‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ٩٢٨ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ٢٠١٤ ، ‫ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻟﺯﺍل‬


Abstract

Although the occurrence of disasters and crises extends to ancient times, and man has dealt from the beginning with these disasters according to his available capabilities, knowledge and abilities to limit their effects, but we find that these disasters have exceeded this knowledge and those capabilities, so responsible leaders in society must intervene and participate in a plan Confrontation, however, decision makers' awareness of the importance of facing disasters and crises did not appear until recent years due to the acceleration and diversity of crises. This study aims to identify the importance of planning for administrative leaders when facing disasters and crises, and to identify the principles and planning skills that administrative leaders are committed to in the stages of facing the crisis (before, during, after). The Ministry of Transport and Communications has been chosen due to the multiplicity of crises and disasters it faces, whether This study is one of the descriptive studies that relied on the methodology of social survey, using a questionnaire form for officials prepared by the researcher, Applied to officials of the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the heads of central departments, engineers and technicians working with the management of crises and disasters who number (164) Single. The study came out with a set of proposals necessary for the practice of administrative leaders of planning awareness when facing disasters and crises in the Ministry of 

‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠

  ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹶﻰ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹾﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﱠﺘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ . ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﻜﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺨﻁﺄ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﹾﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹾﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬ ‫ﹼﺎﺭﺌﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﹾﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﹾﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ . 


	٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠ ٢٠٢٠	‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬	٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣ ٣	‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬	٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠ ٥٠	‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬	‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬
	. jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh	eg eg eg eg eg eg eg eg eg eg eg eg	. gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @ . gmail @	com com com com com com com com com com com com	‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ :	:// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt :// ps htt	. jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh . jsswh	. journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals . journals	eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb eg . ekb	‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ :
	Transport and Communications. Key words: crisis, crisis management, planning awareness, administrative leadership. ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻻ‬ : ‫ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ : ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺯﺍل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺍﺀ،‬ ‫ﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻓﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻓﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻤﺎﺴﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺌﺔ‬ ‫ٌﻗل‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﺭﺍ‬ . ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﺘﻅ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻔﺱ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻜﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺘﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻜﺎﻨﻪ‬ ) ‫ﻤﺤﺴﻭﺏ،‬ ٢٠٠٠ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٣٧ .( ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻨ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻜﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺎﺼﻴﺭ،‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺭﻱ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﺭﻓﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺩﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﺭﺤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﻁﻴل‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻬﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺫﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺯﻫﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ، ١٩٩٦ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٢ .( ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺼﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺎﻴﺭ‬ ٢٠١٦ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ٢٠١٥ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ١١٣ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ٣٤٦ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﺩ‬ ٩٨.٦ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻀﺭﺭﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ٢٢.٧٧٣ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﻠﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻭﺍﻫﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻤﺒﺭﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ٢٠٠٠ ‫ﻭﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ٢٠١٢ ، ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻭﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺯﻻﺯل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺭﺍﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻘﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻔﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺭﺍﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺒﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﺎﺓ‬ ١.٢ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﺒﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻠﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺤﻭ‬ ١.٧ ‫ﺘﺭﻴﻠﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻻﺭ‬ . (EM-DAT, 2016) ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ،‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺅﻻﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ . ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺠﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺭﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ) ‫ﺴﺎﻟﻡ،‬ ٢٠٠٩ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٢ .( ‫ﻴﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﺘﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺴﻤﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺠﺎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺘﺯﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻔﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻋﻲ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺘﻴﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ،‬ ٢٠١٠ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٩ .( ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻘﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﺎﻤل‬ . ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠ‬ ‫ﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻴﻀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻠﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ) Management By Exception ( ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺯﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﻨﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ) Task Force ( ‫ﻟﺩﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺅﻭﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ (Norman, 1986, P.6.) . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﺒﺩﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺒﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ،‬ ‫ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻴﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﻁﻼﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺯﺍﻭﻱ،‬ ٢٠٠٦ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٣٦ ( . ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ : ١ ( ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻤﺩﺍﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺩﻭﺍﺕ‬ . ٢ ( ‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ . ٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﻌﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺤﻤﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻴﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺘﺯﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻌﻤل‬ . ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﻴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺸﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﻭﻗﺔ‬ . ٥ ( ‫ﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨ‬ ‫ﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ . ٦ ( ‫ﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ . ٧ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻀﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ) ‫ﻜﺭﻴﻡ‬ ، ٢٠٠٥ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٥٩ ( . ‫ﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ : ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﻴﺤﻰ‬ ، ٢٠٠٤ ( ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺔ‬ . ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺘﻌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭل‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺨﺒﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺘﻴﺒﻲ،‬ ٢٠٠٧ ( ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻪ،‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﺭﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻲ،‬ ‫ﺃﺜ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻓﻊ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺤﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﻀل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻘﻬﺎ‬ ، ‫ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻅﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺜﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻨﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﻫﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ . ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻋﺎﻴﺵ،‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ٢٠٠٩ ( ‫ﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﻨﺸﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻡ،‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺯﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ) Cross,2009 ( ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺘﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺨﺫﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺭﺓ‬ ) ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺩﻴﺭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﻁﺭﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺭﻓﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻴﻭﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﻗﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺜل،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤل،‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﻨﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل،‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺤل‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻴﻕ‬ .( ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ) Unlu, A. et al,2010 ( ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻀﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻲ،‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ : ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻭﺡ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﻟﻙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﻜﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻔﻌﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻔﺎﺩﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ) Irwin,2010 ( ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻴﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻌﻤﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻗﻭﺍﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻴﻨﺔ‬ ٢٥ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻭﺍ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺸﺎﺭﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺩﻴﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻌﻰ‬ ) ‫ﺁﺩﻡ‬ ، ٢٠١١ ( ‫ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﺎﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﺭﺍﺕ‬ ١٩٩٨ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ٢٠١٠ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﻴﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺩﺍﻴﻨﺭ‬ ‫ﺸﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺨﻠل‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ،‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻡ،‬ ٢٠١١ ( ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﻼ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺭﺽ‬ . ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺌﻑ،‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺠﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻨﻤﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻜﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻴﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺩﻭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺭﺍﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﺍﺩ،‬ ٢٠١٢ ( ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺜﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺯﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻘﻘﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻭﺏ،‬ ‫ﺨﻠﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻏﺯﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺴﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺯﺓ،‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ . ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ Demiroz and Kapucu,2012) ( ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻬﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻀﺭﺍﺭ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﺩﻭﻨﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺘﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻜل‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻭﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺴﻡ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺯ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﺒﻴﻙ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ،‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺩﻴل‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ،‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ) ‫ﺴﻌﺩ،‬ ٢٠١٢ ( ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺠل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻭﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺘﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﺍﺌﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﻓﺕ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻰ،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ٢٠١٣ ( ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺭﻫﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﺴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻗﻠﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺃﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻘﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺃﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺯﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻴﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻬﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻀﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺴﻼﻤﺔ،‬ ٢٠١٤ ( ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻁﻴﻨﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻘﻴﻴﻤﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻗﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﺌﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻁﻁﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻭﺍﺭﺉ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺠﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺩﺍﻨﻲ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ) ‫ﻨﺎﺼﺭ‬ ، ٢٠١٨ ( ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺸﻔﻴﻕ‬ ، ٢٠٠٨ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺭﺒﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﺒﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺘﺭﺡ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻐﺘﺭﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻌﺭﻀﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ . ‫ﻭﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ، ٢٠١٠ ( ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻬﻼﻙ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺨﺎﺭ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻠﻭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﺭﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺌﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻵﻤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺃﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻌﺕ‬ ) ‫ﺃﺒﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺭﺠﻪ،‬ ٢٠١٢ ( ‫ﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺈﺩﺍﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻷ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻤل،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺢ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﺜﺒﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻻﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺩﺍﺌﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻷﺩﻭﺍﺭﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺭﺤﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﺼﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺨﺼﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ) ‫ﺇﺒﺭﺍﻫﻴﻡ‬ ، ٢٠١٦ ( ‫ﻫﺩﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﻜﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺭﻭﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺒﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻨﺘﺭﻨﺕ،‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺎﻴﺘﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺭﺍﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺼل‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩل‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻤﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻟﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ . ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ) ‫ﺴﺒﻴل،‬ ٢٠١٧ ( ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﻻﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻟﺨﺭﻁﻭﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺒﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺼﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺼﻠﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻨﻲ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻌﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ . ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﺭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻌﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻁل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻀﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻬﻭﻟﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻐﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ : ‫ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺩﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻅﺎﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺍﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﻫﻴﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺎﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺨﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ . ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻨﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﺴﻴﻨﺎﺭﻴﻭﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺒﺅﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ . ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻷﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻜﻴﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺱ‬ ‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺜﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﺴﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻌﺎل‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻗﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﺀﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ . ‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ : -١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺩﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻟﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺭﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺎﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺴﻴﻨﺩﺍﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺴﻠﻴﻁ‬ ) ٢٠١٥ -٢٠٣٠ ( ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺇ‬ ‫ﻁﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﻭﺠﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤل‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ) ٢٠٠٥ -٢٠١٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺩﺍﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺼﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻜﻤﺎل‬ -‫ﺍﺴﺘﺭﺍﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻴﺔ‬ ٢٠٣٠ . ٢ ( ‫ﻏﻴﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ‬ . ٣ ( ‫ﻴﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺸل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺭﻱ‬ . ٤ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ . ٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺩﺭﺓ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺎﻭﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ . ‫ﺜﺎﻟﺜﺎ‬ : ‫ﺃﻫﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ : -١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ . ٢ ( ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺘﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ . ٣ ( ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ . ٤ ( ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ . ٥ ( ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ . ٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﻫﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ . ‫ﺭﺍﺒﻌﺎ‬ : ‫ﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ : -‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺎﺅل‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻫل‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺠﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺴﺎﺅل‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ‬ : ١ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ٢ ( ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﺘﺯﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ٣ ( ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٤ ( ‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻤ‬ ‫ﺴﺘﺨﺩ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ٥ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻭﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ٦ ( ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺼﻼﺕ؟‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ١ -‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺎﺌﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻪ‬ " ‫ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻟﺯ‬ ‫ﻤﺎﻜﻠﻴﻼﻨﺩ‬ " ‫ﻴﺼﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻌﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺸﻤﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺴ‬ ‫ﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺌل‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺸﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻭﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺩﻟﻭل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻭﻟﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻟﻭل‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺍﻴﺎﻩ‬ ) ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺠﺎﻤﻊ،‬ ٢٠١٠ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٩ ( . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ) Webster ( ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﺤﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﺴﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻘﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ " ) ‫ﻤﻅﻠﻭﻡ،‬ ٢٠١٢ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٤ .( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﻬﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺴﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ‬ " ) . Coombs,2007,p 160 ( . ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ " ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﻁﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺅﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺤﺭﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻫﺒﻭﻁﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ،‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻫﺩﺍﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻁﻠﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺩﺩ‬ " ) ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻴﻠﻲ،‬ ٢٠٠٦ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٣١ ( . ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ) : ‫ﻤﺎﻫﺭ،‬ ٢٠١١ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٢٩ ( ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺴﻔﻭﺭﺩ،‬ ‫ﻓﻘﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ Disaster ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﻤﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻅﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﻅ‬ ‫ﺴﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﻌﺎ‬ ) " ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺭﻴ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ،‬ ٢٠١٢ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٥٦ ( . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻁﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﺓ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻔﻌل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﺙ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺴﺎﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﺠﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺇﻨﺫﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻗﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ،‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺼﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺕ‬ ) " ‫ﻋﻠﻲ،‬ ٢٠٠٤ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٣٧ .( ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﺭﻓﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺄ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﺩﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻭﺍﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﺍﺘﻴﺔ‬ " ) ‫ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ،‬ ٢٠٠٩ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٨ ( . ‫ﻭ‬  ‫ﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻨﺴﺘﻁﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭل‬ ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻟﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﺎل‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺎﻅﻤﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﺠﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻟﺩﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﺒﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺒﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺈ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻠﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻭﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺨﻁﻭﺭﺘﻬﺎ‬ . ) ‫ﻤﺤﻤﺩ،‬ ٢٠٠٣ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٢١ ( . ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻀﻭﺀ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﻠﺼﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ": ‫ﺨﻁﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﺼ‬ ‫ﻭﺩ،‬ ‫ﺴﺭﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻀﺭﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺠﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﺒﻴﺭﻴﻥ،‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ " . ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻟﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺸﻌﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺒﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻀﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺃﻗل‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻘﻕ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‬ ‫ﻀﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻤﻠﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺭﻉ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻭﻀﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻭﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ،‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﺄﻗل‬ ‫ﺃﺨﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻭﺍﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ) ‫ﻤﺼﻁﻔﻰ،‬ ٢٠٠٥ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٤٨٢ .( ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ " ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺠل‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻨﺏ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺠﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻀﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻁﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻨﻅﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺎﺭﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﺭﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺃﺤﻤﺩ،‬ ٢٠٠٢ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٤٣ ( . ‫ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺸﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل،‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺀ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﺎﺒﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻬﺩﻴﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻤﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻤﺘﻠﻜﺎﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻘﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ،‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻴﺎﻁﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﺒﺄ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺅﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻘﻠﻴﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴ‬ ‫ﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺭﻱ‬ ، ٢٠٠٢ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ١٨ ( . ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﻤﻴﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺘﻤﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻌ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺩﻑ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻊ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﹰﺎ،‬ ‫ﻤﻤﻜﻨ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻀﺭﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻨﺘﻬﺎﺌﻬﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺸﻤﻲ،‬ ٢٠١٧ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٨٥ ( . ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺘﺸ‬ ‫ﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻴﺎﺩﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﻁﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺸﻤل‬ ‫ﻜﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﻭﺍﺘﺠﻬﺎ‬ ) . ‫ﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ،‬ ٢٠٠٩ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ١٨ ( . ‫ﻭﻗﺩ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﺴ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺙ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ -‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ : ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺫﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻭﻗﻭﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ،‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺘﻔﺎﻗﻡ‬ ‫ﺤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬ . ‫ﺏ‬ -‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ : ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺌﻴﺱ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻼﺤﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻭﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ،‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻁﺒﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻁ‬ . ‫ﺕ‬ -‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ : ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺤﺘﻭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻼﺝ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻫﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ) . ‫ﻜﺭﻴﻡ،‬ ٢٠٠٥ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٥٤ -٥٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻡ‬ ) ٢ ( ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺤل‬ ‫ﻴﻭﻀﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺠﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ‬ : ١ ( ‫ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻭﻟﻭﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺒﻴﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻅﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺼﻁﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻜﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ . ٢ ( ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤﺩ‬ ‫ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ . ٣ ( ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺌﻤﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﻅل‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻜﺎﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫ﻭﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺠﺂﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺩﺍﻋﻰ‬ . ٤ ( ‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﺒﺅ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﻟﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴل‬ ‫ﺭﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ . ٥ ( ‫ﺒﺤﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﻭﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﻋﻡ‬ . ٦ ( ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻘﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺤﺩﻭﺜﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ . ٧ ( ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺼل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻐﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻌﻡ،‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ٢٠٠١ ، ‫ﺹ‬ ٨٨ .( ٣ -‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻴﻠﻌﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ،‬ ‫ﺤﻴﺙ‬ ‫ﻴﺅﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﺸﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ،‬ ‫ﻴﻌﻜﺱ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ،‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺩﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﻟﻨﺎ،‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭ‬ ‫ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل،‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺎ‬ " ‫ﻭﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻌﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﺠﻭﻫﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺴﺘﻭﺍﻩ‬ ) ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺭﻭﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﺨﺭﻭﻥ،‬ ٢٠٠٨ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٢٤٩ .( ‫ﻤﻌﺠﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻪ‬ " ‫ﻤﺠﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺠﻌﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﺴﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻨﻬﺠﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ،‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﺠﺎﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻘﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺹ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﻗﻑ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﻴﻥ‬ " ) ‫ﻤﺩﻜﻭﺭ،‬ ١٩٧٥ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٦٤٤ ( . ‫ﻜﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺀ‬ ‫ﻟﺫﺍﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺘﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺃﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺇﺭﺠﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺠﺩﺍﻥ،‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ،‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل،‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻠﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺍﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻅﺎﻫﺭ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﻼﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺭﻏﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺒﻭﺘﺔ‬ -‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻜﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﺤﻀﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﺭﺤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺘﻭﺴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻼﺸﻌﻭﺭ‬ ) ‫ﺒﺩﻭﻱ،‬ ١٩٨٦ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٨١ ( . ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻗﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻲ،‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺯﺀ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻋﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ (Robert L, 1999, p.99) . ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻫﺫﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ : -‫ﻤﺠﻤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ . ‫ﺏ‬ -‫ﺃ‬ -‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺴﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺴﻠﻭﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺎ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﻗﺒل‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﻌﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ،‬ ‫ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ‬ ( . ‫ﺕ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﺘﺨﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺭﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻡ‬ . ‫ﺙ‬ -‫ﺍﻟﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻭﺤﺴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺒﺴﻠﻭﻙ‬ ‫ﺇﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ . ‫ﺝ‬ -‫ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﻟﻜل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺩﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺤﻭﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻐﻴﻴﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻬﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ . ٤ -‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ : ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻁﻭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﺤل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﺤﺩﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻔﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺼﻴﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻅﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺒﺩﺍﺌل‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻤل‬ ) Gilbert& Specht, 1977, p.1 .( ‫ﺘﺨﻀﻊ‬ ‫ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻼﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻅﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻭﻗﻴﺕ‬ ‫ﻤﺜل‬ ‫ﻤﺒﻜﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻘﻨﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻀﻭﺍﺒﻁ‬ ) ‫ﻤﻜﺎﻭﻱ،‬ ٢٠٠٥ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٣٨ .( ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﻀﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﻔﻜﻴﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺃﻴﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻴﻌﺭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻹ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺠﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻁﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺩﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺘﻭﻓﺭ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻨﻅﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻴﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻭ‬ ‫ﺓ‬ ، ٢٠٠٤ ‫ﺹ‬ ، ٩٥ ( . ‫ﻭﻴﻘﺼﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﺎﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﺘﻲ‬ : ‫ﺃ‬ -‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺌﻡ‬ ‫ﺒﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺒﺄﻜﺒﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ‬ ‫ﺒﻴﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ . ‫ﺏ‬ -‫ﺘﺤ‬ ‫ﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺼﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺠﻬﺯﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﺎﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻭﻗﺎﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻹﻨﻘﺎﺫ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻀﺎﻉ‬ .	٢
										٩٣٤ ٩٤٠ ٩٤١ ٩٤٢ ٩٤٣
‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ٩٢٨ ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ‫اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﯿﺔ‬ ‫واﻟﻌﻠﻮم‬ ‫اﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺪد‬ ٥٠ ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬ ٣ ‫إﺑﺮﯾﻞ‬ ٢٠٢٠ ‫اﻻﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ : eg . ekb . journals . jsswh :// ps htt ‫إﻟﯿﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﯾﺪ‬ : com . gmail @ eg . jsswh ‫ﻓﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ٢٠١٤ ، ‫ﻭﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻜﺜﺭ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﻨﺼﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻭﺍﺭﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺁﺴﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺩﺉ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻡ‬ ‫ﺘﺸﻬﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﺭﺜﺔ‬ ‫ﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻟﺯﺍل‬