content_image/573389.jpg content_image/573390.jpg
occur at a lower AOA and higher speed. Even a thin layer of ice at the leading edge of a wing, especially if it is rough, can have a significant effect in increasing stall speed. For large ice shapes, especially those with horns, the lift may also be reduced at a lower AOA. The accumulation of ice affects the coefficient of drag of the airfoil. [Figure 4-20]  Note that the effect is significant even at very small AOAs. 

A significant reduction in C$_{L-MAX}$ and a reduction in the AOA where stall occurs can result from a relatively small ice accretion. A reduction of C$_{L-MAX}$ by 30 percent is not unusual, and a large horn ice accretion can result in reductions of 40 percent to 50 percent. Drag tends to increase steadily as ice accretes. An airfoil drag increase of 100 percent is not unusual, and for large horn ice accretions, the increase can be 200 percent or even higher. 

Ice on an airfoil can have other effects not depicted in these curves. Even before airfoil stall, there can be changes in the pressure over the airfoil that may affect a control surface at the trailing edge. Furthermore, on takeoff, approach, and landing, the wings of many aircraft are multi-element airfoils with three or more elements. Ice may affect the different elements in different ways. Ice may also affect the way in which the air streams interact over the elements. 

Ice can partially block or limit control surfaces, which limits or makes control movements ineffective. Also, if the extra weight caused by ice accumulation is too great, the aircraft may not be able to become airborne and, if in flight, the aircraft may not be able to maintain altitude. Therefore any accumulation of ice or frost should be removed before attempting flight. 

Another hazard of structural icing is the possible uncommanded and uncontrolled roll phenomenon, referred to as roll upset, associated with severe inflight icing. Pilots flying aircraft certificated for flight in known icing conditions should be aware that severe icing is a condition outside of the aircraft’s certification icing envelope. Roll upset may be caused by airflow separation (aerodynamic stall), which induces self- deflection of the ailerons and loss of or degraded roll handling characteristics [Figure 4-21] . These phenomena can result from severe icing conditions without the usual symptoms of ice accumulation or a perceived aerodynamic stall. 

Most aircraft have a nose-down pitching moment from the wings because the CG is ahead of the CP. It is the role of the tailplane to counteract this moment by providing a downward force. [Figure 4-22] The result of this configuration is that actions which move the wing away from stall, such as 

<img src='content_image/573389.jpg'>

<img src='content_image/573390.jpg'>

deployment of flaps or increasing speed, may increase the negative AOA of the tail. With ice on the tailplane, it may stall after full or partial deployment of flaps. [Figure 4-23] 

Since the tailplane is ordinarily thinner than the wing, it is a more efficient collector of ice. On most aircraft the tailplane is not visible to the pilot, who therefore cannot observe how well it has been cleared of ice by any deicing system. Thus, it is important that the pilot be alert to the possibility of tailplane stall, particularly on approach and landing. 

