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## Integrated Flight Control System 

The integrated flight control system integrates and merges various systems into a system operated and controlled by one principal component. Figure 5-41  illustrates key components of the flight control system that was developed from the onset as a fully integrated system comprised of the airframe, autopilot, and FDS. This trend of complete integration, once seen only in large commercial aircraft, is now becoming common in general aviation. 

## Autopilot Systems 

An autopilot is a mechanical means to control an aircraft using electrical, hydraulic, or digital systems. Autopilots can control three axes of the aircraft: roll, pitch, and yaw. Most autopilots in general aviation control roll and pitch. 

Autopilots also function using different methods. The first is position based. That is, the attitude gyro senses the degree of difference from a position such as wings level, a change in pitch, or a heading change. 

Determining whether a design is position based and/or rate based lies primarily within the type of sensors used. In order for an autopilot to possess the capability of controlling an aircraft’s attitude (i.e., roll and pitch), that system must be provided with constant information on the actual attitude of that aircraft. This is accomplished by the use of several different types of gyroscopic sensors. Some sensors are designed to indicate the aircraft’s attitude in the form of position in relation to the horizon, while others indicate rate (position change over time). 

Rate-based systems use the turn-and-bank sensor for the autopilot system. The autopilot uses rate information on 

two of the aircraft’s three axes: movement about the vertical axis (heading change or yaw) and about the longitudinal axis (roll). This combined information from a single sensor is made possible by the 30° offset in the gyro’s axis to the longitudinal axis. 

Other systems use a combination of both position and rate- based information to benefit from the attributes of both systems while newer autopilots are digital. Figure 5-42 illustrates an autopilot by Century. 

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Figure 5-43  is a diagram layout of a rate-based autopilot by S-Tec, which permits the purchaser to add modular capability form basic wing leveling to increased capability. 

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