of total contract revenue and contract cost indicate a loss, a provision for the entire loss on the contract is recorded in the period in which it becomes evident. 

The percentage of completion is measured based on the completion of the contract milestones predetermined by the architects and engineers. Construction in progress is stated at cost plus (less) amounts associated with estimated profit (loss) recognized on the basis of the percentage-of-completion method. 

## Investments Accounted for Using Equity Method 

Investments in companies in which the Company exercises significant influence over the operating and financial policy decisions are accounted for by the equity method. Under the equity method, the investment is initially stated at cost and subsequently adjusted for its proportionate share in the net earnings of the investee companies. Any cash dividends received are recognized as a reduction in the carrying value of the investments. 

Gains or losses on sales from the Company to equity method investees wherein Chunghwa exercises significant influence over these equity method investees are deferred in proportion to the Company’s ownership percentage in the investees until such gains or losses are realized through transactions with third parties. Gains or losses on sales from equity method investees to Chunghwa are deferred in proportion to Chunghwa’s ownership percentages in the investees until they are realized through transactions with third parties. 

When the Company subscribes for additional investees shares at a percentage different from its existing ownership percentage, the resulting carrying amount of the investment in the investee differs from the amount of the Company’s share of the investee’s equity. The Company records such a difference as an adjustment to long-term investments with the corresponding amount charged or credited to additional paid-in capital to the extent available, with the balance charged to retained earnings. 

## Property, Plant and Equipment 

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost plus a revaluation increment, if any, less accumulated depreciation and accumulated impairment loss. The interest costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition, construction of a qualifying asset are capitalized as property, plant and equipment. Major renewals and betterments are capitalized, while maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. 

When an indication of impairment is identified, any excess of the carrying amount of an asset over its recoverable amount is recognized as a loss. If the recoverable amount increases in a subsequent period, the amount previously recognized as impairment would be reversed and recognized as a gain. However, the adjusted amount may not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined, net of depreciation, as if no impairment loss had been recognized. 

An impairment loss on a revalued asset is charged to “unrealized revaluation increment” under equity to the extent available, with the balance recognized as a loss in earnings. If the recoverable amount increases in a subsequent period, the amount previously recognized as impairment loss could be reversed and recognized as a gain, with the remaining credited to “unrealized revaluation increment”. 

Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the following estimated service lives: land improvements - 10 to 30 years; buildings - 3 to 60 years; computer equipment - 2 to 15 years; telecommunication equipment - 3 to 20 years; transportation equipment - 3 to 10 years; and miscellaneous equipment - 2 to 12 years. 

Upon sale or disposal of property, plant and equipment, the related cost, accumulated depreciation, accumulated impairment losses and any unrealized revaluation increment are deducted from the corresponding accounts, and any gain or loss is recorded as non-operating gains or losses in the year of sale or disposal. 

