# Identifying influential spreaders in complex networks 

Maksim Kitsak, 1, 2 Lazaros K. Gallos, 3 Shlomo Havlin, 4 Fredrik Liljeros, 5 

Lev Muchnik, 6 H. Eugene Stanley, 1 and Hern´ an A. Makse 3 

$^{1}$Center for Polymer Studies and Physics Department, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA 

$^{2}$Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA 

$^{3}$Levich Institute and Physics Department, City College of New York, New York, New York 10031, USA 

$^{4}$Minerva Center and Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel 

$^{5}$Department of Sociology, Stockholm University, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden 

$^{6}$Information Operations and Management Sciences Department, Stern School of Business, New York University, New York, New York 10012, USA 

(Dated: October 5, 2011) 

