Survey of Busan Oligochaeta earthworms supported by DNA barcodes

Keywords: biodiversity, coastal soil fauna, exotic species-complex, genetics, land sampling

An earthworm survey of Busan metropolitan area unearthed a dozen taxa in four families (including Enchytraeidae). Members of mostly common, cosmopolitan earthworm species-complexes were: Drawida cf. koreana Kobayashi, 1938, Amynthas cf. corticis (Kinberg, 1867), Aporrectodea trapezoides (Dugès, 1828) and Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826). Also found were Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895), A. masatakae (Beddard, 1892) and Metaphire ryunome Blakemore, 2012the latter a new Korean record. New taxa are: moniligastrid Drawida songae yeongdo subsp. n.; megascolecid Amynthas carnosus roki subsp. n. which is compared to nominal taxon A. carnosus (Goto and Hatai, 1899) from Japan, to A. carnosus monstriferus (Kobayashi, 1936) stat. n. from Korea and to A. lichuanensis Wang and Qiu, 2005 stat. n. from China; plus lumbricid Eisenia japonica vaga subsp. n. deemed an objectively-based molecular taxon on its unique DNA COI gene barcode. Restoration of Eisenia xanthurus (Templeton, 1836) for E. andrei is mooted (in Appendix). 

INTRODUCTION

Busan (부산 35� 10′46′′N 129� 04′32′′E) (formerly Pusan) is the major port and South Korea's second largest city (population ~3.6 million). Situated in the southeast coast of the Korean peninsula its climate is cool, humid subtropical. It may be expected to have a diverse biota of both native and introduced species due to an extensive coastline with several metropolitan mountains combined with its long and continuous history of trade, especially with Japan. Despite being homeland of several universities, most Busan institutes seem to favour marine biology and no systematic survey of its soil fauna has been undertaken to date. In the spirit of Kobayashi (1936;1937;1938;1941) and Easton (1981), the current work contributes to the first author's current Japanese and Korean studies, e.g. Blakemore (2003;2008;2012ae, 2013a, b), and attempts to use genetic barcodes of primary types or neotypes for definitive species identity (Hebert et al., 2003;Blakemore, 2013c). 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A brief survey (by RJB) was conducted in the Spring of 2013 by digging and hand-sorting soils at likely earthworm 'hot spots' (e.g. moist and vegetated microhabitats) at sites: 
April 24 th -Yeongdo Island along the southwest coast. April 25 th -Geumjeongsanseong Fortress and Geumgang Park north of the city (but because the forest is mainly pine plantation with acidic soil it had a low abundance of earthworms). 
April 26 th -Gwangalli Beach and walking towards Nam-gu peninsula just east of the city; plus Jungang Park opposite the central station that had a high diversity of earthworm species. 
A minimum number of worms were collected for identification with any immatures or easily known taxa returned to the soil. Taxonomic determinations follow the classifications in Sims and Easton (1972) and Blakemore (2002;2010;2012f). Specimens in 80% EtOH lodged in the NIBR facility had small tissue samples taken for mtDNA COI barcode analysis (courtesy of Seunghan Lee at Hanyang University) using methods similar to Blakemore et al. (2010) with data in an Appendix. Genetic analyses and phylogram via defaults from 'MEGA 5' (www.megasoftware.net) and BLAST programs (www. blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST.cgi) are compared to Genbank (genbank.com) and ENA (www.ebi.ac.uk/ena) entries or the author's iBOL (www.boldsystems.com) Microdrilacea Benham, 1890 ENCHYTRAEIDAE 1. Enchytraeus? spp. several specimens were noted but not collected as they are ecologically less significant compared to megadriles (Megadrilacea) and not particularly diverse. Only 676 enchytraeid taxa are known globally compared to ~7,000 earthworms (Cs. Csuzdi, 2012 andpers. comm. June, 2013;Blakemore, 2012f), i.e., less than about one tenth of terrestrial megadriles. 
Megadrilacea Benham, 1890 MONILIGASTRIDAE 2. Drawida cf. koreana Kobayashi, 1938: 102 Material. NIBR-IV0000261283 (DNA sample H7), mature specimen, 26 th April from Jungang Pk. Description. Slight blue-grey colour. Length 47 mm. Clitellum 10-13 at least. Dorsal pores absent. Spermathecal pores in atria in 7/8. Male pores on 10/11 protrude on penes. Genital markings are present on 8rhs above setae ab and 10rhs on male pore. Remarks. The DNA sample H7 (Appendix) agrees 100% with WO23, a specimen from NIBR, Incheon (IV00002 49929) identified as "Drawida sp." and it is possible that both are D. koreana proper. Originally described on 150 or so specimens ranging from "Kyôjô" in North Korea to Gyeonggi-do South Korea, D. koreana is a variable species. Several other specimens in current studies are superficially similar but appear to differ molecularly (Fig. 1). Types of D. koreana are missingif they ever existed and there is an urgent need for neotypification, albeit previous and contemporary Korean workers have avoided this for the last 75 yrs! Further study is ongoing to determine intraspecific variation permissible for D. koreana identification using both its morphology and genetics (Blakemore in prep.). Septum "9/10" displaced to mid-segment 10; 11/12 also displaced and combined with 12/13. Dorsal blood vessel single; hearts large in 6-9. Spermathecal ampulla on 7/8 with long duct to body wall; no atrium present in 8. Testis sacs in 10/11 with long coiled vasa deferentia to flat, sessile prostates; no penes. Ovaries as several sheets enclosed in septa with small and empty egg sac posteriorly from 12/13. Gizzards in 14-17; gut filled with organic soil supporting classification as a topsoil species. Nephridial bladders elongate. Remarks. The current species appears particularly close to Drawida songae Hong, 2002 from Daegu that is somewhat smaller at 70-93 mm with fewer segments (viz. 172). Both taxa have simple, superficial spermathecal and male pores, and four gizzards in 14-17. However D. songae was described with a pink colour (but possibly due to preservation?) rather than green as in the current specimen. The genital markings were twice described as from 7-11,12 (although it is ambiguous since only some were figuredsee Fig. 2B), whereas the current specimen lacks markings in both 7 and 12 but has them clearly in 8-11. The markings in D. songae were said to have "muscular areas" that probably correspond to the sessile glands observed in the present species. Other differences are that the egg-sacs in D. songae were larger (more mature or seasonal?) from 12-14 and were said to cover the gizzards. Perhaps most distinctive, the prostates were said to be absent whereas the current specimen has low, flat glands. The accumulation of these differences possibly merits separate species status although the gross similarities suggest a close relationship and thus it is proposed as a new sub-species. Attached DNA data should help resolve its ultimate status and relationships, should further material of nominal D. songae songae be uncovered. Internally (H) septa 8/9/10 aborted. Spermathecae in 6-9 as figured. Holandric with seminal vesicles in 11 and 12. Last hearts in 13. Prostates racemose in 18. Intestinal caecae simple from 27. Other characteristics comply with nominal taxon (see Blakemore, 2012a). Remarks. Distinctive characters are the tendency to large size (175-300 mm), U-shaped post-intersegmental spermathecal pores (called "spermathecal papillae" by Kobayashi, 1936: 130) plus lack of genital markings thereby complying with Kobayashi's (1936, text-figs types II & I) also coded by Blakemore (2012a, fig. 3) [as already noted, segments counts for XVIIrhs are out by one in this latter figure]. On these characters the present subspecies appears to differ from the nominal taxon's neotype and from other synonyms in Blakemore (2012a: 36), also supported with definitive DNA barcode data from its primary type (w56 in Appendix). It shows only 91% similarity to other A. carnosus specimens and was just 93% compliant with w54 DNA data from an Ulleungdo specimen. The DNA of sample H4 from Busan has 100% agreement with w56 from Incheon designated as paratype and holotype, respectively. This taxon is particularly similar to A. monstriferus (Kobayashi, 1936), differing not least on the lack of markings on segment 8, and possibly they should be merged. Pending further research, A. carnosus monstriferus is reduced to sub-species status as it complies with Kobayashi's (1936) types XII & I of A. carnosus! Blakemore (2012a: 41) stated, "the genital marking variation in A. carnosus allowed for by Kobayashi in his detailed and most thorough account is excessive, rather representing a congeries of morphs, if not separate spec-Fig. 3. A. Amynthas carnosus roki subsp. n. holotype (H, DNA w56) showing habitus, prostomium, spermathecae, caecum and prostate of 18lhs in situ with X2 enlargements of post-intersegmental spermathecal pores of 8rhs and simple male pore of 18rhs. B. Sketch of these from Busan paratype (P, DNA H4 agreeing 100%). 3C and 3D are comparison sketches with similar X2 enlargements for sympatric A. carnosus carnosus (Goto and Hatai, 1899) specimens from Incheon (200 and 280 mm long) with pre-intersegmental spermathecal pores that provided DNA samples w55 and w57, respectively, agreeing ¤99% with each other (see Fig. 1 andAppendix). ies". This seems to be borne out by the preliminary DNA results presented here as justified with the new taxon. In particular, sample IV0000261266 (providing DNA w57) was collected at the same time as A. carnosus roki Holotype (w56) yet it complies with Kobayashi (1936) From the results in the DNA phylogram (Fig. 1) it appears that the specimen from Ulleungdo (providing DNA sample w54) labeled as "?Amynthas pingi (Stephenson, 1925)" by Blakemore (2013b: 60) may also merit separate sub-specific status, which is investigated further in an accompanying paper based on A. pingi types (Blakemore, 2013d this issue). 

Drawida songae yeongdo

Regarding other putative sub-species of A. carnosus, it was already noted by Blakemore (2012a: 36) that A. pingi chungkingensis (Chen, 1936) probably merits elevation to separate species level as A. chungkingensis. This taxon was ascribed to "Am. carnosus chungkingensis" by Wang and Qiu (2005: 25, tab. 2) when comparing it to their Amynthas carnosus lichuanensis Wang and Qiu, 2005 from Mt. Xingdou, Hubei, China. Herein this is also raised to separate species level as A. lichuanensis stat. nov. since it has no characters in any way similar to revised concepts of A. carnosus. For example, this 300-400 mm species has rows of 7-8 papillae median to male pores on 18, and corresponding rows of three or four papillae on segment 8 median to spermathecal pores that number only three pairs in 6/7/8/9 with its spermathecae nubby stubs. These authors also record A. carnosus carnosus (Goto and Hatai, 1899) from this location, but their identification may be suspect since they claim subsumed A. fornicatus (Gates, 1935) (andA. diffringens!) too (see Blakemore, 2013d). 
Similar specimens from any region may now be compared genetically to an increasingly refined formulation of A. carnosus, including the present new sub-species. Moreover, as coded by Blakemore (2012a, fig. 3), Kobayashi's (1936) text-figs types II & I (lacking markings) and possibly types XII & I (with markings in 8), having U-shaped post-intersegmental spermathecal papillae should now be removed as characteristic of A. c. carnosus proper. Kobayashi (1936: 130) tabulated 14 such specimens from 204 from Korea and this may represent an approximate proportion (~7%) of the A. carnosus roki (and A. c. monstriferus) sub-species, but its area of prevalence is currently indeterminate. 

Amynthas cf. corticis (Kinberg, 1867)

Material. NIBR-IV0000261287, a mature specimen collected 25 th April, 2013 from Dongnae Botanic Gardens, Geumgang Park; IV0000261288 second and third complete specimen (160 and 100 mm long) plus a possible sub-adult (80 mm) from Jungang Park, 26 th April. Remarks. The Dongnae specimen had spermathecae only in 7-9 that had diverticula reduced or wanting and lacked GMs. Approximately 130 pheretimoids are described with spermathecal pores in 6/7/8/9 (Blakemore unpublished), of these about 69 are in Amynthas plus A. carnosus and A. corticis that sometimes (rarely?) have specimens lacking their anterior pair of spermathecae, as in A. chunkingensis (Chen, 1936) that was at one time associated with A. carnosus as noted above (it differs further in having only one pair of GMs on 18 just below the male pores). Other than these two taxa, the only previously known Korean representative is Amynthas moakensis Hong and Kim, 2002 that, however, is smaller (32 mm) and does appear to have a pair of GMs posteriorventral to male pores (cf. Hong and Kim, 2002: fig. 3) despite its description of having none, and long tightly coiled diverticula on the spermathecae. 
In Blakemore (2002;2010;2012f) it keys to Amynthas asiaticus Michaelsen, 1900. Michaelsen (1900: 527) described Chinese Pheretima asiatica (Michaelsen) with "Intestinal caeca long, with wart-like outgrowths underneath. Spermathecal diverticulum about as long as the ampulla, its proximal third tapered somewhat, slightly tortuous and narrow"conditions that do not apply to the current specimen. The tentative conclusion is a parthenogenetically degraded A. corticis sexthecal morph lacking GMs but retaining its prostate glands. DNA data from this otherwise unremarkable and common species is pending; nevertheless, it is reviewed further in an accompanying paper (Blakemore, 2013d). 

Amynthas hupeiensis (Michaelsen, 1895)

Material. Specimens collected from Jungang Park, 26 th April but returned to the earth there. Remarks. This is a distinctive and fairly common cosmopolitan species already well known from Korea (e.g. Kobayashi, 1938: 152) thus not unexpected in Busan. 

Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892)

(Fig. 4A). 
Material. NIBR-IV0000261289 (DNA sample H3; Fig. 4A) from Jungang Park, 26 th April. Natural History Museum, London types inspected for confirmation (see Blakemore, 2012d). Description. Length 180 mm. Clitellum 14-16. Sperma-thecal pores 7/8/9. Male pores on 18, superficial. GMs typically present, paired near spermathecal and male pores. Spermathecae with elongated, paprika-shaped diverticular bulbs on long stalks. Prostates (always?) reduced to muscular duct. Glands associated with GMs, where present. Caeca ventrally incised. 
Remarks. DNA data in the appendix helps to confirm this identity based on the redescriptions of A. masatakae by Blakemore (2012d: 134;2013a: 29). Kobayashi (1937Kobayashi ( : 337, 1938: 140) : 140) observed complete prostates, in some of his Korean specimens, although such specimens should now be compared to Metaphire ryunome as next described. Whereas this latter taxon has male pores slightly elevated (resembling those in the type-species of Metaphire Sims andEaston, 1972see Blakemore, 2012b) and thus strictly non-superficial qualifying for membership of genus Metaphire, such a condition has not been confirmed in amphimixic forms of A. masatakae although accidentally indicated in Blakemore (2012a: 31) where it says "M. masatakae", again possibly alluding to specimens resembling M. ryunome. Note that although Kobayashi (1938: 138) said the caeca were simple "without indentations" (lapsus?), his earlier account (Kobayashi, 1937: 338) had "each with several serriformed outgrowths on ventral margin only", as were found in the current specimen. Kobayashi (1937: 340) also notes that Goto and Hatai (1899) were incorrect to cite the present species as having manicate caeca. B A 1 mm Blakemore (2012d: fig. 4). Finding M. ryunome in Shiga, Japan and now Busan, Korea indicates that this species has wide distribution suggesting it is peregrine and is to be expected from other countries. The BLAST results (Appendix) show it closest to Chinese A. incongruus (Chen, 1933) on GenBank; however, that taxon typically has spermathecal pores in 5/6/7 rather than 6/7/8 and a different arrangement of GMs, at least, compared to those discussed by Blakemore (2012d) for M. ryunome. Most likely the identity of the Chinese specimen was mistaken, just as the DNA data for A. masatakae appears misidentified with Chinese A. triastriatus (Chen, 1946) Remarks. Abundant locally and previously recorded from Korea (e.g. Kobayashi, 1941: 150). 

Metaphire ryunome


Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)

Material. NIBR-IV0000261291 (DNA sample H6), a mature specimen collected 26 th April, 2013 from Jungang Park beside a walking trail. Description. Body has 'classic' transversely coloured stripes alternating with pale intersegments; also pale laterally in 8, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31]32; TP on 28-30. Remarks. Part of the species-complex (Fig. 1 and Appendix), agreeing 100% with GenBank sample (FJ214216) from "Denmark: Svendborg". Obviously this specimen differs from some Korean samples variously named "E. fetida" or "E. andrei"see Blakemore (2013a: 42;2013b: 64) and recent Mongolian work (Blakemore, 2013c). True identity and status of specimens/taxa remains unclear, requiring further work (Blakemore in prep.). The scant difference from previous descriptions (e.g. by Kobayashi, 1941;Gates, 1975;Blakemore and Grygier, 2011;Blakemore, 2012c) of E. japonica are perhaps the tumid setae ab only on 25 and 26 (cf. on 22 and 26 in a syntype -Fig. 5), and the TP on 27 and 29 maybe less triangular. Differences from E. japonica minuta (Oishi, 1934) supposedly from Morioka and Asamushi, Japan that is, however, more usually combined under the nominal taxon, are that the TP are not so round and the size is slightly more than 24-55 mm as allowed for by Oishi (1934) and later by Kobayashi (1941: 153) and Easton (1981, tab. 2). Kobayashi (1941) had specimens from "Keiki-dô" identified as A. japonica minuta Oishi, 1934they also had setae ab of 25 and 26 on oval papillaealthough it is now certain neither that this complies with the Japanese originals nor that his identification is correct in light of the new information presented here. Moreover, that the specimen providing DNA sample WO19 (Fig. 1 andAppendix) represents E. japonica gigantica (Oishi, 1934) originally from Tomakomai, Japan reported from "Kwaizan" in Chúngchóng-bukto, South Korea by Kobayashi (1941: 152) is also unclear. Neither minuta nor gigantica have since been found and reported sufficiently for comparison by subsequent Japanese workers. 

Eisenia japonica vaga

Eisenia japonica vaga is a molecular taxon objectively defined on its definitive DNA. 

Appendix -mtDNA CO1 barcode gene results with analysis via BLAST and MEGA-5*

[JETxx samples are the author's iBOL (www.boldsystems.com) project on Japanese Earthworms at Guelph Uni., Canada; WOyy samples were attempted by a student at Ewha Womens' Uni. but were mixed in their lab (as lamented in Blakemore, 2013a) requiring resampling with prefix "w" at Seoul National Uni.; Hzz and HYzz are Hanyang Uni. data of current Busan material. Arranged chronologically, some provisional/superceded taxa names are retained for reason of cross-reference, other namesof primary typesare definitive (cf. Fig. 1). Most specimens were collected by author (RJB) some with help of TJ Tansy (TJT) or Yuko Hiramoto (YH)]. *MEGA5 alignments of samples WO2, WO12, WO18, WO22 were reversed for comparison. 
¤JET112-115|An-460-461|Hikone, Japan, initial id as Amynthas cf. pingi (= =A. carnosus) ( AACAGATCGAAACCTCAACACCTCATTCTTTGATCCTGCTGGTGGTGGGGATCCCATTCTATACCAACATCTATTT megaBLAST result: Eisenia fetida strain (sic!) Ef2 (FJ214216), 100%. BLASTn: H6 vs. w11 Eisenia sp. red from Jeju (same as WO12?)= =527/618 (85%), different taxa but apparently the closest of other Korean "E. fetida" from current studies (see Blakemore, 2012a-c). These two species are part of the E. fetida spp-complex (as per Blakemore, 2010) but cannot currently be associated definitively with any of the 15 + + members (as listed by Blakemore, 2002Blakemore, , 2010Blakemore, , 2012f, 2013b, c), c). Cf. other E. fetida spex. eg. WO12, WO18, w11... and from Mongolia (Blakemore, 2013c). ¤HY2 M. ryunome Blakemore, 2012;small (116 mm), prostatic Busan specimen (RJB) TATACTTTATTTTAGGAATTTGAGCCGGAATAATCGGAGCTGGGATAAGCCTACTTATCCGCATTGAACTAAGTCAACCGGG GTCTTTCCTTGGAAGAGACCAGTTATATAATACGATTGTAACAGCACATGCATTCCTCATAATTTTCTTCTTAGTAATACCAG TATTTATTGGGGGGTTCGGAAACTGGTTGCTACCACTAATACTAGGAACACCAGATATAGCATTCCCCCGACTAAATAACAT AAGATTTTGACTACTCCCCCCTTCCCTAATTCTCCTAGTGAGATCAGCTGCCGTAGAAAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGTTGAACA GTATACCCACCCCTAGCAAGAAATATAGCACATGCGGGCCCCTCAGTAGATCTTGCAATCTTCTCACTACATTTAGCAGGTG CCTCGTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACCACAGTGATCAATATACGATGGTCAGGACTACGACTAGAACGAATTCC ATTATTTGTTTGAGCAGTAATAATTACTGTAGTACTACTACTATTATCACTCCCTGTACTAGCCGGTGCAATTACTATACTAC TAACAGACCGAAATCTTAACACATCCTTCTTTGATCCAGCTGGTGGTGGAGACCCAATTCTATACCAACACTTATTC megaBlast result: Amynthas incongruus (EF077551 from China), Id. (99%misidentified). BLASTn result: HY2 Metaphire ryunome Busan vs. M. ryunome H from Hikone (Tokyo An-457); results: Id. 653/653 (100%), i.e. same taxonits wide distribution now allows concession of possibility to yield to prior records of some as yet unknown species from Asia. HY2 M. ryunome vs. H3 Amynthas masatakae Busan specimen (180 mm) no prostates; results: Id. 553/652 (85%), i.e., different taxa as 15% dissimilar COI gene. Note: These latter data are not shown in Fig. 1 phylotree. 

Fig. 1 .

 1 Fig. 1. MEGA5 Maximum Likelihood phylogram of DNA code results for Busan specimens compared to similar taxa. Solid squares (■) are Busan samples; open circles (○) are unconfirmed GenBank names (from China, Korea or Japan); closed circles (•) are from the author's Japanese studies. (Sample codes and provisional or new species names are explained in the Appendix legend). 




  Incheon specimen NIBR-IV0000261264 (DNA w56) H, holotype, mature broken in two parts, anterior dissected; collected by RJB 23 rd Oct., 2012 from Incheon Great Park from infilled ditch just above the park bound-ary. Busan specimen IV0000261286 (DNA H4) P, paratype, mature 175 mm long, undissected but broken in two parts, 24 th April, 2013 from Yeongdo Island, just down from Temple in woodland on walk to the beach. Etymology. From acronym of Republic of Korea (ROK), latinized to "roki", due to its wide distribution (Incheon ↔ Busan) even though endemicity just in South Korea is not implied. Description. Lengths H, 270 + + 30 mm (= =300 mm); P, 125 + + 50 mm (= =175 mm). Segments H, 112 + + 24 (= =136). Colour dark brown dorsum, clitellum buff. Prostomium epilobous open. First dorsal pore 12/13. Setae ca. 60 on 12. Spermathecal pores post-intersegmental in U-shaped hemispheres on dorsal aspects of 5/6/7/8/9. Clitellum 14-16. Female pore mid-ventral on 14. Male pores superfical on small mounds within concentric rings ca. 0.3 C apart on 18 with ca. 14 setae intervening. Genital markings absent (from both specimens). 


Fig. 2 .

 2 Fig. 2. A. Drawida songae yeongdo subsp. n. holotype (H, DNA H1) showing prostomium, gizzards, pygidium, habitus with reproductive organs in situ and all four genital marking glands in 8-11lhs plus a nephridium from 15rhs. B. D. songae songae after Hong (2002: fig. 1) with GMs in 7, 10-11 (but not 12?) for fair use comparison. 




  Fig. 4. A. Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892) Busan specimen showing spermathecal and male regions. B. Metaphire ryunome Blakemore, 2012 Busan specimen [boxed is X2 enlargement of its18rhs male pore that appears elevated, non-superficial, i.e.,=Metaphire]. 


Fig. 5 .

 5 Fig. 5. A. Eisenia japonica vaga sub-sp. n. Busan holotype (H, DNA H5). B. Eisenia j. japonica(Michaelsen, 1892) Berlin syntype Nr. 2117 (as anticipated, DNA was not extractable from this older material), author's sketch afterBlakemore and Grygier (2011, fig. 2) that compares to Hamburg syntypes V119-V121 (seeBlakemore and Grygier, 2011, fig. 3). 


¤H7

  Drawida cf. koreana? Busan specimen (RJB) Drawida sp. from Japan (AB592437), 92%. BLASTn: H7 vs WO23 Drawida sp. from NIBR 3 rd April thin longer= =655/655 (100%), i.e. same taxon, but the question now is: Is it D. koreana proper? Cf. WO22 NIBR 3 rd April, 2012. 




  Prostomium prolobous. Clitellum not noticeable. Length 135( + + ?) mm. Segments 202 with the last seven segments paler, possibly regenerated or a zone of growth. No DPs. Nephropores near intersegments and appear mainly in cd but are above d in the anterior. 


	Spermathecal pores in 7/8 in ab lines. Male pores in 10/
	11 in ab lines. Female pores in anterior of 12 in ab lines.
	Genital markings in 8-10: paired in 8, 9 and 11 with ana-
	logue in 10lhs (faint remnant in 10rhs?); sessile glands
	correspond internally.
	Blakemore subsp. n.
	(Fig. 2).
	Material. NIBR-IV0000261284 (DNA sample H1), H,
	holotype, a complete specimen 24 th April, 2013 from
	Yeongdo Island in woodland just below Temple on south-
	east coastal walk. In same sample: IV0000261285 (DNA
	sample H2), P, paratype, a smaller (37 mm) and paler
	immature; and IV0000261293, three immature Amynthas

sp. that were not studied further. Etymology. Noun, after type-locality. Description. Colour copper green in life looking like Amynthas hupeiensis but without its characteristic smell and coiling behaviour: this specimen was sluggish and remained elongated. 
Blakemore, 2012 (Fig. 4B).

  
	Material. IV0000261294 (DNA HY2, this data not includ-
	ed in phylogram Fig. 1) collected from Jungang Park,
	26 th April, 2013.
	Description. Length 116 mm. Clitellum 14-16. Sperma-
	thecal pores 7/8/9. Male pores on 18, slightly protruded.
	GMs absent (cf. Shiga types). Spermathecae with elon-
	gated, paprika-shaped diverticular bulbs on long stalks.
	Prostates present but copulatory pouches absent. Caeca

ventrally incised (27rhs removed to check for resident Rotifera that, however, were not found). Remarks. Slight differences from the original description of Japanese M. ryunome are that the GMs were not recorded and that the caeca were serrate. Nevertheless, DNA shows 100% conformity with barcode results in 


  Superficial agreement supported by its DNA data shows this to be part of the Eisenia japonica Michaelsen, 1892 species-complex.It is not clear which part is closest, however it is remarkably similar to a New Zealand specimen described byBlakemore (2012cBlakemore ( : fig.3, 2013a: 40, 45): 40, 45). The DNA data is unequivocal that the Busan specimen objectively represents an as yet unknown taxon, and ditto sample WO20 having 99% agreement 


	Blakemore sub-sp. n. Material. NIBR-IV0000261292 (DNA H5) H, holotype, (Fig. 5). a mature specimen collected 26 th April, from Jungang Park under (Japanese?) sakura cherry trees. IV0000250 889 (DNA WO20) P, paratype, an undissected mature specimen collected 5 Etymology. Latin for "wandering" from its distribution that may also include New Zealand. Description. Grey unpigmented in alcohol with white clitellum and dark dorsal vessel visible. Length 58 mm. Segments 120. First dorsal pore 4/5. Clitellum ½23-31. TP distinctively raised on 27 and 29. Setae ab on 11, 17 and 18 faintly marked; ab on 25 and 26 clearly tumid. Spermathecal pores in 9/10/11 in c lines. Holandric: testes iridescent in 10 and 11; seminal vesicles in 9-12, the latter elongate. Last hearts in 11. Calciferous glands in 11 and 12. Intestine from 15. Gizzard in 17-18. Typhlosole large T-shaped from about 19 onwards. Nephridial bladders sausage-shaped. Gut contains mainly mineral soil (i.e., a topsoil species that is at least partly geophageous). Remarks.

thApril, 2012 by RJB from near Hagae Bridge, Young River central South Korea; (a second sympatric specimen from there, IV0000250890, not tested genetically, may be similar).(Fig.1and Appendix). The current specimen sequence is only 92-93% similar to GenBank specimens unidentified as "Lumbricidae sp." (AB607078) or as Eisenia japonica (AB542698) from Japan. And it is just 82-83% similar to the author's Eisenia japonica japonica (Michaelsen, 1892) topotype from Enoshima, Japan or to E. j. hiramoto Blakemore, 2012 from near Yokohama. Such genetic dissimilarity (~20%) is normally associated with separate species/genera or even separate families (e.g. see sample H2 megaBLAST results in Appendix). 


  Amynthas sp. 14 JS-2012 (JQ982486), 83%, i.e., nothing similar on GenBank.Closest Id.= =99% Amynthas triastriatus voucher 06-211 (EF077537) from Chinathese Chinese misidentifications, as expected.BLASTn: H3 vs. WO35 A. masatakae from Nogeyama (IV0000251098), Id.= =653/653 (100%) and ditto vs. w28b A. masatake from Cheyonji, Jeju (seeBlakemore, 2013a), i.e., all same taxon. H3 vs. WO2 A. tralfamadore holotype from Incheon (ex Jeju), Id.= =608/647 (94%), i.e., different taxa (see data for ¤HY2 barcode below). H3 vs. M. ryunome Blakemore, 2012, Id.= =553/652 (85%) i.e. quite different taxa. Identities= =93% Lumbricidae sp. (sic) Esik52 (AB607078); 92% Eisenia japonica from Japan (GenBank AB542698). BLASTn: H5 vs. WO20 "E. japonica" from 4 th April, 2012 survey on Korea= =650/655 (99%), i.e, a similar and possibly same taxon but both different from E. japonica from Japan, thus probably meriting a new name. H5 vs. JET 170-11 E. japonica japonica topotype Identities= =540/652 (83%); H5 vs. JET 173-11 E. japonica hiramoto holotype Id.= =363/445 (82%) i.e. dissimilar taxa. 


	August 2013
	¤WO12 Eisenia sp. (fetida?) red from Korean mainland (RJB) GTTTATCCTCCGCTAGCTAGTAATTTAGCACATGCAGGTGCATCTGTTGATCTGGCAATTTTTTCTTTACACTTAGCAGGTGC ATGCCAGTATTTATTGGTGGATTCGGAAACTGGCTACTGCCCCTAATACTTGGAACCCCAGATATGGCGTTCCCCCGATTAA ¤w54 A. carnosus/pingi from Ullungdo (see Blakemore, 2013b, 2103d) GTTTTTATTGGTGGGTTCGGAAATTGATTATTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCACGACTTAATAATCT
	ATAAATGTTGGTAGAGAATAGGGTCGCCACCTCCAGCAGGGTCAAAGAATGAGGTATTTAGGTTTCGATCTGTCAATAGTAT ATCTTCTATTTTAGGGGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACTGTTATTAATATGCGTTGAGTGGGCATGCATTTTGAACGAATTCCAT ATAACATAAGATTTTGACTACTTCCACCATCCCTAATTTTATTAGTAAGATCGGCCGCGGTAGAAAAAGGAGCGGGCACAG TTATACTTTATCTTAGGAATCTGAGCCGGAATAATTGGTGCTGGTATAAGACTTCTTATTCGAATTGAGCTCAGACAACCAG AAGATTTTGACTTCTTCCTCCTGCTCTTATTTTATTAGTTTCATCCGCAGCAGTAGAAAAAGGTGCTGGTACAGGATGAACAG
	AGTGATAGCTCCCGCAAGTACTGGAAGAGATAAAAGTAGTAACACCACGGTAATAACTACAGCTCATACAAATAGGGGGAT TATTTGTATGGGGAGTTTTAATTACTGTAGTATTACTACTTCTATCTTTGCCCGTGTTAGCTGGTGCAATTACTATGCTTTTAA GTTGGACAGTTTACCCACCCCTAGCAAGAAATATAGCACATGCCGGCCCTTCAGTAGACCTTGCAATTTTCTCACTCCATCTT GATCCTTTCTGGGAAGAGATCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTGATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCC TTTATCCTCCACTAGCTAGAAACATTGCTCATGCTGGACCATCAGTAGACCTTGCTATTTTTTCATTACATTTAGCTGGGGCT
	TCGTTCTAGTCGAAGCCCACTTCATCGTATGTTAATAACTGTAGTAATGAAGTTAATTGCCCCTAAAATTGAGGAGGCACCT CTGACCGAAATTTAAATACTTCATTCTTCGACCCCGCTGGCGGAGGCGATCCTATTTTATATCAACATTTATTT GCAGGTGCCTCATCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTAACTTTATCACAACAGTAATTAACATGCGATGATCTGGGCTACGTCTAGAAC GTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGACTACTACCACTTATACTAGGAACACCGGATATAGCATTTCCGCGCCTAAACAATA TCATCAATTTTAGGCGCCATTAATTTTATTACAACAGTAATCAATATACGTTGATCAGGGCTTCAATTAGAACGAATCCCATT
	GCTAAATGGAGGGAAAAAATAGCCAGGTCCACTGAGGGCCCCGCGTGCGCTAAGTTACTGGATAGGGGTGGGTAAACTGTC GAATCCCACTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTGATCACCGTAGTACTATTATTATTATCCCTACCTGTACTGGCTGGGGCAATTACC TGAGATTTTGACTATTACCACCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTCTCTTCAGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCGGGGACAGGATGGAC ATTTGTATGGGCTGTCTTTATTACAGTAATTTTATTACTTTTATCTCTTCCTGTTTTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAAC
	CACCCTGTTCCAGCACCCTTTTCCACTGCAGCAGAGGATACTAGGAGAATTAGGGAAGGGGGCAGAAGTCAAAATCTTATG ¤WO24 A. carnosus from NIBR 3 rd April, 2012 (RJB) ATATTACTAACGGATCGAAACCTTAATACATCATTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGGGGGGACCCAGTTCTATACCAACACCTAT AGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCAGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTAGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGA AGACCGAAATCTAAACACATCATTTTTTGACCCTGCGGGTGGAGGGGACCCAATTTTATACCAACACCTATTC
	TTGTTGAGACGTGGAAAGGCTATGTCTGGAGCTCCTAGTATAAGAGGTAGAAGTCAGTTTCCAAATCCACCAATAAATACA TTTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCG T GCATCCTCAATTTTAGGGGCCATTAACTTCATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGCCTAGAGCGAATTC megaBLAST result: Glossoscolecidae sp. (sic!) voucher EW-SJ-498 (GU013845), 83%.
	GGTATTACCAGAAAGAAAATTATTACAAATGCATGGGCTGTAACAATTGTATTATATAGTTGGTCCCTTCCTAGGAAGGCAC GGCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACC CACTATTTGTGTGAGCTGTAGTAATTACTGTGGTGCTACTATTACTATCGTTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTA BLASTn: H1 vs. H2= =651/655 (99%), i.e. sufficiently similar to class as same taxon.
	CTGGTTGCCTTAGCTCGATTCGAATGAGAAGGCTTATACCAGCACCAACCATACCTGCTCAGACCCCGAGAATGAAATAGAG AGTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAAC ¤WO44 E. japonica from Jeju June 2012 (mixed w18b, WO45) (RJB) CTAACAGACCGAAACTTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGAGACCCAATTTTATACCAACATCTATTT
	RJB) ATGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAA TCTATACTTCATTCTCGGGGTTTGAGCTGGTATAGTGGGCGCCGGTATAAGACTTCTTATTCGAATCGAACTAAGCCAACCG ¤H3 Amynthas masatakae Busan larger (180 mm) specimen (RJB)
	AACTTTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAA ¤WO18 Eisenia sp. (xanthurus?) red colour Korea 4 th April, 2012 (RJB) -Eisenia xanthurus (Templeton, 1836) has priority over E. andrei CAGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGG GGAGCTTTTCTAGGGAGAGACCAATTATACAACACAATTGTGACAGCACATGCATTTGTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTAATAC ¤w55 A. carnosus from Incheon (200 mm) (RJB) TTATACTTTATCCTGGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCAGGAATAAGACTACTTATTCGTATTGAATTAAGACAACCGG
	CCGGGCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTAT Bouche, 1972 (see Blakemore, 2012f; 2013b: 64). GGCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATC CTGTATTTATCGGGGGTTTTGGAAATTGACTTCTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCCTTCCCGCGGCTAAATAAC TTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCGG GATCCTTCCTTGGTAGAGACCAACTATATAATACAATTGTAACAGCACATGCATTCTTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTAATGCCA
	ACCAGTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAAC TCAGAATAAATGTTGGTAGAGAATAGGATCGCCACCTCCAGCAGGGTCAAAGAATGAGGTATTCAGGTTTCGATCTGTCAA CCGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACT ATAAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCATCCCTTATCCTTCTAGTATCTTCTGCCGCTGTCGAAAAAGGCGCGGGGACGGGATGAA GCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCA GTATTTATTGGTGGATTCGGAAACTGGCTACTGCCCCTAATACTTGGAACCCCAGATATGGCGTTCCCCCGATTAAATAACA
	AACATGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGAT TAGTATAGTGATAGCTCCCGCAAGTACTGGAAGAGATAAAAGTAGTAACACCACGGTAATAACTACAGCTCATACAAATAG ACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTTTG CAGTTTATCCCCCCCTATCAAGAAATCTTGCTCATGCGGGCCCCTCAGTAGACCTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTACACTTAGCAGGA GTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAACA TAAGATTTTGACTACTTCCACCATCCCTAATTTTATTAGTAAGATCGGCCGCGGTAGAAAAAGGAGCGGGCACAGGTTGGAC
	GAACAGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGC GGGGATTCGTTCTAGTCGAAGCCCACTTCACCGTATGTTAATAACTGTAGTAATGAAGTTAATTGCCCCTAAAATTGAGGAG GCTTCTTCAATTCTGGGGGCTATCAACTTTATTACCACAGTTATTAATATACGATGAAGCGGATTACGTTTAGAGCGAATCCC TGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAAC
	TGGGGCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGA GCACCTGCTAAATGGAGGGAAAAAATAGCCAGGTCCACTGAGGGCCCCGCGTGCGCTAAGTTACTGGATAGGGGTGGGTAA ¤WO27 D. koreana? pale Shindo specimen1 (RJB) CCTATTTGTATGAGCCGTAGTTATCACAGTAGTACTCTTACTCCTATCCCTACCAGTCCTTGCAGGAGCCATTACCATATTAT AGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGG GCCTCATCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTAACTTTATCACAACAGTAATTAACATGCGATGATCTGGGCTACGTCTAGAACGAATCC
	ATCCCGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAAT ACTGTCCACCCTGTTCCAGCACCCTTCTCCACTGCAGCAGAGGATACTAGGAGAATTAGGGAAGGGGGCAGAAGTCAAAAT TCTTTATTTTATTTTAGGTGTGTGAGCCGGAATAATTGGTGCGGGTATGAGACTATTAATTCGAATTGAGTTAAGACAACCG TAACAGACCGAAACCTTAATACCTCATTCTTTGACCCTGCAGGAGGCGGAGACCCTATCTTATATCAACATCT GCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCACTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATCC CACTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTGATCACCGTAGTACTATTATTATTATCCCTACCTGTACTGGCTGGGGCAATTACCATATTA
	ACTACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTT CTTATGTTGTTGAGACGTGGAAAGGCTATGTCTGGAGCTCCCAGTATAAGAGGTAGAAGTCAGTTTCCAAATCCACCAATAA GGTTCATTTTTAGGTAGGGATCAGCTTTATAATACTATTGTTACTGCACATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCTTGGTAATGCCT CGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCATACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTA CTAACGGATCGAAACCTTAATACATCATTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGGGGGGACCCAGTTCTATACCAACACCTATTT
	¤JET124|Tokyo An-466.1|Nogeyama, Japan Eisenia japonica |COI-5P (RJB + + TJT) AACTTTATACTTTATTCTCGGAGTTTGAGCCGGAATAGTGGGAGCTGGAATAAGACTTCTCATTCGAATTGAACTGAGTCAG CCGGGAGCCTTCCTAGGAAGAGATCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCCCACGCATTTGTAATAATTTTCTTCTTAGTTA TACCTGTATTTATTGGGGGTTTCGGAAACTGGTTACTTCCTTTAATACTAGGAGCCCCCGATATAGCCTTCCCACGACTCAAC AATATAAGATTCTGACTTCTACCTCCATCCCTCATCCTACTTGTATCCTCCGCTGCAGTAGAAAAAGGTGCAGGTACAGGAT GAACAGTATACCCTCCCCTATCAAGAAATCTAGCACACGCAGGTCCTTCAGTAGATCTAGCCATCTTTTCTCTTCACTTAGCA GGAGCTTCCTCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTAATTTTATCACTACAGTTATTAACATACGCTGAAGAGGACTACGATTAGAACGAA ATACAGGCATAACCAGAAAGAAAATTATTACAAATGCATGGGCTGTAACAATTGTATTGTATAGTTGGTCCCTTCCTAGGAA GGCACCTGGTTGCCTTAGCTCGATTCGAATGAGAAGGCTTATACCAGCACCAACCATACCTGCTCAGACCCCGAGAATGAA ATAGAGA ¤WO19 E. japonica? large specimen 4 th April, 2012 (NIBRIV0000250888) Korea (RJB) AACTTTATACTTCATTCTAGGGGTTTGAGCTGGTATAGTCGGTGCTGGTATAAGCCTTCTTATTCGAATTGAGTTAAGACAGC CAGGTGCCTTTCTAGGCAGAGATCAGCTATATAATACAATTGTAACAGCTCATGCATTTGTAATAATCTTTTTCTTAGTAATA CCTGTGTTTATCGGGGGGTTCGGAAACTGACTACTTCCTCTAATACTAGGAGCCCCCGATATGGCATTCCCACGACTCAACA GTATTTATTGGCGGCTTTGGTAATTGATTGCTACCTTTAATACTTGGTGCCCCAGACATGGCTTTCCCTCGACTTAATAATTT AAGATTTTGACTTTTGCCGCCGGCCTTGATTCTGTTAGTATCATCAGCAGCAGTGGAAAAAGGTGCTGGTACCGGATGAACA GTTTATCCCCCACTGGCTAGTAATTTAGCACATGCAGGCCCATCTGTTGATTTGGCGATTTTTTCTTTACACTTGGCGGGTGC ATCTTCTATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACAACTGTTATTAATATGCGTTGAGTGGGTATACACTTTGAACGAATTCCAT TATTTGTGTGAGGAGTTTTAATTACTGTAGTACTATTACTTTTATCTTTACCCGTGCTAGCTGGTGCAATTACTATGCTTTTAA CTGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCATTCTTCGACCCAGCTGGTGGGGGCGACCCTATTTTATATCAGCATTTGTTT ¤WO28 D. koreana? blue Shindo specimen2 (= =mixed WO32a + + WO17) (RJB) ¤WO67 A. carnosus brown from Jeju (RJB) GGTCAACAAATCATAAAGATATTGGAACTTTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACT ACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCGGGCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGC ATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCAGTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACAC CGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAACATGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGC AGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAACAGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGA CCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGGGCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGC GCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATCCCGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTA CTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTT ¤w56 A. carnosus roki subsp. n. H from Incheon (300 mm long) (RJB) CTATACTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGAGCCGGAATAATTGGTGCGGGTATAAGACTCCTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGACAGCCGG GATCCTTTCTAGGAAGAGATCAGCTATACAATACAATTGTGACAGCCCACGCATTCCTCATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCC GTATTCATCGGGGGGTTTGGAAATTGACTACTACCACTCATACTAGGAACACCGGATATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAACA TGAGATTTTGACTATTACCACCATCACTAATCTTACTGGTCTCTTCTGCCGCAGTAGAGAAGGGGGCGGGAACAGGGTGGAC AGTATATCCTCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATCGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTAGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGG megaBLAST result: ¤H4 Amynthas carnosus roki subsp.n. (paratype, P) from Busan (RJB)
	TTCCCTTATTCGTATGAGCCGTAGTGATTACAGTAATTCTATTACTTCTATCTCTTCCAGTACTTGCAGGAGCTATCACCATA ATATAAGATTTTGACTTCTACCTCCTTCCCTCATCCTTCTGGTGTCTTCTGCCGCCGTAGAAAAAGGTGCAGGTACCGGATGA TCTTTATTTTATTTTAGGTGTATGAGCTGGGATAATTGGTGCGGGAATGAGGCTATTAATTCGAATTGAGTTAAGACAACCA CCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGG GCGTCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGATCTGGACTACGTCTAGAACGGATTCC ACTCTATACTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGAGCCGGAATAATTGGTGCGGGTATAAGACTCCTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGACAGC
	CTACTAACAGATCGAAACTTAAATACTTCATTCTTCGACCCTGCAGGTGGTGGAGATCCAATTCTATATCAGCATCTCTTC ACAGTATATCCACCTCTATCTAGTAATTTAGCCCACGCAGGTCCTTCAGTAGATTTAGCCATTTTTTCCTTACACTTAGCAGG GGTTCGTTTTTAGGCAGAGATCAGCTTTATAATACTATTGTTACTGCACATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCTTAGTAATACCC GACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTTTGATTTTTTGGTCACCCTGAAGTTTA ACTATTTGTGTGAGCAGTAGTAATCACTGTGGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTAC CGGGATCCTTTCTAGGAAGAGATCAGCTATACAATACAATTGTGACAGCCCACGCATTCCTCATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTTATA
	AGCTTCTTCAATTTTAGGAGCTATTAATTTTATTACTACAGTCATCAATATACGATGAAGAGGTCTACGTCTAGAACGAATTC GTATTTATTGGTGGCTTTGGTAATTGATTATTACCCTTAATACTTGGGGCTCCAGACATGGCTTTCCCTCGACTTAATAATTT TAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTTGACCCAGCGGGAGGAGGGGACCCAATTTTATACCAACACCTATT CCCGTATTCATCGGGGGGTTTGGAAATTGACTACTACCACTCATACTAGGAACACCGGATATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACA
	¤JET170|An-417|Enoshima, Japan topotype Eisenia japonica japonica |COI-5P (RJB) CTTTATTTGTGTGAGCTGTAGTAATTACAGTAATTTTATTATTACTATCTTTACCTGTACTCGCAGGAGCTATCACCATACTTC AAGATTTTGGCTCTTACCGCCGGCTTTAATTCTTTTAGTGTCGTCAGCAGCAGTGGAAAAGGGTGCTGGTACCGGGTGAACA ¤w11 Eisenia sp. (andrei?) red colour from Jeju (see Blakemore, 2013a) (RJB) megaBLAST result: Id= =583/638 (91%) A. carnosus (AB543184) from Japan; and similarly from other Korean/Japanese specimens (Fig. 1). ACATGAGATTTTGACTATTACCACCATCACTAATCTTACTGGTCTCTTCTGCCGCAGTAGAGAAGGGGGCGGGAACAGGGTG
	AACTTTATACTTTATCCTCGGAGTCTGAGCCGGGATAGTGGGTGCTGGTATAAGACTTCTCATTCGAATTGAATTGAGCCAG TAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATACTTCTTTCTTCGACCCTGCTGGTGGTGGAGATCCTATTCTATATCAACATCTTTTT GTTTATCCGCCTCTGGCTAGTAATTTAGCACATGCGGGCCCATCAGTCGACCTAGCGATTTTTTCTTTACATTTGGCAGGAGC GATATTGGAACTCTCTATTTCATTCTCGGGGTCTGAGCAGGTATGGTTGGTGCTGGTATAAGCCTTCTCATTCGAATCGAGCT BLASTn: w56 vs. w54 from Ullungdo Id= =607/652 (93%), i.e. different taxa. GACAGTATATCCTCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATCGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTAGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCT
	CCGGGAGCCTTCCTAGGAAGAGATCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCCCATGCATTTGTAATAATTTTCTTCTTAGTTAT ATCCTCTATTTTAGGGGCCACTAATTTTATTACAACTGTTATTAACATACGATGGGTTGGCATACACTTTGAGCGAATTCCGC AAGGCAACCAGGTGCCTTCCTAGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAATACAATTGTTACAGCCCATGCATTTGTAATAATTTTCTTT H4 vs w56 large "A. carnosus" from Incheon (300 mm long)= =653/653 (100%), i.e. same taxon and thus meriting a new name as these differ GGGGCGTCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGATCTGGACTACGTCTAGAACGGA
	ACCTGTATTCATTGGGGGTTTCGGAAACTGGCTACTTCCCTTAATACTAGGAGCCCCCGATATAGCCTTTCCACGACTTAACA ¤WO20 Eisenia japonica vaga (paratype) small specimen 4 th April, 2012 (IV0000250889) TATTCGTGTGGGGAGTTTTAATTACTGTAGTACTATTACTTCTATCTTTGCCTGTGTTGGCCGGCGCAATTACTATGCTTTTAA CTGGTAATACCTGTATTTATTGGTGGATTTGGAAACTGACTTCTACCTCTTATACTAGGAGCTCCAGACATAGCCTTTCCACG from other Korean A. carnosus. TTCCACTATTTGTGTGAGCAGTAGTAATCACTGTGGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATA
	ATATAAGATTCTGACTACTGCCCCCATCCCTTATCCTACTAGTATCCTCCGCCGCAGTAGAAAAAGGTGCAGGTACAGGATG AACTCTATACTTCATTCTCGGGGTTTGAGCTGGTATAGTGGGCGCAGGTATAAGACTTCTTATTCGAATCGAACTAAGCCAA CCGATCGAAACTTAAATACTTCATTCTTTGATCCGGCCGGAGGCGGAGACCCTATTTTATACCAGCATTTGT TCTCAACAACATAAGATTTTGACTTCTGCCCCCTTCCCTAATTCTCCTAGTATCCTCTGCTGCAGTGGAAAAGGGTGCTGGAA CTACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTTGACCCAGCGGGAGGAGGGGACCCAATTTTATACCAACACCTATTT
	AACGGTATATCCTCCTCTATCAAGAAATCTAGCACACGCAGGTCCTTCAGTTGATCTAGCCATTTTCTCACTTCATTTAGCGG CCGGGAGCTTTTCTAGGGAGAGACCAACTATACAACACAATTGTGACAGCCCATGCATTTGTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTGA CAGGGTGGACAGTTTACCCACCCCTATCCAGTAACTTAGCGCACGCGGGGCCCTCAGTGGACCTGGCTATTTTTTCCCTCCA ¤w57 A. carnosus from Incheon (280 mm) (RJB)
	GAGCTTCCTCAATTCTTGGGGCTATTAATTTTATCACTACAGTTATTAATATACGCTGAAGAGGACTACGATTAGAACGAAT TACCTGTATTTATTGGGGGTTTTGGAAATTGACTTCTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCCTTCCCACGGCTAAAT ¤WO32 A. carnosus from Sammock (RJB) TTTAGCAGGTGCCTCCTCAATTTTAGGGGCAATTAACTTCATTACTACAGTTATTAACATACGATGAAGTGGGCTTCGACTA TTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCGG ¤H5 Eisenia japonica vaga subsp. n. (holotype, H) from Busan (RJB)
	CCCTTTATTCGTATGAGCTGTAGTAATTACAGTAGTTCTTTTACTTTTATCCCTCCCAGTACTTGCAGGAGCCATTACCATACT AACATGAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCATCCCTTATCCTTCTAGTGTCTTCTGCCGCTGTCGAAAAGGGGGCAGGGACGGGAT TTTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCG GAACGAATCCCCCTATTTGTATGAGCTGTAGTTATTACCGTGGTGTTACTACTTTTATCTCTTCCAGTACTTGCGGGAGCTAT GCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCA TCTATACTTCATTCTCGGAGTTTGAGCTGGTATAGCGGGCGCAGGTATAAGACTTCTTATTCGAATCGAACTAAGCCAACCG
	ACTAACAGATCGAAACTTAAATACTTCATTCTTCGATCCCGCAGGTGGTGGAGATCCAATTTTATACCAACATCTTTTC GAACAGTATATCCCCCCCTATCAAGGAATCTTGCTCATGCGGGCCCTTCAGTAGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTGCACTTAGCA GGCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACC CACTATACTATTGACAGATCGAAACCTAAATACCTCATTCTTTGACCCTGC GTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAACA GGAGCTTTTCTAGGGAGAGACCAACTATACAACACAATTGTGACAGCACATGCATTTGTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTAATAC
	GGAGCTTCTTCAATTCTAGGGGCTATCAACTTTATTACCACAGTTATTAACATACGATGAAGCGGATTACGTTTAGAGCGAA AGTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAAC TGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAAC CTGTATTTATTGGGGGTTTTGGAAATTGACTTCTACCCCTTATATTAGGAGCTCCTGATATAGCCTTCCCACGGCTAAATAAC
	¤JET173|An-415| Hodogaya-ku, Japan holotype Eisenia japonica hiramoto |COI-5P (RJB + + YH) TCCCTCTATTTGTATGAGCCGTAGTTATCACAGTAGTACTCTTACTTCTATCCCTGCCAGTCCTTGCAGGAGCCATTACCATA ATGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAA ¤w28b A. masatake from Cheyonji, Jeju (see Blakemore, 2012a) (RJB) AGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGG ATGAGATTTTGACTTTTACCCCCATCCCTTATCCTTCTAGTGTCTTCTGCCGCTGTCGAAAAGGGGGCAGGAACGGGATGAA
	GGGGTTTCGGAAACTGGTTACTTCCTTTAATACTAGGTGCCCCCGATATGGCCTTTCCACGACTCAACAATATAAGATTCTG TTATTAACAGACCGAAACCTTAATACCTCATTCTTTGACCCTGCGGGGGGCGGAGACCCTATCCTATATCAACATCTTTTTT CAGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGG AACCTTATACTTTATCCTGGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCAGGAATAAGACTACTTATTCGTATTGAATTAAGACAA GCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATCCC CAGTATATCCCCCCCTATCAAGGAATCTTGCTCATGCGGGCCCTTCAGTAGACTTAGCTATTTTTTCTCTGCACTTAGCAGGA
	GCTACTACCCCCATCCCTCATCCTACTCGTATCCTCCGCTGCAGTAGAAAAAGGGGCAGGTACGGGATGAACAGTATACCCT GGCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATC CCGGGATCCTTCCTTGGTAGAGACCAACTATATAATACAATTGTAACAGCACATGCATTCTTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTAAT GCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTAC GCTTCTTCAATTCTAGGGGCTATCAACTTTATTACCACAGTTATTAACATACGATGAAGCGGATTACGTTTAGAGCGAATCC
	CCCCTATCAAGAAATCTAGCACACGCAGGTCCTTCAGTAGATCTAGCCATCTTTTCACTTCACTTAGCAGGAGCTTCCTCAAT ¤WO22 Drawida sp. 2 fat no penis NIBR 3 rd April, 2012 (RJB) CCGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACT GCCAGTATTTATTGGTGGATTCGGAAACTGGCTACTGCCCCTAATACTTGGAACCCCAGATATGGCGTTCCCCCGATTAAAT TAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATT CTCTATTTGTATGAGCCGTAGTTATCACAGTAGTACTCTTACTTCTATCCCTGCCAGTCCTTGCAGGAGCCATTACCATATTA
	TCTTGGAGCTATTAATTTTATCACTACAGTTATCAATATACGCTGAAGAGGCCTACGATTAGAACGAATTCCTTTATTCGTAT CAAAACAAATGCTGATATAAAATAGGGTCGAGACGGAAAACACCGGGGGGGAAAAAAAACTTTAAATTTCGATCAGTTAA ACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTT AACATAAGATTTTGACTACTTCCACCATCCCTAATTTTATTAGTAAGATCGGCCGCGGTAGAAAAAGGAGCGGGCACAGGTT TTAACAGACCGAAACCTTAATACCTCATTCTTTGACCCTGCGGGGGGCGGAGACCCTATCCTATATCAACATCTTTTT
	GAGCTGTAGTAATTACAGTAATTCTATTACTTCTATCCCTTCCAGTACTTGCAGGAGCCATTACCATATTACTAACAGATCGA AACTTAAATACCTCATTCTTCGATCCTGCAGG megaBLAST: shows similarity no better than 84% for lumbricids from Europe. BLASTn: similarity ⁄93% (Id= =414/445) with Enoshima E. japonica topotype An-417. ¤WO2 A. tralfamadore Blakemore, 2012 holotype ex NIBR Incheon Jeju Gotjawal display (RJB) GTGTTGGTATAGGATTGGATCTCCCCCTCCTGCTGGATCAAAGAATGATGTATTGAGGTTTCGATCTGTTAGTAATATGGTA AAGCATAGTAATTGCACCAGCTAGCACGGGTAAAGATAAAAGTAATAGTACTACAGTAATTAAAACTCCTCACACAAATAA TGGAATTCGTTCAAAGTGTATACCCACTCAACGCATATTAATAACAGTTGTAATAAAATTAATAGCTCCTAAAATAGAAGAT GCACCCGCCAAGTGTAAAGAAAAAATCGCCAAATCAACAGATGGGCCTGCATGTGCTAAATTACTAGCCAGTGGGGGATAA ACTGTTCATCCGGTACCAGCACCTTTTTCCACTGCTGCTGATGATACTAACAGAATCAAGGCCGGCGGCAAAAGTCAAAATC TTAAATTATTAAGTCGAGGGAAAGCCATGTCTGGGGCACCAAGTATTAAAGGTAGCAATCAATTACCAAAGCCGCCAATAA ATACAGGCATTACCAAGAAAAAAATTATAATAAAAGCATGTGCAGTAACAATAGTATTATAAAGCTGATCCCTACCTAAAA ATGAACCCGGTTGTCTTAACTCAATTCGAATTAATAGTCTCATACCCGCACCAATTATTCCGGCTCACACACCTAAAATAAA ¤WO34 A. carnosus from Sido (RJB) TTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAACCGG GCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTATACCA GTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAACAACA TGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGATGAAC AGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGCTGGG GGACAGTTTACCCACCCCTAGCAAGAAATATAGCACATGCCGGCCCTTCAGTAGACCTTGCAATTTTCTCACTCCATCTTGC AGGTGCCTCATCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTAACTTTATCACAACAGTAATTAACATGCGATGATCTGGGCTACGTCTAGAACGA ATCCCACTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTGATCACCGTAGTACTATTATTATTATCCCTACCTGTACTGGCTGGGGCAATTACCAT ATTACTAACGGATCGAAACCTTAATACATCATTCTTTGACCCAGCAGGAGGGGGGGACCCAGTTCTATACCAACACCTATTT ¤w37 A. carnosus from Geoman (RJB) AACTTTATATTTTATCTTGGGAATCTGGGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCCGGTATGAGACTACTTATTCGAATCGAGCTCAGGCAA ¤H1 Drawida songae yeongdo subsp. n. holotype (RJB) TCTTTATTTTATTTTAGGTGTATGAGCTGGAATAATTGGAGCAGGGATAAGTCTTCTTATTCGTATCGAATTAAGACAACCAG GTGCCTTTTTAGGAAGCGATCAACTATATAACACTATTGTAACAGCACATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCCTAGTAATACCT GTTTTTATTGGTGGGTTCGGAAATTGATTACTACCTTTAATATTAGGAGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCACGACTTAATAATCT AAGATTTTGACTTCTTCCTCCTGCTCTTATTTTATTAGTTTCATCCGCAGCAGTAGAAAAAGGTGCTGGTACAGGATGAACAG TTTATCCTCCACTAGCTAGAAACATTGCTCATGCTGGACCATCAGTAGACCTTGCTATTTTTTCATTACATTTAGCTGGGGCT TCATCAATTTTAGGCGCCATTAATTTTATTACAACAGTAATTAATATACGTTGATCAGGGCTTCAATTAGAACGAATCCCATT megaBLAST result: ¤H6 Eisenia fetida Busan specimen (RJB)
	ATTGCCCCTGCCAGTACAGGTAGGGACAATAGTAATAGTACTACAGTGATTACTACTGCTCACACAAATAGTGGGATTCGTT ATAAAGAGTCC GCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCATTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGAATCCC CCGGGCTCCTTTCTGGGAAGGGACCAACTATATAACACAATTGTAACAGCACACGCATTCCTTATAATTTTCTTTCTAGTTAT ATTTGTATGGGCTGTCTTTATTACAGTAATTTTATTACTTTTATCTCTTCCTGTTTTAGCAGGTGCTATTACTATATTATTAAC TCTTTATTTTATTCTTGGGGTTTGGGCAGGAATAGTAGGTGCTGGTATGAGGCTCCTTATTCGAATTGAGCTAAGACAACCA
	CTAGACGTAACCCAGATCATCGTATGTTAATTACTGTTGTGATAAAGTTAATAGCTCCAAGAATTGACGAGGCACCTGCAAG GCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCGTACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAATACTAC ACCAGTATTCATTGGGGGATTTGGAAATTGGCTACTACCACTCATACTGGGAACACCGGACATAGCATTTCCACGCCTAAAC AGACCGAAATCTAAACACATCATTTTTTGACCCTGCAGGTGGAGGGGACCCAATTTTATACCAACACCTATTC GGTGCCTTCCTAGGAAGTGACCAATTATACAATACAATTGTCACAGCCCATGCATTCGTGATAATTTTCTTTCTTGTTATACC
	ATGAAGTGAGAAAATTGCAAGGTCTACTGAAGGACCGGCATGTGCTATATTTCTTGCTAAGGGTGGGTAAACTGTTCAACCT GTGCCAGCCCCCTTTTCTACCGCGGCAGATCTTACCAATAAAATTAATGATGGCGGGAGTAGTCAAAATCTTATGTTATTTA ATCGAGGGAACGCCATATCTGGGGTTCCAAGTATTAGGGGTAGTAACCAGTTTCCGAATCCACCAATAAATACTGGCATTAC ¤WO23 Drawida sp. 1 thin with penis NIBR 3 rd April 2012 (RJB) ACTCTTTATTTTATTTTAGGTGTGTGGGCCGGTATAATTGGCGCCGGCATGAGACTATTAATTCGAATTGAGTTAAGACAGCC GGGCTCATTTTTAGGTAGAGATCAGCTTTATAATACTATTGTTACTGCACATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTCTTAGTAATGCC TAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTTTGA ¤WO35 A. masatakae from Nogeyama, Japan (RJB + + TJT) AACATGAGATTCTGGCTACTGCCCCCATCACTAATCTTACTAGTATCTTCCGCCGCAGTAGAGAAAGGAGCAGGTACAGGAT GAACAGTATATCCCCCCCTAGCAAGAAATATTGCTCATGCGGGGCCATCAGTAGACCTGGCAATTTTCTCACTCCACTTAGC TGGGGCATCCTCAATTTTGGGGGCCACTAACTTTATTACTACAGTAATTAATATGCGCTGGTCTGGACTACGTCTAGAGCGA TGTTTTTATTGGTGGATTTGGAAATTGGTTGCTACCTCTTATACTGGGGGCTCCAGATATAGCTTTCCCACGTCTAAATAACA TAAGCTTCTGACTTCTGCCCCCCTCTCTAATTCTACTAGTCTCCTCCGCTGCAGTAGAAAAGGGGGCTGGGACAGGATGAAC megaBLAST result: ¤H2 Drawida songae yeongdo (paratype, P), an immature specimen (RJB) GGTATATCCCCCCCTATCCAGTAATTTAGCCCATGCTGGGCCCTCAGTAGACCTAGCCATTTTTTCTTTACACTTAGCAGGTG
	TAGAAAGAAGATTATTAAAAATGCATGTGCTGTTACAATTGTATTATATAGCTGGTCCCTACCAAGGAAGGATCCAGGTTGT CGTATTTATTGGTGGCTTTGGTAATTGATTGCTACCTTTAATGCTTGGTGCCCCAGACATGGCTTTTCCTCGACTAAATAATTT GGAACCTTATACTTTATCCTGGGAATTTGAGCAGGAATAATTGGTGCAGGAATAAGACTACTTATTCGTATTGAATTAAGAC ATCCCGCTATTTGTATGAGCAGTAGTAATTACTGTCATACTACTATTACTATCATTACCAGTTCTTGCCGGAGCTATTACAAT TCTTTATTTTATTTTAGGTGTATGAGCTGGAATAATTGGAGCAGGGATAAGTCTTCTTATTCGTATCGAATTAAGACAACCAG CTTCCTCAATTCTCGGAGCAATTAATTTTATTACCACAGTAATCAACATACGATGAAGGGGGCTTCGACTAGAACGAATTCC
	CTTAACTCAATACGAATAAGTAGTCTTATTCCTGCACCAATTATTCCTGCTCAAATTCCTAGAATAAAGTATAGGG AAGATTTTGACTTTTACCTCCGGCCTTGATCCTATTAGTATCTTCAGCAGCAGTGGAAAAGGGGGCCGGTACCGGATGAACA AACCGGGATCCTTCCTTGGTAGAGACCAACTATATAATACAATTGTAACAGCACATGCATTCTTAATAATCTTCTTTCTAGTA ACTACTAACAGACCGAAACCTAAATACATCATTCTTCGACCCAGCGGGAGGGGGGGACCCAATTCTGTACCAACACCTATTT GTGCCTTTTTAGGAAGCGATCAACTATATAACACTATTGTAACAGCACATGCTTTTATTATAATTTTTTTTCTAGTAATACCT CCTATTTGTTTGAGCAGTAGTTATTACAGTAGTACTTCTACTTCTATCCTTACCAGTTCTTGCTGGGGCTATCACTATACTTTT

JOURNAL OF SPECIES RESEARCHVol. 2, No. 2 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The collection trip was part of a Korean biodiversity project under auspices of Hanyang University courtesy of Prof. Wonchoel Lee supported by the National Institute of Biological Resources (NIBR), funded by the Min-istry of Environment (MOE) of the Republic of Korea. Sean Prosser and Natalia Ivanova of Canadian Guelph University Centre for Barcoding provided the 'JET' sample DNA results through courtesy of the director Dr Paul Hebert. Thanks for loans and curation of museum types plus access to library resources are extended to staff at NIBR (Incheon), Dr Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa (Hamburg), Dr Birger Neuhaus (Berlin), Dr Toshiaki Kuramochi (Tokyo), Emma Sherlock (London) and to Dr Csaba Csuzdi (Budapest). Anonymous referees and JSR editors are thanked for constructive comments, yet all taxonomic work/decisions are the primary author's responsibility.
Robert J Blakemore, Seunghan Lee
Survey of Busan Oligochaeta earthworms supported by DNA barcodes