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Source of data: Deamidation of Human Proteins, Robinson & Robinson, PNAS Oct. 23, 2001 Vol. 98 No. 22 12409-12413. Other deamidation-susceptible proteins and peptides that could be protected against deamidation by the present inven- tion, preferably in human or veterinary pharmaceutical or vaccine preparations, include: acid phosphatase; alkaline phosphatase; acidic fibroblast growth factor; amylin praline analog (Pramlintide ); angiogenin; antiflammin; antithrombin III; apolipoproteins; aspartate aminotransferase; atrial natri- uretic peptide; Bence-Jones protein TI; calbindin; calmodu› lin; carbonic anhydrase; CD4; cell surface protein G (as in a vaccine, for example); chorionic somatomammotropin; class II histocompatibility antigen; collagen; creatinekinase; deha› logenase; deoxyribonucleases; elastase; envelope glycopro- tein El (e.g., in a hepatitis C vaccine); epidermal growth factor; fibroblast growth factor; glucagon and glucagon-like peptides; glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; glucose-6- phosphate isomerase; glutathione S-transferase; granulocyte› colony-stimulating factor; growth hormone releasing factor; hexokinase; hexon protein; HMAP; high MW glycoprotein (e.g., from skin fibroblasts); hirulog-3-thrombin complex; histone; HIV-1 Rev; hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl› transferase; inorganic pyrophosphatase; interferon; interleu› kins 1, 2, 3, and 11; interleukin-I receptor antagonist; lactate dehydrogenase; lactoferrin; L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate ami› notransferase; leukaemia protein P30 (e.g., in a vaccine); lysozyme; macrophage migration inhibitory factor; major internal protein of SKA virus; major intrinsic protein MP26; membrane protein 4.1; beta-2-microglobulin; myoglobin; N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase; NAD(P)H dehydroge› nase; nerve growth factor; neu differentiation factor; neu› rotrophic factor; neutrophil activating peptide; nucleoside phosphorylase; parathyroid hormone; parotid basic proteins Pb-1 a, Pb-1 b and Pb2; phenylalanine hydroxy lase; phospho- glucomutase; 6-phospo-D-gluconate dehydrogenase; plas› minogen activator; prolactin; rotavirus protein VP6; staph aureus protein A; prothymosin; purine-nucleoside phospho› rylase; retinal-binding protein; rhinovirus-14 3C protease; somatomedinA (insulin-like growth factor); stem cell factor; thioltransferase; thrombopioetin; transmembrane secretory component; tumor necrosis factor; uropepsinogen and uropepsin; vascular endothelial growth factor; and vaso› pressin. It should be noted that, in addition to the possibilities of some of these compounds as active pharmaceutical com- pounds, some of them could be useful in pharmaceutical preparations as targeting compounds, to target specific cells, cells with specific disorders, or even pathogens in the body. 

Vaccines are another class of formulations wherein deami› dation of proteins in the formulation can have serious nega- tive consequences, and wherein the current invention could be applied. In the context of this invention, vaccines differ from traditional pharmaceutical and even biopharmaceutical products in that they are considerably more likely to contain at least trace levels of enzymes that can induce enzymatic deamidation. Thus, while protecting proteins and peptides against non-enzymatic deamidation is the main focus of this invention, it may nonetheless be true that the invention could 

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