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Total income taxes were as follows (in thousands): 

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The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of the deferred income tax assets and liabilitie at December 31, 2003 and 2002, are presented in the following tables (in thousands): 

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As of December 31, 2003 and 2002, a valuation allowance for deferred tax assets of approximately $13.0 million and $12.5 million, respec- tively, was provided on the foreign tax credits and net operating losses of RGA Reinsurance, GA Argentina, RGA South Africa, and RGA UK. 

The Company utilizes valuation allowances when it cannot assume, based on the weight of the available evidence, that the deferred income taxes will be realized. The Company has not 

