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## Notes to the consolidated financial statements 

For the year ended 31 December 2012 

## 2. Summary of significant accounting policies continued 

Transactions in foreign currencies are initially recorded at the functional currency rate ruling at the date of the transaction. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are retranslated at the functional currency rate of exchange ruling at the reporting date. All differences are taken to profit and loss with the exception of differences on monetary items that form part of a net investment in a foreign operation. These are taken directly to equity until the disposal of the net investment at which time they are recognised in profit or loss. Tax charges and credits attributable to exchange differences on those monetary items and borrowings are also dealt with in equity. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates as at the dates of the initial transaction. Non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency are translated using the exchange rates at the date when the fair value is determined. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are disclosed separately in the income statement, at each reporting period. Key exchange rates against US dollars used in preparing the consolidated financial statements were: 

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## Financial instruments 

A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset in one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument in another. Financial assets include, in particular, cash and cash equivalents, trade receivables and other loans and receivables, held-to-maturity investments and derivative and non-derivative financial assets accounted for at fair value through profit or loss, as well as investments available for sale. 

Financial liabilities generally substantiate claims for repayment in cash or another financial asset. In particular, this includes trade payables, liabilities to banks and derivative financial liabilities. 

Financial assets and financial liabilities are offset and the net amount is presented in the balance sheet when, and only when, the entity currently has a legal right to set off the recognised amounts and intends to settle on a net basis. 

## Financial assets 

Financial assets within the scope of IAS 39 are classified as being at fair value through profit or loss, held-to-maturity investments, loans and receivables or available-for-sale financial assets, as appropriate. When financial assets are first recognised, they are measured at fair value, plus, in case of investments not at fair value through profit or loss, directly attributable transaction costs. 

The Group determines the classification of its financial assets on first recognition and, where allowed and appropriate, re-evaluates this designation at each financial year end. 

All regular purchases and sales of financial assets are recognised on the settlement date, which is the date that the Group receives the asset. Regular purchases or sales are classified as purchases or sales of financial assets that require delivery of assets within the period generally established by regulation or convention of the market place. 

At each reporting date, the Group assesses whether a financial asset or group of financial assets is impaired. 

## Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss 

Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss include financial assets held for trading and financial assets designated upon initial recognition at fair value through profit or loss. Financial assets are classified as held for trading if they are acquired for the purpose of selling in the near term. This category includes derivative financial instruments entered into by the Group that are not designated as hedging instruments in hedge relationships as defined by IAS 39. Derivatives, including separated embedded derivatives are also classified as held for trading unless they are designated as effective hedging instruments. Financial assets at fair value through profit and loss are carried in the statement of financial position at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in finance income or finance costs in the income statement. 

