Keywords: RVl!l'AN-E'L'R'L'I, ALCOHOL FI1Oll SAiVDUSL' AND OTHER WOO11 WAS'l'E. [Dee. :{I, 1908

I

givon without any grcnt cost or incorircnicnco to tho gas clopnrtnicnt. 
Xr. \\'ALTER asked wlietlicr it wns necessary to UBC sliocinlly dosigncd retorts whoro, ns in Gcnualiy, a liighor working prossurc wns niuintainctl in orcler to h h g tiown the percontogo of nitrogen in tho gns : ulvo wliother tho ortlinury fire-clny retorts could bit i~sc:tl i n the ~I!ovc ewe. 
Jh. I).\viusos, in riqily, suit1 in tlio r o d ~I I R iiitlustry tho Iit.st rtrtirrii to bi: ol~tninrtl from orclinnry gcrs-coal wns II conversion of 25 per cctnt. of tho celorilic: vuho froni tho solid into gnseous forin. \Yith Irgurcl to prod~cer gtis 75 pur cent. could IN ol)tirinctl. Jt. liud been suggestrtl tlint towns sIioii1t1 Iiu supplictl with protluccr gus, rirtlier inn con1 gns, by ~C R E O I I of tho lowor cost, of ~i~otlnction. 'no iniportnnt consitlorution, howovor, wus the titwvy 1 s t of tlistriliiition, as Iiugo holders ant1 niiriiis wvero ocessnry for tlistributing producor guy. He \vus not \varo of n sntisfnctory calorinioter for irccuriitcly trsting roducor gas. A s to tho rotortn in nsc in C:crmnny ~Iioro a cornpnrntivc~ly high prcssuro wus ~iinintiii~ietl, lioy wcro of tho ordinnry firoclny typo, [is used in thin ountry, and tliorc ~vus Iioilni~ to i ~o i i cortnin lenkagir ito tho furnuco rind tlicrcforu loss of gns. Tho test for arlion inonoxitlo wns iotline Iicntositlo ; tliu ~inrticulars Noing given i n tho Journcrl of Gas Llgliting of June 22ntl. 909, p. 823. \\'it11 rcfercnccr to street ligliting i n Uiriinrrhnrn 110 WUY rntlicr crslinmetl of it., with tliit cscuption f t h t in Victorirr S I ~I ~C . Tliuy \ v i w vitry inucli 1)oliintl bntinentrrl towns. I n Uerninny wlicro tlicrc wns n ~wi:r grndo gns iricnntlcsccnt lighting wns fur better. .'licrtt tlic orgirnisntion nnd ~uliurrisioii of tlic ligliting ~c r o suliorior, und the gns itself ti110\vcd grcntcr uniformity. 8\'1icn tho new 24 in. innin WIIS lnitl iii Ilirmiiiglirrrn tlic ontrnl streets \r.oiiltl 110 ~iiiicli bettor liglitctl tliirn they vero to-day. On tho question of price, Sl~elticld, whicli intl IL lowor liguro tluin Uirminglinm, \vns fnrournbly ,ituiited, boing ncur tho coal niiiicu. Tlroy puid tlirco to our sliillings por ton loss for tlicir c o d tliirn tho Biriniiiginm Corpornt.ion. Tlioy woro n l ~o ablo to obtnin u groat, Ion1 of olicap slack. Slicffield wns not, Iioworcr tlw owost in prico rrltliougli i t was tho lowcst in the list of .hc t.wonty-four lnrgout towns. \\'idnos siipplictl girs at 1s. por 1,000 0. ft. 

___

Parkinson irnd Cowan supply a vory siniplo m c c l i a n i s ~ whicli rccords nett value. Tlicso instruiiionts nro of immonso vnluo to tho gns-inunufaoturor ns tlioy promptly indicnto nny wnnt of uniformity in tho qunlity of tho pi mode, trnd this nffords opportunity of rectifying n tfcfect witliont tlolny. This is nll tho nioro iniportalit in these duys wliirn tlic! iuiifonnity of calorific VIIIIIC in 

so esscntinl.

Cnrburtdled rcciler grm-lii most gas-works Iiosscssiiig a cnrbiirctted wntrr gns phnt, this iiiixilinry to coalgus is only used critlier us 11 stuntl-by or ns un ciiricliing ngcnt. That it is mucli cheaper to innnnfcrctiirc tliun c o d gns is, I beliovc, tlio gcncrnl opinion of tlic oiitsitlcr. \\'it11 oil at a conipnrntirely high figure, ns it 1111s been for sonic years, carburcttcd wnter gns is probnbly on un nvc!rtrge diglitly dwrcr tlinn con1 gns, ,cniiillo for cnndlc. 
0110 crrniiot sny tliirt irny ynportiriit inilroroineritn iri wirtor-gns ninnufircturc Iinvo wen nintlc i i i tlio Inst. t r n ycnrs. 
Reaeurcic ruorl;.-Tlicm linvo been no contribntions of great ~irirctircil importance to our Icnowlotlgo of tlw chemistry of cnrlioiiizing. 
Iin~irovcinoiits linvo been niniiily phy~iciil untl mochnnical. Tho rcectionu tlint, ttilto place in t l i i ~ re1 ort nro us yot but littlo nntlcrstootl. 
[ aoultl rciiiiiitl you of the Iioltl osporinicnt in~rclc Iiy tho I3irininglinm C h i l~c~inrtnicnt~ in crwting livo yews ngo ns 11 toat-plnnt 11 coiiiplt:tc gns-works cnrl~oiiizing 24 tons of con1 pcr thy. IJitlicrto w'ct Iiirve not ~~ublislictl nny rcsrilts, chiefly for coininercinl musons. 1 may confido~itly say, Iiowcvor, tlint the r~~ii~rIinl)lc improvcinont in tho carbo~~ieing n~siilts of tho diffemnt works of the Dcpnrtmcnt is in large nieasiim uttribntablc to tho test-works, nnd justifies the ronsidcrnblc c?xprnw of its erection arid working. 

Drscusslos.

After sonio roinnrks by Ur. 11. LESSIXO, JIr. 11. T. l'lsNocn said lie \vns pletrsed to see in tho town gas industry that it wrs found neccssury to use producor-gas for Iieuting tliu rittorta. For lighting p r -I)-town gns held pritlu of plnco ; but for power nntl F" icating purposes tho clniins of Alond gns inust. IN 



  <Jf n!coliol \vns obtnincd. The feriiieiitntioii occiipi(*(l nboiit threc clnys, wlirn tIic licl~iid w s s liniitlcd over to the gnugci mid (IistiIIer wlio \van IIII c~iipIoyec of tlic United Stntcs C ~o v c r n ~~~i ~n t , and pIncctI in chnrgc of tlic iIistillrry. I:roni tho ODSJ gnIIo~is of fcr~nc~rtctl I l i i i 4 corrcslioiiding to 11007.1 Ibs. of dry wood thognilgor Icl:Ortccl 115*!P2 gallons o f iirtiof spirit or (il.(i(i giilluns of !I4 p t ~ cciit. nlculiol. This will IJC sc(n to lie cquiculwt 10 20.65 gnllons per ion of \vtintl \rnsto cnlci~lntrtl to II dry IJnsid, or 14.14 g:~llons per ton of \vootl w i i k t c r iiiclutling tlio wet twwIiIst whicli coiitaiiicti over 70 per cent. of nioistiirc. This ~ilcohol wlicii rrctilictl to 94 per cent. is of n potnhlc spirit, crystnl white, nntl cnrrics no trncc of odoiir or flnvoiir of wood. It cotitnilis iio trncc of iiietliyl ~ilcoliol or of tlicl Iiiglicr nlcoliols siicli us fiisi4 oil Iiiit, gives t l w rcwtioii for trcices of fllrfll~ul lllltl llltlrllyde. At I i r w r i i t tliure Iins bccii littlo or notlii~ig tlo~ie to\rnrcln utilizing or iiitlcctl clctorniiiiin r tho qunntily nnd valuu of tlic iiy-iiro(lucts rcsuitiiig troni tlio innniifnctiiro of otliyl nlcoliol I I ~ this ~)roccss. Tho Stnntlnrtl Alcolrol C O I I I ~~I I I ~~ 1111vti conturitcc tliuiiisclvcs with niriiiiifnctiiring worl;iiig o u t of tlio by-l)rotIiicts to tlio fiiturc. Tlio \vood wastu left. Iicliiiid nftor coniplo~o oxtractinii is n frinblo cclluloso iiiitl rc~ircsciits irlioiit (!dO/, of tlio origiiinl wood, of ~vliicli nuly ii1:out oiic-tliirtl i H reiiilorccl nolul~lo iiiitl ostrrictctl Iiy tho process. This inittorial, nccortliiig t o tho 1)rcsimt lhi, is to I)o squeozcd bctivceii iisctl IIH fuel. !lhyuiitiii(i niid ncotic ncitl nre found i n tlic iibeorptioii tiiiiks nftw lilowiiig i n tlic ntcnni from tliu convurtor wit1 will no d O l l \ J l bc rccororcd. 111 I'rnnco tlicrc is iii oporntion niiotlior prociwi for tliu Illnlluflrctllrcl of ctllyI Illcollol f l O l I l wootl \vnsto. 1 Iino\r notliiiig of tliis ~N J C U S H lioyoiitl nh trccoiiiit of it, wliicli iip~icnrcd in tho C~eii(~rii1 'I~lcctrio I~cview of Soptcnibora l!l0!l, Iiv C:. U. Ijordu, Tlio cliiiiiis for this pioccw I I ~U iiitt+rtsstiIig m i ostrnortliiiiiry. IJiiic~ing t ~i c ~n r ~i ! I i iiroriw IJdOre flddillg tllC ycnHL R b O l l t lllllf R IJIILIIICI Of I l l l d t 8I)mIIts I1 vitry cllcnll lllltl ]"lro ctllyl Illcollol Illld llnvo left tllo I'OIIL'I'S, tlI'id llfll't 1 




  nrid t~icii AT/? sodiuiii b i c n r i h t t u is run from It liircttc, nt first nt the rntc of nbout 2 or 3 drops per second. 'Iio COntuiits of tho flnsk lllust bo \ v d shllicll t h ' 0 U g ~l O l l ~ lie titmtion. Each dro of sodium bictrrboliiita ns it. ouc~ics tliu liquor gives u E ~n c ~i lirecipitatu w~iio~i instautly lissolrcu. Sliould tho blnck prccipitntu of ferrous ulpliidu iiot form, i t is it sign tlint iiisuficiciit liydrogcri ulpliidc is presoiit. Who11 tlic zinc sulpliido C ~I I I I I I U ~O ~B o turii grey, tho sodium bicnrboiirrte is trddcd 111oru lowly, slinkiiig for four or five sccorids nftcr tlic ntldition if every 0.1 o x . Fiilnlly, o m drop will cliange the colour o it dccidcd cliocolnto, wlicn tho titrnt ion is finislictl. i C.C. of Ar/2 sodiuiii bicnrboiinto solutioii is uquivnleiit to b016 grin. of ziiic. The sodium bicnrboiintc solution Y nindc by dissolviiig 42 p i i s . of bicnrboiinto in wirtur tint1 tliliitiiig to oiiu litrc. 1110 solution is stnbh, but i t is idvisablu to titrntu n liiiowii nniouiit of zinc ulongsidtj .he snniplo till the oporntor bcconies nccustomd to tho !iid point, t.trkiiig the suniple to tlic sniiiu tluptli of colour. L'lic bicarboiinto solutioii is stniitlnrdised us follows :-).15-0.28 grin. of ziiic is ~~~e n s u r e d iiito D 600 C.C. flnsk, iiid 80 c.c. of snturntctl iininioiiiuiii chloritlc soliitioii iiiitl I ~O U L 0.1 grw. of furrow sulpliatu w e added. Tl~u joliitioii is ~ieutriilisccl, treirtctl with Iiydrogoii sulpiiiclo. wid titrntctl 11s tluscribctl nborc for tliu nctunl detoriiiinntioii of zinc. The end point is iiiorc distinot if tho ferrous aulplratu is aclded nbout 0.5 c.0. beforo tho finish. oiic, or nt tho iiiost two d r o p of sodium bicurboiinte r;olutioii cniisu n clistiiict tlrirltciiirig tlint is not innturinllg iiicrensed Iiy t l i o ntltlitioii of n fiirtliur cubic cciitimetrt*. 111 cnrryiiig out tho dotoriiiiiintio~i of zinc Lg this nict ~i o t ~, tiio foIIowiiig ptiiiits iiiiist ~i u noted :-(A) co~qlor, lentl, lilld bisnlutll, lllllCSS ],rcsont o d y iii trncus, Iiiust l)u rumo~ed Iiy iiiuaiis oi iron guuet or Iiytlrogoii sulpliidu iii ncitl soliitioii. (u) lroii diould be p~csciit in tho' forrous stnte otlicrwisu the iioutrril poiiit, is obsoured. Hcnt irih with iron wire or HIII~IIII~OIIS ncitl sli(!udily ncconililislii~: this. (a) Tho voluiiio of ~olutioii slioultl be nboiit 1. 50 0.u irftur nddiiig hydroguii sulpliidu wiitur, wliuii tho zinc in 0.1-0*3 griii. lf tho ziiie is ~irusciiL iii siiiiill cluniitit.y HILY 0.1 griii., it slinrpor o ~i t l runotion is givciii if t1ii \~ollllllll clous llot oscood 70 01' 80 e.c. (I)) As iii the eiisu of iiiolit zinc titnttions, tlii coiitlitioiis slioulcl I)u us iit!ni* nliktt ns Iinwililtt iii sniiipli Illltl olluok tost. 


con- sidorcd. His orpcriuuco wns that suction gns did not como fully IIIJ to cxpectntions ; wliilo tliu cost of lubour and water, nssocintcd with sucli 11 plniit, und tho wastc of timo in starting up, took iirvtry niucli of tlio efiiciciicy of tlru plniit. Ho desirctl to know wlietlior tliu new F6ry spiral pyronioter was ns nccurulc uq tho thermo.conplc type

  

. I)r. DAVIDYOX : Very nearly ; t h y ugrcu closely. Mr. PINNOCK, continuiiig, snit1 
lie rognriIotl tho rucortlinl calorimotor ns u ueuful invention. Ilis lirni wcro nnfor tunatcly

  situated, in that t h y lrud 



un II ipurntus wliicl no ono o~so Iind. NO one was nblo to worl; it, cscopt t1ic profewr who nindc it. I t wns mudo to strtiafy tlic roquiroinonts of the Botird of Triido, in ordor tlint tliq gns might. bo tested nt iiny tiiiio ; unil wlioii (in officiii canio Iiu would probnbly bo unnlilo to uso it. $ 1 ~ wn muoh iiitorostcd in Professor Burstall's new tor

  ortrnctilil fan. Ho understood a test lind beer1 matlo and tlint tlic fnn brouglit out tho lust truces of tar from tlic gna. 



A h . N. P. 
J300.rii irskctl IIOW to tlutcct niinuto tr~rcc

  

of carbon monoxitle in air-this being it 1iroIilo1i wit wliieli Iio WBB recently fucocl ? Jlr. 11. 13. B A ~T Y sirid Iio rcgnrtled Victoria Squiirc Uiriningliani, us tho expt~ri~nonttrl liglitiug nrrrr 1111, aupposotl it WIIB tho sliow plirco of wlist could bir pru duced at Saltlo . A fricnd of his, who know Eiiropo wcll looked upon tint pnrt of ljirinin *1iiim ti8 t ~i o IJUtlt. grl lig~itod nrna 110 lind ovor soen. d i u t ~i n g to t ~i o ObSO~\'ll tions us to tho ~iaplithtrlono troulilo tlio gns oxprtw w i r to bo congrntulntod upon gutting rid 01 tho nuimiic( In tlio stutisticul rccord on 1 . 1 1 ~ pricea of girs Dr. Duvitlso waa not asliarnod to statu tho prico ellurgotl ut Sliefiielt! Ho was gltrd to 
licur tliiit high prossuro giis would b Canadian Section.

  $21.60 IIOP ton. 0110 toil of cmii.gircs about 00 gallons of alcohol of 91 per cent. nt n cost of 24 



--prosont 
ccnts per gallon for raw mntcrinl. About t,wo gallons of rnw nlolusscs produce I gnlloii of 94 per cciit. nlcohol, nnd this raw niaturinl costs 21-22 cciits. Tlio riLw inrtcriiil

  of Ikrinnn nlcoliol )ins b c ~i cstiinntecl to cost 20 to 21 cent*.pi!r gnllon of ulcoliol of this strungtli.Tlierii is I L ~iroccss in which IL waste product of noiniiinl coiirniercinl riiluc is the ritw rniituriiil from wliicli fornicii:nl)lo siigiirs cnn bu obtoiiirtl. The nctunl cost of snwtlust nntl otlicr wood ivnuto to m y inclustry is dinicult to cstiiiintt?. 111 soiiie locnlitics, wlicro tho quantity of wnste is riot grrat, IL locnl ~i i i i I k c t for i t lins brwi cstnl~lislicd, u i i d i n nmt forms it linq IJCCII clisliosrtl of nt it SIIII~II prolit. 'L'lio Inrgcr iiiills, ,now tlint olcctricity is of such gciicrnl npplicntion, liuvu i n ninny cnses iiicrcnsccl their pn\vc" a i d lint1 nn cconoinia outlc!t for nll fornis of woort wistu ns fuel fur genornting this po\vcr. Tliore rcinriin, Iio\vcvcr, tho grcnt ninjority of tho Iiirgct snwinills of this continent 



whore the wood wnstc liiis citlicr to IJO tlisl:oscd 01 by wwduxt buriiciu at IL enst. of ril:oiit 20 cents

  . 11cr ton, or iillowcd to ncciiniiilntc in Iiciiliq 1111oii the lnntl. or is tiirntil into r i u udjoining sticnni to bu a iiuisniici! nntl un injury for riiiiiiy ytniu, if iiot for geneintioris. Any industry rinploying \rood wnsfo situntetl i n tlic vicinity of n Inrgu niill of tlic Inst-mentioned clii?;., should IN ublu to olitnin wnstc for tlie cost ofJr,iiin1)ortritioii nnd linntlling which u 



i ~l c r nioilcrntcly fiivouriiblc? contlitiiiiiu AH 1 sliiill Intur wplnin

  , ant! ton of fiiiwtliist 



or utlior coiiiniinutctl wood wnsto ciilciilntctl to 11 dry h i s cnn bu ninilc to yield alout 40 grilloiis of nlcoliol of !I4 ~iercciit. This tlicn reduces tliu co:+t of rnw ninturiiil froui 20-24 cc!iits to 2 or 2.k cents

  

pi!r gnllon of nlcoliol. lins bccu lilio\vii to cliciiiists for ncrnrly it cc*ntury. l~ruconnot ris cnrly ILH 18 I!), Iiy Iicnting wood crlliilost: with sulpliurie ncid, liroiliicrcl n pulp which cuiitiiind glucose. TIic sulpliuric ricid, Iiowxur, could not lie ecoiiouiicully rciuorctl. Silica 
t l i c ~~ no process IUIS Iiccn cicviscd until quito recuntly for Iiyilrolysing ccllulosc nud nllictl boilius ccoiioniicully. Suiiierous ntteiiipts Iiuw l~ocii inuilo to t.olro this piol)lciii niicl tho list of pitents on tllu subject is 11 Irirgu ouc. Prior to 1900, wlicn tlio Cliissoii piitwits \vero talicn out,, tliu Iiydrolysing effect of iiiiiny crciils on stnrcli nnd tlic celluloscs 11ud IJCOli atudicil oiitl tlic processes prttcntcd. C. l'opc, for instnnco, in lS!)Y obtnincd 11 p t o i i t for Iiyiliolysing &rch untl ol)tuining forinentublo sugnr by sulpliuric acid, nnd Eiiinr Siiiroiiscn iii 18!)b: IL 11utun1; to ~i ~i i l c u nugnr or glucojo fmui snwtlust by tliu trction of dilute sullihiiric licit1 (seu tl& J., lS98, 3OB. 481, 11ti-l). Siilpliiiroii~ acid lind long IJCCII IIMCII to liiitko WOO^ lid I floni coinniiiiutctl \rmd Lofore t~lesu pritoirts ; i t \ w 4 nlso \ ~I I 1iIiOtvI1 tlint \vliu:i sulpliuroiis acid WILY Iicntetl with \vootl, sulpliiiric rrcitl was al\rciys fornictl wllicli took pnrt in tho rcnction, cuid its nctioii wis pro\~eiitcd in pulp-ninking by tho uso of crilciuiii bisulpliitc, tlic sulpliuric ncitl coniliining with thc cnlciuiu IIY it wiis protluccd. Ur. t\lcsnndcr Clansuii of tho l'olytcrliiiic Scliool of 2 \ ~i u l ~u ~~, lal led in 1!JOO tliiit. sulpli~iroiis ncitl ill iiqucoua Bolutioii uiitlor Iiruwiirct co~~vcrtcd tlio oclli~losu of wood illto glucosu untl tllttt t.lio product could LO fcrrnciitctl in He )nteiitcd thin process a11 ovor tile worltl, but tllo original IiiutIioiIs ns atuted iu tliu putci\t provctl to Ill! c r ~t l u c t i d W\\\ orIi+lilc. Tliu clnini in ns follows :- " Tho ~iroccss of coiivurtiiic* ccllulosu into sugnr, which consists i n lieutiny 1110 ci!lluToso in u c ~i i s c t ~ \*csso~ lit 11. telupuruturu of 120°-lW C. with it s:olution of snl iliuroutl J., 1900, 1028: 11101, 744, 1005.) , Aftor siicccssful us~~eriniuiits in 11 tcst ~i l i i i i t urcclotl Iiy C\arno~i in A~iclioii, I L eiinilar plwit oii 11 liiryijr sciilu ~v u s sllollltl not csccutl 30-50 C C l l t V prr ton.* T h t f ~~l l l ~l f i l l b ~t ~ Sllgllr L'Ull h0 ~~~U d l l ~C t ~ fl'0lU \VUOtl ~ t11u iiuiiiil wiiy yirliling ot Iiyl iilroliol. lllltl YIIIIlIIUl.iO IICidS HllbH~~lltill~~y IIY tloSWilJc1l

  
	." ( T b
	-~

Tundcrs liavc bcca olrerc!d l o dellver ZOO gnrds iiwiy, eoo toiis of sawdust, oh., liar tiny ut CG cte;pcr ton: !rcctod a t Hatticsburg, Miss. Tho plant included thc ollowing clciiicnts : . 1. An ncicl nppnrntus w h o tho solution of sulphurous ncid was propared niid wIioro tho oxccssof sulphur dioxide nftcr UYC could lie re-nlisorliccl nnd snrett for further utilisntioii. feet long, nut1 al)out 31) inclics i n cliuineter, wIiicIi forllicti t Iic converter o r

  
	tligwtcr.
	3. A i i csliaustiug bottory consisting of n series oi
	Intilie i n wliicli

tlio sugnr wns wnslictl from tlic pnrtly oonrertrcl suwtlust, by hot wntcr. 4. Xciitrrilising rnts in \rliicli tho rnrioiis ncitls Icinnining in the succlinriiic liquitl were ncntrnlisccl l ~y cnlciuiii

  cnrlioiiutc. 5. k"wiwntnIion rnts, nntl n still, w l ~c r o tlic process I A V I ~~ coiupletetl 11s in n n ordinary tlistillury. The nooil wnstu wns introtliicctl inlo tliutligcstcr(wliicli t ncnrly, but. not ooniplutcly filled), nuido of iroii .inctl with lend to prevent nctioii of the sulpliuric wid. wid H I I I ~U I I I K I ~~I Iiy n stcirni jiickct by a.hicli it wns Iientcd. This rrrolviiig cylintlcr lint1 IL capcity of nliout two toils. 



To the clinrgc of wood wnsto ~i i s ittltlctl IL wright of IL necirly sliturntctl

  

solution of H I I I ~I I I I ~ tliosida corrcspoading in itbout unc-third of 
tlie ruw innterinl. Tho clruni svns

  

:losctl riir-tight nntl 
stcuiii tur~ied into tlio jncltct wliilo ilio yliulc slowly rcvol\wl. Tlic tcnipcrnturu of tliu iiterior WUR thus slowly rnisctl to 2BOo-:i000 E., nuJ tlic iircssuru to abnut ono hiiiitlrccl pouuils. Lifter froiii four to

  

i i s Iiouw tliu siilpliuroiis wit1 atid s t e u i ~~ wcrc blown off nto tliu nbsorbiiig tanks wid tliu siilpliur dioridu thus iiirtiullg recovered. 
The corer wns reiiiovoct tmd tliu )ontents ciiiptict~ Ioo1;iiig t~icii very

  

li~tu fiiic~y groiincl :offee. This lincly diritlctl, trcntcd wootl wns conveyed o tliu exlinustion bnttcrios nnd tlic &gar oxtrncted. The iquiil obtniiicd, coiiti\incd from :P5O--kOO 11. of sugnr for !null toil of ruw iniitorinl trcntcd. Tlio nost s t e p iveru .o nciltnilisc tlic acid liquid, crllo~v it toclccir by sulisidoiicc, p i n i p it into the fornicntntioii rats, furliieut it. by ycnst u d clistil the 
protluct in tho usiinl wuy. jt wns clniincd for tlic pruccss tliiit cncli ton of wootl wnete gnvu ubout The Iustory of tho originnl Cluescii process is nn uxcullent x a t u p l u of IIOW 11 ~Jluccss wliicli will giro very good rcsdts :sl~eriini~ntiil scnlc, will just fnil to siiccccd wlicn nisgiiilictl in it sixo iicccsaiirly for tvorliiiig on IL coniiiicrcinl bnsis. Evcii tlic stri~iigc~t siip~~orlctrs of tho originnl Chsscn prociw do not iiow Iiclicvc-it to lie II s~ieeess irs 11 ~iioni

  

!yiiinlting propsition.l'lic tliliiciiltirw in the wily to success for this ~iroccss nru ~xpl:rincd to IIC : ( I ) 
Tliu length of tiuio ncccssnry to convert 14 to 2 tons of wootl, this rcquiriiig froin 4 to ti Iiours

  

;(2) t h c~unntity of ncitl rcquircd ; (3) tliu prolongctl 
nctioii of so niiicli ncitl cuid \vtitcr iii tliu rotutiiig convcrtcr retlitcetl tliu wood to it very Iiiiu

  p\vder null fornicti iuuch sulpIiuric ric:itI wIiicIi, illting on 



tho sugiir rrlld 01 Ilel' Sllbstllll~cS, ~) r I N ~I J c I ~t ~ glllns tilid ctl~llIlJch, nlld so nintlo tho coinploto

  0x1 rnction of the sugnr from tlic rcsitluo very tedious und usliensiru. (4) The buckling nuti brerrlting of tliu lend lining of the convcrtcr, wliicli Iind to bu rqinireil after erory t n o or t l i r w opurnti(iiis, untl proved I L very grcnt EU~II'CU of ilelny nntl uspciisc. Tliu Iilruit h i l t in tliu Unitctl States, wliicli in relmtetl to Iinru cost, for buildiiig niitl ~vorltirrg for it yew u l y i t $2ao,ooo, litis not been used for soniu tiiiic. Two clieiiiicnl ctiiginccrs, Jliilcoliii I?. Ewon iinrl C. H. Toiidinsoa, wlio 



wcrit nssociatctl witli t 
Iiu Clnsscii procrss, hot11 in Gcrniiiny niid tho Unitctl Stntcs, finding the original

  

~~rocctis unlilccly to ~irovu 11 coulniurciiil U I I ~~C Y S , obtiiiucil ~l l ~~~~l i l l ~i l l Iiiiancid nid from IL Chiengo unginuur, ?tli*. J. 11. JSwri), rind in 1!1O4 bcgnri cxporiniciiting i i l t i i i ~ nuw lilies to uvor oonio thu ilillicultics wliicli pre\wnted tliu old procem froni beiiifi IL succwa. Tlio rusiilt of t.lii*ir rcsriirclies und oqiuriinuntx \ins Iiccn to shorttin I Iiu tiniu of the hydrolysis i u tliu c o u w r t 
w from His lioiirs to 40 01' 45 iiiiuiilur, to ohtoin tlio t,ruutod WO~MI wntlto in n form wliioli ooiild 2. A ruwlritig cylinder, IS-20 ~llllolls of ubsolutc .nlcol1ol. in I L Il~llorlitory scnIc, llllll good rCsu11H u('c11 on 11 Inrgcr [UCC. 31, 1000. Tlic wood wnstc! in tliu scconcl clinrgc nftcr trcntmcnt rcscniblcd tho lientcti shnvings, but wns finor nncl lind a' powerful nronintic odour iinti gnvc t . 1 ~ foIlo\viiig rcslilts :

  ........................................ 


	per cent.
	34-63

kisturc 
rota1 rediicirip RII~III-A

  ............................ 


	14

.28 :itlciilntetl to dry Imis

  ........................... Totnl ncidlty ..................................... )liuric neitl ................................... RIIPILM, fcriiicntcd ....................... 


		24.18
		I-IZ
		0,353
	R ~' d i i C i i i ~	10*U7

juli 
Voii-fernieiitetl iiinttvr, sylose, ete

  .. ................ 



3-21 Tho totnl \wight of wnstc \vood in tlic form of snwdust and

  xlinviiigs in tlicsc two clinrgcs wns 8760 lb., or cnlculntetl to n dry basis, 6007.1 Ib. T l ~c trcntctl wood \vns tlicn cslinii~tctl with lint wntor hi tlie ostrnclioii Iinttcry. Tlic liquid coiitnining tho siignr from tlicsc two chnrgcs \vns collcctcd in ono storngo tnnk nncl occupied n roluiiic of 2964 gallon^, or 21),150 Ib. in \vciglit. The iiiinglcd liquo~a coiitninrtl 5.0 1)cr cent. of reducing siignrs c~~lciili~tctl to dcstrosc. Tlic t o l d nciclity wns 0 4 4 pcr cent. cnlcillntcd to 8111pliiiric acid ; of this 0.91 per cciit. \vns xiilpliiiric ticid niid tiic I)nlnncc wns c~inposcd of ncctic ncitl, n littlc siiI1iIiuroiis iiciti, nnd nrolnntic C 



O I I I ~~O I I I I ~I ~ of tlic type of py1ng111Iol. Tlit* ~iresciico of the ~)olyplie~iols nnd tnniiin

  bodies wns innst obriol~rc. 0 1 1 neiitrnliring this solution witli Iiinc nnd clilciiilii cnrlwnntc it I~InckcnctI rnpidly 



nncl \vIicii rc-ncly for fcriiicntntion lint1 1111 inky COIOII~ tluc to tiit. tisitintion of the nnmatic PIII~H. Tlio liqiiicl nlso containid II COllSidCldJlC iiiiioiiiit of fiirfiirol. As tlicrc

  in littlo or no iiitmgci~o~~s iiintcrinl Hiiitnlilo for yenst food iii tlic liquor it. 



tlors wit. frr~~iciit, tvcll nlolict. II~IICC \vns ritltletl to II wit. of

  

:I000 gnlloiis 11s food for tlic yenst. 111 this cs~icriiiiciitnl phiit vnrious fonus of ycnst Ilnw Iicen tried. Tiic ~i r o b i c ~~~ ns to ivhich pnrticriltrr breed of ycnst will giro tho 
best rcsiilts wns, .in Junc Inst

  , still ~i~isoivcti. T ~I C p w t iiscd 



in my esiwrinieiit wns bruwcm' ycnst froiir 11 ~ieiglil~onring

  lngcr Ilrcr browcry which \VW found to give coiistnnt. nncl rcgiilnr ferinciitntioi~s,' lmt, not inorc tliiin 



75 to 60 per cent. of

  

tire tlieoreticnl yii*Icl 
11 n 1)crfoi~itctl tnb pnssing t~iroiigli t ~i c triinions oi tfic cylinder nntt thus tliroiigli tlic cciitio of tlic revolving iiinss of

  Iic qiiicldy nnd cfficicntly cstrnctctl, to dovisc n convcrtcr wliicli is not. in tlic lcnst dcgrcc afrcctcd by the proccss, t o rctluco tlic quantity of ncitl eniployctl, mid to obtnin IL very unifor~n n n t ~ Inrge yicItI of fennciitnblc sugnr froiii n~ootl \vnstc. Iins control of tlic I h ~c n -Tonilinson ptonts. Tliis cspcri~iiciitnl plnnt wns coinposctl of iiiiib of conuucrcial cnlincity, nnd wns sct up in \vorI;sIiopi i n tlia groiinds of n Inrgc iiiiicliiiicry iiinnllfnctory. I t coiisistctl of tlic sn:iic clcnicnts us thoso required for thc olcler process, ti ;., tlic ncid geiicrntiiig nnd rccovcry appwntcis, n converter or digester, n bnttcry of di~~usion cells to cstrnct tlie xiignr, iiciitrnlising nntl storngc tanks, fcrniantntioii vats. nntl II tlistillory. Tlic converter in iisc nt Cliicngo \vns n revolving cylindcr, 12 fccb by Y, of steel, lined with fire-brick, nnd sct in n cciiicnt of lcnil osidc nntl glycerin. It lint1 IL cnpncity of nboiit. two IOIIH of slinvings or tlircc of snwhst. Tlic wood \vnste, snwdiist, alinvings, or siiinll chips, nrc duiiipetl into tlic conrcrtcr, wliicli is coinplctcly lillcd, nntl is tlicii closcd nir tight. Giiscoii~ siilpliiir diositlr in nicnsiired qnnntity, only niioiit 1 pcr cent. by wiglit of tlic dry wootl, in introtiiicccl tliroii tlio mwdiist. \\'lion tho required qiiuntity IIIW bccn ndtlctl tlic siilplriir cliosidc is tiiimetl ofl nntl livc stcnm is introcluccd tlii~iigh tho mint tulm till n prcssiirc of nl)out 100 Ib. isrcnciied. lttnkcsfroni 1010 16 iniiiiitcsto gct tlic contents of tlic tligcstcr licntctl 111) to tho required tcnipcrn. tiirc. Tho stcnni is tlicii cut off nntl tlic digester rcvolrcs slowly for nnotlier 40 to niiii~~trs, tlic tciiipcrntllrc iuitl ~ircssiirc bcing kept coiistnnt, \vlicii tlic liytlrolysis is coniplctc. Tlio stonni, cnrryiiig wit 11 it. tho tcI' liCllCH, the osccss of siilpliur tliositle, nntl ~o i i i o occtie ncitl, is tllcri clisclinrgetl into tlic absorption tnnk. Tlic ninnholc is ngnin opened nntl the coffcc-coloiirctl chips uiitl 



This process, by tlio coiirtesy of t!io pntcntecs, I W f l H cnnblctl to study i n .Jiinc, 1!10!J. nt Cliicngo IIciglits, nliout 90 iiiilcs from tlio city of Cliicngo. Tho Iilnnt wns erected by tlic \\'ootl \\'nstc I!rotlucts Conipnny, now ciillctl tlic Stnntlnrd Alcohol C!oiii~~nny, wliicli 
~t i ~t l i i ~t tlisclinrgetl

  

into n \'-nlinlictl I)in whicli siilipliw tlic! conveyors going to tlic difluaion 
crlls. In tho pinlit, iiow brill, ir Iiuilt~ fur tlic Uu l'oiit I'o\vclcr Coin~inny nt Ocorgctowii. S.C, it is ~i ~o l ~i i l ~l ~ t l i t w will

  

be tlircc or four convcrtcw, (yg-slinpd or spliericnl. niitl cnlinlilc of tiilcing four to five tons nt. one churgc. T'bcse nrc to bc so nrrnngcd 
thnt \vIicii tlin tligwtioii iii ono is coniplctetl tlic stct~ni iintl ncitl niny IJI? tlircctly tlisclinrgcd into II sccontl digester nlrrndy lillrtl with wootl wnstc-, t1111s snving tiiiiu nntl imlitqwt? in rrcovcring tlio iicitl of cncli oliiirgc. Prom tho convortcr tho trcntctl wood is coiivcyetl to tlic cstrnctioii I)nttory ivlicrt~ it is rnpitlly iiiitl alfcctivcly c~sliniislotl by h o t wntor. the nciil liqiiiti iieiit rnlizctl with slii1;ctl liinu niitl ~i i ~l i ~i i i i t ~, ~illo~vcd to scttlc in the sttttliiig tiink, triid tlicw 1iiiiiipcd t o tho tlistillory. feriiicntctl riiitl clistillctl

  'I.'lio firs1 coiitniiicd :W4 1, . of slinvinp froiii Cliicngo Xlls, nir t1r. 



.corivcrtor \vcro usctl. 
y niid nln:o~t riitircly

  pine. This cnrricd lX*O1 per ct!nt. of iiioistiirc, nlnliing tlie dry wood crpivnlcnb, 2948.8 lb. Tlio xccoiid clinrgc consisted of 2 



!192 11). of sliiivings nntl 2105 11). of wet linrd\vootl H I I \ V ~I I ~~, coiisistiiig cliielly of onli but witli m i i c liiiir. !l'lic total weight of llin qcconrl cliiirgc wis 50!17 111. with II dry wood cqiiivnlciit1 of :I058 lb. This secoiid clinrgc \vns inndo with 11 ricw

  of testing tlic clkct of tho ~iruccss oii sawdusl cnrrying 11 wry liigli pcrcciitngc of iiioithirt*. Tlic sn\vtlust gnvo on nnalyfiis 70.4 pcr ccnt. moisture. Tlie product of tlio sction of stcnni nntl sulpliur tliosido on tiin liist clinrgc of slinviiigH W H 11 frinblo IJIOWII ~) r o d i i c ~ rcsonibliiig tnn bprl; or cob, with n 



friigriiiit nroiiiiitic otloiir niitl strongly ncitl. iicr cent. 32-23 .iotnl reducing supitrs

  

.. , ..... , , .................. 13.70 "0.2~l lotul ucidlty ( ~8 nulpliiirlc ncitl, Sod ............ , 1.% Sul iliuric acid (SOJ) 
nre stntctl in the roport. From tho ~irofoirntl cliniigo olfcctcd i n tho clinrnctcr of tho wood, Iio\vcver, tlio process must be grcntly ~~roloiiged nnd t.lio sulpliuric

  on u commorcinl scale tlic coinpnriy who controlled tliouo lintelits for Prance nrc reported to liaro P o modilictl tho Iirocoss ns to largely increase tlro rnliic of tlie by-~irod~cts, cliicfly tlie ncctic ncitl nnd tho solid tnilings. nitd cnii still 11rodiic.o nbout 20 gallons of nlcoliol per ton. Tlio ruiv nintorinl is trented in a Clnsscri convcirter with n solution of siilliliurous ncitl n t n ~ircssurc of 100 Ib. Neitlicr tlic tiniu roquirrd-n most iniliortnnt. itrrn-nor tlic furin of tlic converter nor yet the quantity of ucid uscd ncid formed gi\wri cirnplo op]iortntiity to nttnck tlic ccllulosc. Tlie cligcstecl innss is nllo\vetl to pnrtly cool ill tliu digester wlicn it is found to Iiiivo sIiruiikc~i nhoiit 25 per mot. Tho sulliliiiroiis ncitl is recovcretl nnd the iuatcrinl froin tho digester pnsscd o ~u r to n scpnrntor in whioli the ncctic ncitl is rccovcrctl Iiy vn~iourizing it with stenui. 


	. . . . . . . .	--. . . .

, , , , , , .................... , . 0.418 I(IW Uiiferinriitcd siipiirs, sylorc., i-lr. , , b . I . , . ,, ,. , . , , . , 3410 i l l tilo tt$sts I lllntic or tilu IlinIIt two cilIIrK(!~ tif t i l r Annlyais of'tliis gnvo : ?!olnturo .... , .......... , ..... , ................. , ~!llcllllltetl to dry bllnis , , . , ... , ... * * . * ............ ~teAuoiiig nuguru, ferinuiitcd .................... , . , unworkublo 
Tliu wliolc IIIIIHS, without niiy cittciiipt at, sc~inrnting tho sugnr, is

  tlioii ncutrnlizctl, inntlc into n innsli, wliicli is furniciitetl rind distilled in the snnio way 11s nn ordiiiitry g r i n iiinsli is Iinndlctl i n it wliiskytlistillury.Tlic tniliiigs fronl the still nro coni~irc~sct1 nntl tlrietl RS iii t h e previous process liy wnstc giiscs froni tliu Iioilcrs. Tliis niittcrinl is clninictl to be u d u l i u nstockfootl, orcnn lie bricluetted or inised initli inngncuin to form nrtificinl stone (Jf vnlno. 111 nli uspcrinicnt coldiictctl by the writer I nni quoting, lie olitiiiiiccl from 3'200 11, . of rcfusc \\out1 211 gflllOI1S of 91 per cent. 



nlcp!iol. 76 Ib. of ricctic aci;~ and 1800 Ib. of

  stnck food. lIic viiluu of this lie cstinintcs as follo\w : S I~ntcnteos in tho. Clnsscn liliint. Rrondly slicnking, t110 cost is nl)oiit tlic snnic 11s tlint rcqiiiretl to p r o d ~c ~ ~tlcohol froni p i n I J ~ tiny 0 t h stnrcliy material. Outside tho convcrtor itself t h o is riotliing uscd in tho plnllt, whicli is not qiEtcd on tho ninrkct and nindo for other purposes. \\'itliout going into cfatnils, n pIent cnpnblo of Iinndliiig 100 toils of dry snwtlust in a ten hour day, 01' working coiitiniiously, 200 toils per dny, including builtlings of a sini~ilc clittrnctcr wid of chcnp sul~stniitinl construction, \vns cstinintetl nt $99,500. Tlic tlnily cost of ninirltolinncc, including intcrcst, tloprecintion, Inbour, ntid IiiotoriaL rillowing 60 cents pcr ton for the snwdust or otlicr wood wnstc, would iinioiint to $21'7, i.e., $217 for 100 tons, 


	17-25
	830.11 -
	25.41
	$30.41

Alcol~ol n t 40 c. per gull.. ........................ 8.00 Acctic, ncid n t 0 c. pcr Ib. ........................ 4-50 Htock food :it SO3 per ton ....................... s Estininted cost of production .....................7.00 ;Vet prollt ....................................... -If this l o a truu cstiinntu of tho vnluo of tlic iirotliicta ___ --. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ 
or 52.17 for 20 gnlloris of nlcoliol, 90 11cr cent

  ., or a nett cost of 10. 



8 ccntv Iicr gnllon. No nlloivsnco is horo mndc for fuel, snvo the cost

  of drying tho unuscci Iiortioil of tho sawtliist. This cstiniittc further is inndo on it plri1it not slllnllcr tllnrl 100 tolls. \\'lion one consitlcrs tho 1iossililo vnluc of the Iiy-liroductR from n largo plant, and the fnct tlint quito 20 p r cent. of tho ttvnilnblc sugnr \vns not fcrmoiited in tlic cxpcrinicntx inntlo last June, it woultl nppcnr tlint clicnp iiidustrinl alcoliol linn nt Inst arrived.* Ethyl nlcoliol from grnih 04 per cont., nvcrngos nbout 52 cents to tliu conniiiuer witliont tho 



U o v e r i i ~~i ~n t tns, nritl denatured nlcollol from .is to 60 ccnts. i\lcoliol iiindu froin

  refuse wood slio~lld not cost tho consuiilcr inore tlinn 20 to 25 cents.Quito nliurt from its ecoiioniic nypcct, the ninnufncturc of fcrincntnblc sugnr froin wood by this process is iii!otisely iiitcrmtiug to tho chemist. The process is cssriitiiilly OIIU of liytlrolysis ntinlogous to tho conversion of 



stnwli to siignr IJY tlic! nniylolytic fornlonts. Tliu cclluloses am, liko stnrcli, IioIysnccIuiritIcs of iinIino\vn constitution. Tl~tty tire gciiernlly ru~irrsciitctl (is linring tho snnio pcrccIitngu conilio.4tion und c~npiricnl forinulna, nnd just us \VC Cali rcjirc~scnt. tho Iiytlrolysis of starch to ninltoso nnd dost rose, so we cCin sliow Iio\\

  . by tlio nssimihtion of wutcr tliu ccllulow cnn give rieo to inaltoso wid dostrosc. I t is nssiirncrl thnt it is the 



c c ~~u ~o s o cknicnt in tho wood which

  
	............
	prolitnblu tlinn the 1irocey.q 1 l~rivc reported uliou. Thc
	ethyl ~ilcoliol ~irotlucctl nccording to tlw aliovcr is
	of necoiitlory im1iortnncu both coinniurcially iintl econoni-
	iciilly to tlic iunnufiiuturc from snwtlust of ii footlstulr for stock of

greater vtiluo t l i a ~i liitliun corn. Tlic dcs- criiitioii uf tho iiroccss tlow IIOL coiivincu one tlutt tliu ccllulosc

  (nbsorbciit cotton) in nnotlior exporimerit rcinniried uiinttnckcd.Its physicnl ns well as its clicmicnl properties \VOW prncticnlly unchniigetl.~i i d c r tho conditions of the procdss a siiinll qunntity of sulpliiirous ncitl is omploycd for n short tirnc only nnd wry little sulpliuric ncid is fornied. It. would stwii tlint the ncitl nets licrc ns n cntalyscr iriduciiig n rnpid ligdrolgsis of tho ligiioiiu complex niid of n ~iro~iortioii of 



easily ~ttnclicd celldosc. The osy-cclliilow for tlic iiiost p r t niid the true celliilosc present nrc not srl.iously nltcretl cliciiiicnlly

  . I t \vo~ild sceii~ pussiblo tlint, niitlioritiw to the coiitrnry ~iot\ritlistiriidiirg, tho lignoiir coiiiplcs is cnp~ible of yirldiiig n ccrtniii ninoiiiit. 



of fcrtiieiitnl)lo sugar. Slioiilcl this. oii fiirtlicr study, lirovc to be tlic cnsc, it might bo Iiossil)lc to trcnt pulp wood Iiy this procrss ns n ~ircliiiiiiinry to its coiivoiuioii iiito pulp, and thtm 1)y n sc-co~~tl trcntiutmt to 1irodiico pulp fibro from the unnttnclicd

  msidue. Tlierc id little doubt tlint i n tliu origiiinl Clnsueii process tlicro wns, oiriiig to the Inrgcr ~iroportion of ncitl niid tlic prolonged nction, n iiiorc profoulitl nctioii on tlic cellulose itiid tliu ligiioiic COIII~IFS, ns well 11s Iirobnbly n sccoiidnry nctioii on the cnrl~oliydrntes ~iroducctl. 111 n luiiibor protluciiig couiitry lilic Ciirintln, nny industry t.lint cnii iitiliro wnstc wood niid give it coiiiiiicrcinl \ d u e s1ioiild receive eticoiirngciiieiit. If this l o tliu " rcvolutioiiary cliscovcry," \vliicli the Ue~inrtii~ciit of Agriculture nt ij'nsliiiigtoii Iins Iirouowiccd it to lie, i t will 



ntltl iiiucli to tho w n l t l i of iintioiis. I t will iiot oiily open UI) iiew fields for

  tlic use of iiitlitstrinl nlcoliol, but will liberate for uso nR'fOd tliu iiiillioii of Iiusliuls of ginin 11ow 



usctl iili in the ~iiniiiifnctiirc of etligl ~ilcoliol, !)O p r cciit. of \vliicli is useti ns II Iusury iii life niid rt~giirtlvtl hy iiiiiiiy ns n clistiiict

  evil iii tlio coniiiiiiiiity. publislied roluiiiutric ~nutliods for tho dutcriiiiii?tioi of ziiia iii tliu 1ircsuiico of i i o ~i rctpiro u ~ircli~iiiiiur~ troatiiioiit to obtain it pure zinc solutioii. This usunll! iiicniis tho sopnrntioii of coppr, Iuatl, tin4 bisrnutlr 1): 


	Iiydrogoii sulpliidu. The c s c e ~s of Iiydroguii .qulpliiclo i Loilutl oli, uiid iron osidisctl. l'rccipittrtioii by niiiriioiiii
	or niuiioiiiuiii ncctntc, in tho prusciicu of niiiiiioiiiuii
	olilorido, tliro\vs dowii ferric Iiytlrosiclo with vnryiii; niiioutits of zinc; this is disvolretl iir ucid, untl ruprcei )i

__ ~------.----___ -Liverpool Section. 1IY JAB113 >I. TAYI.OI1. Tho tntctd uuiinoiiin, t 
~i e process bciiig repented ti11

  1'11 tiltrntu is free froiii zinc. hi iiiost methods i t is irls . iicucuuary to reriiovu ~nuiigniiosu buforo cstiinntioii of ziiic Tliu prccipitirtion of ziiio suljiliide in tliu prcsciicc u cl1lorucotic ncid is not coiitplutu if eliloridus itre prcsoii( T 



~~U H U twpurntioiis ruyuiro too inucli tiiiic, niltl ~netliotl iiivolviiig tl~cni \voro not iiscfd oii ~I I I ~~~I L C C ~I I I I ~.

  

A ~i i o t l ~o of titrntiiig ziiic iii tho ~ircsui~cu of iroii scc~iictl, tliorc~forc u iiecosuit . Xiiu s\i'p\iido is pruL.1 '1 iitntctl whcii Iigdroguii sulphid is ~i i t s ~c d iiito IL tlilutc ~ioutrul solutioii of n zinc H d t , wit tho liburittioii of ILII cquivuloiit of uoid, 
Forroue stilt idcr siniilnr conditions, nro unnffcctcd. An endeavour as made to utilisa those fncts, by

  titrnting tho frco acid icmtod with cnustic sotln, using niotliyl ornngo ns dicntor.Hydrogoti ~ulpliidu wns ndde;l to n nlixturo of zinc and DII sulplintcs, niitl normal cniistic sodn run in from a irottu ; townrds the end of the titrntiori " clots " of rrous Iiytlrosido tvcro formed wliuru tho cnustic sodn .oppcdiiito tliu liquor, wliicli did not rcndily dissolve.lie white zinc sdphide liivt obtniiicd dnrkoncd when tliu iutrnl point ~r n s renclicd.Tliu frirtlicr ndditio~~ of nliout 2-0.3 C.C. of cnustic yodn gnvo nil ulriiost blnck conting ' ferrous sulpliitle.Tho rudts i v c r ~ not sntivfnctoq-.Sotliuiii cnrboiintc \vns trird invtcntl of cn~istio sodn, itli somu success, niitl pointctl to tho possililu ntltlitioiinl Ivniitngo of tisiiig bicnrboiintc. The latter wns adopted itli inimedinte success, uiid coiicortlunt results were Iitniiird. Tlicb IISC of nictliyl orniigo ns indicntor \vus abnndoiied, lid tlic p i n t \vlit!ii nll zinc \vns lirccipitntctl nntl ferro!ls ilpliido coiiiiiiciiccd 



to bu tIiro\v~i dowi, giving n rcyisli tiocolutu colour to tile prccipitntc, wns tnlicn ns t i c uric1 oiiit.

  The follo\viiig is tliu inetliod oniployed for 1110 dctcriitintion of zinc i i i solutions contniiiing ferrous nnlts, ulqiosiiig tliciii 



to be free froni lend niid coppur-5 or 0 C.C. of the liquor aro riicnsured into II (Joo c.e. flnsk

  0 C.C. of n sntiirntotl solution of itn~moniuni cliloritle, iicl a drop of iiietliyl orniigc solution nro ndtled, nntl the diitioii iiuutrnlised with A'/2 sotliuni bicnrboiinto. Bboiit 00 U.C. of wntur snturnted with 11 drogcii 



sulpliitlc nru t ~o d ,