According to the DVS, low cattle turnout during FMD vaccination campaigns was mainly attributable to communal area farmers’ apathy and failure to round up their cattle and avail them for vaccination. According to the DVS farmers’ apathy was mainly due to farmers’ loss of hope in cattle rearing that came with trade losses related to FMD outbreaks as well as farmers’ inadequate awareness regarding the importance of vaccination in the control of FMD. 

As a result of low vaccination coverage, there was an eminent risk of FMD outbreaks throughout the period under audit as evidenced by intermittent outbreaks in various FMD prone zones. Mitigating the risk of the costly sporadic FMD outbreaks requires among others, adequate vaccination coverage. This was also reiterated in the Field Services Division Annual Report (2010/2011) which identified poor vaccination coverage to be one of the key factors exposing the Ngamiland area to risks of resurgence of FMD 32 . 

## RECOMMENDATION 

The DVS should: 

 Strengthen its farmer outreach strategies aimed at enhancing farmer awareness, participation and cooperation in FMD control, necessary for achieving adequate vaccination coverage. 

 Fully involve farmers not only in execution but also in planning for vaccination campaigns which could help in improving cattle turnout during vaccination campaigns. 

## 4.2.5. CATTLE TRACEABILITY IN FMD VACCINATED ZONES 

According to the OIE Terrestrial Animal Health Code, whether in response to disease outbreaks or in the context of disease prevention, animal traceability can help countries to put in place a wide range of measures, including surveillance, early detection and notification of outbreaks, rapid response, control of animal 

