# mkdir /mnt/ubuntu # mount /dev/ sda6 /mnt/ubuntu 

Note: If you want to have parts of the filesystem (e.g. /usr) mounted on separate partitions, you will need to create and mount these directories manually before proceding with the next stage. 

## D.4.2. Install debootstrap 

The utility used by the Ubuntu installer, and recognized as the official way to install an Ubuntu base system, is debootstrap . It uses wget and ar , but otherwise depends only on /bin/sh and basic Unix/Linux tools$^{2}$. Install wget and ar if they aren’t already on your current system, then download and install debootstrap . If these steps are executed under Ubuntu you can simply do this by apt install debootstrap . 

If you have an RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) based system, you can use alien, which is available in the Debian repositories, to convert the .deb file to a useable .rpm file. 

Or, you can use the following procedure to install it manually. Make a work folder for extracting the .deb into: 

# mkdir work # cd work 

The debootstrap binary is located in the Ubuntu archive (be sure to select the proper file for your architecture). Download the debootstrap .deb from the pool (http://ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports/pool/main/d/debootstrap/), copy the package to the work folder, and extract the files from it. You will need to have root privileges to install the files. 

# ar -x debootstrap_0.X.X_all.deb # cd / # zcat /full-path-to-work/work/data.tar.gz | tar xv 

## D.4.3. Run debootstrap 

debootstrap can download the needed files directly from the archive when you run it. You can substitute any Ubuntu archive mirror for ports.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-ports in the command example below, preferably a mirror close to you network-wise. Mirrors are listed at http://wiki.ubuntu.com/Archive. 

If you have an Ubuntu focal CD mounted at /cdrom , you could substitute a file URL instead of the http URL: file:/cdrom/ubuntu/ 

Substitute one of the following for ARCH in the debootstrap command: amd64 , arm64 , armhf , i386 , powerpc , ppc64el , or s390x . 

