Spatial disorientation.  The state of confusion due to misleading information being sent to the brain from various sensory organs, resulting in a lack of awareness of the aircraft position in relation to a specific reference point. 

Special flight permit.  A flight permit issued to an aircraft that does not meet airworthiness requirements but is capable of safe flight. A special flight permit can be issued to move an aircraft for the purposes of maintenance or repair, buyer delivery, manufacturer flight tests, evacuation from danger, or customer demonstration. Also referred to as a ferry permit. 

Special use airspace.  Airspace in which flight activities are subject to restrictions that can create limitations on the mixed use of airspace. Consists of prohibited, restricted, warning, military operations, and alert areas. 

Special fuel consumption.  The amount of fuel in pounds per hour consumed or required by an engine per brake horsepower or per pound of thrust. 

Speed.  The distance traveled in a given time. 

Spin.  An aggravated stall that results in an airplane descending in a helical, or corkscrew path. 

Spiral instability.  A condition that exists when the static directional stability of the airplane is very strong as compared to the effect of its dihedral in maintaining lateral equilibrium. 

Spiraling slipstream.  The slipstream of a propeller-driven airplane rotates around the airplane. This slipstream strikes the left side of the vertical fin, causing the aircraft to yaw slightly. Rudder offset is sometimes used by aircraft designers to counteract this tendency. 

Spoilers.  High-drag devices that can be raised into the air flowing over an airfoil, reducing lift and increasing drag. Spoilers are used for roll control on some aircraft. Deploying spoilers on both wings at the same time allows the aircraft to descend without gaining speed. Spoilers are also used to shorten the ground roll after landing. 

SRM. See single-pilot resource management. 

SSR. See secondary surveillance radar. 

SSV.  See standard service volume. 

Stabilator.  A single-piece horizontal tail surface on an airplane that pivots around a central hinge point. A stabilator serves the purposes of both the horizontal stabilizer and the elevators. 

Stability.  The inherent quality of an airplane to correct for conditions that may disturb its equilibrium, and to return or to continue on the original flight path. It is primarily an airplane design characteristic. 

Stagnant hypoxia.  A type of hypoxia that results when the oxygen-rich blood in the lungs is not moving to the tissues that need it. 

Stall.  A rapid decrease in lift caused by the separation of airflow from the wing’s surface, brought on by exceeding the critical angle of attack. A stall can occur at any pitch attitude or airspeed. 

Standard atmosphere. At sea level, the standard atmosphere consists of a barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury ("Hg) or 1013.2 millibars, and a temperature of 15 °C (59 °F). Pressure and temperature normally decrease as altitude increases. The standard lapse rate in the lower atmosphere for each 1,000 feet of altitude is approximately 1 "Hg and 2 °C (3.5 °F). For example, the standard pressure and temperature at 3,000 feet mean sea level (MSL) are 26.92 "Hg (29.92 "Hg – 3 "Hg) and 9 °C (15 °C – 6 °C). 

Standard empty weight (GAMA).  This weight consists of the airframe, engines, and all items of operating equipment that have fixed locations and are permanently installed in the airplane including fixed ballast, hydraulic fluid, unusable fuel, and full engine oil. 

Standard holding pattern.  A holding pattern in which all turns are made to the right. 

Standard instrument departure procedures (SIDS). Published procedures to expedite clearance delivery and to facilitate transition between takeoff and en route operations. 

Standard rate turn.  A turn in which an aircraft changes its direction at a rate of 3° per second (360° in 2 minutes) for low- or medium-speed aircraft. For high-speed aircraft, the standard rate turn is 1½° per second (360° in 4 minutes). 

Standard service volume (SSV).  Defines the limits of the volume of airspace which the VOR serves. 

Standard terminal arrival route (STAR).  A preplanned IFR ATC arrival procedure published for pilot use in graphic and/or textual form. 

Standard weights.  Weights established for numerous items involved in weight and balance computations. These weights should not be used if actual weights are available. 

