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•On Unix and Unix-like systems, you can invoke mysqld_safe , which tries to determine the proper options for mysqld  and then runs it with those options. See Section 4.3.2, “mysqld_safe — MySQL Server Startup Script” . 

•On Linux systems that support systemd, you can use it to control the server. See Section 2.5.9, “Managing MySQL Server with systemd” . 

•On systems that use System V-style run directories (that is, /etc/init.d  and run-level specific directories), invoke mysql.server . This script is used primarily at system startup and shutdown. It usually is installed under the name mysql . The mysql.server  script starts the server by invoking mysqld_safe . See Section 4.3.3, “mysql.server — MySQL Server Startup Script” . 

•On macOS, install a launchd daemon to enable automatic MySQL startup at system startup. The daemon starts the server by invoking mysqld_safe . For details, see Section 2.4.3, “Installing and Using the MySQL Launch Daemon” . A MySQL Preference Pane also provides control for starting and stopping MySQL through the System Preferences. See Section 2.4.4, “Installing and Using the MySQL Preference Pane” . 

•On Solaris, use the service management framework (SMF) system to initiate and control MySQL startup. 

systemd, the mysqld_safe  and mysql.server  scripts, Solaris SMF, and the macOS Startup Item (or MySQL Preference Pane) can be used to start the server manually, or automatically at system startup time. systemd, mysql.server , and the Startup Item also can be used to stop the server. 

The following table shows which option groups the server and startup scripts read from option files. 

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[mysqld- major_version ]  means that groups with names like [mysqld-5.7]  and [mysqld-8.0] are read by servers having versions 5.7.x, 8.0.x, and so forth. This feature can be used to specify options that can be read only by servers within a given release series. 

For backward compatibility, mysql.server  also reads the [mysql_server]  group and mysqld_safe also reads the [safe_mysqld]  group. To be current, you should update your option files to use the [mysql.server]  and [mysqld_safe]  groups instead. 

For more information on MySQL configuration files and their structure and contents, see Section 4.2.2.2, “Using Option Files” . 

## 2.11 Upgrading MySQL 

This section describes the steps to upgrade a MySQL installation. 

Upgrading is a common procedure, as you pick up bug fixes within the same MySQL release series or significant features between major MySQL releases. You perform this procedure first on some test systems to make sure everything works smoothly, and then on the production systems. 

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## Note 

In the following discussion, MySQL commands that must be run using a MySQL account with administrative privileges include -u root  on the command line to 

