6.3 The effect of including all terms from Eq. (6.4) instead of just the leading order (LO) terms in 1 /E + for (a) Δ E/E and (b) Δ p$_{T}$/p$_{T}$ (the legend in (a) applies to both plots). For Δ E/E , the size of the relative difference in magnitude—the Ter-Mik- ayelian effect—is changed little while the overall normalization is significantly altered at low energies. For Δ p$_{T}$/p$_{T}$ both the relative and overall normalizations change quite a bit, with the inclusion of all terms regulating the p$_{T}$ → 0 divergences in the vacuum production radiation spectrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 

A.1 An illustration of an A + A heavy ion collision at impact pa- rameter b . The soft medium particles tend to be distributed similarly to the participant density, ρ$_{part}$ while the hard colli- sions scale like the binary density, ρ$_{coll}$ . Figure adapted from [443]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 

A.2 (a) Plot of dσ/db as a function of b for the Woods-Saxon $^{197}$Au nucleus. The shaded region corresponds to 20 − 30% centrality with endpoints at b = 6 . 6 and 8.1 fm; the single representative impact parameter for this centrality class, found by properly weighting from Eq. (A.5), is b = 7 . 4 fm. (b) Plot of the nu- clear density as a function of radius separately for protons and neutrons in $^{208}$Pb [444]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 

