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where it creates an undue hazard or an annoyance to persons or property on the ground. 

In addition to flying the airplane from the point of simulated engine failure to where a reasonable safe landing could be made, a pilot should also receive instruction on certain emergency cockpit procedures. The habit of performing these cockpit procedures must be developed to such an extent that, when an engine failure actually occurs, a pilot checks the critical items that are necessary to get the engine operating again while selecting a field and planning an approach. Combining the two operations—accomplishing emergency procedures and planning and flying the approach—are difficult during the early training in emergency landings. 

There are definite steps and procedures to be followed in a simulated emergency landing. Although they may differ somewhat from the procedures used in an actual emergency, they must be learned thoroughly and each step called out to the instructor. The use of a checklist is strongly recommended. Most airplane manufacturers provide a checklist of the appropriate items. [Figure 8-30] 

Critical items to be checked include the position of the fuel tank selector, the quantity of fuel in the tank selected, the fuel pressure gauge to see if the electric fuel pump is needed, the position of the mixture control, the position of the magneto switch, and the use of carburetor heat. Many 

actual emergency landings have been made and later found to be the result of the fuel selector valve being positioned to an empty tank while the other tank had plenty of fuel. It may be wise to change the position of the fuel selector valve even though the fuel gauge indicates fuel in all tanks because fuel gauges can be inaccurate. Many actual emergency landings could have been prevented if the pilots had developed the habit of checking these critical items during flight training to the extent that it carried over into later flying. 

Instruction in emergency procedures is not limited to simulated emergency landings caused by power failures. Other emergencies associated with the operation of the airplane should be explained, demonstrated, and practiced if practicable. Among these emergencies are fire in flight, electrical or hydraulic system malfunctions, unexpected severe weather conditions, engine overheating, imminent fuel exhaustion, and the emergency operation of airplane systems and equipment. 

## Faulty Approaches and Landings 

## Low Final Approach 

When the base leg is too low, insufficient power is used, landing flaps are extended prematurely or the velocity of the wind is misjudged, sufficient altitude is lost, which causes the airplane to be well below the proper final approach path. In such a situation, the pilot would have to apply considerable 

