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performance characteristics of the aircraft. In each instance, the pilot must consider all factors: airport design, ceiling and visibility, wind direction and velocity, final approach course alignment, distance from the final approach fix to the runway, and ATC instructions. 

## IAP Minimums 

Pilots may not operate an aircraft at any airport below the authorized MDA or continue an approach below the authorized DA/DH unless: 

1. The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a descent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal descent rate using normal maneuvers; 

2. The flight visibility is not less than that prescribed for the approach procedure being used; and 

3. At least one of the following visual references for the intended runway is visible and identifiable to the pilot: 

a) Approach light system 

b) Threshold 

c) Threshold markings 

d) Threshold lights 

e) Runway end identifier lights (REIL) 

f) Visual approach slope indicator (VASI) 

g) Touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings 

h) Touchdown zone lights 

i) Runway or runway markings 

j) Runway lights 

## Missed Approaches 

A MAP is formulated for each published instrument approach and allows the pilot to return to the airway structure while 

remaining clear of obstacles. The procedure is shown on the approach chart in text and graphic form. Since the execution of a missed approach occurs when the flight deck workload is at a maximum, the procedure should be studied and mastered before beginning the approach. 

When a MAP is initiated, a climb pitch attitude should be established while setting climb power. Configure the aircraft for climb, turn to the appropriate heading, advise ATC that a missed approach is being executed, and request further clearances. 

If the missed approach is initiated prior to reaching the MAP, unless otherwise cleared by ATC, continue to fly the IAP as specified on the approach chart. Fly to the MAP at or above the MDA or DA/DH before beginning a turn. 

If visual reference is lost while circling-to-land from an instrument approach, execute the appropriate MAP. Make the initial climbing turn toward the landing runway and then maneuver to intercept and fly the missed approach course. 

Pilots should immediately execute the MAP: 

1. Whenever the requirements for operating below DA/ DH or MDA are not met when the aircraft is below MDA, or upon arrival at the MAP and at any time after that until touchdown; 

2. Whenever an identifiable part of the airport is not visible to the pilot during a circling maneuver at or above MDA; or 

3. When so directed by ATC. 

