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performance falls off rapidly. Pilots experiencing this level of stress are not safe and should not exercise their airman privileges. Pilots who suspect they are suffering from chronic stress should consult a physician. 

## Fatigue 

Fatigue is frequently associated with pilot error. Some of the effects of fatigue include degradation of attention and concentration, impaired coordination, and decreased ability to communicate. These factors can seriously influence the ability to make effective decisions. Physical fatigue can result from sleep loss, exercise, or physical work. Factors such as stress and prolonged performance of cognitive work can result in mental fatigue. 

Like stress, fatigue also falls into two broad categories: acute and chronic. Acute fatigue is short term and is a normal occurrence in everyday living. It is the kind of tiredness people feel after a period of strenuous effort, excitement, or lack of sleep. Rest after exertion and 8 hours of sound sleep ordinarily cures this condition. 

A special type of acute fatigue is skill fatigue. This fatigue can be readily seen in the balloon pilot who, for example, has driven most or all of the night in order to attend an event, or perhaps was up for most of the previous night. [Figure 9-3] 

<img src='content_image/516999.jpg'>

This type of fatigue has two main effects on performance: 

• Timing disruption—appearing to perform a task as usual, but the timing of each component is slightly off. This makes the pattern of the operation less smooth, because the pilot performs each component as though it were separate, instead of as a part of an integrated activity. 

• Disruption of the perceptual field—concentrating attention upon movements or objects in the center of vision and neglecting those in the periphery. This may be accompanied by loss of accuracy and smoothness in control movements. 

Acute fatigue has many causes, but the following are among the most important to the pilot: 

• Mild hypoxia (oxygen deficiency), 

• Physical stress, 

• Psychological stress, and 

• Depletion of physical energy resulting from psychological stress. 

Sustained psychological stress accelerates the glandular secretions that prepare the body for quick reactions during an emergency. These secretions make the circulatory and respiratory systems work harder, and the liver releases energy to provide the extra fuel needed for brain and muscle work. When this reserve energy supply is depleted, the body lapses into generalized and severe fatigue. 

Acute fatigue can be prevented by proper diet and adequate rest and sleep. A well-balanced diet prevents the body from consuming its own tissues as an energy source. Adequate rest maintains the body’s store of vital energy. 

Chronic fatigue, extending over a long period of time, usually has psychological roots, although an underlying disease is sometimes responsible. Continuous high stress levels, for example, can produce chronic fatigue. Chronic fatigue is not relieved by proper diet and adequate rest and sleep, and usually requires treatment by a physician. An individual may experience this condition in the form of weakness, tiredness, palpitations of the heart, breathlessness, headaches, or irritability. Sometimes chronic fatigue even creates stomach or intestinal problems and generalized aches and pains throughout the body. When the condition becomes serious enough, it can lead to emotional illness. 

