Exceptions through Jurisprudence of Shafi'i Jurisconsults in The Book of Assizes: Comparative Jural Study


The research handles exceptions through jurisprudence of shafi'i jurisconsults save those exceptions stated for, in the book of assizes, in writing or in sharia' norms of legality …etc. The research consists of: an introduction, prelude, three topics and a conclusion. The introduction presents goals, methodology and plan of the research. 
The prelude contains the definitions of: exceptions, Jurisprudence and assizes in respect to language and terminology. In the first topic, I addressed the exceptions in the chapter of conditions of considering retribution as a must, the second topic discussed the exception in the chapter of retribution fulfillment, and in the third topic I talked about the exceptions in respect to what makes retribution due except human life chapter. At last, the conclusion has come to summarize the research results. 

) ٦ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ‬ ) ٧ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬ ) ٨ ( . ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٩٦ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﻟﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﻤﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ) ١ / ٢٠٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻭﺍﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻊ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٤٧ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻐﻨﺎﺀ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٩١ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٤٠ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺜﻨﻲ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻡ‬ ، ‫ﻡ‬ ) ١٠ / ١٩٣ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] : ‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺙ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٥١١ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ : ] ‫ﺜﻨﻰ‬ .[ ) ٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ) ٤ / ٥٥
) ١ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﺼﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٢٢ / ٣٧٠ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ) ٢ / ٤٤٢ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ‬ ) ٦ / ٣٧ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺡ‬ ، ) ١ / ٤٦٠ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻡ‬ ، ) ٤ / ١٥٣ ( ‫ﻤـﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ [ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ) : ٦ / ٧٠٨ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ٧ / ٥٣٤ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ .[ ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻬﺭﺓ‬ ) ١ / ٤٥٢ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٣٧ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻡ‬ ) ٤ / ١٥٤ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ [ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ) ٦ / ٧٠٨ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ .[ ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺫﻴﺏ‬ ) ٦ / ٣٧ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺡ‬ ، ) ١ / ٤٦٠ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻜﻡ‬ ، ) ٤ / ١٥٣ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ [ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ) ٦ / ٧٠٨ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ٧ / ٥٣٤ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ .[        ) ٣٣٧٩ ( ١ /
) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢٢٥ ( ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺼﺎﺡ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٥٧ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬ : ‫ﻋﺒﺩﺍﻟﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٢ / ٣٧٨ - ٣٨٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺫﺏ‬ ، ) ٥ / ١٨٨ ( ‫ﺭﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻀﺔ‬ ) ٧ / ١١٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻴـﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺠﻴﺭﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٤ / ٤٩٨ - ٤٩٩ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺸﺎﺩ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٦٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١٢ / ١٣ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ‬ ) ٨ / ٣٠٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٨٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴـﺔ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٣٤٧ ( ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬـﻰ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ) ٥ / ٥ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤـﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ،‬ ٍ ‫ﺩﺍل‬ ٍ ‫ﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ ٍ ‫ﺒﺄﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻨﻴﻁﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻴﺏ،‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺼﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ . ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ‬ : ‫ﺭﺨﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢١٦ .(     -    ) ٣٣٨٢ ( • ‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻠﻅﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺩ،‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺜﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺭﺍﺙ‬ ) ١ ( . • ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ،‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻤﺨﻔﻔﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺠﺏ‬ ) ٢ ( . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻅﻬﻭﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ،‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻪ‬ ) ٣ ( ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻨـﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ، ) ٥ ( - ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : ‫ﺇ‬  ‫ﻭﻤﻭﺠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻥ‬  ‫ﺒ‬  ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ،‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ) ٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌـﺽ‬ ، ) ٧ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ) ٨ ( (٩) . ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟ‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ : ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ٍ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺸﻬﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ -  - ‫ﺒﺴﺭﻗﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻘﻁﻌﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀﻩ‬ : ‫ﺴﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ -  - ) :  ‫ﹸﻤﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪‬ﺩﺘ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤ‬ ‫ﹸﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹸﻨﺘ‬ ‫ﻜ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﹸﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹸﻜ‬ ‫ﹶﻁﻌﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ‬ ( ، ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺘﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺒﻁل‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻏﺭﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ) ١٠ ( . ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨ‬ ‫ﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻬﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ) ٢ / ٣٧٧ ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺨﻴﺭﺓ‬ ) ١٢ / ٢٨٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻌﻲ‬ ) ١١ / ٤٨٣ - ٥٨٦ ( ‫ﻤﻨﻬـﺎﺝ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٨٣ - ٤٩٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١٢ / ١٥ - ١٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻭﺽ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، : ‫ﻗﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٧ / ٢٣٢ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬ . ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ) ٢ / ٧٢٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ‬ ، ) ٨ / ٣٠٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٨٦ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ) ٧ / ١١٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻨﻰ‬ ، ) ٨ / ٩ - ١٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٢٩٧ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺭﺭ‬ ) ٢ / ٣٢٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺩﻉ‬ ، ) ٨ / ٢١٨ .( ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٥ / ٤٣٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٢٧٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻻﺌل‬ ‫ﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٢٥ ( ‫ﻋﺎﺒـﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒـﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ١٩٢ .( ) ٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻨﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺼ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ - ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻁﻠﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻠـﺔ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺭﺍﺙ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺒـﺎﺏ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٣٥٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤـﻭﻉ‬ ، ) ٤ / ٤٠٨ ( ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭﻁﻲ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٥٩٥ .( ) ٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ " : ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ - ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭﻩ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﺭ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺼﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺌﺭ،‬ ‫ﻜﺤﻔﺭ‬ - ‫ﻋﻤـﺩ،‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻻ‬ ." ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ) ٥ / ١٤ .( ) ٩ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ) ٤ / ٩٤ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ، ) ٥ / ١٤
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭﻁﻲ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢٨٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ٣٥١ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻠﺘﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬ ) ٤ / ٤٣٠ ( ‫ﻋﺎﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ‫ﻴﻥ‬ ) ٩ / ١٥٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٣ / ١٥٠ ( ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺸﻲ‬ ) ٣ / ٧٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺢ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٦٣ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟـﺴﻴﻭﻁﻲ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢٨٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘـﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻨـﻲ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٣٦٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ٣٥١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻜﺸﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٣٩٢ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٣٧٥ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ) ٦ / ١٨٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٧٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٣ / ١٤٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻷﺤﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠـﺎﻤﻊ‬ ، ) ١٢ / ٤٧٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٣٦ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٢ / ٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٣٠٣ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ) ٢ / ٤٧١ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁ‬ ) ٢٤ / ٤٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٨٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٢٣٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٩ / ٢٣٥ ( ‫ﺭﻭﻀـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ) ٦ / ٥٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٢٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ، ) ١٦ / ٢١١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ٣٥٣ ( ،        ) ٣٣٨٥ ( ‫ﺤﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ) ٢ )( ٣ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴﺔ‬ ) ٤ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻤـﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ) ٥ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ) ٦ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : َ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬  ‫ﻜﺭ‬  ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺴﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺏ‬ ) ٧ )( ٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ - ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻪ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : َ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬  ‫ﻜﺭ‬  ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ،ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻓﺭ‬ ) ٩ )( ١٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻥ‬ ، ) ١١ )( ١٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟـﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ) ١٣ ( - ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻌ‬ . ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٨ / ٤٥١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻑ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٦٩٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٥٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٩٠ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٨ / ٤٥١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻑ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٦٩٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٥٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٩٠ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﺍﷲ،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻴﺒﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﹶﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻗ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ِﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻗ‬ ‫ﻻﻫﻡ،‬ : ‫ﻤﺤ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﱠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﹾﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ، ‫ﺃﺒ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺏ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻨﻴﻔـﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻑ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺘـﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺨـﺭﻭﻥ،‬ ، - ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻪ‬ - ‫ﺴﻨﺔ‬ ١٨٩ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻨﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻩ،‬ : ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼل،‬ . ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻭﺃﺼـﺤﺎﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺤﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺒﺎﺭ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ١٢٦ ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﺍﻫﺭ‬ ) ١ / ٥٢٦ - ٥٢٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ١ / ٢٧٣ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ‬ ) ٨ / ٣٠٦ ( ‫ﺨﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺭﻗﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ، ) ٨ / ١٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٩٠ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ) ١٢ / ٩٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ، ) ٧ / ١٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٣٥٥ .( ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻋﺏ‬ ) ٢ / ٢٩٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١١ / ٤٥٥ ( ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ، ) ٤ / ٩٧ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻰ‬ ، ) ٥ / ١٦
١ - ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ . ٢ -  ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬  ‫ﻤﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬  ‫ﻤﺘﻌﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻴـﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﻤـﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴل‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻟﻴل،‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻘﺎﻁﻪ‬ . ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻭﻫﺭﺓ‬ ) ٢ / ٣٥٣ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻵﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﺭﺍﺀ،‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬ ] ٣٣ [ ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺼﺎﺹ‬ ) ٣ / ٢٦٠ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁ‬ ) ٢٤ / ٨٥ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ‬ ) ٦ / ٢٤٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻤﻠﺔ‬ ، ) ٨ / ١٣٥ .(     -    ) ٣٣٨٨ ( ٣ -
) ٤ )( ٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻗـﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻜﻴـﺔ‬ ) ٦ ( ، ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ) ٦ / ١٨٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٧٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٣ / ١٤٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٣٦ ( ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٢ / ٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٣٠٣ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ) ٢ / ٤٧١ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ١٠٩ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺘﺭﺠﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ١١ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁ‬ ) ١٢ / ٨٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ‫ﺎﺌﻊ‬ ) ٦ / ١٩٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٩ / ٢٤٤ ( . ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ) ٢ / ٤٧٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٥١٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻫﺏ‬ ، ) ٨ / ٣٠٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺴﻭﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٦ / ١٩٠ .(        ) ٣٣٨٩ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ـﻭ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ـﺸﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ـﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ـﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﻥ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬ ) ١ ( ، ‫ـﺎل‬ ‫ﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺒـ‬ ‫ـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﺎﺒﻠـ‬ ) ٢ ( - ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ـﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬـ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬ ‫ُﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ) ٣ ( ‫ﻭﺼﺎﺤﺒ‬ ، ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ) ٤ )( ٥ ( ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻨﻔﻴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻭل‬ ) ٦ ( - ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ . ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟــــﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ - ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻭﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻭﻡ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ / ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻪ‬ : ) \ f e d c b a ` _ ^ ] g ( ) ٧ ( . ‫ﺏ‬ / ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ -  - ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) : ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ِ ‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺍﻤﺭ‬  ‫ﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﱡ‬ ‫ل‬ ٍ ‫ﺉ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠ‬ ٍ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻬﺩ‬ ، ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱢﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨ‬ ‫ﺭﺴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﱠﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟ‬ ‫ﱠﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠ‬ ُ ‫ل‬ : ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯ‬  ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﱠﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜ‬ ،ِ ‫ﱠﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻨ‬  ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ، ِ ‫‪‬ﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﺩ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ِﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ‬ ِ ‫ﻟﻠﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬  ‫ﱠﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ( ) ٨ ( . ٢ - ‫ﻓﻘﺘﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻨـﺴﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﺃﻜـل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫‪‬ﺎ؛‬ ‫ﻅﻠﻤ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻪ‬ ) ٩ ( . ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻡ‬ ) ٧ / ٣٢٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ١٣٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٧٠ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺸـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺒـﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠـﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٨٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ) ٥ / ٣٥٥ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ‬ ) ٢ / ١٣٦٤ ( ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻭﺍﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٨٥ ( ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ، ) ٤ / ٩٧ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬـﻰ‬ ، ) ٥ / ١٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٥٧٨ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٨ / ٤٥١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻑ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٦٩٩ ( ‫ﻋﺎﺒﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٩ / ١٦٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺎﻭﻯ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٤٤ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺴﻑ،‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ - ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ . ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٠٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻔﺔ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٧٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٧٨٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺒﻴﻴﻥ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٢٤٣ .( ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻡ‬ ) ٧ / ٣٢٦ ( ‫ﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺫﺏ‬ ، ) ٥ / ٢٨ ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ) ٣ / ٢٨٤ ( . ) ٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺭﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻵﻴﺔ‬ ] ١٧٨ [ . ) ٨ ( ‫ﺘﻌـﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ : ) ~ ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ] ٦٨٧٨ [ ، ) ٣ / ١٩٤٤ ( ،



  ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻔـﺴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺸـﺭﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻌﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻐﻔﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻭﻨﺴﺘﻌﻴﻨﻪ،‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻤﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻠل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﻀل‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻨـﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﺎﻟﺔ،‬ ‫ﱠﻎ‬ ‫ﺒﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﻭﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻴﻙ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻴـﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﺘﻔﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺠﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﺤﺒﻪ،‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻠﻴﻤ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﻥ،‬ . ‫ﺘـﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻟـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺴﻭﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ،‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻬل‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ 


	         -           
	‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺹ‬ : ‫ﻭﺜﻼﺜـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ،‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒـﺎﻟﻨﺹ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ،‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ،‬ . ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺸﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ . ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺜﺕ‬ : ‫ﻭﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟـﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ : ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻠﺨـﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ،‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ،‬ .                - -‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ، ٍ ‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬـﺎ،‬ ‫ﻴﺩل‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ - -: ) O P Q R S T U V ( ) ١ ( . ‫ﻟﻬـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺒﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻠﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻗـﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻴﺱ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﺍﺕ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺒﻬﻡ،‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﺨﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀﻩ‬ ‫ﻓـﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘـﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘـﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺫﻟﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻴﺴﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻬﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻤـﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ،‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤـﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟـﺭﺍﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻤﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺴﺄل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻭﺡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ : ١ / ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ .( ٢ / ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺜﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬ ٣ / ‫ﻤﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺭﺍﺌﻲ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﺕ‬ : ‫ﻭﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ،‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬﻴﺩ،‬ : . : . : . . ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﺼﻁﻼﺤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ . ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ : ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫‪‬ﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻤ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬ ‫‪‬ﻜــــــﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ : ١ -‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫‪‬ﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻤ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ٢ -‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ـ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻨ‬ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻅ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ،‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ : ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩﻩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﺎﺴـﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﺱ،‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻴﻔﺎﺌﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺤﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﺱ،‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤل،‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﺍﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻁﻊ‬ : ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺘﻤﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻬ‬ ‫ﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ : ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ : ‫ﺘﻘـﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ،‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ :  ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﺘﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴـﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻜﺎﺴـﺘﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺭﺍﺠﺎ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﺯﺍﺌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻟﻑ‬ ) ٢ ( ‫ﺇﻁﻼﻗﺎﺘﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ) ٣ ( ‫ﺯﺍﺌـﺩﺓ،‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻴﺙ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻤﺼﺩﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻴﺎﺀ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺭﻭﻓﻪ‬ ) ‫ﺜﻨﻲ‬ ( ‫ﻴﻘﺎل‬ : ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺜﻨﻰ‬ . ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺠﻤل‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺨﻔﺎﺀ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺸﺎﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻁﻑ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ،‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺭﻴﺭ‬ ) ٤ ( . ‫ﻟﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ) ‫ﺜﻨـﻰ‬ ( ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻨـﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺭﺒﻬـﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺠـﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻠﻲ،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺭﻑ،‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺨﺭ،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ . ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺍﺩ،‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻗﺭﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ،‬ : " ‫ﺒـﺄﻭل‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫‪‬ـﺭ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻟـﻡ‬ ‫ﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ " ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ، : ١ / ‫ﺒـــ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ؛‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ( ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺸﻴﺌﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻭﺍﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻼﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺎﻴﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻜل‬ . ٢ / ‫ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ‬ . ٣ / ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻼﻤﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺎﻗﺽ‬
	( ( (	) ٣٣٧٥ ) ٣٣٧٦ ) ٣٣٧٧



  ‫ﺍﻨﻔﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ،ٍ ‫ﺒﻭﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ َ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﻭل‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺼﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ 


	         -    
	‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺨﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻌﺎ‬ ،‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭ‬ ‫ﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﻪ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ٢ / : ) ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺭﺍﻍ‬ :( ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﺱ‬ : ‫ﺒﺫل‬ ‫ﺘﺤـﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﻜـﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻬـﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﻭﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ‬ ) ٢ ( . ) ‫ﻅﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴل‬ :( ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﻨﻴـﺔ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ،‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻭﻍ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺼﻴل‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺩ،‬ ‫ﻅﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ) ٣ ( . ) ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ :( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺨﺭﺝ‬ ) ٤ ( ‫ﻓﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺨل‬ ، : ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭﻟﻴﺔ،‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ : ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ) ‫ﹶﻰ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ِﻫ‬ ‫ﺸﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ِ ‫ﱠﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ِﻨﺎﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠ‬ : ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪‬ﻔﻌ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫‪‬ﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠ‬  ‫ﱠﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِﻨـﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ‬  ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫‪‬ﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺎﺏ‬ ِ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬  ‫ِﺏ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬  ‫ﻴ‬ ،ِ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﺨﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﹼﻲ‬ ‫ﱠﺠﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘ‬ : • ‫ﺃﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ : ) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ( : ‫ﻭﻨﺤـﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤـﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ،‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ . ) ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻥ‬ ( : ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﺭﺯ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ، ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺄﺨﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺎ،‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺄﻭﻴل‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻭﻴل،‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﺍﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺨﺫ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺤـﺭﺯ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻠﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻗﺔ،‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻤﻰ‬ ، ‫ﻏﺼﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﺓ‬ . ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻔـﺭﻭﺝ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺫﻓﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺯﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺴﻔﺎﺡ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻟﻭﺍﻁ‬ . ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺄﻜﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ . ) ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺼﺎ‬ ( : ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺝ‬ ، ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻻ،‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺤﺙ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﻠﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ : ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺤﺠـﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺤﻔﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺤﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻻ؟‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻬل‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺤل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﻕ‬ -‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ -) ١ ( . ٍ ‫ﺒﻭﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻓﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ . ‫ﺃﻥ‬  ‫ﻭﻫـﻭ‬ ِ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫‪‬ـﺭ‬ ‫ﱠﺠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘ‬ ‫ﻤﺜـل‬  ‫ﹶﻔﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻨﺒ‬  ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻙ‬ ‫‪‬ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺩ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ِﻨﺎﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺠ‬ ‫ِـﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻨ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ِﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺠ‬  ‫ﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ِ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬  ‫ﻓﻼﻥ‬ ‫‪‬ﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺠ‬ ِ ‫ِﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻤ‬ ) ٥ ( . ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬ : ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺠﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻭﺍل،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ : ‫ﺒﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ) ٦ ( . ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ : • ‫ﻤﺎﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ . • ‫ﻜﺎﻟﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﺴل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﻀﻴﻥ‬ . ) ٢ ( ، ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺭﺒﻌﺔ‬ ) ٣ ( : ١ / ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺩ‬ . ٢ / ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺩ‬ ) ٤ ( . ٣ / ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ . ٤ / ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ . ‫ﺏ‬ / ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘل‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ :
	) ٣٧٤ ٤ / ٤٨٨ .( ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬	‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‬ ) ٤ / ) ٤٨٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺒﻴﺭ‬ ، ٣ / ٣٧٠ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻵﻤﺩﻱ‬ ) ٤ / ) ١٦٩ ٨ / ٣٨٦٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ، .( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﻜﺏ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٤ / ٤٥٨ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺭﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺼﻭل‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺜﺭﻱ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٢٧ .( ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺸﻑ‬ ) ٤ / ٢٠ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﻬﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ٣ / ٢٤٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ٢ / ١٠٢٥ ) ٤ / ( ٤٥٨ .( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻤﻌﺠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻴﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ) ١ / ٤٨٢ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻨﻰ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﺎﻥ‬ ، ) ١٤ / ١٥٥ ( ‫ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ ] ‫ﺠﻨﻰ‬ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺝ‬ ، ) ٣٧ / ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻁﺎﻟﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ) ٤ / ٨٥ .(	) ١ ( ) ٢ ( ) ٣ ( ) ٤ ( ) ٥ ( ] ‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : .[ ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ :
		( (	) ٣٣٨٠ ) ٣٣٨١

: ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺒﺤـﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ / ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻠﻅـﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﻤﺎﻥ‬ 


  ‫ﻓﻘﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ًﺎ‬ ‫‪‬ﻜﺎﻓﺌ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،ٍ ‫ﺒﻘﺘل‬ ٍ ‫ﺒﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺭﺠﻼ‬ ٌ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫َﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻬل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ِ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٍ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ِ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ُﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻠﺤﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ 


	         -    
	‫ﺍﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ،‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺹ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻼ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻰ؛‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ . ٢ -‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ،‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ) ١ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ -‫ﺒﺈ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺭﻓﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ،‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺘﻭل،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ٍ ‫ﻓﻌل‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺎل‬  ‫ﻋﻤﺩ‬ ٍ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺄ،‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻬﻪ،‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ُ ‫ﺃ‬ ٣ / ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻭﺱ،‬ ‫ﺇﺯﻫـﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺼـﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺭﺍﺌﻊ‬  ‫ﺴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺼﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼ‬  ‫ﺏ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﺠ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﺯﺍﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ،‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻫﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠـﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﺍﻥ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬  ‫ﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺭ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ : ،ٍ ‫ﻤﺘﻌـﺩ‬ ‫ﺴـﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻫـﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺭﺍﻩ،‬ ‫ﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻗﻠﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻨﻭﺠﺏ‬ ) ٢ ( . ٢ -‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠـﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﻴﻨﺎﻗﺵ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ : ‫ﺃﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻭﺍﻨﺎ،‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻭﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘـل،‬ ‫ﻨـﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻷﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﺍﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ،‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻅﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻤﻌﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍل،‬ -‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﻘـﻭل‬ ‫ﺭﺠﺤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜـﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘل،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺩﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋـــﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺏ‬ : ١ / ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬ . ٢ / ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ؟‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﻠﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺤل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ : ‫ﺨﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ -‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ -‫ﺒﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﻨﺎﻓﺫ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻪ‬ ، ) ٢ ( . ‫ﺃﺠﻤﻌﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ٍ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﻘﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘـﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋـﺎﻗﻼ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺘل‬ ) ٤ ( . ‫ﺃﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺠـﺏ‬ ‫ﻫـل‬ ،ٍ ‫ﻤﻌـﺼﻭﻡ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : َ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬  ‫ﻜﺭ‬  ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٍ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ِ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔﺎ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ِ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ـﺎﺩﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻗـ‬ ‫ـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ـﺭﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺸـ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ﺒـ‬ ‫ـﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻫـ‬ ‫ـﺎ‬ ‫ﻤـ‬ ‫ـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﻘـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـ‬ ) ٥ ( ، ‫ـﺏ‬ ‫ﺫﻫـ‬ ‫ـﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴـ‬ ‫ﺒﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘـل‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻏﻼﻗ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺒﺏ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻟـﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺴـﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻻﺘﺨـﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺒﺏ،‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺘﻼﻑ‬ . ) ١ ( ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ،‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ : ‫ﻭﺇﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ،‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ِﺊ،‬ ‫ﻴﻔ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺹ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﱠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ . ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﻋﺎﺒﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ) ٩ / ١٥٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ، ) ١٦ / ٢١١ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅـﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺸﺒﺎﻩ‬ :
	.( ‫ﺸﻬﺎﺩﺘﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻭل،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻨﻔﻪ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺯﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩ،‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻬﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺠﻼﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ) ١٠ ( ) ١٤ / ٢٩٢ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٢٨٤٧٠ ) ١٠ / ٨٨ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، [ ‫ﻜﺘـﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠـﺯﻡ،‬ ‫ﺒـﺼﻴﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‬ ] ١٨٤٦١ [ ‫ﺒﻨﺤـﻭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻤـﺼﻨﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺸﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻥ‬ ، = = ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﻡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺎﻗﺏ،‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺭﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ] ٣٤٧٦ [ ، ) ٣ / ١٩٤٩ ( ‫ﺴـﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺨﺘـﺼﺭﺍ،‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ) ٣ / ١٠٢ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٢٩٤ [ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻬﻡ‬ ، - -‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼﺱ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﺸﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ، ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ - ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻘﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻨﺎﺩﻩ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻓﻅ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ : ‫ﺼـﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺴـﻨﺎﺩﻩ‬ . ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺩﺭ‬ ) ٨ / ٣٩٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺨﻴﺹ‬ ، ) ٤ / ١٣١٩ .( ) ١ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬ : ‫ﻗﺩﺍﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ) ٥ / ١٤٣ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁ‬ ) ٢٦ / ٧٨ -٧٩ ( ‫ﻋﺎﺒﺩﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺸﻴﺔ‬ ، ) ١٠ / ١٢٩ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺴﻭﻁ‬ ) ٢٦ / ٢١٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﺌﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌﻊ‬ ، ) ٦ / ٢٨٢ .(
	( (	) ٣٣٨٣ ) ٣٣٨٤



  ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻌـﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻪ‬ َ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻜل‬ ‫ﺎﺓ،‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻔ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ِ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ٍ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ِ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ُﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻠﺤﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ 


	‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻟـﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓـﺴﺩﺍ‬ ، : ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻉ،‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩ‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ . ٤ -‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔـﻭﺱ،‬ ‫ﺤﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻨﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻤﺎﺀ،‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻘﻥ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﺏ‬ : ‫ﻴﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬ ‫‪‬ﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻋﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫‪‬ﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟـﻤ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ : ُ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ِ ‫ﻜﺭ‬  ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬  ‫ﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻗﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬  ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻴﻘـﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻬـل‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬  ‫ﻤﻀﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻡ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ؟‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺤل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ‬ : ‫ﺃﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ -‫ﺭﺤﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻬﻡ‬ -‫ﺃﻨـﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ٍ ) ١ ( . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﻘﻭﺍ‬ ، ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘـﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐـﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻗﻼ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺘﻔﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺘﺭﻁ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺘل‬ ، ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ) ٢ ( . ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﻘﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺨﻭﻑ‬ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﺃﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ُ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻠﻔﻭﺍ‬ ِ ‫ﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ،ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ‬ ٍ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫؟‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ـﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠـ‬ ‫ـﺭﻩ‬ ‫ُﻜـ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ـﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺠـ‬ ‫ـل،‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺘـ‬ ‫ـﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌـ‬ ‫ـل‬ ‫ﻗﺘـ‬ ‫ـﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـ‬ ‫ـﻕ‬ ‫ﺤـ‬ ‫ـﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴـ‬ ‫ﺯﻓـﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻫـﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻟﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬



  ‫ﻗﺎﺘﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺼﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻼ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ِﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﺭﺓ؛‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼﺼﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻅﻨ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻤﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺸﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺭ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻬل‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﻅﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻴﻔﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺠﻨﻭﻨﻪ،‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻁﺒﻘﺎ،‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺠﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﻜﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺎﻗﺘﻪ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗل‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺭ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶـﺄ،‬ ‫ﹶﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨ‬ ‫ِـﻲ‬ ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ُﻤ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬  ‫ِﻊ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺭﻫﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ ،‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻨﺤ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻁﻼﻕ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻩ‬ . 


	         -         -    
	‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺭﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺒـﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﻡ‬ [ - . ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ، ١٦٧٦ ( ] ٢٧ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ( ٧٩٨ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺫﺏ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ : ) ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻠﻡ،‬ ) ٩ ( ) ٥ / ) ١٠ / ١٣٩ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١١ / ٤٥٦ .( ٣ -‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻤـﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜـل‬ ‫ﻏﻴـﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻩ؛‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ،‬ ، ‫ﻭﺠـﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺼـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎ،‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺠﻭﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻗﺘﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﻜﻌﺩﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺫﺭ‬ ) ١ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ -‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ - -‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ : )  ‫ُﻤ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬  ‫ِﻊ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨـﺴﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁـﺄ،‬ ‫ﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻜﺭﻫﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ( ) ٢ ( . ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ : ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ،‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻗﺵ‬ : ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﻤـﻀﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺩﻤﻴـﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺴﺎﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ، ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬ ) ٤ ( . ٢ -‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺜﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻗﺘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ) ٥ ( . ) ١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦١ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ، : ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺴﻲ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻁﻼﻕ‬ ) ٣ / ٢٠١ ( ‫ﺭ‬ ، ‫ﻗﻡ‬ ] ٢٠٤٥ [ ‫ﺍﺒـﻥ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻁـﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻔﻅ‬ ) ‫ﺃﻤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ( ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺒﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺇﺨﺒﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ - -‫ﻋﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺨﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺒﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻔﻀﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ، ) ١٦ / ٢٠٢ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٧٢١٩ [ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺫﻭﺭ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺤﻭﻩ،‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﻁﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺍﺭ‬ ) ٣ / ٤٠٣ ( ‫ﺭﻗـﻡ‬ ، ] ٤٢٧٢ [ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤـﺎﻜﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٢٣٦ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٢٨٦٠ [ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻠﻬﻡ‬ ، ‫ﺒﻠﻔﻅ‬ ) ‫ﺘﺠـﺎﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ( ‫ﻨﻭﻗﺵ‬ : ‫ﻗﻭﻟﻜﻡ‬ ) : ‫ﻤﻠﺠﺄ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ( ‫ﺼﺤ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺤـﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺘﻨﺎﻉ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺢ،‬ ‫ِﻩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜـﺭ‬  ) ١ ( . ٣ -‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﺎﻋﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻓﺄﺸﺒﻪ‬ ) ٢ ( . ‫ﻨﻭﻗﺵ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ / ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻠﻴﻡ؛‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﺩ‬ ‫ﻴـﺄﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺌل،‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻴﺄﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ، ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﻤﺎﻋ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﻁل‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬ ، ) ٣ ( . ‫ﺏ‬ / ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺘـﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﻫـﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻕ،‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺘﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺼﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻓﺘﺭﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻅﻠﻡ‬ ) ٤ ( . ٤ -‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭ،‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻠﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻴـﺯﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘـل‬ ‫ﺤﻜـﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻜـﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺠـﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ،‬ ‫ﻴﺯﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ) ٥ ( . ‫ﻨﻭﻗـــﺵ‬ : ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﻕ،‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭ،‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ /  ‫ﹸﺩ‬ ‫ﻓـﺸ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺒﺎﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﷲ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫؛‬ - -‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻨﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺒـﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻤﺤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺤﺔ‬ ) ٦ ( . ‫ﺏ‬ / ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺤﺘﻘـﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺴﺩﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ؛‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻔﺴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺤﻘﻕ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺇﺫ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻘﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻬﺯﺉ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ) ٧ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺠﻴﺢ‬ : ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍل‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﻗـﺸﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴـل‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺒـﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺠﺢ‬ -‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻡ‬ -‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭل،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ : ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻠﻑ‬ ‫ُﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺼﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ، : ١ -‫ﺃﺩﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻼﻤﺘﻬﺎ‬ ، . ٢ - ‫ﺭﺩﻋ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬  ‫ﻭﺯﺠﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫؛‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ،‬ ‫ﻟﺩﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻜﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ،‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺎﺼﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ . ٣ -‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺨـﺭﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘـﺩﻉ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺴﺩﺓ‬  ‫ﺩﺭﺀ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻘﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻘﺘل‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻉ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺜﻨﻰ،‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺄﻟﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﻪ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ :  ‫ﺼﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ،‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻨ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻭﺭﺓ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻟــﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ -‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ - -‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) : ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ِ ‫ﺘ‬ َ ‫ل‬  ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ٌ ‫ﻗﺘﻴل‬ ِ ‫ﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬  ‫ﻅـﺭ‬ ِ ‫ﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺇﻤـﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻥ‬  ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻭ‬  ‫ﺩ‬  ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ‬  ‫ﺩ‬ ( ) ١ ( . ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ : ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘـل،‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺘل‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻜﺭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺜﺎﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘﻴل‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺤﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ . ٢ -‫ﻜﺎﻟﻤﺄﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ،‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻘﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻘﺘل،‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ) ٢ ( . ٣ -‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺠـﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻟـﻭ‬ ‫ﻜﻤـﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﺩ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺴﻪ،‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬  ‫‪‬ﻜﺎﻓﺌﻪ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ‫ﻗﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻘﺘﻠـﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺄﻜﻠﻪ‬ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻟﺔ‬ : ١ -‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ - -‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) :  ‫ﱢـﺴﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻤـﺎ‬ ِ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫‪‬ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ِﻫ‬ ‫ﹸﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘ‬ ( ) ٤ ( . ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ : ‫ﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻡ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﻔﻕ‬ -‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺭﺤﻤﻬﻡ‬ -‫ﺼـﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠـﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘـﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠـﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬ ) ٢ ( ‫ﻤﻜﺭﻫﻴﻥ‬ ) ٣ ( . ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻨﺩ‬ : ١ / ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ - -‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) : ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻡ‬  ‫‪‬ﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ : ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ِ ‫ﱠﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻥ‬ ، ‫ِﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﹶ،‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺘﻴﻘﻅ‬ ‫ِل‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻘ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ِ ‫ﹸﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻨ‬ ( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺩﻻل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻗـﺵ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ / ‫ﺴﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺯل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻹﻜﺭﺍﻩ،‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺘل‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ) ٥ ( . ‫ﺏ‬ / ‫ﺍﻵﺩﻤﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻘﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﻭل‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ) ٦ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ : . ‫ﻭﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻬﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ،‬ ) ٧ / ٥٨٤ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ١٥٠٩٤ [ ، ‫ﺍﺒـﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻠﻔﻅ‬ ) ‫ﺃﻤﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ( ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ،‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ،‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﺒﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻴﻠﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ " : ) ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺘﻲ‬ ( ، ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻴﺫﻜﺭﻭﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻅ،‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ... ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ : ‫ﻤﻭﻀـﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻜﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺎﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ، ‫ﺇﺴﻨﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻴﺜﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺢ‬ ‫ﻭﻻ‬ " ‫ﺭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺎل‬ ، " :  ‫ﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎل‬ ‫ﺍ،‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒـﻲ‬ ‫ﻋـﻥ‬ - -‫ﻷﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴل‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺴﻼ‬ :  ‫ﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﻓﺄﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﹶﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﻓﻊ،‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻟﻙ،‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻟﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ." ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﺏ‬ ) ٢ / ٦٤ -٦٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ) ٢ / ٣٦١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ، : ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺒﺭﻴﻥ‬ ) ١ / ٥٩٣ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ، ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻠﺨـﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺒﻴﺭ‬ ) ٢ / ٤٦٥ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٣٦١ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ) ٨ / ٤٥٤ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﻊ‬ ، ‫ﻘﻨﻊ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺠ‬ ‫ﻻﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ) ٤ / ٢٥ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬ ) ١١ / ٦١ .( ) ١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ) ١١ / ٤٥٦ .( ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ) ١٠ / ١٣٩ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ‬ ) ١٠ / ١٣٩ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦٢ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦١ .( ) ٦ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺼﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ) ٢ / ٢٧٠ .( ) ٧ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺼﻼﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﻜﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻋﺩ‬ ) ٢ / ٢٧٠ .( ) ١ ( ‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ،‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ‬ . ) ٢ ( ) ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻭﺱ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻤﺨﺸﺭﻱ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٥٦ ( ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺫﻜﺎﺭ‬ ، ) ٧ / ٥٢ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ‬ ، ) ٢ / ٢٧٧ ( ‫ﻓـﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ) ١١ / ٣٠٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﻟﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻀﺔ‬ ، ) ٧ / ١٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﻨﻲ‬ ، ) ١١ / ٤٨١ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺠﻤﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ‬ ، ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢٣٢ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﻋﺎﺌﺸﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﻨﺩﻩ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ - -، ) ٤١ / ٢٢٤ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٢٤٦٩٤ [ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘـﻭﻩ‬ ‫ﻁـﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺒﻥ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺎﺌﻡ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ) ٣ / ١٩٨ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٢٠٤١ [ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺒﻭ‬ ، ، ‫ﺤـﺩﺍ،‬ ‫ﻴـﺼﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴـﺴﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻨﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺩ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ) ٦ / ٤٥١ ( ‫ﺭﻗـﻡ‬ ، ] ٤٣٩٨ [ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﻼﻗﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻼﻕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺭﻯ،‬ ‫ﺴﻨﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺌﻲ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﺝ،‬ ) ٥ / ٢٦٥ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٥٥٩٦ [ ‫ﻁﺭﻴـﻕ‬ ‫ﻤـﻥ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺴـﻭﺩ‬ = ) ١ ( ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺨﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻴل‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﺘل‬ ) ٣ / ١٩٤٥ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٦٨٨٠ [ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﻡ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﺸﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻘﻁﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺸﺠﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻼﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻴﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺭﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺞ،‬ ‫ﻜﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺍ،‬ ‫ﺼﺤﻴﺤﻪ‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٦١٥ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ، ] ٤٤٥ [ ‫ﻫﺭﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺤﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ، - . ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ‬ ) ١٥ / ٣٤٣ .( ) ٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺫﻫﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻥ‬ ) ١١ / ٣٥١ .( ) ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻹﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻜﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻩ،‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺭﻴﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ،‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ١٨ .( ) ٥ ( ‫ﻴﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺽ‬ ) ٤ / ٣٤ .( ) ٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻭﻱ‬ ) ١٥ / ١٦١ .(
	( ( ( (	) ٣٣٩٠ ) ٣٣٩١ ) ٣٣٩٢ ) ٣٣٩٥
Exceptions through Jurisprudence of Shafi'i Jurisconsults in The Book of Assizes: Comparative Jural Study