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The RESP model extends the integral in (2) to the entire remote domain D$_{Z}$ and allows θ ( s ) to vary with respect to r , distinguishing it from spatially varying coefficient models (Section 2.1). Integration is a natural construct for aggregating effects of spatially continuous covariates, represents the conceptual limit of studying teleconnection with increasingly fine subsets of R , and allows study of teleconnection with additional spatial structure and without defining indices a priori. 

## 2.1 Model formulation 

The remote effects spatial process (RESP) model extends the standard geostatistical setting in which a local response variable Y ( s , t ) ∈$_{R}$ and known covariate vector x ( s , t ) ∈$_{R}$ p are observable at discrete time points t ∈ T = { t$_{1}$, . . . , t$_{n}$$_{t}$ } and at locations s in a continuous domain D$_{Y}$ . The RESP model includes the effects of known remote covariates z ( r , t ) ∈$_{R}$ , which are observable at locations r in a continuous domain that is spatially disjoint from 

