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[0102] In formulae (dl) to (d3), RA is each independently hydrogen or methyl. Z 1 is a single bond, phenylene, -0-Z 11 -, ----C(=0)-0-Z 11 - or ----C(=0)-NH› Z11-, wherein Z 11 is a C$_{1}$-C$_{6 }$ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group or phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. Z 2 is a single bond or ester bond. Z 3 is a single bond, -Z$^{31}$----C (=0)-0-, -Z$^{31}$---0-, or -Z$^{31}$-0----C(=0)-, wherein Z 31 is a C$_{1 }$-C$_{12 }$ saturated hydrocarbylene group which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond, bromine or iodine. Z 4 is methylene, 2,2,2-trifluoro-l, 1-ethanediyl or carbonyl. Z 5 is a single bond, methylene, ethylene, phenylene, fluorinated phenylene, ---O-Z 51 -, -C(=0)---0-Z 51 - or-C(=0)-NH-Z 51 -, wherein Z 51 is a C$_{1}$-C$_{6 }$ aliphatic hydrocarbylene group, phenylene group, fluorinated phenylene group, or trifluoromethyl-sub› stituted phenylene group, which may contain a carbonyl moiety, ester bond, ether bond or hydroxyl moiety. 21 28 

[0103] In formulae (dl) to (d3), R to R are each independently a C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$hydrocarbyl group which may con› tain a heteroatom. The hydrocarbyl groups R$^{21 }$to R$^{28 }$may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic. Examples thereof include C$_{1 }$-C$_{12 }$ alkyl groups, CcC$_{12 }$ aryl groups, and C$_{7}$-C$_{20 }$aralkyl groups. In these groups, some or all hydrogen may be substituted by C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$saturated hydro› carbyl, halogen, trifluoromethyl, cyano, nitro, hydroxyl, mercapto, C$_{1 }$-C$_{10 }$ saturated hydrocarbyloxy, C$_{2}$ -C$_{10 }$ satu› rated hydrocarbyloxycarbonyl, or C$_{2}$-C$_{10 }$ saturated hydro› carbylcarbonyloxy moiety, or some carbon may be replaced by a carbonyl moiety, ether bond or ester bond. 24 

[0104] A pair of R$^{23 }$and R , or R $^{26 }$and R$^{27 }$may bond together to form a ring with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. Examples of the ring are as will be exemplified later for the ring that R$^{101 }$and R$^{102 }$in formula (1-1) form with the sulfur atom to which they are attached. 

[0105] In formula (dl), M- is a non-nucleophilic counter ion. Examples of the non-nucleophilic counter ion include halide ions such as chloride and bromide ions; fluoroal› ky lsulfonate ions such as triflate, 1, 1, 1-trifluoroethane- 

-continued 

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sulfonate, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate; arylsulfonate ions such as tosylate, benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzene› sulfonate, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzenesulfonate; alkylsulfonate ions such as mesylate and butanesulfonate; imide ions such as bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis (perfluoroethy lsulfony l)imide and bis(perfluoro buty lsulfo› nyl )imide; methide ions such as tris(trifluoromethylsulfo› nyl)methide and tris(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)methide. 

[0106] Also included are sulfonate ions having fluorine substituted at a-position as represented by the formula ( dl-1) and sulfonate ions having fluorine substituted at a-position and trifluoromethyl at ~-position as represented by the formula (dl-2). 

[0107] In formula (dl-1), R 31 is hydrogen or a C$_{1}$-C$_{20 }$ hydrocarbyl group which may contain an ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl moiety, lactone ring, or fluorine atom. The hydrocarbyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as will be exemplified later for the hydrocarbyl group R 107 in formula (IA’). 

[0108] In formula (dl-2), R 32 is hydrogen, or a C$_{1}$-C$_{30 }$ hydrocarbyl group, C$_{2}$-C$_{30 }$ hydrocarbylcarbonyl group, or C$_{6}$-C$_{20 }$ aryloxy group, which may contain an ether bond, ester bond, carbonyl moiety or lactone ring. The hydrocarbyl group and hydrocarbyl moiety of the hydrocarbylcarbonyl group may be saturated or unsaturated and straight, branched or cyclic, and examples thereof are as will be exemplified later for the hydrocarbyl group R $^{107 }$in formula (IA’). 

[0109] Examples of the cation in the monomer from which recurring unit ( dl) is derived are shown below, but not limited thereto. RA is as defined above. 

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