sustainable global and urban systems. The organic computing paradigm [99] focusses on information processing systems with properties of living systems. Organic systems can be considered as living technology. 

In the next subsections, several urban problems and potential solutions with living tech- nology are presented. 

## 3.1 Mobility 

The movement of people and goods is one of the major urban problems. It requires expensive infrastructure (roads, rails, ports, stations, bridges, vehicles, fuel, signalization). When mo- bility is inefficient or saturated, people lose time and money, gain stress, and more pollution is generated. Overall, the quality of life is reduced when mobility is limited or not efficient. There are several problems within urban mobility, so there will be no single solution for all of them [29]. At least eight interrelated aspects of urban mobility can be identified: 

Transportation requirements. There is no mobility problem if people and goods do not have to be displaced. It is not possible for everyone to study, work and grow produce at home, but many actions can be taken to reduce the need of moving people and merchandise, i.e. the mobility demand. 

Scheduling. Congestion occurs when there are too many people in the same place at the same time. If people can transport themselves with more flexible schedules, then the demand of rush hours can dissipate over longer periods of time. 

Quantity. Too many vehicles or people saturate roads and public transportation systems. To reduce this, some cities use measures to demotivate use of private vehicles, such as high taxes, congestion charges, and limited parking. More flexible approaches to reduce vehicle quantity are carpooling and carsharing [49], e.g. Zipcar and Buzzcar. 

Capacity. Building more and broader freeways, bike lanes, public transportation systems and efficient traffic lights increases the capacity of urban mobility. An increased ca- 

