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into the seat or raise the pilot against the seat belt. Radial accelerations produce side loadings, which will shift the pilot from side to side in the seat. These forces need not be strong, only perceptible by the pilot to be useful. 

An accomplished pilot who has excellent “feel” for the PPC will be able to understand and coordinate the rate of bank change so as not to overshoot the desired course or bank, and ultimately be able to anticipate the pendulum effect. The wing trailing edge control surfaces move in the airstream and meet resistance proportional to the speed and weight of the cart. When the cart is heavy and flying faster, the steering con - trols are stiffer and harder to move because the wing internal pressure is higher. When the cart is light and flying slower, there is less force required and controls move easier. 

The senses that contribute to “feel” of the airplane are inherent in people. However, “feel” must be de - veloped. The flight instructor should direct the begin ning pilot to be attuned to these senses and teach an awareness of their meaning as it relates to various conditions of flight. To do this effectively, the flight instructor must fully understand the difference be - tween perceiving something and merely noticing it. It is a well established fact that the pilot who develops a “feel” for the PPC early in flight training will have little difficulty with advanced flight maneuvers. 

## Attitude Flying 

In a PPC, flying by attitude means visually establish - ing the aircraft’s attitude with reference to the natural horizon. [Figure 6-3] Attitude is the angular difference measured between an aircraft’s axis and the line of the Earth’s horizon. Pitch attitude is the angle formed by the longitudinal axis of the aircraft and the horizon. Bank attitude is the angle formed by the lateral axis with the horizon. 

In attitude flying, the PPC pilot controls two compo - nents: pitch and bank. 

• Pitch control is the control of the PPC about the lateral axis by using the throttle to raise and lower the nose in relation to the natural horizon. 

• Bank control is control of the PPC about the longitudinal axis by use of the PPC steering controls to attain a desired bank angle in relation to the natural horizon. 

## Straight-and-Level Flight 

It is impossible to emphasize too strongly the neces - sity for forming correct habits in flying straight and level. All other flight maneuvers are in essence a de - viation from this fundamental flight maneuver. Per fection in straight-and-level flight will not come of itself. It is not uncommon to find a pilot whose basic flying ability consistently falls just short of minimum expected standards, and upon analyzing the reasons for the shortcomings to discover that the cause is the inability to properly fly straight and level. 

