Twist drill.  A metal cutting tool turned in a drill press or handheld drill motor. A twist drill has a straight shank and spiraled flutes. The cutting edge is ground on the end of the spiraled flutes. 

Twist rope.  A stripe of paint on flexible hose that runs the length of the hose. If this stripe spirals around the hose after it is installed, it indicates the hose was twisted when it was installed. Twist stripes are also called lay lines. 

Two-terminal spot-type fire detection system. A fire detection system that uses individual thermoswitches installed around the inside of the area to be protected. These thermoswitches are wired in parallel between two separate circuits. A short or an open circuit can exist in either circuit without causing a fire warning. 

Type Certificate Data Sheets (TCDS).  The official specifications of an aircraft, engine, or propeller issued by the Federal Aviation Administration. The TCDS lists pertinent specifications for the device, and it is the responsibility of the mechanic and/or inspector to ensure, on each inspection, that the device meets these specifications. 

UHF.  Ultrahigh frequency. 

Ultimate tensile strength.  The tensile strength required to cause a material to break or to continue to deform under a decreasing load. 

Ultraviolet-blocking dope.  Dope that contains aluminum powder or some other pigment that blocks the passage of ultraviolet rays of the sun. The coat of dope protects the organic fabrics and clear dope from deterioration by these rays. 

Undamped oscillation.  Oscillation that continues with an unchanging amplitude once it has started. 

Underslung rotor. A helicopter rotor whose center of gravity is below the point at which it is attached to the mast. 

Unidirectional fabric.  Fabric in which all the threads run in the same direction. These threads are often bound with a few fibers run at right angles, just enough to hold the yarns together and prevent their bunching. 

Unloading valve.  This is another name for system pressure regulator. See system pressure regulator. 

Utility finish. The finish of an aircraft that gives the necessary tautness and fill to the fabric and the necessary protection to the metal, but does not have the glossy appearance of a show-type finish. 

Vapor lock.  A condition in which vapors form in the fuel lines and block the flow of fuel to the carburetor. 

Vapor pressure. The pressure of the vapor above a liquid needed to prevent the liquid evaporating. Vapor pressure is always specified at a specific temperature. 

Variable displacement pump. A fluid pump whose output is controlled by the demands of the system. These pumps normally have a built-in system pressure regulator. When the demands of the system are low, the pump moves very little fluid, but when the demands are high, the pump moves a lot of fluid. Most variable displacement pumps used in aircraft hydraulic systems are piston-type pumps. 

Varnish (aircraft finishing material).  A material used to produce an attractive and protective coating on wood or metal. Varnish is made of a resin dissolved in a solvent and thinned until it has the proper viscosity to spray or brush. The varnish is spread evenly over the surface to be coated, and when the solvents evaporate, a tough film is left. 

Varsol. A petroleum product similar to naphtha used as a solvent and cleaning fluid. 

Veneer.  Thin sheets of wood “peeled” from a log. A wide- blade knife held against the surface of the log peels away the veneer as the log is rotated in the cutter. Veneer is used for making plywood. Several sheets of veneer are glued together, with the grain of each sheet placed at 45° or 90° to the grain of the sheets next to it. 

Vertical axis.  An imaginary line, passing vertically through the center of gravity of an airplane. 

Vertical fin.  The fixed vertical surface in the empennage of an airplane. The vertical fin acts as a weathervane to give the airplane directional stability. 

VFR.  Visual flight rules. 

VHF. Very high frequency. 

Vibrator-type voltage regulator.  A type of voltage regulator used with a generator or alternator that intermittently places a resistance in the field circuit to control the voltage. A set of vibrating contacts puts the resistor in the circuit and takes it out several times a second. 

Viscosity.  The resistance of a fluid to flow. Viscosity refers to the “stiffness” of the fluid, or its internal friction. 

