content_image/312078.jpg content_image/312079.jpg content_image/312077.jpg content_image/312076.jpg
both primordial inflation reheating and thermal inflation reheating, as this value corresponds to the number of relativistic degrees of freedom in the Standard Model. 

## 4.3.2.2 The Case Γ$_{ϕ}$ ≪ H TI 

We have 

<img src='content_image/312078.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/312079.jpg'>

Using a ∝ T − 8 3 for the period between the end of primordial inflation and the start of thermal inflation, as well as for the period between the end of thermal inflation and thermal inflation reheating and using a ∝ T − 1 for all other times, we have 

Using T$_{piv}$ =9 . 830 × 10 − 13 GeV (Eq. (4.47)), we obtain $^{N}$∗ as 

<img src='content_image/312077.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/312076.jpg'>

where we have used $^{g}$∗ ≈ 10 2 as the number of spin states (effective relativistic degrees of freedom) of all of the particles in the thermal bath at the time 

