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The following table sets forth our direct premiums by state for the periods indicated. 

## CITIZENS, INC. AND CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES 

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Net Investment Income. Net investment income decreased in 2018 and 2017 as our average invested assets decreased due to our higher expenses over the past several years, as discussed below. 

Net investment income yield for our Home Service Insurance segment is summarized as follows: 

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Realized Investment Gains (Losses), Net. This segment recognized losses on other-than-temporary impairments totaling $0.2 million in 2018 and 2017 and $2.0 million in 2016, related to bond and mutual fund holdings. A gain of $1.1 million was recognized on the sale of real estate property in 2017. 

