h i t I i o t~ioiig~it. it. woiilcl ii~\riiy ~i c fniintl iuIvisn1Jlc to (lo it froni the bottorn of the Iictl, ~ilthoiigh thc rate niiglit 



lie ~C ~I I - lntcvl Iiy n llonting nrni. ntid tlio coiirse coiitnct bet1 ntc iclrnticnl iii wirkiny. nncl t l i r rcsiilts lire niniilnr

  \rhcri tlic coiirsc I J C ~ is forn~rcl of sire11 



ii iiintcriiil niitl clrnirircl iii sticlr ii i n ~i i i i i e ~ tliiit it CI I I I clisrlinrge its Iiiiniiis. 111 II 1iii1wr 1 rciitl before the Society of Eiigiiiccre I:! yews iigo, the fcilloaiiig statciiiciits were iiintlc

  :-'' lJossilily 11 very coiirsc bid of cluriililc ~nii:c~iiil, wry wcll drnincd. \roiiltl Iirtdiire the rcsiilt. rif n more or Ii~.~ssliitlyycflliieiitfroiii the first I i i d 'I'licolijrctis thiit. tlw lirst Iicxls shoultl not sliidge tip. \VIiiit is ncetlrd to lterfc~t tlic Imctcria Iicul systeiii is xonw wiy of Iirwmtiiig tlin ~liitlfiiiig iip of the tirat IJ&. it'ero it. not for the sliitlgiiig i i p of tlic lirat Iictla, tlrc tank trriitiiiciit noiilrl bc iiiinccwsnry. It" (~ludgc) " e m lit: nrorv ensily rcinovctl froin iiinoiig the vcry conrnc inntcriril tlinn Iron\ iiniong tliv vcry line, with wliicli it will forin oiie ninw." Froiii tliiit tiiiic! to the present 1 hnvo lintl colisidcralil(~ cslic&ww with ctinrxt\ contnct beds. tlenliiig soniatiinea with criiclc 



! scwngu niitl sotiictiiiicti iritli scwipc whicli lina p : i ~~t l tliroitgli ti tnrik, niitl I niii rcntlj to ciiclorsc to tlic fullest rlcgrcc Jlr.

  J~ibtliii's coiitciitioii iis to tlic nicrits of nliitt* Iictls. I hnvc foiiiid tliiit wlirrc~ CIWII ;I lied o f rliiikcr is 



~iroviilccl \vitli 11 hlsc bottoiii, iiiicl with

  ulteciiil tlriiiiiitig eliiiirncls for tlie full clcptli of the bed, thnt a reniilt is construction of sucli beds in more csltcraivo tlinn thnt of ulatc beds. wliicli nrc ccrtninly siilierior. Iiiit cvcw c1iiikt.r lictls 



constriictctl in this wiy iirc cti1inblo of tlisclinrgiiig tlicir humus iiiitl clo not bccoinc cloggctl. ~iri~vitli~tl tliiit they linvc pro11cr cniptyiiig

  nrrniigeiiients. 'J'licy will iit. ccrtniri tiinw ~li~cli~irgc their litiiniia i n largc qiiiintitic*s, nnrl this cnn be iiitcrccptetl. irntl ns Air. 1)ibdiii Iiiis tlciiionfitriitctl, it hiis n consitlcrnble riiu~riiriiil viiluc. 



Aiiotlit~r stntcnicnt iiintle in IL p p e r I rend i n the year I904 WIIH IIX fiillo~rvri :-" It troiiltl bu n good thing to riiiikc prtivi~hn for wasliiiig oict the first coirtiict Iictls to sonio extent. ouriisionnlly, c.~., by opening II Inrgc viilvc wlicn tho Let1 is fi111. SO iis to crcntc IL good riisli out. 'J'h Iiuiiiiis wiislietl out tnight Iic cnught in chiinncls on the ficcoritl beds, or it would probnlily ruinciiii oii the ni~rfiicc, whcro it coiiltl tt! clciriictl off. or it iniglit be \veil to Iiirvc 11 settling pool or cliiiiincl to critcli it bctirccn the first iiiid sccoiitl betls." 1 Iitrvc constnrctecl contnct bctls in ti grcnt iiitiny plncee ii1ioii tlic priiiciplc~ iitlvociitctl 1iy Jlr

  . 1)ilitliii. iintl where Itis tcacliiiig6: liarc Iiccn properly cnrrietl out. tlio 



rcscilt H h t C Or co~i~triictccl on tho filrite bctl 1iriiiciple, have iiiiloiiclrtl tlioir Iiiiiiiun rind hnvc not re iiirecl to hc clciinctl Oiit. lTiirtlicr, tlic ~i i i i i i i i n ins lieen o? nn abnolntcly 1111. olijcctioiinlile rirititrc, nntl irboro 1111. tliu clients hiivo Iiccii not uttoitlctl the

  : constriictioii of scttling tanltr. tlie efIliicnt froin which is npt to Iiccciina ford froin vnrionx HuggcHtioii tliiit slntcs wcro firlit ~troponcd to bu IIHUII n t lh+tiniog in cnnncction with tho old stylc of coiitrict Iictls. AR to tho sintrll ninoiint of hiiinrin 


	CI~IIICS cl\in!ity.	nntl the nliitlgc from wliicli is olijectiontrblc iii
	Alr. I)IIIII~N, in rcply, snit1 tlint Air. ljoiilnois i ~i i ~ correct i n t h

, IIC cxprcsslv ntiited in tliu ~i n ~i c r thiit t~iosc. wcrc tho rcniiItn obtniilcii I i y hlr. Ilntllibrookc, tliu 13oroiigh Enginour of IligIi \\'yctiiiilic, who Iiiicl nintlu vory onrefiil

  
	c ~~) ~r i i i i e i i t ~ for
	I8 inonths.

'I'hcy ]inti bccn working nt 1)uvizus now for ~rlioiit 7 or 8 gcnrH. nntl 1111 wnR infortnod tliiit with tlio uxccplion of it fow liarrow IOIIIIH tlint wore tokun rrwiry for growing ~onic eiiciinilierfi, nonc of the h i i i i i i i ~ linil huoii of ~i r c ~~u d cnko

  

t!tcnniing nncl ciriiwirig n 
i i i i ~~i i i i t ! ~~. Now all'. 11. c. 11. SIIESTOS Wrote Its fOllO\Vr.S :-'h H h t C h t l

  
	l l ~l ~l I ~l l ~d COlUJJfl~llbIU t 0 tllllt frolll tllC Y h t U bt'd, bllt thl'
	IIIIH IIl\VtbyR IJCcIl RlICCCSfiflll. T h first h X l S , \Vlll!thOl' Of
	\\Wll Slltkfil'tl \\'it11 the PCHIIItR. 'rk! 1(11111o I' CHllltH hlb\.r?

rt%liloVl?d f r t m thOHlt WOrkK. b f O r C thnt. 
thyy Illit1 HtWkH

  
	_ _ _	--	-. .--. ----.
	oiily tlio 1)		

liick moiilrl ivns to bo found. 'J'ho Roynl

  Coiiiniiasioii hiid snit1 tlint i t wns rcry tliflicul*i to nscertniri tho nutourit., but tlicy liintlc so1110 i i i c ~~~i ~r c i ~~c i i t s mid coiicludctl that oiily nboiit 1 per cent. wns ilestroyctl. If Iiu Iiad clniiiicd to Iiiirc reduced ordinary susjiciidctl iiinttcr in suivngo to the inoffciiairo coiiditioii 110 had shown thciii with 11 loss of only 1 per cent., 110 would hnre liutl to iiieut sonic very scrcro criticisius. By mtiiiiiirig tlio fine liiiiiitis in tlic " hiiiiitis beds " Iicforu tlio cflliicrit went 011 to tlic fine beds, the ciiliircity nut1 life of the luttcr \vns iilidoiibtcrlly iiicrcnsctl. air. h r t i n lied iiiciitioiieil thc by-piiss i i t 'rrowbriclgc. lie \vns iiiforriiccl tlint they let the s c ~i i y u rim tliroiigli the sliitc bcds, thc oiitlct iiiid iiilet liciirg opcii nt, tlic siiiiio tiriic. h a to not treiiting tho Itoynl Coiiiniission fnirlv. 110 Iiurl iiicrcly quotc!d d i n t t h y linrl R i d . Jlis only obscrvntioii wns iii n few Iiiics, riz. : Ik!fercncc to tho liigli \\'ycoiiilic results. " Tlic iiriliiinl cqirniiliturc irt h v i e c s mi& lie trikrli into iiccoiitit." iie tlioiiglit tliiit wis fnir. A Hiiring of f500 11 yctir on n totnl of Ej00 oiiglit to bc tnkcii into iicroiiiit.. l'licii lie l i d mid. " TIic figiirei na to the qiiniitity of ~h t l g c bcforu tlic iristnllntioli \vns nt work. niiiiicly, soiiic 080 tniin of pressed sliidgc Iwr n11nim.'' 1 liry clicl iiot iiowget US0 tons of Iiresscil HlucIge Iicr~i~i1iu1il. Tliiit wis all liis criticism, beyond naliiny for iin cxpliiiiiition of nii diviotis eoiitniclictioii. Their ns to tile line beds, iri 11 pnlicr wliicli Iic liiid rend before tlic \\?cat of Ifiigliind llrnricli of tlic Society of Jlcclioiil Otiiccra of Ilcnltli, i r t Devizes. oii llnrcli l!ttli. 1!)08. Iiu lintl fully cspliiiiicd tlicit when thoso IiecIs were coiistriictccl. b y iin ovcrniglit tllo coiitriictor piit iii ii lot. of very filic islirs aiicli 11s ought to Iitivu beoii, nccorcliny to tliu sjwcihtiou, sifted out 



iiiitl rujwtcd. 'l%i* clinker. olitaiitctl froiii tlic ntljoiiiiitg iron works lit \\'c.stbiiry, coiitaiiicrl n ctiiisidcniblu qiiniitit o f iron, PO tliiit it riistcd iiiitl iiintlc iiii iron cciiient, wliic i \vns iltig out iii sciliil iiiiiwes. \\'hen it \vna tnkcn out, tliu cnliiicity of thu beds iviis iiicrciisrcl, ;tiit1 lie wns iiiforiiicd 1iy tlic Iioroiigli Surveyor tliut tlicy ~vctc perfectly siitislirtl. iiiitl liiicl yircii i i o iuoru triiiibli*. '\a tu the tlilfcrrricu bctwccn cliggiiig tho Jiiiiiiiis in l r i ~i t l i i t n clistnncc and tit tlic works, liia poiiit. wna tliiit it wis not ncccssnrs to clig it in. ]?or 7 or II v('iirs a t I>c!vizcs, lie clicl not tiiiiik they Iiiiti p i i t 11 sliii~iu in tIic groiiiitl to get rill of it. IIC hiicl stutctl, froiii the tiiiiu of tlio first cs1icriiiieiits wliicli lint1 been inticlo n t liiirkiiip, on 11 nitc iicre Icrl. worked jointly by Iiiiiisclf iuid tlic cIiginccw for yews, tliirt within rciisoii, the fnstcr 
the lied coiiltl be riiilit ietl tho Iicttcr would be the result. Tliiit lwiiiciple l i p died to c r ~y ulnris of coiitnct bed. '~iiuy cliii iiot wniit t\ic loner Iiircrs to ~i e iiiiilcr water Ioiigcr tliiiii cou~tl ~i u ~iellwil. TIIC i ~o t t o i n bcul wiiiitwl the mnsiiniirii nwntioti to Iircvcmt the iuiwroliic nctioii,nnd oii that point Iiclincl jiist riinclu 1111 iiiiprovciiiciit. 310 Iiiid iiicrciisctl the size

  

of tliu tiir triili by putting n riiig roiiiitl tlic slntc. I t retlucctl tho ciilincity of tliu bed aoiiicwlint. but 
oiiiy to 11 rcry niiiiill cstcwt, iiiid it

  iiicrcnsed tho pcriotl of nerntion. \Vitli rcgnrcl to the figiires iis to tho siislicntlctl iiinttcr. lie referred Jlr. Xliirtin to Iiin previoiis Iitilicrs. A H to tlin dillerclicu iii the ~iuiiilicr of buutcriir iii tlilfcrcnt lnycrs, tlicy iiiiglit innko differcnt er~icriiiiciitn, aiitl gut difiurunt rcadts iiccordiiig to tho tlifIcrciico in tliu scwiigu iiiitl tlie iiiiiubcr of fillings untl SO on. Tlioso Iinrticiiliirs were givuii iiiiiiiily to show dint tin oiioriiiotis tluveloliriioiit of iiiicrobio life Iiiitl tcikcii pliico iii thoso I)ccIn, iiiitl \vIii:thcr it wiis oiily linlf n1i iiicli skiiiiiiictl olT tliu top or ii portion front tho iiiitltllo or it portion froiii iirirlcriicntli. Iio tlioiiglit he l i d got really roiiiiirltiibl~ good rcsiilts. 110 lintl ~~oiiiti!tl nut tliu ncccwity for sccow nry trciitniciit of s h t e bed ufllticnts nyitiii nncl iignici 



; tlicse \ v i m iiot to lio coiisitlcrecl 11s filial cfiliicnts, iiiitl riitist be aubjcctcd to R further trcntiiiciit iiiitlcr noriiinl coiitlitioiis. Under csculitioiinlcoiiditioiis of nilitriblo lnncl or tidiil wntcr. it might not lie c!ssciitinl. 1)r. ltidonl hut1 iiiciit ioiiecl fnt. Flit (lid clisnpjicnr, iiiitl iii tliu liirlier whicli Iio lincl rend bcforo tlio Society 
of lJuliliu Aiinlyets iii Ifl07, thoy ~\ * o u l t l ~e ~ tho siriiic rosiilts

  

, yrtioiilnrly tliosu givnii iii coiiiicctioii with tlio in ier bg h. Gilbert Fowler, iii y,hicli tlio rctliiotioii o! 1110 flit \WH tlistiiietly sliow~i. 1 lint wns duo very tlofinitolg clo~iioiistrtitcd iii IL nurim of uxliwinreiitn subiiiittcd to tliu i\nnouiiitioii of ~liiritigors of Sowngu I)iqin8iil Works hi Mnroh. 1011. I ? r . --. .. __ _-.- 
Jleeling Iielcl a~ I3icrlingloi~ Iloucle on Jlonday, Janucrry tilh, 1013. - Dn. W. I!. E. IIODOKlSSOS I S TllE CIrAIlL

  tlic Octolier ipsuc of the " l'crfumcry and Edscntinl Oil Ilc*corcl " then! iippcnrs nil nrticlc liy A1. S. Snlniiinn nrid \\'. . 


	-
	r l m E ~~I M A T I O X OF C:I,YCERYI, ACETATE IN EssExi'r~r, OILS.

n r s. C:ODFI:E:Y ~L L ASD A. . I . I~AWEY. 111 
\I. Scalier (ace tliL J., 1!)12, 1052) in

  wliicli tlic nutliors point. out tlic necessity i i f n sonsitire riictliotl for tlic clctectiiiii niid cstiinntion of glyccryl ncctntc. nntl csnriiine tit 1;oiiic lwiqtli tlic incrits of twoclilIcrctit mctliotb. 'i'lic first clcliwids ioughlv iqioii tho nwlmption thnt tlio glyccryl ncetiitc. or nt IWGI. siicli proportion of it ns reinniw Iic+ind in tlic niiii-vidntilc rcsitliic! when tlic oil is licntcd nn the wntw bntll, niisw the cjnpnniftcntion vnlirc? nborc tlint of :i noriniil oil. 'Tlic sccoiicl iiictliocl \vns devised bv JIrssis. Scliiinnic:l ' t ~o . . of IApLiy, nntl is diwribed iii clctiiil in tlic issilo diitctl April, 1911, of tlicir report. It dc~icntls iiliiiir tho st)luIility nf glyccryl ncctnto in 5 per cent. nlciiliiil iiiirl it> con..qtieiit cliiiiii~ntiori from the oil on tvwtliiiig. Wit! coiicltwion tlint JIrmra. Snlniiinii nnd Senlicr conic to is tliiit tlic fir& method is iinreliiible, h i t tlint Scliimmcl'n ciitilcl rlwoiinlily detect 2 ppr cciit. glycrryl ncctntc. At iiliiitit tlic time Of the piililicntioii of tliu iil~ovci pnpur, it Iiccaiiic iiccc,ssiiry for ILY t o tlctcriiiine the iintiirc of tho c.stvrs iii sonic riiiiiplrs (if Iicrgniiiot iiiitl Inrciic!cr oils : it iipliciircd 



t 0 114, Iio\vc\.cr, t lint R iiioru cciiivetiicnt rind pcxhips iiiiire rdiiiIi1c iiictlind c v w tlinrr

  

Scliiiiiincl's might
Ko, Vot. XSXTI January
Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry