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## (56) References Cited 

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Asci, Yavuz Selim et al. "Extraction of Glycolic Acid from Aqueous Solutions by Amberlite LA-2 in Difference Diluent Solvents" J. Chem Eng. Data 2009, 54, 2791-2794. 

Bizek, Vladislav et al. "Amine Extraction of Hydroxycarboxylic Acids. 1. Extraction of Citric Acid with 1-Octanol/n-Heptane Solu› tions ofTrialkylamine" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 1554-1562. Tamada, Janet A. et al. "Extraction of Carboxylic Acids with Amine Extractants. 1. Equilibria and Law of Mass Action Modeling" Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990, 29, 1319-1326. 

Smith, Lester, et al., "The Acid-Binding Properties of Long-Chain Aliphatic Amines", J.S.C.I., 67, Feb. 1948 pp. 48-51. 

Walker, "Formaldehyde", ACS Monograph, Washington, DC., (1964), p. 95. 

Eyal, A., et al. "Recovery and Concentration of Strong Mineral Acids from Dilute Solutions Through LLX III. A "Temperature Swing" Based Process", Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 9 (2), pp. 223-236 (1991). 

Eyal, A.M., et al. "Recovery and Concentration of Strong Mineral Acids from Dilute Soltions Through LLX. I: Review of Parameters for Adjusting Extractant Properties and Analysis of Process Options", Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 9 (2), pp. 195-210 (1991). 

Eyal, A.M., et al. "Recovery and Concentration of Strong Mineral Acids from Dilute Solutions Through LLX. II. Reversible Extraction with Branched-Chain Amines", Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 9(2), pp. 211-222 (1991). 

Eyal, Aharon, et al. "Extraction of Strong Mineral Acids by Organic Acid-Base Couples", Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev., (1982), vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 334-337. 

## U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 

## FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 

## OTHER PUBLICATIONS 

Handbook of Solvent Extraction, Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, FL, 1991, pp. 275-501. 

Treybal, Robert E. "Methods of Calculation II. Stagewise Contact, Multicomponent Systems", Liquid Extraction, 2 $^{nd }$Edition, McGraw› Hill Book Company, New York. 1963, pp. 275-276. 

Treybal, Robert E., Liquid Extraction, 2 $^{nd }$Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1963, pp. 349-366. 

Gerberich, H. Robert, et al., "Formaldehyde", Kirk-Othmer Ency› clopedia of Chemical Technology, vol. 11, 4 th Edition, 1994, pp. 929-950. 

Treybal, Robert E., Liquid Extraction, 2 $^{nd }$Ed., McGraw Hill Book Company, 1963, pp. 248-252. 

Lynch, Kathleen M., et al., "Improved Preparations of 3-Chloro- 2( chloromethyl)-1-propene and 1, l-Dibromo-2,2- bis( chloromethyl)-cyclopropane: Intermediates in the Synthesis of [1.1.l]Propellane", J. Org. Chem, 60, (1995), pp. 4666-4668. 

"Tray Design and Operation", Distillation Design, McGraw-Hill, New York (1992), Chapter 6, pp. 259-363. 

"Packing Design and Operation", Distillation Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, (1992), Chapter 8, pp. 421-521. 

Seader, J.D., Ph.D, et al., "Distillation", Perry’s HandbookofChemi› cal Engineering, Section 13, 7 $^{th }$Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co. 1999. Lee, Sang Young, et al., "Carbonylation of Formaldehyde over Ion Exchange Resin Catalysts. 1. Batch Reactor Studies", Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, (1993), pp. 253-259. 

Xu, Qiang, et al., "Preparation and Catalytic Application of Cationic Metal Carbonyls", Science and Technology in Catalysis, (2002), pp. 215-218. 

Xu, Qiang, "Metal carbonyl cations: generation, characterization and catalytic application", Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 231, (2002), pp. 83-108. 

Suzuki, S., eta!., "Ethylene Glycol from Methanol and Synthesis Gas via Glycolic Acid", Catalytic Conversions of Synthesis Gas and Alcohols to Chemicals, (1984). pp. 221-247. 

Wang, Zheng Bao, et al., Carbonylation of Formaldehyde with Car› bon Monoxide over Cation-Exchange Resin Catalysts, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 72, (1999), pp. 1935-1940. 

Sano, Tsunejo, et al., "Synthesis ofl,3-dioxolan-4-one from trioxane and carbon monoxide on HZSM-5 zeolite", Chem. Community, (1997), pp. 1827-1828. 

Souma, Yoshie, "Carbonylation at Ambient Pressure in Strong Acids", Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, vol. 41, No. 6, (1983), pp. 561-569. 

Soma, Yoshie, et al., "Normal-Pressure CO Addition Reaction of Formaldehyde and Related Compounds on Copper Carbonyl Cata› lyst", Catalyst 23, (1981), pp. 48-50. 

Li, Tao, et al., "Carbonylation of formaldehyde catalyzed byp-tolu› enesulfonic acid", Catalysis Today, 111, (2006), pp. 288-291. 

Souma, Yoshie, et al., "Synthesis oftert.-Alkanoic acid catalyzed by Cu(COj+n and Ag(COj+$_{2 }$ under atmospheric pressure", Catalysis Today, 36, (1997), pp. 91-97. 

Hendriksen, Dan E., "Intermediates to Ethylene Glycol: Carbonyla› tion of Formaldehyde Catalyzed by Nafion Solid Perfluorosulfonic Acid Resin", Prep. A.C.S. Div. Fuel Chem., 28, (1983), pp. 176-190. Bhattacharyya, S.K., et al., "High-Pressure Synthesis of Glycolic Acid from Formaldehyde, Carbon Monoxide, and Water in Presence of Nickel, Cobalt, and Iron Catalysts", Advanced Catalysts, 9, (1957), pp. 625-635. 

Bani el, A., et al., "Acid-Base Couple Solvents in Recovery of Mineral Acids From Waste Streams", Proceedings of 2 $^{nd }$International Con› ference on Separations Science and Technology, pp. 667-674. 

Wegescheider, Rud., et al., "Addition of Acid Anhydrides to Aldehydes and Ketones", Royal and Imperial University of Vienna, presented at the meeting of Nov. 4, 1909, pp. 1-47. 

King, WalterD., eta!. "TheAcid-CatalyzedReactionofAceticAnhy› dride with Some Oxocanes", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 18, (1974) pp. 547-554. 

He, Dehua, et al., "Condensation of formaldehyde and methyl formate to methyl glycolate and methyl methoxy acetate using heteropolyacids and their salts", Catalysis Today, 51, (1999), pp. 127-134. 

Co-pending U.S. Appl. No. 12/889,065, filed Sep. 23, 2010 Scott Donald Barnicki, et al. 

