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straight-line ground reference. Once a straight-line ground reference is established, the pilot makes a 360° constant medium banked turn. As the airplane completes the 360° turn, it should return directly over the straight-line ground reference but downwind from the starting point. Choosing a straight-line ground reference that has a crosswind, and using the same 360° constant medium-banked turn, demonstrates how the airplane drifts away from the reference even as the 

pilot holds a constant bank angle. In both examples, the path over the ground is an elongated circle, although in reference to the air, the airplane flew a perfect continuous radius. 

In order to compensate for the elongated, somewhat circular path over the ground, the pilot must adjust the bank angle as the groundspeed changes throughout the turn. Where groundspeed is the fastest, such as when the airplane is 

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