‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬ ) ١٩٠٧ ‫ﻡ‬ "( ، ‫ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻘل‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ،‬ " ‫ﻤﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﺭﻓﺔ‬ ) ١٩١٢ ‫ﻡ‬ "( ) ١ ( ، ‫ﻭﺘﺘﺒﻠﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬ " ‫ﻭﻴﻠﻴﺎﻡ‬ " ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻔﻜﺭﺓ‬ ) ١ ( ‫ﺍﻨﻅﺭ‬ : ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺴﻭﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺴﺭﺓ،‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ١ ، ٢٠١٠ ‫ﻡ،‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺼﺭﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ،‬ ) ٣ / ١٢٩٣ .( ‫ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ - ١٩٨ - ‫ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺍﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ،‬ ‫ﻭﺫﻝﻙ‬ ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ‬ ‫ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ‬ " ‫ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ " ، ‫ﻭﻫﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻴﺠﻌل‬ ‫ﻝﻠﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ " ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ " ‫ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺘﺭﺘﺏ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ،‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻙ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺘﺩﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻜﻴﻑ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﻭﻝﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻝﻰ‬ ‫ﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺤﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺘﺤﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺒﺤﻭﺍﺴﻙ،‬ ‫ﻜﺎﻨﺕ‬ ‫ﺘﻠﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺒﻐﻴﺭ‬ " ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ " ، ‫ﻭﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻋﻡ‬ ‫ﺃﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻴﻔﻬﻡ‬ ‫ﻝﻬﺎ‬ " ‫ﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬ " ‫ﻓﻬﻭ‬ ‫ﻤﺨﺩﻭﻉ‬ " ) ١ ( . * * ) ١ ( ‫ﻤﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ‬ : ‫ﺯﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻨﺠﻴﺏ‬ ‫ﻤﺤﻤﻭﺩ،‬ ‫ﻁ‬ ٤ ، ١٤١٤ ‫ﻫ‬ ‫ـ‬ / ١٩٩٣ ‫ﻡ،‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻕ،‬ ‫ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ‬ - ‫ﻤﺼﺭ،‬ ) ‫ﺹ‬ ٢١٣ .( ‫ﺩ‬ ٠ ‫ﻋﺒﺩ‬ ‫ﺒﻥ‬ ‫ﺯﻴﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﷲ‬ - ١٩٩ -

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http://www.flsafa.com/٢٠١٦/١١/pragmatism-ethics.html .