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The fair value measurement of plan assets using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) changed due to the following: 

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Quoted market prices are used to value investments when available. Investments in securities traded on exchanges, including listed futures and options, are valued at the last reported sale prices on the last business day of the year or, if not available, the last reported bid prices. Fixed income securities are primarily measured using a market approach pricing methodology, where observable prices are obtained by market transactions involving identical or comparable securities of issuers with similar credit ratings. Mort- gages have been valued on the basis of their future principal and interest payments discounted at prevailing interest rates for similar investments. Investment contracts are valued at fair value by dis- counting the related cash flows based on current yields of similar instruments with comparable durations. Real estate investments are valued on a quarterly basis using discounted cash flow models which consider long-term lease estimates, future rental receipts and estimated residual values. Valuation estimates are supplemented by third-party appraisals on an annual basis. 

Private equity limited partnerships are valued quarterly using discounted cash flows, earnings multiples and market multi- ples. Valuation adjustments reflect changes in operating results, financial condition, or prospects of the applicable portfolio com- 

pany. Over-the-counter securities and government obligations are valued at the bid prices or the average of the bid and ask prices on the last business day of the year from published sources or, if not available, from other sources considered reliable, generally broker quotes. Temporary cash investments are stated at cost, which approximates fair value. 

## ESTIMATED FUTURE CONTRIBUTIONS AND BENEFIT PAYMENTS 

We expect to make contributions of approximately $200 million to our foreign defined benefit pension plans in 2013. Although we are not required to make contributions to our domestic defined benefit pension plans through the end of 2013, we may elect to make dis- cretionary contributions in 2013. Contributions do not reflect bene- fits to be paid directly from corporate assets. 

Benefit payments, including amounts to be paid from corpo- rate assets, and reflecting expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid as follows: $1,657 million in 2013, $1,654 million in 2014, $1,724 million in 2015, $1,793 million in 2016, $1,880 million in 2017, and $10,442 million from 2018 through 2022. 

