 Risk based vaccination in FMD high risk areas, 

 Biosecurity measures, disease surveillance, 

 Separation of livestock populations with different FMD status, 

 Movement control 

 Public education. 

## 3.3.2 SOCIO ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF FMD 

FMD is probably the most devastating animal disease in the world causing impact on trade, both local, national and international, reductions in livestock production and significant costs in prevention and treatment. In cattle, FMD causes a range of production losses. It reduces milk production, with important knock on impacts on the availability of milk for calves and for human consumption. In some areas reduction of milk output has been reported to be as high as 33%. There are also additional costs associated with the presence of FMD, since countries with organised FMD control programmes have specialist units dedicated to the disease with the state Veterinary Services. These groups may be involved in disease investigations, surveillance, diagnostics, and control measures such as vaccination, movement control and sometimes culling and compensation. 8 

## 3.3.3 GUIDANCE AND REGULARITY INSTRUMENTS IN FMD CONTROL 

FMD control in Botswana primarily derives guidance from the World Animal Health Organisation (well known by its French acronym Office International des Epizooties – OIE ) International Standards, commonly known as the OIE International Standards. The OIE sets standards that are used worldwide in the area of animal health and livestock trade. Botswana is a member of the OIE. Managing FMD is spelt out in the standards set by the OIE which provide standards for testing, abattoirs, animal welfare as well as controlling of animal diseases (disease control). Terrestrial Animal Standards are the ones relevant to 

