## Active 

Jim clapped Tony [object] on the back. 

She alone dismissed the idea [object]. 

They sell wild mushrooms [object] here. 

## Passive 

Tony [subject] was clapped on the back by Jim. 

The idea [subject] was dismissed by her alone. 

Wild mushrooms [subject] are sold here (by them). 

preposition  a word usually placed in front of a noun or pronoun to show the relation between it and another noun or pronoun, e.g. the cat sat on  the mat; I’ve shown them to  him; the door’s opposite  the bus stop, you just go through  it. 

pronoun  a word that stands for (‘pro’) a noun: 

demonstrative pronouns  stand for particular people or things that are ‘pointed to’, e.g. this / that  [i.e. ‘this one/that one’] is a dandelion; these / those are fi lthy; 

interrogative pronouns  stand for people or things about which a question is being asked, e.g. what  are you doing? which  of them did best? who  won? who(m)  did you vote for?; 

personal pronouns  usually stand for people, e.g. she  lost her mobile; they are happy; we  phoned them ; you  gave us  a fright; 

possessive pronouns  stand for things mentioned as belonging to someone, e.g. this tuna sandwich is mine  [i.e. ‘my one’]; those are yours / hers / theirs , etc.; 

reciprocal pronouns  stand for two or more people or things which reciprocate an action, e.g. they like each other / one another ; we all gave each other / one another  birthday presents; 

re fl exive pronouns  stand for people or things that are both the subject and the object of the verb, e.g. you’re wearing yourselves  out; the dog’ll scratch itself ; the computer switched itself  o ff ; she bought herself something nice; 

relative pronouns  usually stand for people or things already mentioned, e.g. the idiot who  conceded the penalty; the DVDs which / that  were on the table; the one politician whom  everyone trusts. 

subject  the noun or pronoun that performs the action of the verb, e.g. Mick sang solo; the grass  is green; you  have grown; they  say it  will be easy; the allegation  was denied; he  was tripped over. 

tense  the form of a verb that corresponds to a particular segment of time, e.g. I eat  [present]; I shall eat  [future]; I have eaten  [present perfect]; I ate [simple past]; I was eating  [past progressive]; I had eaten  [past perfect]. 

