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## SKIPLANE OPERATIONS 

This chapter introduces pilots to the procedures required in the operation of skiplanes. Since most skiplane operations and training are conducted in single-engine airplanes with a conventional gear (tailwheel) configuration, this information is based on operating skiplanes of this type. [Figure 7-1] 

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A skiplane configuration affects the overall operation and performance of an airplane in several different ways, including ground handling, takeoff, landing, and flight operations. Some manufacturers provide recom- mended procedures and performance data in the Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) and/or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH). 

Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61 does not require specific pilot training and authorization to operate skiplanes; however, it is important to train with a qualified skiplane flight instructor. 

Since most skiplanes operate in a wide variety of con- ditions, such as landing on frozen or snow-covered lakes and sloping glaciers, with varying qualities of snow, it is important to know how performance is affected. Use the performance data provided by the manufacturer. 

## CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE 

Modern airplane ski designs are a compromise for the various forms and conditions of snow and ice. For example, a long, wide ski is best for new fallen, pow- dery, light snow, whereas a sharp, thin blade is best for hard-packed snow or smooth ice. Many ski designs feature a wide, flat ski with aluminum or steel runners on the bottom. Airplane skis may be made from composites, wood, or aluminum, and some have a polyethylene plastic sheathing bonded or riveted to the bottom surfaces. Ski designs fall into two main categories: plain and combination. Plain skis can only be used on snow and ice, while combination skis also allow the wheels to be used to land on runways. 

## PLAIN SKI TYPES 

¥W heel Replacement— Wheels are removed and ski boards are substituted. [Figure 7-2] 

¥ Clamp-On— Skis that attach to the tires and benefit from the additional shock absorbing qualities of the tires. 

¥ Roll-On or Full Board— Similar to the clamp-on type except the tires are bypassed and do not carry side or torque loads. Only the tire cushioning effect is retained with this installation. 

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## COMBINATION SKI TYPES 

¥ Retractable Ski— Can be extended into place for snow operations or retracted for non-snow opera- tions. This is accomplished by either a hydraulic pump or crank. 

