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2. The response of the controls to the pilot’s touch is another element of “feel,” and is one that provides direct information concerning airspeed. 

3. Another type of “feel” comes to the pilot through the airframe. It consists mainly of vibration. An example is the aerodynamic buffeting and shaking that precedes a stall. Different airspeeds and power settings can also provide a subtle feel in aircraft vibrations. 

 Kinesthesia, or the sensing of changes in direction or speed of motion, is one of the most important senses a pilot can develop. When properly developed, kinesthesia can warn the pilot of changes in speed and/or the beginning of a settling or mushing of the aircraft. 

The senses that contribute to “feel” of the aircraft are inherent in every person. However, “feel” must be developed. It is a well established fact that the pilot who develops a “feel” for the aircraft early in flight training has little diffi culty with advanced fl ight maneuvers. 

##  Attitude Flying 

Flying by attitude means visually establishing the aircraft’s attitude with reference to the natural horizon. Attitude is the angular difference measured between an aircraft’s 

axis and the Earth’s horizon. As discussed in Chapter 2, Aerodynamics, pitch attitude is the angle formed by the longitudinal axis, and bank attitude is the angle formed by the lateral axis. Rotation about the aircraft’s vertical axis (yaw) is termed an attitude relative to the aircraft’s fl ightpath, but not relative to the natural horizon. 

In attitude flying, aircraft control is composed of three components: 

1. Bank control—control of the aircraft about the longitudinal axis to attain a desired bank angle in relation to the natural horizon. This can be easily seen in a WSC aircraft by looking at the angle the front tube makes with the horizon. [Figure 6-5] 

2.  Pitch control—control of the aircraft about the lateral axis to raise and lower the nose in relation to the natural horizon. 

3.  Power control—used when the flight situation indicates a need for a change in thrust, which at a constant speed raises and lowers the nose in relationship to the horizon similar to pitch control. 

##  Straight-and-Level Flying 

Flying straight and level is the most important flight maneuver to master. It is impossible to emphasize too 

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