Gust penetration speed. The speed that gives the greatest margin between the high and low Mach speed buffets. 

Gyroscopic precession. An inherent quality of rotating bodies, which causes an applied force to be manifested 90º in the direction of rotation from the point where the force is applied. 

## H 

Hand propping. Starting an engine by rotating the propeller by hand. 

Heading. The direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointing during flight. 

Heading bug. A marker on the heading indicator that can be rotated to a specific heading for reference purposes, or to command an autopilot to fly that heading. 

Heading indicator. An instrument which senses airplane movement and displays heading based on a 360º azimuth, with the final zero omitted. The heading indicator, also called a directional gyro, is fundamentally a mechanical instrument designed to facilitate the use of the magnetic compass. The heading indicator is not affected by the forces that make the magnetic compass difficult to interpret. 

Headwind component. The component of atmospheric winds that acts opposite to the aircraft’s flightpath. 

High performance aircraft. An aircraft with an engine of more than 200 horsepower. 

Horizon. The line of sight boundary between the earth and the sky. 

Horsepower. The term, originated by inventor James Watt, means the amount of work a horse could do in one second. One horsepower equals 550 foot-pounds per second, or 33,000 foot-pounds per minute. 

Hot start. In gas turbine engines, a start which occurs with normal engine rotation, but exhaust temperature exceeds prescribed limits. This is usually caused by an excessively rich mixture in the combustor. The fuel to the engine must be terminated immediately to prevent engine damage. 

Hung start. In gas turbine engines, a condition of normal light off but with rpm remaining at some low value rather than increasing to the normal idle rpm This is often the result of insufficient power to the engine from the starter. In the event of a hung start, the engine should be shut down. 

Hydraulics. The branch of science that deals with the transmission of power by incompressible fluids under pressure. 

Hydroplaning. A condition that exists when landing on a surface with standing water deeper than the tread depth of the tires. When the brakes are applied, there is a possibility that the brake will lock up and the tire will ride on the surface of the water, much like a water ski. When the tires are hydroplaning, directional control and braking action are virtually impossible. An effective anti-skid system can minimize the effects of hydroplaning. 

Hypoxia. A lack of sufficient oxygen reaching the body tissues. 

## I 

Igniter plugs. The electrical device used to provide the spark for starting combustion in a turbine engine. Some igniters resemble spark plugs, while others, called glow plugs, have a coil of resistance wire that glows red hot when electrical current flows through the coil. 

Impact ice. Ice that forms on the wings and control surfaces or on the carburetor heat valve, the walls of the air scoop, or the carburetor units during flight. Impact ice collecting on the metering elements of the carburetor may upset fuel metering or stop carburetor fuel flow. 

Inclinometer. An instrument consisting of a curved glass tube, housing a glass ball, and damped with a fluid similar to kerosene. It may be used to indicate inclination, as a level, or, as used in the turn indicators, to show the relationship between gravity and centrifugal force in a turn. 

Indicated airspeed (IAS). The direct instrument reading obtained from the airspeed indicator, uncorrected for variations in atmospheric density, installation error, or instrument error. Manufacturers use this airspeed as the basis for determining airplane performance. Takeoff, landing, and stall speeds listed in the AFM or POH are indicated airspeeds and do not normally vary with altitude or temperature. 

Indicated altitude. The altitude read directly from the altimeter (uncorrected) when it is set to the current altimeter setting. 

Induced drag. That part of total drag which is created by the production of lift. Induced drag increases with a decrease in airspeed. 

