the steering bars move forward and back when the pilot applies foot pressure. Pushing either one of the steering bars causes the steering lines to pull down on the corresponding surface of the trailing edge on the wing which banks the PPC into a turn. 

STEERING LINES—Connected to the steering bars and routed through pulleys up to the trailing edge of the parachute. 

STRAIGHT-IN APPROACH—Entry into the traffic pattern by interception of the extended runway centerline (final approach course) without execut- ing any other portion of the traffic pattern. 

STRESS MANAGEMENT—The personal analysis of the kinds of stress experienced while flying, the application of appropriate stress assessment tools, and other coping mechanisms. 

STROBE—A high intensity white flashing light. Strobe lights are located on aircraft wingtips to increase aircraft visibility in low light conditions. 

STUDENT PILOT CERTIFICATE— An FAA- issued certificate that permits student pilots to exercise solo pilot privileges with limitations. A student’s medical becomes their student pilot certificate once it is endorsed by their flight instructor. 

SUSPENSION LINES—Lines that run from several attachment points on the wing down to a set of cables called risers, which connect to the PPC cart. 

TAILWIND—Wind blowing in the same direction the aircraft is moving. When an aircraft is flying with a tailwind, its speed over the ground is equal to its speed through the air, plus the speed the air is moving over the ground. 

TAKEOFF CLEARANCE—ATC authorization for an aircraft to depart a runway. It is predicated on known traffic and known physical airport condi- tions. 

TAXI—The movement of an aircraft under its own power while on the ground. 

TAXIWAY—Airport area designated for aircraft surface movement. 

TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRICTION (TFR)— Designated airspace of specified dimension where flight is temporarily restricted or prohibited. NOTAMs are issued to advise airmen of local TFR restrictions. 

TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREAS (TRSA)— Areas where participating pilots can receive addi- tional radar services. The purpose of the service is to provide separation between all IFR operations and participating VFR aircraft. 

TFR—See TEMPORARY FLIGHT RESTRIC- TION. 

THERMAL—A buoyant plume or bubble of rising air. 

THROTTLE—The control in an aircraft that regu- lates the power or thrust the pilot wants the engine to develop. 

THRUST—The force which imparts a change in the velocity of a mass. A forward force which propels the powered parachute through the air. 

TORQUE—(1) A resistance to turning or twisting. (2) Forces that produce a twisting or rotating mo- tion. (3) In a PPC, the tendency of the aircraft to turn (roll) in the opposite direction of rotation of the engine and propeller. 

TOTAL DRAG—The sum of the parasite and in- duced drag. 

TOUCH AND GO—An operation by an aircraft that lands and takes off without stopping. 

TOUCHDOWN POINT—The point or intended point at which an aircraft first makes contact with the landing surface. 

TOUCHDOWN ZONE—The portion of a runway, beyond the threshold, where it is intended landing aircraft first contact the runway. 

TRACK—The actual path made over the ground in flight. 

TRAFFIC PATTERN—The traffic flow that is pre- scribed for aircraft landing at or taking off from an airport. 

TRAFFIC PATTERN INDICATORS—Ground based visual indicators that identify traffic pattern direction at certain airports. 

TRAILING EDGE—The portion of the airfoil where the airflow over the upper surface rejoins the lower surface airflow. 

TRANSPONDER—The airborne portion of the sec- ondary surveillance radar system. The transponder emits a reply when queried by a radar facility. 

TRICYCLE GEAR CONFIGURATION—Land- ing gear configuration employing a third wheel located on the nose of the aircraft. 

TRSA—See TERMINAL RADAR SERVICE AREAS. 

TWO-STROKE ENGINE—A simple form of reciprocating engine that completes its operating cycle in two strokes of its piston—one down and one up. Two-stroke-cycle engines are inefficient in their use of fuel, but their simplicity makes them popular for powering light-sport aircraft and ultralight vehicles where light weight and low cost are paramount. 

