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Realized Gains (Losses) on Investments. Realized investment gains and losses are as follows: 

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In 2019, we recognized a gain of $1.9 million related to the redemption of two fixed maturity securities. We also recorded a realized gain of $5.5 million relating to the sale of our former corporate headquarters. In addition, we recorded realized gains of $1.0 million during 2019 related to fair value changes in our equity securities owned at December 31, 2019. Finally, an impairment loss of $3.1 million was recorded in connection with classifying our Citizens Academy training facility located near Austin, Texas as real estate held for sale. In 2018, realized gains of $1.8 million and realized losses of $0.8 million were recorded related to our fixed maturity and equity portfolios, respectively, along with investment losses recorded from OTTI of $0.8 million relating to fixed maturity securities that we did not intend to hold until recovery in value. 

## BENEFITS AND EXPENSES 

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