## Alcohol 

Alcohol directly affects the brain and can do so very quickly. Some myths still surround alcohol: drink- ing coffee can dissipate the effects, or taking a cold shower will “sober” you up quickly. The fact is that becoming intoxicated is determined by the amount of alcohol in the bloodstream. Once consumed, alcohol can enter the bloodstream—and therefore the brain— in as quickly as 10 minutes. Once in the brain, motor skills immediately begin to deteriorate. The com- mon aviation saying is “8 hours bottle to throttle.” However, depending on the metabolism of the indi- vidual, it may be twice as long before some humans can dissipate the negative effects of alcohol. Even in small amounts, alcohol can affect your motor skills, diminish your mental reasoning, decrease your sense of responsibility, and shorten your memory. In addi- tion, the effect of alcohol is greatly multiplied when gaining altitude. 

FAA regulations state that no one may act as a crew- member if they have consumed alcohol within 8 hours of flight, are under the influence of alcohol, are using any drug affecting their faculties contrary to safety, or if they have a blood alcohol level greater than 0.04 percent. Part 61 also states that refusal to take a drug or alcohol test, a conviction for a violation of any Federal or State statute relating to the operation of a motor vehicle (that’s right—a car) while under the influence of alcohol or a drug, or failure to provide a written report of each motor vehicle action to the FAA (not later than 60 days after the motor vehicle action) are grounds for: 

1. Denial of an application for any certificate, rating, or authorization for a period of up to 1 year after the date of such refusal; or 

2. Suspension or revocation of any certificate, rating, or authorization. 

## Anxiety 

Anxiety can cause humans to act in unpredictable and negative ways. If your future is uncertain or an unpre- dictable event occurs that forces you into an unknown path, anxiety can appear. Self realization and learned confidence through knowledge and practice are the best ways to prepare for possible anxiety attacks. 

## Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is typically not a factor in a powered parachute, as the engine is be- hind the pilot in the typical PPC pusher configura - tion. However, since CO is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, you need to be alert to exposure prior to flight. 

## Dehydration 

Dehydration is the critical loss of water from the body. The first noticeable effect of dehydration is fatigue. A powered parachute pilot is particularly susceptible to dehydration, as they normally fly in an open cart, of - ten exposed for hours to the direct rays of the sun. If dehydration occurs and water is not replaced, fatigue will progress to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst. It is highly recommended for PPC pilots, espe- cially those that fly in desert regions, to carry an am - ple supply of water and to drink regularly, regardless of whether or not you feel thirsty. When you begin to feel thirsty, the beginning stages of dehydration have already started. 

## Drugs 

One of the biggest misconceptions is the myth that over-the-counter drugs may be taken before a flight. A non-prescription drug does not mean it is free of side effects that may affect your faculties. Consult a physician about mixing flying with any drugs. Many medications such as tranquilizers, sedatives, strong pain relievers, and cough-suppressants have primary effects that may impair judgment, memory, alertness, coordination, vision, and the ability to make calcula- tions. Others, such as antihistamines, blood pressure drugs, muscle relaxants, and agents to control diar- rhea and motion sickness, have side effects that may impair the same critical functions. 

Pain killers or over-the-counter analgesics, such as Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), Tylenol (acetamino- phen), and Advil (ibuprofen), have few side effects when taken in the correct dosage. Flying is usually not restricted when taking these drugs. However, fly - ing is almost always precluded while using prescrip- tion analgesics such as Darvon, Percodan, Demerol, and codeine, since these drugs may cause side effects such as mental confusion, dizziness, headaches, nau- sea, and vision problems. 

Regulations prohibit pilots from performing duties while using any medication that affects their abilities in any way contrary to safety. The safest rule is not to fly while taking any medication, unless approved to do so by an Aviation Medical Examiner (AME). 

## Middle Ear and Sinus Problems 

As powered parachutes are not pressurized, atmo- spheric pressure changes will affect pilots flying to high altitudes. Atmospheric pressure decreases as you ascend, and increases as you descend. The pilot’s in- 

