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liquor consisted of the polymeric particles (of total mass 10 kg) and tap water (45 kg) and the further formulation com› ponents as shown in Table 20. Aluminum cans were fixed to a metal rod which was fixed by means of a clamp. Each can was inserted into the vessel containing the treatment liquor. The cans were then subjected to contact with the pumped liquor for a period of 1, 2 and 5 minutes at a temperature of 22° C., ensuring contact between the can and the treatment liquor. After treatment, the cans were washed with Milli-Q™ water and isopropanol and subjected to XPS analysis. 

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[0199] The data shown in Table 21 illustrates the results of XPS analysis for the amount of aluminum oxide and alumi› num metal on the can surface following the various treat› ments. The thickness of the aluminum oxide layer was cal› culated in accordance with the standard methods outlined in B. R. Strohmeier, Surf. InterfaceAnal. 1990, 15, 51 and T.A. Carlson, G. E. McGuire, J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phe› nom, 1972/73; 1, 161.As shown by the results for can 4, 6 and 8 treatment of the can with nylon beads, water, citrate and the non-ionic surfactant demonstrated a significant decrease in the aluminum oxide area (%) and a significant increase in the aluminum metal area (%) for the surface of the metal sub› strate compared to the controls (i.e. cans 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7). Furthermore, an aluminum oxide layer of significantly reduced thickness was obtained for can 8 (3.72 nm) which was subjected only to 1 minute treatment compared to the controls and especially when compared to the treatment with citrate, Mulan™ and water alone for 1 minute (Can 7). 

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