# Solving the Radial Dirac Equations: A Numerical Odyssey 

Richard R. Silbar ∗ and T. Goldman † 

Theoretical Division, MS-B283, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 

## Abstract 

We discuss, in a pedagogical way, how to solve for relativistic wave functions from the radial Dirac equations. After an brief introduction, in Section II we solve the equations for a linear Lorentz scalar potential, V$_{s}$ ( r ), that provides for confinement of a quark. The case of massless u and d quarks is treated first, as these are necessarily quite relativistic. We use an iterative procedure to find the eigenenergies and the upper and lower component wave functions for the ground state and then, later, some excited states. Solutions for the massive quarks ( s , c , and b ) are also presented. In Section III we solve for the case of a Coulomb potential, which is a time- like component of a Lorentz vector potential, V$_{v}$ ( r ). We re-derive, numerically, the (analytically well-known) relativistic hydrogen atom eigenenergies and wave functions, and later extend that to the cases of heavier one-electron atoms and muonic atoms. Finally, Section IV finds solutions for a combination of the V$_{s}$ and V$_{v}$ potentials. We treat two cases. The first is one in which V$_{s}$ is the linear potential used in Sec. II and V$_{v}$ is Coulombic, as in Sec. III. The other is when both V$_{s}$ and V$_{v}$ are linearly confining, and we establish when these potentials give a vanishing spin-orbit interaction (as has been shown to be the case in quark models of the hadronic spectrum). 

PACS numbers: 02.30.Hq, 02.60.Lj, 12.39.Ki, 31.15.B- 

