Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3.1


Supplement Figures

, S5, S7, S9, and S11 show emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors during 1950-2015 in China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia other than China and Japan (OEA), and South Asia other than India (OSA), respectively. 

Figures S2, S4, S6, S8, S10, and S12 provide emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each fuel type during 1950-2015 in China, India, Japan, SEA, OEA, and OSA, respectively. Emissions from non-combustion sources are not included in (i) NMVOC and (j) NH3 to show contributions from fuel types clearly because majority of their emissions are from non-combustion sources. In Japan, emissions from cement production were estimated not by fuel consumption, but based on production amounts of cement in each kiln type. 
Therefore, contributions from total emissions from cement kiln combustion are included in CEMK (see below). For brick and lime production, all emissions estimated based on production amounts are included in NCMB (see below) (Fuel types: 
SO2 NOx CO CO2 PM10 PM2.5 BC OC China PP ±38 ±65 ±78 ±48 ±83 ±83 ±83 ±83 IND ±48 ±70 ±113 ±40 ±115 ±116 ±160 ±153 ROAD ±43 ±47 ±71 ±46 ±87 ±86 ±90 ±83 OTRA ±57 ±79 ±131 ±59 ±134 ±125 ±138 ±134 DOM ±59 ±118 ±205 ±88 ±251 ±264 ±258 ±302 India PP ±47 ±69 ±102 ±46 ±96 ±95 ±93 ±167 IND ±54 ±74 ±136 ±55 ±162 ±181 ±173 ±243 ROAD ±52 ±58 ±67 ±42 ±88 ±88 ±95 ±82 OTRA ±70 ±84 ±121 ±66 ±112 ±112 ±112 ±112 DOM ±81 ±174 ±236 ±136 ±287 ±292 ±291 ±298 Japan PP ±36 ±43 ±89 ±41 ±87 ±89 ±90 ±93 IND ±43 ±59 ±64 ±39 ±96 ±99 ±89 ±108 ROAD ±24 ±17 ±38 ±31 ±50 ±50 ±51 ±50 OTRA ±39 ±80 ±117 ±58 ±110 ±111 ±111 ±111 DOM ±51 ±62 ±78 ±39 ±74 ±75 ±72 ±75 SEA PP ±59 ±67 ±113 ±46 ±102 ±103 ±103 ±141 IND ±55 ±78 ±195 ±62 ±165 ±191 ±181 ±254 ROAD ±54 ±65 ±109 ±46 ±92 ±91 ±89 ±97 OTRA ±69 ±83 ±121 ±65 ±112 ±112 ±112 ±112 DOM ±95 ±173 ±219 ±137 ±286 ±288 ±289 ±291 OEA PP ±54 ±63 ±84 ±43 ±96 ±96 ±92 ±83 IND ±60 ±79 ±110 ±56 ±116 ±115 ±111 ±120 ROAD ±98 ±106 ±111 ±73 ±133 ±134 ±137 ±130 OTRA ±58 ±89 ±126 ±71 ±117 ±117 ±117 ±117 DOM ±75 ±108 ±141 ±88 ±183 ±208 ±215 ±241 OSA PP ±64 ±49 ±84 ±43 ±78 ±80 ±76 ±106 IND ±63 ±87 ±207 ±65 ±146 ±163 ±189 ±251 ROAD ±52 ±61 ±105 ±42 ±96 ±97 ±103 ±96 OTRA ±69 ±84 ±121 ±66 ±112 ±112 ±112 ±112 DOM ±113 ±190 ±255 ±149 ±309 ±309 ±310 ±310 155 (b) 1985 SO2 NOx CO CO2 PM10 PM2.5 BC OC China PP ±50 ±95 ±82 ±51 ±93 ±93 ±83 ±92 IND ±56 ±113 ±135 ±52 ±120 ±109 ±165 ±154 ROAD ±61 ±76 ±75 ±48 ±113 ±113 ±114 ±113 OTRA ±68 ±144 ±154 ±71 ±152 ±152 ±170 ±170 DOM ±78 ±174 ±241 ±135 ±279 ±291 ±283 ±328 India PP ±54 ±104 ±93 ±47 ±105 ±105 ±104 ±71 IND ±53 ±120 ±211 ±88 ±177 ±206 ±190 ±274 ROAD ±63 ±74 ±85 ±50 ±140 ±141 ±145 ±136 OTRA ±67 ±92 ±86 ±53 ±139 ±117 ±110 ±98 DOM ±97 ±208 ±265 ±171 ±319 ±324 ±321 ±328 Japan PP ±41 ±78 ±74 ±37 ±83 ±83 ±65 ±73 IND ±45 ±82 ±62 ±42 ±96 ±102 ±107 ±124 ROAD ±31 ±31 ±59 ±34 ±69 ±69 ±71 ±68 OTRA ±48 ±123 ±119 ±62 ±116 ±116 ±116 ±116 DOM ±52 ±66 ±75 ±44 ±78 ±75 ±70 ±111 SEA PP ±61 ±81 ±123 ±43 ±100 ±101 ±99 ±200 IND ±61 ±120 ±268 ±98 ±178 ±213 ±202 ±286 ROAD ±62 ±79 ±111 ±52 ±115 ±115 ±119 ±113 OTRA ±77 ±141 ±122 ±66 ±151 ±151 ±151 ±151 DOM ±114 ±210 ±237 ±166 ±316 ±317 ±318 ±319 OEA PP ±60 ±109 ±95 ±51 ±97 ±97 ±96 ±81 IND ±56 ±108 ±96 ±57 ±115 ±114 ±115 ±116 ROAD ±109 ±116 ±120 ±89 ±150 ±152 ±157 ±146 OTRA ±75 ±126 ±126 ±71 ±116 ±116 ±116 ±116 DOM ±90 ±108 ±124 ±82 ±164 ±163 ±165 ±171 OSA PP ±63 ±69 ±80 ±39 ±90 ±92 ±80 ±76 IND ±57 ±114 ±240 ±86 ±176 ±205 ±214 ±272 ROAD ±62 ±72 ±92 ±50 ±112 ±112 ±115 ±112 OTRA ±62 ±95 ±103 ±51 ±88 ±91 ±109 ±91 DOM ±115 ±225 ±286 ±185 ±340 ±341 ±341 ±342 (c) 1955 SO2 NOx CO CO2 PM10 PM2.5 BC OC China PP ±126 ±140 ±129 ±105 ±131 ±131 ±124 ±131 IND ±124 ±160 ±176 ±101 ±127 ±121 ±188 ±166 ROAD ±91 ±101 ±90 ±60 ±145 ±145 ±146 ±144 OTRA ±138 ±182 ±191 ±118 ±182 ±182 ±200 ±200 DOM ±137 ±268 ±325 ±225 ±391 ±397 ±406 ±426 India PP ±110 ±128 ±127 ±91 ±119 ±119 ±116 ±127 IND ±103 ±202 ±305 ±177 ±263 ±293 ±272 ±333 ROAD ±84 ±84 ±105 ±56 ±149 ±150 ±152 ±146 OTRA ±139 ±145 ±138 ±109 ±185 ±174 ±170 ±158 DOM ±162 ±265 ±315 ±227 ±377 ±381 ±377 ±382 Japan PP ±109 ±123 ±124 ±92 ±144 ±145 ±135 ±130 IND ±97 ±125 ±62 ±88 ±110 ±114 ±151 ±128 ROAD ±52 ±38 ±66 ±35 ±81 ±81 ±83 ±81 OTRA ±104 ±122 ±121 ±107 ±184 ±173 ±172 ±155 DOM ±89 ±167 ±191 ±144 ±236 ±276 ±290 ±307 SEA PP ±142 ±121 ±133 ±100 ±132 ±134 ±126 ±124 IND ±137 ±239 ±333 ±218 ±310 ±327 ±323 ±339 ROAD ±89 ±91 ±131 ±69 ±136 ±136 ±138 ±134 OTRA ±147 ±182 ±163 ±118 ±191 ±191 ±191 ±191 DOM ±183 ±266 ±282 ±221 ±369 ±369 ±369 ±370 OEA PP ±112 ±154 ±145 ±105 ±146 ±146 ±142 ±131 IND ±113 ±137 ±146 ±100 ±138 ±138 ±141 ±152 ROAD ±108 ±129 ±130 ±88 ±164 ±165 ±169 ±161 OTRA - - - - - - - - DOM ±140 ±167 ±208 ±143 ±262 ±290 ±296 ±318 OSA PP ±108 ±108 ±107 ±87 ±137 ±138 ±113 ±118 IND ±144 ±227 ±329 ±189 ±274 ±311 ±313 ±338 ROAD ±89 ±78 ±90 ±64 ±111 ±111 ±115 ±111 OTRA ±143 ±143 ±155 ±101 ±129 ±125 ±139 ±125 DOM ±180 ±282 ±336 ±242 ±394 ±394 ±394 ±394
±75 ±110 ±90 ±120 ±80 ±86 IND ±101 ±111 ±39 ±136 ±246 ±144 ROAD ±81 ±107 ±52 ±120 ±108 ±132 OTRA ±131 ±151 ±146 ±150 ±154 ±151 DOM ±247 ±257 ±62 ±255 ±205 ±261 EXT ±130 ±125 - ±132 ±141 ±136 SLV ±150 ±149 - ±156 ±142 ±146 WST ±173 ±186 - ±192 ±188 ±200 1985 PP ±74 ±85 ±74 ±126 ±89 ±75 IND ±94 ±180 ±45 ±193 ±156 ±143 ROAD ±92 ±103 ±56 ±122 ±114 ±118 OTRA ±154 ±117 ±149 ±151 ±154 ±117 DOM ±284 ±285 ±70 ±283 ±155 ±291 EXT ±135 ±126 - ±131 ±137 ±139 SLV ±162 ±162 - ±160 ±160 ±150 WST ±200 ±200 - ±200 ±200 ±200 1955 PP ±121 ±100 ±111 ±131 ±129 ±120 IND ±169 ±307 ±129 ±328 ±316 ±311 ROAD ±110 ±102 ±60 ±154 ±124 ±117 OTRA ±191 ±129 ±116 ±191 - ±163 DOM ±338 ±335 ±259 ±330 ±287 ±339 EXT ±178 ±168 - ±178 ±182 ±179 SLV ±162 ±149 - ±159 ±146 ±150 WST ±245 ±245 - ±245 ±245 ±245 165 
Table S4: Uncertainties [%] of emissions of NH3 for each sector in China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia other than China and Japan (OEA), and South Asia other than India (OSA) in 2015, 1985, and 1955. Abbreviations for sectors are the same as in Table S2 except for MISC = Human (perspiration and respiration) and latrines. Note that uncertainties of emissions from agricultural sources based on REASv1.1 (Yamaji et al., 2004;Yan et al., 2003) 



  Figure S13 illustrates grid maps of annual emissions of CO2 and PM10 in 1965 and 2015. Figures S14 and S15 compare CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, and OC emissions in REASv3.1 with other published estimates for China and India, respectively. Figures S16-S19 compare emissions of SO2, NOx, BC, CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, and OC in REASv3.1 with other published estimates for Japan, SEA, OEA, and OSA, respectively. Figures S20 compares relative ratios of emissions from China, India, Japan, SEA, OEA, and OSA for CO, NMVOC, NH3, PM10, PM2.5, and OC among REASv3.1, CEDS, and EDGARv4.3.2. 


Figure S1 :

 S1 Figure S1: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors in China from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S2 :

 S2 Figure S2: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each fuel type in China from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S3 :

 S3 Figure S3: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors in India from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S4 :

 S4 Figure S4: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each 45 


Figure S5 :

 S5 Figure S5: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors in Japan from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S7 :

 S7 Figure S7: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors in SEA from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S8 :

 S8 Figure S8: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each fuel type in SEA from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S9 :

 S9 Figure S9: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major 60 


Figure S10 :

 S10 Figure S10: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each fuel type in OEA from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S11 :

 S11 Figure S11: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from major sectors in OSA from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S12 :

 S12 Figure S12: Emissions of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) CO, (d) CO2, (e) PM10, (f) PM2.5, (g) BC, (h) OC, (i) NMVOC, and (j) NH3 from each fuel type in OSA from 1950 to 2015. 


Figure S13 :

 S13 Figure S13: Grid maps of annual emissions of (a, c) CO2 (kt year -1 per grid cell) and (b, d) PM10 (t year -1 per grid cell) in 1965 (left) and 2015 (right). 


Figure

  Figure S14: Continued. 


Figure S16 :

 S16 Figure S16: Comparison of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) BC, (d) CO, (e) NMVOC, (f) NH3, (g) PM10, (h) PM2.5 and (i) OC emissions in Japan between REASv3.1 and other studies. 


Figure

  Figure S16: Continued. 


Figure

  Figure S16: Continued.95 


Figure

  Figure S17: Continued. 


Figure S18 :

 S18 Figure S18: Comparison of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) BC, (d) CO, (e) NMVOC, (f) NH3, (g) PM10, (h) PM2.5 and (i) OC emissions in OEA between REASv3.1 and other studies. 


Figure

  Figure S18: Continued. 


Figure S19 :

 S19 Figure S19: Comparison of (a) SO2, (b) NOx, (c) BC, (d) CO, (e) NMVOC, (f) NH3, (g) PM10, (h) PM2.5 and (i) OC emissions in OSA between REASv3.1 and other studies. 


Figure

  Figure S19: Continued. 


Figure S20 :

 S20 Figure S20: Comparison of trends of relative ratios of emissions from China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia, OEA, and OSA for (a, d, g) CO, (b, e, h) NMVOC, (c, f, i) NH3, (j, n) PM10, (k, o) PM2.5, and (l, m, p) OC among (a, b, c, j, k, l) REASv3.1, (d, e, f, m) 130 




  [%] of emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, PM10, PM2.5, BC, and OC for each sector in China, India, Japan, 150 Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia other than China and Japan (OEA), and South Asia other than India (OSA) in (a) 2015, (b) 1985, and (c) 1955. Abbreviations for sectors are as follows: PP = Power Plants, IND = Industry, ROAD = Road transport, OTRA = Other transport, and DOM = Domestic. For OTRA of OEA in 1955, no emissions were estimated. (a) 2015 




  




  


Table S1 : Countries and sub-regions included in REAS 3.1.

 S1 
	Region	Country/Sub-region	Code
	China (CHN)	China/Whole Country	CHNWC
		China/Beijing	CHNBJ
		China/Tianjin	CHNTJ
		China/Hebei	CHNHE
		China/Shanxi	CHNSX
		China/Inner Mongolia	CHNNM
		China/Liaoning	CHNLN
		China/Jilin	CHNJL
		China/Heilongjiang	CHNHL
		China/Shanghai	CHNSH
		China/Jiangsu	CHNJS
		China/Zhejiang	CHNZJ
		China/Anhui	CHNAH
		China/Fujian	CHNFJ
		China/Jiangxi	CHNJX
		China/Shandong	CHNSD
		China/Henan	CHNHA
		China/Hubei	CHNHB
		China/Hunan	CHNHN
		China/Guangdong	CHNGD
		China/Guangxi	CHNGX
		China/Hainan	CHNHI
		China/Chongqing	CHNCQ
		China/Sichuan	CHNSC
		China/Guizhou	CHNGZ
		China/Yunnan	CHNYN
		China/Tibet	CHNXZ
		China/Shaanxi	CHNSN
		China/Gansu	CHNGS
		China/Qinghai	CHNQH
		China/Ningxia	CHNNX
		China/Xinjiang	CHNXJ
		China/Hong Kong	CHNHK
		China/Macau	

Table S2 :

 S2 Uncertainties 



Table S3 : Uncertainties [%] of emissions of NMVOC for each sector in China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia other 160 than China and Japan (OEA), and South Asia other than India (OSA) in 2015, 1985, and 1955. Abbreviations for sectors are the same as in Table S2 except for EXT = Extraction processes, SLV = Solvent and paint use, and WST = Waste treatment. Note that uncertainties of emissions from non-combustion sources in Japan based on MOEJ (2017) were not assessed in this study. For OTRA of OEA in 1955, no emissions were estimated.

 S3 
	China	India	Japan	SEA	OEA	OSA
	2015					
	PP					

were not assessed in this study. For OTRA of 170 OEA in 1955, no emissions were estimated.

  
		China	India	Japan	SEA	OEA	OSA
	2015						
	PP	±133	±237	±149	±217	±113	±161
	IND	±106	±155	±176	±177	±137	±145
	ROAD	±117	±117	±114	±145	±119	±142
	OTRA	±163	±170	±164	±170	±174	±170
	DOM	±261	±261	±110	±261	±287	±262
	MISC	±130	±131	±131	±131	±131	±131
	1985						
	PP	±140	±128	±157	±276	±133	±134
	IND	±99	±187	±202	±224	±138	±151
	ROAD	±103	±121	±102	±125	±120	±131
	OTRA	±174	±148	±168	±171	±174	±164
	DOM	±290	±290	±130	±290	±282	±292
	MISC	±132	±132	±132	±132	±132	±132
	1955						
	PP	±181	±153	±171	±154	±181	±171
	IND	±122	±333	±186	±339	±309	±339
	ROAD	±125	±154	±116	±180	±133	±160
	OTRA	±210	±201	±202	±210	-	±184
	DOM	±339	±339	±332	±337	±337	±339
	MISC	±133	±133	±133	±133	±133	±133

CHNMC India (IND) India/Whole Country INDWC India/Andhra Pradesh INDAP India/Bihar, Jharkhand INDBJ India/North East (Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura) INDAN India/Gujarat INDGU India/Haryana INDHA India/Karnataka, Goa INDKG India/Kerala INDKE India/Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh INDMC India/Maharashtra INDMA India/Orissa INDOR India/Punjab, Chandigarh INDPU India/Rajasthan INDRA India/Tamil Nadu INDTN India/Utter Pradesh, Uttaranchal INDUU India/West Bengal INDWB India/Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir INDHJ India/Delhi INDDE Japan (JPN) Japan/Whole Country JPNWC Japan/Hokkaido-Tohoku JPNHT Japan/Kanto JPNKN Japan/Chubu JPNCB Japan/Kinki JPNKK Japan/Chugoku-Shikoku JPNCS Japan/Kyushu-Okinawa JPNKO Other East Asia (OEA) Korea, Rep of/Whole Country KORWC Korea, DPR/Whole Country PRKWC Mongolia/Whole Country MNGWC Taiwan/Whole Country TWNWC Southeast Asia (SEA) Brunei/Whole Country BRNWC Cambodia/Whole Country KHMWC Indonesia/Whole Country IDNWC Laos/Whole Country LAOWC Malaysia/Whole Country MYSWC Myanmar/Whole Country MMRWC Philippines/Whole Country PHLWC Singapore/Whole Country re SGPWC Thailand/Whole Country THAWC Vietnam/Whole Country VNMWC Other South Asia (OSA) Bangladesh/Whole Country BGDWC Bhutan/Whole Country BTNWC Nepal/Whole Country NPLWC Pakistan/Whole Country PAKWC Sri Lanka/Whole Country LKAWC Afghanistan/Whole Country AFGWC Maldives/Whole Country MDVWC 


Supplement Tables

Table S1 provides target countries and sub-regions in REASv3.1 with their codes used in the manuscript and country and regional emission table data for major sectors and those for major fuel types available from a data download site of REAS (http://www.nies.go.jp/REAS/.). 
Table S2 shows uncertainties of emissions of SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, PM10, PM2.5, BC, and OC for each sector in China, India, Japan, Southeast Asia (SEA), East Asia other than China and Japan (OEA), and South Asia other than India (OSA) in 2015,1985, and 1955. Table S3 presents uncertainties of emissions of NMVOC for each sector in China, India, Japan, SEA, OEA, and OSA in 2015,1985, and 1955. 
Table S4 provides uncertainties of emissions of NH3 for each sector in China, India, Japan, SEA, OEA, and OSA in 2015,1985, and 1955.
Junichi Kurokawa, Toshimasa Ohara
Long-term historical trends in air pollutant emissions in Asia: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 3.1