[0088] FIG. 1F is a schematic illustration of comparison of the normalized power flow (peak value of the Poynting vector) with distance from transmitter near the textile (confined) and in free-space (radiative), according to embodiments of the present disclosure. 

[0089] The surface plasmon-like nature of the modes are confirmed by the exponential field decay (FIG. 1E) and asymptotic dispersion curve (FIG. 1F), whose characteristics may be controlled by simply tuning the geometry of the structure (FIG. 1B). Propagation losses are dictated by the textile conductivity and are estimated to be less than 0.2 dB/cm for moderate conductivities >2 χ 10 5 S/m. Notably, signals emitted by standard wireless devices are confined on the metamaterial textile without modification of the antenna, although optimized designs could further enhance the preferential excitation of surface waves over radiative modes. 

[0090] Reference is now made to FIGS. 2A-2C, which are schematic illustrations of devices constructed from the metamaterial textiles: (A) power divider, (B) antenna, and (C) ring-resonator, respectively, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Metamaterial textiles provide a versatile platform for building radio-wave circuits that manipulate wave propagation around the body. Three basic building blocks for such circuits may be: a power divider (FIG. 1A), antenna (FIG. 1B), and ring resonator (FIG. 1C). The devices may be fabricated by laser-cutting conductive textile (Cu/Ni polyester) and attaching the patterns to a cotton-polyester athletic shirt, or any other piece of clothing. The power divider device (FIG. 2A) may evenly split an input signal between the two output ports, enabling the distribution and combination of signals from multiple devices. 

[0091] Reference is now made to FIGS. 2D-F, which are schematic illustrations of Simulation (left) and near-field measurement (right) of the normal component of the electric field above the textile surface during continuous wave excitation at position 1 with a dipole probe. Scale bar is 5 cm. and further to FIGS. 2G-I, which are schematic illustrations of transmission spectra between antennas placed 5 mm above labeled positions on the body, according to embodiments of the present disclosure. White arrow in (B) indicates that the probe is placed 10 cm above the textile to measure the radiative field. 

[0092] Device functionality is validated by the close agreement between numerical simulations and near-field measurements (FIG. 2D) as well as port measurements on the body (FIG. 2G). The antenna device (in FIG. 2B) may launch an input signal from confined wave as radiation into the surrounding space for short-range transmission, such as from the shoulder of a user to an ear-wom device. Simulations and field mapping show excitation of a resonant antenna mode (FIG. 2E), and measurements from a receiver placed approximately lOcm above the antenna indicate radiation within the 2.4—2.5 GHz band (FIG. 2H). Finally, the ring resonator (in FIG. 2C) may exhibit a series 

