Keywords: Chcin., IWi, 20, %.)(i6), thus :-Pliciiyl-

coiintry in coiiseilucnce of the new l'ntciit Law. Referring to tlic future dcvclopiiicnt of the conl-tar colour iiitliistry in this coiintry, he said that, according to the lntcst Cerrnrrn stntiatirs, the osport of indigo nntl other tnr colotws, rcnclicrl, in roiiiid figiirw, !hi iiiillions sterliiig. TliL showed what. nnioiint of busincss might I)c recovered in this countrv. I n the p p e r it wns stntcd tlint tlierc wiis no iiieiitioii of t1ii.i pro':css nindc iii Ikdstciii ; but lie might iidtl tlint even iii specin1 \vorlis, siicli 113 Scliiiltz's book, n description of tliii process roiiltl not I)e foiiid. I)r. J . C. CAIS snit1 lie hiid seen the Iilnnt iisetl Iiy JIr. Frifiivcll for tlii.* 1iroccss. 'L'hc stirrer coiisistcd of n ccntrnl nsle fitted with wiiigs wliicli were riildly revolved. Vroiii uii riixiiicwing point of view lit! woiiltl sug rest that t!ic v c w 4 bc rnisctl coii~itlcriibly liiglirr, so tbint the pipL 's iiiiglit lend dircctlk into tlic! liltcr press, which woiiltl tciid to Iircvent tlic solid iiiciteriiil scttliriq in the Iirnd. 'I'hc iiiorlcrn Iwoccss of srpnruting mrllioand prir[i-toliiidiiic \ius nlrently ciirricd on tit tlie nitrotolucnc stngc by friic*tional tli~tilliition under cliiiiiiiishrtl prcssiire. 
Dr. G. '1'. J1o1ia.i~ said the ~i i i ~~c r liud iin iiiiportiint lwuring on tlic theory of niiiiiioniiiiii 11nscs.nli it slioscil tlint. a t leiist one iiroiiintic h e , p-toliiitlinr, hnd the property of coinbiriiiig with wntcr to foriii ii t*oiiipoiiiid rescinbliny tlic iiiiiiiioiiiiiiii Iiydroxidcs. i'ossilily otlivr bcnrenoid ninincs iI'err ciipubk! of yielding Iiytirntes which, Iionevcr, were only stciblc nt lower teiiilwriitiires. I n tho" works alirrc nrscnic nritl wns nvtiilnl~le this arid might bc ciiil)loyetl to sepnrnte ptoluicliiic froiii ti-toliiidinc by tnking ndviintnp of tlie tlillcrcncc in soluldity of tlieir nrscrintes iiisteiid of iisiiig the plios~iliiites iis iii Levy's lirorcss. I.-I)r. I{. I.msrsi: drew nttciiliori to tlir iiniilo~y of y-tuliiitlinc with pliciiol. 111 the iiiniiiifurturc of curliolic ncitl n certiiiii orcciitngc of wnter \vns clt~sirnlile for o~)tniiiiiig crystuhsrti plieiioi froiii tlie riiistiirc of tlie tnr ncids. Here, 11s iii the enw of ptoliiitliiic, n IiFdrntc w w foriiiecl \vhich, by its rrystiillising Iirolortiw, wns distingiiislicd froiii tlic liquid Iiytlriitcs of tlic crt!sole. 

Iiydriiiinc iiiis' been obtnincti from nniiinc. A S n iiieniis Df introducing the tiiiiino.groiip it is shown thnt ilicnol :mtl the fliiiiple chloriiiiiiiic givc ~~.niiiiiioplieiiol fo\lowcd by iiitcriictioii of two iiiolcciilrs with ~irodiictioii of ~Iiliydrosytli~ilienylniiiine, whicli is t1irct:tly ositliscd to the iiidoplieiiol. This espliiins tlie bliic rciiction of phenol soliitioiis contriiniiig iiiiiinonia with Iiy~iocliloritcs. lhc iiuthor iilno ctisciisscs tlic foriiiiitioii of rlinitroiirobenzene froiii pnitriiiiiiinc, tint1 fully discusses the interiiction of iiiiilinc iiiid Iiypoclilorites. 'l'liesc tlisciissions iiro liiiiitetl to hollies of the iironiiitic qroiip. \Vc note in i i pii1icr by KiiecliL in!l JIiliies (this J., 1892, 11, 131) o n '' l'hc nction of cliloriiic on \vooI," tliiit tlic clilorinntccl wool wiis nliscrved to rctiriii its activity townrds potnssiiiiii iotlitlc nftcr riiiiiiy Iioiirs. The niitliors siig@. thiit tlic results iiiiiy lie diiti to free clilorini~ or cliloriiintetl ~~iiinoiie-likc Iiotlics. Ot1ic.r niithors Iirivc dcnlt with the internet ion of cliloriiie iuitl Iiypocliloritrs with niiiiiioniii. Noycs iiiitl Lyon (J. Aiiicr. Cliciii. Soc., 1901, 23. 400) Iinvc inrestigiitctl the ultin~iitc breiikdowii to iiitrogcri. J. lfllroiit (Bcr., 1'901, 37, 4290) liiix proposed to iisc tlic iiiternctioii of hypoclilorites with niiiiiioiiin iiiitl protciris in drinking watern tliiit is. untlcr roiitlitions of rstreiiir dilution. He refers iiicitlciitnlly to tlio foriiintioii of nitrogcii cliloritle (Clilorstickstoli), biit regnrtls tlic rciictioiis iiivolved 11s those of ticstructive osidntioiix. \Ve shiill revert to his o1)serviitioris on tlie proteins iii 11 later coiiiiiiiiiiiciitioii. 
\Vc nrc coiiccriictl n t tlic iiioiiiciit with tlic widrly divcrsiliecl groiip of siicli clcriviitivcs, aiz., the nitrogenous colloids wliicli we sliiill refer to uniler tlie group clesiyiiirlion of proteins, iisctl iii tlie gciicrd sciiw, i i i i d without reference to .the slicciiil cliissiliciit ioiis of tlic iiiost rrcerit litcriiture of this viist field.* 'J'liesc Iiotlies renct with cliloriiic iuicl llic Iiyiioclilorites to foriii cliloriiiiiine dcrivativcs. Our obsrrvntion of these rciictioiis niitl tlieir products Iinve sntisfictl us tlint t h y tiike 1111icc iii coiistiiiit iiritl cliiirnctcristic qiiniititntivc porportioris, iiiid thiit the tleriviitivcs tire siiiiply reliitetl to tlic originiil substiiiice, t l i n t i?, iirc foriiictl witlioiit. dcstriictive iictioiis. He~ice, tlicse rerictioiix ~iiiiy be ~iiiiclc tlic bnsis of ii riiiiiibcr of quiirititiitivc nictliotls wliirli prove iiscfiil in tlic proviiirc of tecliiiiciil iiivtwtipntions. Hut fiirtlicr, siicli rciirtions occur iii ii iiiiiiilirr of iiicliistrinl o~~criitions the sigiiilieiiiicc of wliicli will be found t o he fiirtlicr cliicirlntccl by rcfcrtvicc to the fiindiirnciitnl fiicts cstiiblislictl for the siiiiplcst clilorniiiinct dcrivnt ives. 
It will ~)erlinlis fncilitnte the cqiositioii of oiir thcnic. In the full " liricii bleiicli," 1110 product of wliicli in tlie litire flns cclliilose, tlicse residues iirc ~irogrcs~ivcly eliriiiniited together with the residues of tlio li~iiocellulosc or wood. Iii viirious gridex of piirtiiil blcnrliiiig to which IiOtli f l u clotlis iiiitl ynriis iire siiI~jectctl,(crctii~iiiifi-liiilfblciieli-tlircc-t1iiiirtt.r I ~l ~i i ~l i ) tliese retcitliies survive iii coiisidcrii1)lo proportion, bciiiy wliiteii~ul or dccolourisc~tl Iiy the ~~roccsscs of iilkiiliiic Iiytlrolyxis iiritl Iiylioclilorite oridiitioii wliicli, wliilc of tlie HIIIIIU cliiiriictcr IIH tliono ciiiploycd in tlic " celliilose Iilciicli " lire liiiiited iii intensity to produce the iiiiisiiiiiiiii of decoloriantioii consistent with tlic iiiiiiiiiiiiiii reinoviil of tliu iioii-oclhiloso coiistituciits of the fibre. 

It is t o the productioii of cliloruniiiic tlcriviitivcs iii

tliu hy~ioclilorito biitlis tliiit wt! liiivc to ciill iittciitioii. Tlie~u bodies wIi(~ii foriiictl on tliu fibre iirc rctiiinrkn1)ly stiilile. tlicy I.PHit& protriicted wnsliiiiy ; they rwist tlie iicitl trcntiiieiits (flouring), whicli ~i ~i i i i l l y follow, und tiicy (lo iiot yield to the esliiiustive wndiing wliicli ngnin fiiipcrvaiies. AH follo\r*s iiifcreiitinll from our ~iccoiiiit of the propert ics of tiio Fiiiipicnt cliLrriiiiinc, tlio ciilornlliirie group is cliiiriicterisctl by " active cliloriiic," urid its prcsciicc is brought to cvidcncc by tlic ortlinnry rcngent, potnssiiiiii iotliclc. Also tlic iocliric act. free rimy be cstinintctl by titrntioii with nn nlknlirlc nrscnitctrnnfilntctl in cnlcdnting iiito its cqiiivnlcnt of " nctive clilorinc." \Ye mny stntc Iicrc, tlint. in sttintlnrtl trndc snmplcs of " crcnnietl " linen ynriis, ivc linvc foiincl xiicli " nctivc clilorinc " to nniount to ns 1ni1c11 ns 0.1 pcr cc!nt. Wc slinll rcvcrt to the conscqiicnccs of this tlefcctirc prncticc lifter it inor: clcfinitc proof of tlic frindnrncrit~il reliitionsliips involvi!~!, I.c., of tlic rcnction of tlic f l i i s protcitlu with Iiyl~ocliloritc clilorinc. T,ow-blcnclicd ~I ~I I I I I ~~~ wlieii trccitctl with clilorinc pnns will be found to Iinrc n innrketl clilornniinc rcnction, nnt~ it; is inil~ortnrit to notc tliiit. tlic iiitrogcnous botlics tliiis rcncting nre the most resistniit of tlic lion-cellulose iiiipuritics, nritl nrc thc Inst to be cliiiiinntcd iii tlic cclliilosc l)lcncl~. 
(3) A Iiypocliloritc liqiior which lins bccn iisrtl upon llns gotids iiiny contiiin soiiic foriii of diseolvd clilorniniire dilorinc, wliicli is not only dcvoitl of bleacliing action, but niny inllucncc prcjiitliciiilly tlic nctioii of tlie hlciicliing bnth. 
'I'licsc conclusions nrc of tlircct. import to tho flax l~icnolicr, n i i d follow iiiinictliiitcly froin oiir cs irrinienlnl results nntl nctnnl observations o f tlie intluxtrin\ ;woccssus nnti tlicir prodiicts. In 60 fnr IIA t h y Iitrvu noi eiitcrccl into consitlcrnlioir iii the coiidiirt of flns Ilenclriiig. they nlrortl n ncw h i s of cspcriiiiciitnl oliservrrtion niid control of tlic processex. h i t hy control \vo must uiitlcrstniitl n s clicniists the rcgiilnliGii of processus to bring nboiit pnrticnhr rcsiilts. If, for instiincc, it. is rccopnisctl thnt t o tlic iiiorc ol)vioiis ftinotioiis of the hypochloritc blcncliing liqgorx, which nrc those of liydrolysi~ nntl o~.idntioii, \vu iiiiiat ntld tlint of clilorniiiiiie protluc:ion, it beconics iiccrsmiry to re-invcstipntc tlic proecssrs iii rclrition to tliis fiinrtioii. \Vc iiuiko this fiiiprwstioii to tliosu interested t~ircct~y or intlirectly in t ~i c ihiistry. 13iit ns t ~i c lincs to be follq\vcd iii siicli nii investigation will ba obrioiis to cvcry cliciriist, it is uniieccssnry to develop tlic iiinttcr iri clctnil. 

A ppliccit ion to !iiutolrxJicul irt c e d igu:icnu.--\\'c

hnve to pnss on to t i fiirtlier iippIic:itioii of tliu rcnction origiliaticlp iii tliu sniiic licltl of iiivi!sfigntitm, Init siigcstinp cstcii-Riotis iii iiiiiriy 0 t h directioiiP. It; is it Iiinttcr of interi& to loccilisc the libru constituents giving this rlinriictcristic renctioii. $If the l l n s in nny form is trcntcil with iiicrccrking sodit (Id per rent. N110l-l) the ~icctic " coiistitiyits of the lilw iiru consitlcrnbly ntttickctl, niitl on w~i~liiiig iiru rcmiovctl in solution. 'I'lic !ibrc tliiis trcntcil is clilori-. It will bo ficcii froin thc qiinntitntivc ol~aervntions up011 gclntin (itijra) tlint tho qurintity of chlorino liscd undcr niariniiiin coiiditions is very Inrgc, \vlicn cnlc~iliitcd in terms of tho protein initler rcnction, tin iniportant point in rcspect of niicrocIicrniciiI reiictions that is for visiiiil denionstrntion. Fiirtlicr tho prescnco of ligiiocclluloso docs n o t vitiiitc or obsciire tlio observiitions. Tliosc littler constitucnts liiirc sprcilie rclntiorisliip to i~liloririe in virtiio of tlicir quinonoid cliiirncter. niid its will be rciiiciii-I)erctl, nftcr clilorinntion tho liiirticiiliir renct ion is locnliscd by n ciircful npplicntion of sulpl~itc of sotla. (Celliilosc, CIOM nnd Ucviiii, 1' . 134.) 'I'liiis it is crisy to cliffcrcntiiitc these ccnct ions for tho purpose of locnlising thcir source, nntl by csnriiiiiirig scctions of rnw 1111s iif,tcr clilorinntiori. we Iiiivc detected tlic Inyer of ~irotcitl 1)ciiriiig cells situnted between the cirticuliir tissiio tint1 tho bilHt fibres propcr. 
It is obvioiis tlint this reaction liiis i i gencriil mluo in liistologicnl rescnrcli. It ciiii be griitluiited to iiny reqiiiretl iiitciisity Iiy using ninro or less tliliito soliitions of liy110rlilorous iicitl. or whcrc consitlcriililo intcnsity of rcnction is rcqiiirctl, tlic pnro Iiiilogcn. \ \ 'o nerd not go into tlctnils of ~iiii~ii~)iiliition of hietologicnl objccts, ~vlietlicr in tlicir originiil form or in tho forin of sections. 
Reverting in conclusion, to the qircstion of l l i i s , the if istributioii of tliesc ~iitrogc~noiis bodies nuiy bc iiltcrctl by tho processes of iilkiilino ~)rcpiiriitioii. Ucncriilly, tlicw botlics iirc estrcniely rcsist:int, nntl tlicy nrc only gr;icluiilly broken down by tlic siiqccssivo iilkiilinc boils. A s tho result of progressive Iiyydrolysis wc linvc to rcckori wit11 tho absorption of tlic clissolvetl products iit 1111 creiits in triiccs, by tho ccI~uIose of tho fiibric, ns ~Iiowii'iibovc in tho ciiso of puro cotton, iind tlic problcrn of obtiiining ~ibsolutc piirity of tho l l i i s celliilosc is tlicrcby coiii~ilicittcd. P~irtlicr. o i i pliiciiig pire cotton cclliilosu (blcnclid) in contiict with 1111s goods, ((1) in tho Iiinc boil, iind (I! in tlic lyo boil (ciiustic sotlii) wliicli f o l l o ~v ~, it is fouiicl tlint tho cotton ccllulosc is periniinontly ntiiinctl by taking u p thc prodiicts of tho iiction of the iilkiili npon tho I l U s conrtitucnts. 'l'licso resist wishing iiritl then oil csposing to clilorine or iicid Iiypoclilorito iintl csliiiustivc wiin11i11~. tlic cliiiriictcrislic fisiition of tho cliloriiinine clilorinc is noted by the reliitirc intrnsity of tlio ~iotnssiiirii iotlido niitl stiircli rciict ion, thc coloiir dcrclolictl in (rr) buiiig Htronger t l i i i n tliiit tlevclopctl iii (b). ' In coiicliision wc observe tlitrt in tlik conininnicntio!i 1'0 limit oiirsclvcs intcntionally to tlic positivu uslicriiiientiil results of our iiivcsligntions. \ifc would only iiiciition onc iiiuttcr of rtitlier tlicorcticul or spcculatiro interest, that is tlie it11 ilicutioii of this reaction to Llic ~rircstiption of tliu coiloitlal state. Tliorc ciiii bu , 1 1 0 loiibt tliitL tho rcnutioii wit,li tliu nitrogenous colloids is well tlclinctl, niid b uvciiliililo for solving constitutional Iirolileiiis 11s rcgnrd* tlio constitilent groiili3 aotiinllv meting. Ihit tlic colloid ir tIiu Iirosiiiintc conipIc~, iiid tliu ohlornmino ronction tnking plnco in ~i i c l i lnrgo iinntitntivu ratio. witliuiit, iiienns of certiiiii nccelcintors vcry rnpictIy, but it rcqiiirrd the itsc of about 10 pcr ccnt. of nctivc chlorine ; \vlicrcns tlic sriiiic cotton nftcr trcnliiicnt by l~oiling, wliicli rciiiovcd tlic bulk of this protciti, woultl bleiicli with only nbout 1 per cent. of cliloriiic. This tlillcrciicc niiglit lie nccoiint.ct1 for by the foriticitioii of tlic siibstitiitcd cliloriitiiiiic. 111 coiincctio~i with the l~lcricliiiig of wood Iiiilp iilso, tho iiiiiount of cihloriiic coiisiiiiictl wried crtorniously with dillerentf piillis, nnd nppcnrcd to Iinvc no rclntionsltip with tlic nniouiit. of iictitiil ccllulosc contninctl in tlictii. Sotiie doubt liritl been riiisctl with rcgnrd to tlic actual clilorinc confiiiiiiption in tlic Hcr~riito process, h i t , 11s ii tiiiit,tcr of fact, tlic cliloritic cotistiniption ~i c r iitiit of Iilcncliiiig cfTcct wns estitniitctl by tlircc ititlepciitlciit cliciiiists, i i i i t l lic did not tliitik tlicrc wis tliu least dilTcrt~iicc. l'lirco poiitida of clilorinc in flit! crisc of tlic Ilcrtiiite liquor WIIX cqiiiil iii blciicliiiig clTcct. to livc of c!lilorinc in the cnsc of oiily hlcacliiiig powder soliitioii. ' ~l i c rntio of cfficieticy wns tlicrcforo 3 : 6. 
Nr. 18. P. Z h E m E n drew nttciiticii to tlic cstrentct dilticulty in iiiiiny enscs of dccitliiig the cuiisc of cliiiiigcs tnliiiig iiliicc wlicii fitbrics " tciitlcr " or dcveloll stnitis on Itccpiiip. 'l'lic niitliors Iind ccrtiiinly tlirowii light oii tlic nltcrntiotis wliicli iiiiglit tiikc pliice in the cnsc of tlns. 111 tlic cnm of wool iiiitl silk, the iiitlicatiotis were tlint tlic iniittcr wns cven iiiorc coitipliciited. l'lic figiircs giveti irl tlic pripcr showiiig tlic tlilTcrcnt iviiys in wliicli cliloriiic iiiiglit bc iidsorbetl, or Iicld, IJJ' silk wis ititcresting from lthcory of dyeing side of the qiiestioii. to tnlic tlicni into conuitleriitioii, for it wiis tiiiitJ t-'lcnr tliiit it lnrjp ostciiHioii of iiivestigntioii woiiltl rcsirlb. 



  11s i i contribution to iiidustrinl clicinintry, if we n ~i ~~r n ~i c l i it through the subject of flns lilc~iching. Clilorumiiie rcucfioriX in /lax blenrhitig ~~r o c e a s r ~. -l ~n w fins us is well kiiown rctciiiis n proportioii of tlic iiitrogeiioiis coiistitiiriitn of the pliiiit, tlerivctl froiii tlic corticiil ~iiiri~n~!Iiyiiiii wliicli surroiinds tlic b:ist. lilires. 




  ntktctl iiiitl ivn~lictl, nritl tlicii trcntctl with iodidc soliitioii. '1'1ii1 dixtril)ntioii of the rcnction is scrii to bc locnl, iuitl oii HIIbjeCtilig tho f i l m to iriicrosccipie csaiiiiiicrtioii, it is cnsy to rcsolvo tlic stroiigly renct.iiig rcgioiis into t i coniplcz of lion-rctictiiig fibres (cclIuIoRc), and inoro or less inteiisely colourcd cellulnr misses, citlier fitill ndlicront to the fibree, or tlctnolicd n s n result of tlic nicrccrisin truntnicnt. W o s ~i r i ~ iiirsiic tliis iiivcstigntion us n c ~c v k q i n c n t of iiisto-logicit\ iiictliod, by,obtierviitioiis upoii growing flnx of thiw Yennon'8 crop. CROSS, BEVAN, &, BRIGGS-CHLORA3IINE REACTION OF THE PROTEINS. ~[Maroli 81,lW. 


In

  duturniiding tliuse rulntjoiis, esliuustivu waxliiiiy, wliiuli ie wry dillioult to nttaiii, w iieccssnrv : tlio totnl clilorinu ia then determinod by lioatirig w i h nitrio wid atid ~I C ~l l l l S L l tho' l'CILgl?llttl do IlOb ] ) C l i u t r l i ~~ t l l U SllbStIlllcc of3.38 silver nitrntc. I n tlic first plnce, silk, like tlic llns and gclatin, sliowvs iiiiicli lower rcsiilts for nctivo clilorino wlicn trcntcd ivitli Iiypoclilorito snliitions thnn wlicn esposcd to chlorine gnu, nnd in tlic latter cnso tlio rcsult nplienrs to incrcnso wit11 tlic tiuic of cxliowrc ; tliiv inny bc n qiicstion of pcnctrtrtion or of proteolytic liytlroly~is Tlic following rcsnlts niiry IJO rccordetl :during cliloriiintlon, 11 per cent. uf ciiloric &id.) Iirdro-Yi/rutioti of nilrqeirous xirhsfaaceu is sdrtlioii.-\\'c arc not prclinred to propose u linislied nietliotl for tlio rnpid tiirntion of nitrogcnoiis bodies in soliition. Iio\vc\-cr clesirnble siicli IL nietliod would bc for ninny tcclinicnl piirposcs. but we l~clicvc tlint tlic cliloriiininc reaction will ultiiiintely Icnd to siicli ii process". In tliin cnso i t will bc ncccssnry to nsccrtriin wlictlior tlic clilorniiiine rcnctioii is u niensiirc of tlic total nniino-groups present, or only of ninino-group in n ccrtnin stntc of freedoin. (Conilinro tlic nitrous ncitl process of I J . T. H r o w for deterininntion of tlic nniino-acid indos.) \ \ 'c linvc iiintlc n. few prcliniinurp cxpcrinicnts on gelntin solutions usins tlie Iiydrogcn pcroside nntl potasxiiiin ~icr~ii~ingnntitc nictliotl notcd aljovc. \\'o foiintl tlint it B'RS nccesnnry to enililoy slightly nlknlino soliitionr of LIic IivpocIiIoritc, bccaiixc in prcscnce of Reid other groups of tIi& irotcitl nrc cMorinntcd nnd precipitntcs iirc fornictl. ~i c clilticii~ty of tlicsu titriitions lny in t ~i o tcndcncy to sporitnneoiis deconiliosition of tliu clilornininc, but by liniiting tlic tiniu of nction of tliu Iiypocliloritu to nliout I Iiour tliu rwiilts were fnirly constnnt. Ten ex. of it 1 per ccnt. gelnlin solution wcrc plnccd in n llnsk with 50 c.0. of wtrk.r, nnd 5 ex. of noriiiul cniistic ~o d ~ solution. A n ~x e e s s of liyliocliloritu \FILY tlion added nnil nllowcd to net for onu lioiir. n slight CSCCSB of Iiydrogcii pcrosidc solnt ion war tlicn nddetl, tlic solution ncidilicd, und titrtitcd Imck \villi Iierninnganntc. l'lio clilornrnino \van titrtrtctl liy 9/10 tliio.wlplinto nfter addition of Iiotossiuiii iodidu. For pcriotls rnnging froin to 1 4 Iiour. 1110 results \verc sulliciently coiiwtiint, nnil showed 12.0 to 1 2 4 per ccnt. of active ch1.oriiic on tliu nir dry gelatin. h'o dilicrcnce ooiiltl be detcctcd betwcen 11 vorv .ood nlinp~c of gelatin nntl n w r y Iioor sniiiplc. \\G h o p tluit Lliiu titrntioii inn LK1 consicternlily siiiiplificd, nnd Iwrlinlis stnndurt1iretl I , taking atlvnntngc of tliu fnct ~l i t r t ~i y p o c ~i ~o r i ( ~ cIiIoEinc \rill IJIencIi n so~ution of iiidigo-cnrniiiie, wliilet cliloraniinc cliloriiic liuv no uctiori ~i i tliu tlycutiilf : w c put forwnrcl tliir suggestion for h u benulit of tliosc wlio nru interested. 




  woultl the tiiitliors proceed to csiiniititi ii bnrIeycorii fo'r tIto t ~i s t r i ~) u t i o ~~ of protci~is 1 nrr. CLAYTON 13EAUI.E mid this Iiiipcr \vnH v e r ~ ititcresting iii coniicctio~i with tile psper trntlo, iin i i offereti u W n s it JicccHwry to rci)iovc tllc s t n r ~l l ? siiiiplc .liicthod of nsccrtnitiitig tlic rinioitnt of gclntin or ciisctn i n piiper. It iilso nppcnrctl to throw 11 conaidcrnblc liplit on problems in coniicction with the blenching of celluloses. It WnH possible to blench riiw cottons contniniiic 21 to 5 pcr ccrtt. of protein I J ~ 




  Dr. G. ' l ' . 3Iona.4~ snit1 Itc lind hiid tin opportunity of rclicnting Riischig's origitiril espcriinents, nnd it ccrtriiiily ~ilforded'ir sitiiple niciiiiti of obtniiiiiig Iiytlrnzitic. It ivirti n rcry sigiiiliciint fiwt that tlic ciitnlysts, gcliitiii, cnsciti, or ordiniiry joincr's gliic, which induced fhc foriiiiitioii of Iiyrlriiziiic froin tlic Iiypocliloritc titit1 nnitiioiiin, wcrc fount1 by tlic niithors to lie cnpiiblc thctiisclvcs of foriniiig coiiiplcs clilorninitics. It sccincd LIB if the Iirescnco of it substiiiico cnl~iblo of gicltliiig coiiiplcs clilornniirics fnvourctl tlic foriniition of clilorniiiiiiu it sclf, iincl it \vns tlicrcforo unlikcly tliiit iioii-nitrogciioiis coiit iounds siicli iia plyccrin would not IJc tto efficncioiis. it ~i n t ~ beeti ~cnowt for n long tiiiic thcit tIic treiitiiiciit of ~0 0 1 by stiiiiII qunntitics of Iiy~incliloritc oonsidcr:ibly inodified thc iiction of this fibrc towiirds colouritig itiuttcrH, atid it woiild bc intcrcstiiig. to know wlictlicr the iiutliors considerctl this clinngc 111 tlie pro1)crties of wool to IJC tliio to the ~irodiictioti of eliloriitiiirics. Yr. \\I. C. Hascoct; siiitl soiiic ycnrs ngo Iio wns cngtigctl with Aleasrs. Crow iiiitl I~cviiii iii cs~icriiiietits to try to obtniii utiiioiiiuiti Iiy~iocliloritc. but tlii-y friilcd to gct II dcliiiitc couipoit~id or iiitytliing which HIiO\VCd riny cliarnctcrifitic rciictioti. It ii~i~iciircd on tho fiicc of it, from tlic rciictioiis tlcficrihetl to-night, tltrit tlic iictunl iiititiiotiiiitii Iiypocliloritc, if foriiied nt 1111, ~voiiltl bc iiiiiiictlintcly split up itito this clilornniinc co~nlioiintl nnd wiitcr. alr. Cnoss, in reply. wid t lie Cliiriritiiiii liiid riiiscd tho point ot ciitiilysin iii rcfcrciioc to tlic Iiytlrnrino rcnctiontl (RiiscIiiy), iind 1)r. Norgin hiid iiittici~intcd tlic iiIistvcr thit slioiilcl IJC giveti. 'J'ltcre iviis n ciitnlytic iictioii Iierc., tlic gcliiliri Iiolding tlic cliloriiiiiiiic groiip itioro firitily tltiiri tlic siitiplc iittiitic, criiiblcd the syntlicsis to trike place, otlicrwisc tlic coiitlitioiis of rcnct ion w r o nlitiost. csplosirc. lic slioiild not tliiiik tliiit cotti~ioii~itls siicli 11s the ciirboliytlriitcs woiild nc:t iti tliiit wny. 11s did not think it wiis ii question of viscosity, ti8 sitggcstctl Iir Rtiscliig, wlio liiicl ovcrlookctl tlic cltlorntiiinc rciictioii 6f tilo ])nJtC;dH, tlioiipli fiiiggcsting vtitnlysis of ii rcrtniti ortlcr. 111.. Ritlcnl Iiiitl rcitiiittlctl tliciii of II long strctrli of iiiiciciit IiiHtor 1, wIiieli \vns cstrctiicly intcrctlting.fylioiig~i t ~i c ~iypocti~orites iiiiti Iirotoitis ~icid been ~irouglit togetlicr ( i d t n f i t i i l i i w , tho specific clilornnikio rccictiori lint! becti ctitirely ovcrloolccd 118 such. It wns tliu work of Riiichig'i wliicli furnidictl tliu cluo to the rituation, I ------- 


.2 pcr ccnt. ; (c) 0.05 per

  l'hc iiinsiinniii fisntion of nctive tiriilnr cnscs iiiv~irinblr. 'l'lic follo\~iiig qrinntitntirc. o~iscrvations wcrc iiintlc iipoii II xcriex ?f spcciincns of IL snii~plc " green " ynrii cliiiiuiak, c r :., ( a ) tlic origiiinl nntrcntctl clot11 ; ( h ) !iftcr litiie boiliiiy, soiir rind ~vnsli ; lc) nftcr II fiirtficr lye boil (caustic sotln) xoiir, rind wish. T!ic lotnl nitrogen WIIH rrrtiiiintctl in tlieac spcciiiicns niitl foiind to bc :cent. Portions were tlien, nftcr nwigliing, wetted out. in boiling \vctter. sqiicczcd tliroiigli rollers. nntl csposetl in onc CIISC to I per ccnt. " blcncli " snliitioii, niitl in iinotlicr to nn iitiiiospliern of chlorinc pis, cncli series in onc vessel. Tlicy wcrc tlieii well \rnsl~cti to reniovc tiny soIiiIdc inorgnnic clilorosygcii conipoiinds : then corcrctl scpnriit.cly, with iV/IO mdiiiiii nrsenitc soliitioii. Tlic lnttcr is nddctl in slight excces to destioy liypoohlorites, tlic soliition is then ncidificd, niid the usccss of pcroside destroyetl by nrlclin * dilute pcrniiininnnto till tlic solut,ion' is frriiitlg piiik. 8 1 1 t~ieii ndding n soluMc iotliclc, tlrc chlorniiiiiic is 1)roiiglit into renction, niid mny he cst.iniatcd 11y tliiosiilph~itc solution. ; \Vc need iiot clnborntc tlir tlctnils of this method, nccesvnry t o eliniiiintc tlic crrnrs diic to the possibla prcscncc of otlicr usiclieing coinpoiintls. It will be niodifinl hy o1)ucrvers to incct tlic rcq~iircincnts of pnrticuliir cnscs. 


	( a ) W B per cent. wcrc 11s follow :---	-___ I (a) 1 (a) 1 (c) -. ._

; (b) 0rind titrntctl 1);ick with N/IO iotliiic. 'l'lic ~i c r r c n t n p o f nctivc cliloriiic lisctl -... . I clilorrriniiics from thc Iiypoclilorites, in their rcsistnncc to hydrogen peroxide. \ \ ' c iimy ol)scrre tlrnt 
we hnvc nlso fniintl it of considernblc 'I'lie relntion betweell tlic two strriew of iiuiirbcra is so fair roiivinctin~r. \ \ ' c iiiny iiirntion inciclcirtnlly tlint tlic cliloriiintion of the lipionc residues to lignonc cliloritlc~ lins I)ceri risccrtiiiiictl, by csl)crinicnt with typicti1 nitrogen-free ligiiocclliiloscs, not to contribiitc to the result. S o r docs tho llns crlliilosc trcntetl iinilcr tlwsc contlitioris slio\v f i i i y lisntiori of nctivc clilorinc (or osggc~i). \\'c Iiiivt ntnv to niciitioii 1111 obscrvntion a!:icli litis n ~~nrtic~ulnr tccliiiicnl iiitcrcst, 11s well ns fitrriisliilig :iiiCJt 1ir.r link in tlic cliiiin of cvitlcnrc coniicct inR tlio fisntioii of "hctivc cliloriric " wit11 tlic niiiinu constitiicnts of tlic Ilns. Iii tlic rettctioiis of the orclinnry " stcups " or I~lrnt~liinp I)ntlis, whieli nrc tlilutc Hnliitioiis. geiicrnlly slightly li:isic, of tlw hypo-chloritcs, there is I I pnrtinl Imnkiiifi tlorrn of tlic clilorriniiric coinpoiiiitls to solii1)lo tlerirntii*ca, which nrc by no inciiiis iiiistnl)Ic ; rnii- pcqiiivitly t h y tend to nccuiiiulntc in tlic stniitlinp liqiiors of tlic Iileiicli works. This iicc:iiiiiiilntioii, Iio\\.cvcr, is opposcc'l by tliuir lenclcnry to " work out " of ~oliitinii i r n d lis tlicinsulvos upon ct4ulol;c nftcr tlic Iiiniiiicr of colloitld ~iiortlnntiiip ositler;, or of tlycstulla. If 11 piire cottoii culli:lusa bo aiccpetl in onc of tlicx~ " old " IiqiiorR fnr ROIIIC lioiirs, nnd tlirrciifter usliuiislivtly cvcislirtl, it Y ill be fouiicl to ~lio\v the rcnctioris of tlicst: clilornillin tlerivittirc~~ III order to t.stnbliaIi iigniii tlic rclntioiis of iiitrogcn to " iictivc clilorinc." iii ~i i c l i II cnso \vu riirrirtl oiit qiiniititiitive obscrviitions :is follo\vs :-- Sitropcii in 501) c.t*. of old liltcrcd I)lcncli liqriors (by Kjcltlnlil rind N(!s?~Ier lcsts) S=.L*O iiipriiix. I (i ~~I I I R .

  
	of
	Iiit*rccriscd cwttcm s t c q ~i d 2

.1 IioiirH in 5 ~) c.c.' of thiii liquoi'. \viislictl. ~i i i t l cwrrtrctrtl by I~liiiik stcclirtl ill frcsli 1)lciirIi liqiior (Kjcltliilil iiiitl Nrsslcr tests), N =~1*2-!-ti it~griiis. =".ti inpriiis. lisctl. 'I'his rottoii slioirctl tl~c rlitirlictrrisl ir: nc!tivc diloriiic nftcr csliiiuxtivc \vnsliitiq. \ \ ' e lilso fisetl clilorniiiiiics on piiru cottoii by stetyiiiig iii blcncli liquors iifter renction \villi tho protciiis of \rliccit (flour) 11s of biirlcy (wort), tlic liqiiors bcing filtorcd clenr bcforu IIRO. lliiviiig rcgnrtl to tlicsu obscrvatioris, it WIIH of interest to devise ii d n n of nnnlysia of old " blcucli Iiqiiors. to dctcriiiiiiu the prcsuiicu of tio1iil)Io clilorniiiiuc~. This plaii folluws froiii n cliaructeristic diflercntiiition of tlic it woiiItI sC;Yc no nscful purpose to rnuItipIy records of our obscrvntions. Those ivc linvc cited nrc typianl ; wo linve inndo ninny series of tlctcrininntions for tlic purpose of convincing ourselves, but wc inny well lcnvc it

  
	to those 11'0 niny coiirliitlc this scrtion of our sulijcct by stnting interested to innkc tlicir own obticrvntions.
	our owi coiicliisioiis in pcncrnl form :-(I)

XO 1111s fiibrics c*i~rrIiccl from l~ypoalilorite trcnt- niciit, cnii IJC xnfcly nssuinctl to br free

  from " nctivc clilorinc." Iio\vcvcr tliorougli tlic ~v:isIiiii,c. 



(2) 'l'h Iisntion of cli!orinc ;in " nctivc cliloriiie " is in ~encriil iii tlircct

  proportion to tliu n i t r o p i contents of tlic fiibric.It is probiilily nctiinlly proportionate to tlic niiiino-groiips of tlic protrin coiistitiicnts.It thrrcforo lirogrcssivcly diiiiinislics as tlicsc iirc rcniovetl through the viirious stngeu of I~lciicliing.T!ic.renr:tinn convcrfiely is n test of the purity of n I)lench, nnd will bc foillid of use in coiiipnriiig OIIC blcticli with nnotlicr. 



pos~css.qrtl of nn inferior osiihing ~ioivcr 11s coin

  l.'his, of conrsc, is n point -of soiiio ~~riii:ticiiI iin~iortiirico. iiiitl iiirortis ii hisin of crit iciil study of tlio processes \vIiicli iiro it weewiry Iirqinrntioii for 1110 ordinary blciicliing operiitioiir. pnrcd with tho iictivo clilorino of Iiypocliloritcs. nntl tliiit it line no direct blcnohing iictions upon colonring niiittcrs cintl d y ~~t i i f f ~. 



\Vo hiivc obscrrctl tliiit thc ' I nctiro cliloriuu " of clilor-nniiiiCs is This is 1111 iniportiint con. ridcrntion wlicn it is rcincnil~erecl tlint "crcitnicd " 1111s ynrns contiiining " iictivo clilorinc " iirc 
6 1 bliicd " by the iiclditioii of sensitive dyestiilTs Hiicli nx Nctliyl Violot

  

. \\'hctlicr tlic Iiliic resists tlic chlornniino tlnring n ~icrind of storiigc is not SO ccrtiiin, but tho possiblo clischiirgc of tho tlyestnff nlioiild not bc overlookctl. \ \ 'o havo Iniidc cspcrinicnts wit11 rcduccd leuco-tlcrivntives of t r i p l ~c ~~y l ~n c t l ~n ~i c dycstufrs wliicli show 
tliiit tlic ositlising

  p o w r of the cliloriiniine csisting on rrciiinccl 1111s ynrns ie siiflicicntly proni~inicrd to rcstoro tlic colour iind dyo tlie ynrn. In roply to tho question wlictlicr tho iwtivo clilorinc of tho clilorriniine is snflicicntly ~rowcrful to triiiieforin tlic ccrlliiloso into osycclliilosc, tho cvitlcncc ih not conclusive. lhit WO niusL lity stress on one tliingcr of tho prescncc of cl~lorii~~iino in tliesc yiirns, tlint is, t l ~u gcncrully ~iniiiltiin~oiis prcsencc of frco iicid. 'i'lic clt~onlposition of tliu cliloriiiiii~~o ~vliicli t n k c ~ ~)liicc grnduciliy in tlic coiirso of tinic, is iicconiliiinictl liy tlio foriiintion of Iiydroclilorio iicid. If, IIH 



is often tho ciisc, tho l~leacl~ works posscssii supply

  of w r y soft wnter, tlio biisic lliiitters ribwrbcd by tlic liiiislictl yiiriin iiro not siilficicnt to iictltrii.1907, 20, G70) the prcsencc of uctive oxygcn iind cicidity in n siiniplo of IJkflCllCd cotton cloth wliicli hnd been thoroughly wnslietl. On tlic cvitlcncc iivuiliiblo wc nttributcd tilo plicnonienon to tlic forinntion of n cclliiloso " pcrosirlo." b a t vio were iinnblc t o rcproducc tho conditions on iiny pure cotton fiilirics by tho iiso of .hypooliloritcs in the liibor~~tory. \\'c iiro now iiblc to pivc tin oxpliinntion of thoso rciictions wliicli broiiglit nboiit this csceptionnl condition of the cotton, whicli will n t onoo be understood ivlicn wo stiito thnt the cloth in qiicstion hiid been bleiiclid in n IiypocliloIitc liquor wliicli hiicl It is to be notctl tliiit tho rcsults 11s rcgnrtls pcrositlntion of cclliiloso iiro confirmed by Ditz ( 


	previously becn eni doyctl 011 l l i i s goode. It'liu cotton lind
	nbsor1)cd froin t\ic L ~c n c ~i liquors t ~i c protoin c1ilornniincs
	whicli lint1 tlilliised from tlic f l i i s .

lisc this ncid. with tliu r c d t tlint nciirly all tlic yiirlis wliicli nliow tho ~ircsciicc of iictivc olilorino, iiltlo sliow t l ~c wenco of frco acid ivlicn tested with nicthyl ortillgo. 111 E i r dcstriiativc action on c c ~~i i ~o s e , ticids iiro cittiilytio in tlieir functions, tlicir notion is pro wsxivu and ciIIIiulativo, iuid t~ieroiii lics t ~i e diiiigcr of 1Cs c~i~orciiiiino. About u yciir ngo wo recorded (Zcita, angow, CIIOIII,, 
Clicni. Zeit.. 1907. No. 08). who obtninetl niicli products

  by tlio nction of ]l~rSil~]dliit~H on piirc cclliilosc.Thc prodiicts \\4iicli wo csnniind w r o cliiirnotcriscd by ii pcrniiincnt ncitlity not rcinoviiblc by wnsliiiig wit11 distilled witor.nnd it still rciniiins tlicrcforo i i n olion question wlictlier tho cclliiloso hiid nieroly coinbirictl with the cliloriiinine, or 11s 11 .rcsiilb of tho conil~iriiition Iind itsclf iintlergono perosidiition oil long st~iri~lirig n t tlic eslicnsc of thb cliloriiininc.Qii(iiIti1utiiv obsercufions 01 proleiii.clilnmiiiii~ reuctiotw-Gdnti)r.-It isof courseti iiiiittcr of iiiiportiincc todetorniinu tlic rclritionslii~i of tlis fisiition of rlilorinu to tho nitrcrgcii groups of ~iiirticiiliir Iirotc!ins. At, preront \vc Iinvc to be siitislied with tho grncriil ~iroportiori of c1:lorinc to tntiil n i t r o p i , t. 



lioiipIi we Ii:i\o littlo rloiil)t :lint this rciictiori Inriy bo cxtentld

  to throw n light on t!w iictiinl ~irosiniittc constitutioii of the proteins. IMorc we cnnsidcr tlicso rmctions wc iniiy incntion two fiicts of iiiiportnncc. First, tlimt tho gcliitiii cliloriiniinc fornictl by interiictioii of clilorino gns iind tho ligtlriitcd snbstnncc is ostrenicly stiiblc. A 1irc iiinition which \vc iiiiitle iu Doccnilicr last. wliicli w 



i s wiirficii, clcliyt~riitct~ wit~i i i ~c o ~i o ~ iiiirl dricci n n i ~ found to coiitiiiii 0.6 per coat. of iictivc clilorine wiix cxiiuiinec! oti tlic 04th Pcbriiriry iintl fount1 to contiiin @r! per

  cent.Seconclly.the cl\loriiiiii~ie id scnsitivo to tlin rciigcnts kiiowri 11s ~inticl~ltirs, iind ii gelatin clilorriinint~ trciitctl wit11 ttrilphiirous nctitl reverts to tlic oriein:il coii.clition, wliicli is slio\vii by ii full -rriictioii wit11 clilorine. .I Iicw, of coiirso, iirc ConYtitiitioniil flirts wliicli will hnvo their iip~rliciibion in rcsoiircli. 


	l\'c now linvo to dciil \villi tho tcrliniral iip~iiiciition of
	tlio rciiction.

ChIoriitc: ( J I I I [ ~& t f ~i t . -' Y I i o intemction of tlicse bodirx may b 
nintlc to give results w11icl1 iirc snlliciently constniit to iiliortl n quiintitcitivo inctliod of clctcrniiniition of 1110 protein. In ortlcr to scci~rc tliesc rcsiilts we linru first

  

to reckon wit11 tlic fuct tlint n iniiss of gelutin is only iittnckcd siq~crlicinlly. If 
it slicct of dry gcliitin of con- veiiienL tliicluicss bc ininicrscd in n solution of hypo- clilorito for soinc hours, tho gclntin will bc fonntl to linvo swollen iilniosL norninlly, but tlic surfnco will liiivc n linrtl feel wliicli suggestti

  

its insoliibility. Aftcis cxlini~stivti placed in potussiuin ioditlc solution, iirc fonntt to SIIO\V tho cliloriiniino roiictioii in supcrficiiil Iityera of wiry. ing tliiokncss. If tho section bo boiled with wiitcr tlio intcrior Iiortion is fouiid to bo ~icrfcctly soIiible, bnt tlic two snrfiiccs rcniuiii in the litluitl ns iiisoliil~lo filnls. Thirs \YC inny say tlint hy~i~cl~lorites I~iivo i b " tnniiing " nation on gcliitin in convcrting it into its cliloriirninc, iind that tlio proilirct constitntcs IL minimrnicnblc inoinlrraIic, \vliicli Ircrinits the piismge of \vator, L i t lirovcnts tlio ditriision of tlio ~i y p o i ~o r i t o . yo soeuro n gcncrul nttnck ivc linvo found it IicccHHar to iiso c ~o r i n c 
gas, and to diliuso t11o golntin t~irougg a iiiuss

  

of inert iiintcriul liresontiiig cin incle!initcly lnrgo siirfncc, for wliicli l)iirposcs cotton ynru w vcry convciiiont. Cotton yiirn wiis iiiilmgnntcd with known quiintitics of golntin soliition contiiining iilnniiiiiiini sulphote, niid tlicii dried. \\'cighctl qiinntilicr of thiy yiirn contnining u Iciionn wiglit of gcliitiii w r o stculicd in cold iviiter to hydrato tlm geliitin, tlicy ivcro tl1c11 ~t l i i e e z ~d out nnd uxposcd to (in ntinos~iliorc of cliloriiiu for one Iioiir. ISslinilstivo wnsliing of tho cliloriiintcd product glrvo vnrinblu final rcsult~, IWOIIIIS~ solubh products prcsuuninbly formed by liydrolysi~ of ,. \VnShillg Of tho S\VOIk!I1 HllCCt, SCCtiOllU O f SlilllU \Vllcll Val. XXVII., NO. 
0.1 CROSS, DEVAN, SC BRIGC;S-CHLORAMWE REACTIOX OF THE PROTEINS. 209 Silk nnd 0.5 per rent. noutrnl hypo- cliloritc (welied

  ) . . . . . . . . . . . .current of nir froiii n sinoll fiin, until pcrfectly dry.Tlic yarn wis tlieii plriccd in nn cxcess of N / I O sodiuin nrsenitc solution (diluted) ~iboiit om lioiir being nllowed for coiiiilcto pcnctrntion, niid tlic cxccss of nrsenitc WILY titriited tack witli x / ~O iodine.It niigiit be prcsunietl tlint tlie proportion of nctivo clilorino fixed would IJC n Incnsiirc of tlic qiinlity of tho gclntin, but ivc lint1 tlint siicli is not the cnsc, and t.liat tlimc snnililcs of s l h gclatin of very dilicrcnt qiinlities gnro np iroxinintcly idcnticnl results.Reid niitl \vntslicd, tliu gelatin will ngciin tnku n ~i tlic snnic nnioiint of nctivc clilorine on n sccontl trcntnicnt with tlio gas.E'roiii this work wc linvc cvolved a nictliotl for the cletectioii niid cstiinntioii of gclntin in tub-sized ~in~icrs. 'J'lio qncilita tivc tcst ~i 


	-4s t ~i c nicnn of n Inrgc. nuinbcr bf ttctcrniinntions \vc tinw	
	fixed tlic proportion of nctivu clilorinc tnltcn nli by pelatin	
	uridcr tliesc conditions n t 15.4. per ccnt. of its air dry	
	wcight. 'J.'liis niiiiibcr is not npprecinbly clinngcd if tlic wlntin bc Iircvioiisly coiiibinctl with forninldcliydc. kiirtlier if tlic clilornniinc bc iiiiinctlintely clestroycd by	Silk niid clilorinu g : i ~ 4 hour (wnrl~etl) ( b i o t v ~~ oirj' , . .

1 Ilour thc chlornniin appcnrcd to dilliisu indcfinitely nnd tho results in tcriiis of cliloyinc decrcnsod ns tlio tinio of washing wns prolonged. \i'u wcrc able to nrrivc a t 11 fixed point by siispcnding tlic yarn without \vnsliing in 11 sulphurous 
o ~s c s s e s tlic nclvniitngc tlint any nnnihr of sniiiplcs i i i ~y IIC tcstcd siiii~~ltirrieoiisly

  , nntl that n very siiinll friignicnt of cncli soiii~ilc is snllicicnt. \Ve Iinrc to bcnr in mind tlint iron coinponntls wliicli nrc present in traces in tho iiinjority of pnl'crs woiild interfere with tlic tcst. I n order to cliininntc this error, uiirl to nrrivc nt, n rapid rcsiilt, tvc plncc llic nioist frngiiicnts nftcr cliloriniition in n biitli of 2 per cent. solution of sodinpi Iiliospliatc, Iircvioiisly licntcil to 45' C. and lenw tlicni for cxnctly live minutes. Tliis reclines tliu otlicrcvise inconrcnient tlclicncy of tlic rcnction, nnd cnsiires tlint only 1inI)crs contnining Iirotcitl iiinttcr will sliow I L iositivc result. 



'I'lie frngnieiits nrc rciiiovctl from t!ie Iint~i and tcstrd wit11 liotnsuiiiin iotlitle natL stnrcli. 1'1r1urs containing only 0.6 wit. of gclntin still xliow n stroni colonition. It ~oif?'; noted Lliat. tlic Iircscncc of lurgc qiitintitics of nicclinniciil \vootl p n l ~i in I L ~i n ~i c r will Iirodiicc u faint clilornniinc rcnction owin r to trnces of proleid ninttcr oontnincil in ruw wood. h'or tkic qiiniititntiw deterniintition 
\vc s n s l ~n d tliu slicctti of pnlicr iiftcr clilorinntion iii front of tlic fnn nnd cxposc to II fiill Iil~ist of

  air for n t lcnst 14 Iiour. 



\\fc lind tliiit csposiirc fqr only j. lioiir gives too Iiigli 
rcsiilts owing to 1110 grcntcr tlivisity of 1inpcr nx conilinrcd with rotton mrn, whilst csposiiro for 21 ~iours gives tIic snnic restilt ns for 14 Iiour. TIic p p c r is tlicri torn up, plncctl in S / I O O nrseiiitc for II consitlcriiblu tiino (rit lenst 1 hour), mid tho cxcess titrcited with iotlinc. If tlicsc conditions bc follo\vctl tlic divisor 15.5 noted nbovo gives the qiinnLiLy of gclntiii in tlio piper 11s sliown Iiy tlic following esiiiiiplos

  .......... . ......... . I nil Thlu iiuiiilicr lins bceii eorrcctetl fur aiiiiiioiiln nhini. w)~ic}l WIN 


	:, (mlptiiirous wit1 nnii ' \KlBk!d	Fur cent. 3*01--3.01 I.? 6.40 6.40	re1 colit. -mi 7.2,s -
	____ __		

:-___ . . . . -. _-.-I_-_. 
uuutl hi the slru iii tliu Iiroliortioii of 15 iiur ceirt. oii tliu gclutlii. Sill: und chloriire.--\\'u Iiiivc sclectctl silltiis 11 corivciiiciit

  type of protein for tliu qiinntitetivu invcstigntion of tliu rclatioiis lict\vcun tliu netivu clilurine of Llic clilornniinci anti tiit+ totiil t!\iIorinc iiscti Iiy tliis"iin(I 



otIicr groups of tliu ~iiolcciilu ( e . ~. , iinsatiircrtctl wid quinonic groiips). \\?o linvo not

  

snoccedccl in obtnining uonritniil r c d t s , ~iussibly the fibru, but tliu rclntivu results lios~ess IL cei tiiin interest. 
80 far 11s ~( 3 CILII see, brcnkiiig

  c:linrnctoristic pliyslcnl Iirqiortics, it bcconics nil inipor. niit iioncer rctictloii, conipnmblc witti tliu qiiinono-Ililorih rcnutioii of tlio ligiiocolliiloucs, wliieli line Iicovcci 



Iown t ~i o conililcs, i.c., tliu colloiii itself, ns nicusiircti IJY ts if groat utility in tho iiivnstigation of tlio fibro 
oolloide, ~L S C U S S I O N . l'lic C ~~A I I I J ~A S snit1

  tlic esperiiiiciits wliicli lind been sltowi wcrc of cstrciiio iiiiportnnco, ns t h y furnislictl II ncw kcy for unlocking tlic clicniistry of the proteins niid the orpiiic colloids in gcncrril.Tlicy werc also of prcnt )nicticnl vnluc in liclpiiig t o solve thc difticiiltics wliidi L c t tlic piit11 of tlic IJlcricIicr.For it would seein tlint boys itcecl iiow oply go iiboiit tlic worlts iind test ~vlictlicr ecicli " boil " Itnd bccti nccottiplislictl siicccssfitlly, iii tlint it destroyed rill tltosc Iirotcins wliicli iti tlic " blciicliitig " process foriiicd tlic clilorniiiiiics.Tlic Cliiiirinitn tlicn rcferrrd lit. Icngtli to tlic v i e w of Rnscliig on cntiilysis (this J., 1907, 1 IOS), niitl which foiintl ii corolliiry in tlic pripcrs by Po ic niicl 13nrIow-wliicli Iind iinittioniri iii ortlcr tin to iiilli~citcc tlic clit~iiiic:il eltiiiig~ tlirit tlic yield of Iiytlriiaiiie. aliirli wiis : 


	~c i l ltitii to t i ( ~c ~ g~iic to tlic solution of ~i y p o c ~o r i t c n i i t ~

it first only ii few per octit., wis Iiroiiglit~ iili.to n ~icri:riitrigc of 40 or (i0.

  Ilitlctd, l<:iscliig giivc :I very prncticiil 1 i r d of wlint coiiltl tlicrcl~y bc nt:liicvrd iii tliiit Iic now iiintiiifrictiirctl hytlrneitic nt. n very low price. Iinscliig's Iiy~~t~tlicsis tlirit, tlic slinpt! of tlic nioleciilcs WIIH altered by itiiiking tlic solution iiiorc \-iscoils tl!t oiigli tlic ntldition of gliic? (gcliitiii), cnsciti nnd proteins in gcmcrril, ivoiild scciii to bccoiiio untrnnble in the light, of the fiictti Lroitglit forwnrtl by tho nutliors of this 1in1icr. Vor they proveil tlirit the foriiintioii of clilornniiiies froiii protciiis ~i n d cliloriiic took plnc:c in xtoicliiotitetrit:iil proportioris. This olicticd up a new vistcr of invcstigiitioii wliicli woiild require : 



in iiriiiy of clieiiiists to work out tlioroiiglily. Thc iiutliors lint1 no\v p i i t tlic

  iictioii of cliloritic of ~)rotc.iiis on i i liiic with ortli-Iiciry clictiticiil rriictions. nttietiiible to tlic I n w of tlic ritottiic tlicory. Revciting to Riiscliig'~ v i c w lic (tlic Chiiirtiiiiii) Iwiiitctl oiit tliiit Riiscliig I i n d iilso obtniittd fiivoiirnblc resiilta 1)y ititrodiiciiig ,qlyccrin, sugiir, niicl dtcircli itito tlic fiolut ioii of Iiypocliloritc i i i i d nniitioniii. 



A s 
tlicsc sitlistiincca wcrc oliiiriictcrisctl by Iiydrosyl groiipti Iic woiild

  likc to nsl; the niitliors whctlicr, in their opittion, tlic Iiydrosyl proiipti wcre ~icrliiips tit taickctl in II sintiltir ninniicr 11s wcrc tlic iiiiiino groiips of tlie proteins by cliloriiic. Dr. 8. RIDEAI. rcfcrrcd to sonic prcvious work by hiinself wid ah. Bcviiii on thc nction of elcctrolytic clilorine in lilcticliing. T h y foitrid tlint tlic Ilcrtnito proccss gnvc qunntitics of nvniliiblc cliloritic in csccss of tlic tlicory, nnd rifler iiiucli discussioti tlic csplnniition w i s not qiiitc clcnrctl up. It would scciii that this coiiiliintitio~i with nitrogenous sllbHtiinces present niiglit oller sonic further solution to tho pcculiiir bclinviour of elcctrolytic cliloritie both in blcncliitig nntl in ficwngc trcntiiiciit.. Hc (lh. Ridcnl) rcccntly lintl lintl n 



good clcnl to (lo with tho stcrilisii- lion of scwiigc efllitciitti by clcctrolytic rlilorinc, niicl found tliiit iiiiiiiioiiiii nitd riiiiiiio-t~oiii~~oiintls in!luciicctl tho gcriiiicicliil nctioii. 'J'licse iiitstnl)le ii~iiiiio-eliloritlcs cs- ~iliiiiird this ~iliciioiiieiioii. 'l'lic niitliors lint1 ovcrlnokctl t i p p c r by liiiiisclf

  ntitl Nr. Stct\viirt. iii tlic Atitilyst. 1 



8 ~7 , 11. 8'38, iii which tlicy I i i i d tlcscribrtl n itititltotl

  

for tho tlcteriiii~iiition of protcitis Iiy cliloritic in which they slio~vctl tliiit gelatin nntl iillicd ~)rotcinti giivc iiii itisoliil~le cliloriiic cotiipoiintl ~vliirli coitltl bc dried nntl ~vcigltctl, 01' tlic ititrogcii crtiiiiiitetl by ICjeltliilil'tt 1)roccss. 13roiiiiiic hchiived sitiiilnrly, 
lint1 A I h i rind Scnrle (Aitiilytit, 1P07, j~ 06s) Inter \~t)rIicd out i i n nniilyticiil process iieitig tlie iitter rciiprnt. In tlic cniirrc of t l i i i t work IIC tolriicl tlitit

  Alitltlcr (13crzcliiis, Jnlircsb. 



, 19, 744) iiiitl otlirrs IIX frir bnclc 11s 1S.IO Iind ~irc~itirccl scvcral of tltcse bodies,

  protciii clilorous iicitl " nntl c4ilorito of albii~tiiii Iiei~tg tlic liiiliiCR tiscribed to tliosc froiti gelatiti rind tilliii~iiiti. arr. J. I,. 1 



" 
3 ~1 m i . in rcfcrenoc to thc stciteiiiciit t111iL protcins foriiicd siibstitutcd ~JiIorii~iiiiics, ii~lted if tlirit woitld rtlso iipply

  t o ~iroteolytie tlcgriidntioii protl~iet~. \\'auld ~ic~itoiics fortii sitcli roiiilioiiiids ? It. woitld bo of interctit ~iiirticiiliirly iii sliowiitg tlio tlifrcrciitiiil distribution of lirotciiiti iti scctls. 



c t ~. Jlow 
New York Section Xcrtirrg lirltl nt CLeiiii.~tu' Club OIL Fritluy, .l(iii. 24, 1908. 5111. CEO. C. STOSE I S TlIE CIIAI11.

  Ilistory. Hc ngrccct wit11 15r. IticlciiI t l i t ninny iiinst linvc obsrrrctl tlic forinntion of these coiiipoiinds, nnd it wns rcinrirknlilc that it rcqiiircd so long 11 tinic to get 11 clcnr cs~i1i1111itioi1 of tlic ~iiiiscs n t work. l i c rcgrcttctl tllnt tlicy 11nd orcrlookctl Ilr. Ritlcnl's coiriniuiiiciition to the Pocicty of Public Analysts, wliicli Iiritl nn obvioiis n r ~t ] direct bcnring on thiw liiirticiilnr iiinttcr. As ftir ns 11c knew, it. wns n lioiiit of gcncrnl kriowlcdgr tlint cliloriiic rcactcd with tlicsc iirotcins, iuid tlwv Iiiid rcfcrred to wool 



, t *.Konnrl, ibid, 1901, 34, 3214, P. Aselier, ilid, 1Y04, 38, GYO,