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group and C$_{2}$ -C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group are as exemplified above for the saturated hydrocarbyl group. 

[0049] The C$_{2}$-C$_{8 }$ unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof include vinyl, 1-propenyl, 2-propenyl, butenyl, hexenyl, and cyclohexeny I. 

[0050] Suitable CcC$_{12 }$ aryl groups include phenyl, tolyl, xylyl, 1-naphthyl and 2-naphthyl. Suitable C$_{7}$ -C$_{13 }$ aralkyl groups include benzyl and phenethyl. 

[0051] Among others, R$^{1 }$is preferably selected from fluo› rine, chlorine, bromine, hydroxyl, amino, C$_{1 }$-C$_{3 }$ saturated hydrocarbyl groups, C$_{1 }$-C$_{3 }$ saturated hydrocarbyloxy groups, C$_{2}$-C$_{4 }$ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy groups, -NR1A----C(=O)-R1B, and NR1A----C(=O)---O-R1B_ Groups R $^{1 }$may be identical or different when n is 2 or more. 

[0052] In formula (A). R 2 is hydrogen, nitro, or a C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$ hydrocarbyl group. The C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$ alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec› butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl and icosyl; C$_{3}$-C$_{20 }$ satu› rated cyclic hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclopropyl, cyclo› pentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, 4-methylcyclo› hexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, norbornyl, and adamantyl; C$_{2}$ -C$_{20 }$ alkenyl groups such as vinyl, propenyl, butenyl, and hex› enyl; C$_{2}$ -C$_{20 }$unsaturated cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups such as cyclohexenyl and norbornenyl; C$_{2}$-C$_{20 }$ alkynyl groups such as ethynyl, propynyl and butynyl; CcC$_{20 }$ aryl groups such as phenyl, methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, n-pro› pylphenyl, isopropylphenyl, n-butylphenyl, isobutylphenyl, sec-butylphenyl, tert-butylphenyl, naphthyl, methylnaph› thyl, ethylnaphthyl, n-propylnaphthyl, isopropylnaphthyl, n-butylnaphthyl, isobutylnaphthyl, sec-butylnaphthyl, and tert-butylnaphthyl; C$_{7}$ -C$_{20 }$aralkyl groups such as benzyl and phenethyl; and combinations thereof such as 2-cyclohexyl› ethynyl and 2-phenylethynyl. The hydrocarbyl group may contain at least one moiety selected from hydroxyl, car› boxyl, thiol, ether bond, ester bond, nitro, cyano, halogen and amino moiety. 

[0053] In case of p$^{1}$=1 or 2, R 2 may be the same or different. Also in case of p$^{1}$=1 or 2, two R 2 may bond together to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, the ring optionally containing a double bond, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen, or R 2 and X$^{1 }$may bond together to form a ring with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, the ring optionally containing a double bond, oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen. 

[0054] In formula (A), R $^{3 }$is a hydroxyl group, optionally fluorinated or chlorinated C$_{1 }$-C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbyl group, optionally fluorinated or chlorinated C$_{1 }$-C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbyloxy group, optionally fluorinated or chlorinated C$_{2}$ -C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl group, formyl group, optionally fluorinated or chlorinated C$_{2}$ -C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyl group, optionally fluorinated or chlo› rinated C$_{2}$-C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, optionally fluorinated or chlorinated C$_{1 }$-C$_{4 }$ saturated hydro› carbylsulfonyloxy group. CcC$_{10 }$ aryl group, fluorine, chlo› rine, amino group, nitro group, cyano group, -NR 3 A ----C (=0)-R 3 B, or -NR$^{3}$A-(=0)0-R 3 B. R $^{3}$A is hydrogen 

or a C$_{1 }$-C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbyl group. R 3 B is a C$_{1 }$-C$_{6 }$ saturated hydrocarbyl group or C$_{2}$-C$_{8 }$ unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group. 

[0055] Examples of the saturated hydrocarbyl groups rep› resented by R 3 . R 3 A and R 3 B are as exemplified above for R 1 . Examples of the saturated hydrocarbyl moiety in the satu› rated hydrocarbyloxy group, saturated hydrocarbyloxycar› bonyl group, saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyl group, saturated hydrocarbylcarbonyloxy group, and saturated hydrocarb› ylsulfonyloxy group are as exemplified above for the satu› rated hydrocarbyl group R. The C$_{2}$ -C$_{8 }$ unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbyl group represented by R 3 B may be straight, branched or cyclic and examples thereof are as exemplified above for R 1 . Exemplary CcC$_{10 }$ aryl groups include phenyl and naphthyl. 

[0056] Examples of the cation in the iodized aromatic ring-containing ammonium salt are shown below, but not limited thereto. 

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