Otto cycle.  The constant-volume cycle of energy transformation used by reciprocating engines. A mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder as the piston moves to the bottom of its stroke. The mixture is compressed as the piston moves upward in the cylinder, and when the piston is near the top of its stroke, the mixture is electrically ignited and burns. The burning mixture heats and expands the air inside the cylinder and forces the piston down, performing useful work. The piston then moves back up, forcing the burned gases out of the cylinder. 

Overboost.  A condition of excessive manifold pressure in a reciprocating engine. Overboosting occurs when the supercharger is operated at too high a speed. 

Overrunning clutch.  A type of clutch that couples an input shaft with an output shaft. When the input shaft is driven, the output shaft rotates with it. When the output shaft is driven, the output shaft rotates with it. But when the output shaft is driven, the input shaft does not turn. 

Overspeed condition.  A speed condition in which the engine is turning at an rpm higher than that for which the propeller governor is set. 

P-lead. Primary lead. The wire that connects the primary winding of a magneto to the ignition switch. The magneto is turned off by grounding its P-lead. 

Pascal.  The unit of pressure produced when one newton of force acts uniformly over an area of one square meter. One pascal is equal to 14.503 ∙ 10-5 (0.00014503) psi. The kilopascal (kPa) is easier to manipulate. 1 kPa = 1,000 Pa = 0.14503 psi. 

PCB. Plenum chamber burning. A method of thrust augmentation used on engines with vectored nozzles. Fuel injected into the fan-discharge air is burned to increase thrust. 

Peak voltage. The voltage of AC electricity that is measured from zero voltage to the peak of either alternation. 

Penetrant dwell time.  The length of time a part is left in the penetrant when preparing it for inspection by the fluorescent or dye penetrant method. The hotter the part and the longer the penetrant dwell time, the smaller the fault that will be detected. 

Performance number.  The rating of antidetonation characteristics of a reciprocating engine fuel that is better than the high rating reference fuel, iso-octane. Performance numbers are greater than 100. 

Permanent magnet. A piece of hardened steel that has been exposed to a strong magnetizing force which has aligned the spin axes of the electrons surrounding its atoms. The high retentivity of the material causes the electrons to retain their magnetic orientation. 

Permanent-mold casting.  A casting made in a reusable metal mold. The walls of permanent-mold castings can be made thinner than similar walls made by sand casting. 

Permeability. A measure of the ease with which lines of magnetic flux can pass through a material. 

Phase sequence, or phase rotation. The sequence with which the output phases of a three-phase generator are connected to the load. Reversing the phase sequence of a generator from A-B-C to A-C-B prevents the generator from being synchronized with the others on the bus. 

Pi (π) filter.  An electronic filter used to prevent radio frequency energy produced in the ignition exciter from feeding back into the aircraft electrical system. The filter is made of an inductor with a capacitor on its input and output. The name is derived from the resemblance of the three components on a schematic diagram to the Greek letter pi (π). 

Pinion. A small gear that meshes with and drives a larger gear. 

Piston (reciprocating engine component).  The movable plug inside the cylinder of a reciprocating engine. The piston moves in and out to compress the fuel-air mixture and to transmit the force from the expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft. 

Piston pin.  See wrist pin. 

Pitch angle. The angle between the chord line of a propeller blade and the plane of rotation. See blade angle. 

Pitch distribution.  The gradual change in pitch angle of a propeller blade from the root to the tip. 

Plane of rotation.  The plane in which a propeller blade rotates. The plane of rotation is perpendicular to the propeller shaft. 

Planetary gears.  A type of large-ratio reduction gearing. A series of small planetary gears are mounted on a spider attached to the output shaft. The planetary gears rotate between a fixed sun gear and a driven ring gear. 

