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4 In Italian, as in most languages, many verbs have an irregular past parti- ciple, which is best learned by heart and with use. Here is a list of the most frequently used: 

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* Stato  is also the past participle of stare . 

** The regular forms perduto  and veduto  are rarely used. 

## The present perfect 

5 The present perfect in Italian is formed with the present indicative of avere or essere  (auxiliary verbs) followed by the past participle of the verb. Here are two examples, one using avere  and the other essere : 

