content_image/361456.jpg content_image/361457.jpg content_image/361458.jpg content_image/361459.jpg content_image/361460.jpg content_image/361461.jpg
mass/charge ratio, given by the normalised parameters 

<img src='content_image/361456.jpg'>

For electrons a$_{z}$ = τ$_{z}$ = − 1 and µ$_{z}$ = − m$_{e}$/M$_{i}$ . For the main ions a$_{z}$ = µ$_{z}$ = 1 while τ$_{z}$ = τ$_{i}$ is kept as a parameter. For the trace ions a$_{z}$ = 0 is always taken. For hot trace ions τ$_{z}$ is large while µ$_{z}$ is still moderate. The species gyroradius ρ$_{z}$ is given by ( ρ$_{z}$/ρ$_{s}$ ) 2 = µ$_{z}$τ$_{z}$ , which is always small for electrons, close to unity for main ions, and can be moderate or large for trace ions. For this study a simplified geometry is taken with B = 1 except in curvature terms, so magnetic pumping and shaping effects [37] are neglected. Since dynamics at the electron gyroradius scale are neglected the gyroaveraging effects on ˜ A$_{‖}$ are not treated. The moment equations are given by 

<img src='content_image/361457.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/361458.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/361459.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/361460.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/361461.jpg'>

