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## (d) Fair values (continued) 

The fair value of the financial instruments as well as the methods used to estimate the fair value are summarised in the table below. 

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The net fair values of the financial instruments are determined using valuation techniques that utilise data from observable and unobservable market data. Assumptions are based on market conditions existing at each reporting date. The fair value is calculated as the present value of the estimated future cash flows using an appropriate market based yield curve, which is independently derived. As a result, these derivatives have been classified based on the observable market inputs as Level 2. 

The net fair values of the secured and unsecured borrowings are determined based on the weighted average market-based interest rates that are applicable to the borrowings. As a result, these borrowings have been classified based on the observable market inputs as Level 2. 

## (e) Derivative financial instruments 

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## Instruments used by the Group 

The Group uses derivative financial instruments such as forward currency contracts and interest rate swaps and collars (floors and caps) to hedge its risks associated with interest rate and foreign currency fluctuations. Such derivative financial instruments are initially recognised at fair value on the date on which a derivative contract is entered into and are subsequently remeasured to fair value. Refer Note 1(c)(ix). 

The Group enters into derivative transactions under International Swaps and Derivatives Association (“ISDA”) agreements, which allow for the netting of relevant transactions which are to be settled at the same time, which does not occur regularly in practice. In certain situations, such as a default, all outstanding transactions under the relevant ISDA are able to be terminated, and a net amount for settlement determined. The ISDA agreements do not meet the criteria for offsetting in the statement of financial position, due to no default having occurred. 

