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operating speeds. Also note fiberglass gliders, like the ASK- 21, are towed faster than other popular training gliders. 

Recommended towing speed is determined by considering stall speed and maximum aerotow speed of the glider, minimum speed for proper engine cooling of the tow plane, and stall speed of the tow plane. Generally speaking, aerotow should be conducted at the slowest speed possible considering these factors and safety. Speed should be at least thirty percent above stall speed of the glider and twenty percent above the stall speed of the tow plane. 

Because of the potential for low altitude emergencies, the initial climb must remain upwind and within gliding distance of the airport. If circumstances do not permit an upwind departure, plan the climb to remain in a position that allows the glider to return to the traffic pattern with the existing headwind component. 

When towing, expect the glider to practice maneuvers such as “Boxing the Wake,” which is explained and illustrated 

in Chapter 7 of this handbook. A thoughtful glider pilot communicates the intention to maneuver behind the tow plane. However, the tow pilot should remain alert for unannounced maneuvering. Glider pilot’s normally begin the “Box the Wake” maneuver by descending vertically from high tow position to low tow position. Once a similar maneuver is detected, maintain a constant heading and a wings level attitude. After the “Box the Wake” maneuver is completed and the glider is stabilized in the hig-tow position, turns can be resumed. 

During tow, the glider instructor may demonstrate and practice slack rope recovery procedures. This maneuver normally involves a climb to one side or the other followed by a small dive to create the slack in the tow line. The instructor will then have the student take the slack out of the tow line without breaking the rope. Be alert for these maneuvers and do not mistake the climb and dive maneuver as a release. This maneuver is discussed in further detail in Chapter 8 of this handbook. 

## Tow Positions, Turns, and Release 

## Glider Tow Positions 

The high tow is normally used for glider tow operations. However, a low-tow position may be used in some instances, a cross-country tow for example. The main goal of both positions is to place the glider in a position that avoids the wake of the tow plane. [Figure 12-13] 

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