the warped curves are aligned by peak body mass at the onset of the wandering phase, resulting in family curves late in the larval period that maintain relative positions similar to early in the larval period. This realignment undoubtedly will facilitate estimation of genetic components of variance, a proposition that we can test in the future. 

## 7 Supplementary materials 

Web Appendices referenced in Sections 3–6 and Matlab progra ms implementing the new estimators are available with this paper at the Biometrics website on Wiley Online Library. 

## Acknowledgements 

This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant DMS-1006281 to Daniel Gervini, NSF grant EF-0328594 to Patrick A. Carter and a grant from the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis to Patrick A. Carter. 

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