countries. The objective of surveillance is to assess the level of immunity in cattle against FMD in vaccination zones. The other objective is to determine the viral/disease activity in both vaccinated and FMD free zones specifically targeting high risk areas that are prone to FMD incursion. 

The surveillance involves clinical inspection and statistical serum sampling of susceptible livestock on quarterly basis (every 3 months per year) and during outbreaks. Countrywide surveillance is conducted during routine activities such as Anthrax and Quarter Evil Disease vaccinations. The disease surveillance is carried out in farms and communal areas in the event of an outbreak in Botswana and/or neighbouring countries. 20  Disease surveillance is conducted mainly in two (2) ways, namely; 

a) Active surveillance: Active surveillance is the deliberate search for FMD or infection. It is conducted in both the red and green zone for different reasons. In the green zone, this is done to ensure that there is no active FMD virus in areas illegible for export to the EU as well as to protect the status of the zone for trading purposes. Surveillance in the red zone is mainly done to assess the immunity level (viral activity) of cattle. This is done through various ways; 

 Planned clinical surveillance 

 Planned targeted clinical and serological surveillance in high risk areas 

 Monitoring of antigenic variation of the field FMD virus by Botswana Vaccine Institute (BVI). 21 

b) Passive surveillance: Passive surveillance is the routine gathering of disease data/information. This is done through various ways; 

 Farmer interviews 

