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and passenger enplanements (larger airline operations). [Figures 8-3 and  8-9]  This airspace is charted in feet MSL, and is generally of a five NM radius surface area that extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation, and a 10 NM radius area that extends from 1,200 feet to 4,000 feet above the airport elevation. There is also a noncharted outer area with a 20 NM radius, which extends from the surface to 4,000 feet above the primary airport, and this area may include one or more satellite airports. [Figure 8-9] 

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WSC aircraft can fly into Class C airspace by contacting the control tower first, establishing communications (same as Class D), and having an altitude encoding transponder. Aircraft can enter Class C airspace without a transponder if prior permission from ATC is received 1 hour before entry, per 14 CFR section 91.215(d)(3). Aircraft may fl y under the Class C upper tier of airspace without a transponder but not over the top of Class C airspace lateral boundaries. 

Cloud clearances in Class C airspace are the same as Class D airspace: minimum visibility of three statute miles, and a minimum distance from clouds of 1,000 feet above, 500 feet below, and 2,000 feet horizontal. 

Since Class C has significant air traffic, many with larger airplanes creating stronger vortices, the pilot must be aware that the chance of encountering catastrophic wingtip vortices is greater at airports with larger air traffi c. 

##  Class B Airspace 

Class B airspace is generally airspace from the surface to 10,000 feet MSL surrounding the nation’s busiest airports in terms of IFR operations or passenger enplanements. [Figures 8-3 and  8-10] The configuration of each Class B airspace area is individually tailored and consists of a surface area and two or more additional layers (some Class B airspace areas resemble upside-down wedding cakes), and is designed to contain all published instrument procedures once an aircraft enters the airspace. 

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Equipment requirements are the same as for Class C airspace; however, due to air traffic congestion, the WSC aircraft pilot requesting entry to Class B airspace may be denied entry. Since aircraft operating in Class B airspace have a radar signature and ATC provides aircraft separation, there is a difference in the cloud clearance requirements. Visibility remains three statute miles, but minimum cloud clearance requirement is to remain clear of clouds. [Figure 8-6] 

