Fly-over (FO) Waypoint. A waypoint that precludes any turn until the waypoint is overflown, and is followed by either an intercept maneuver of the next flight segment or direct flight to the next waypoint. 

Four Corner Post Configuration. An arrangement of air traffic pathways in a terminal area that brings incoming flights over fixes at four corners of the traffic area, while outbound flights depart between the fixes, thus minimizing conflicts between arriving and departing traffic. 

Gateway Fix. A navigational aid or fix where an aircraft transitions between the domestic route structure and the oceanic route airspace. 

Geodetic Datum. The reference plane from which geodetic calculations are made. Or, according to ICAO Annex 15, the numerical or geometrical quantity or set of such quantities (mathematical model) that serves as a reference for computing other quantities in a specific geographic region, such as the latitude and longitude of a point. 

Glidepath Angle (GPA). The angular displacement of the vertical guidance path from a horizontal plane that passes through the reference datum point (RDP). This angle is published on approach charts (e.g., 3.00°, 3.20°, etc.). GPA is sometimes referred to as vertical path angle (VPA). 

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). An umbrella term adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) to encompass any independent satellite navigation system used by a pilot to perform onboard position determinations from the satellite data. 

Gross Navigation Error (GNE). In the North Atlantic area of operations, a gross navigation error is a lateral separation of more than 25 NM from the centerline of an aircraft’s cleared route, which generates an Oceanic Navigation Error Report. This report is also generated by a vertical separation if you are more than 300 feet off your assigned flight level. 

Ground Communication Outlet (GCO). An unstaffed, remotely controlled ground/ground communications facility. Pilots at uncontrolled airports may contact ATC and AFSS via very high frequency (VHF) radio to a telephone connection. This lets pilots obtain an instrument clearance or close a VFR/IFR flight plan. 

Head-Up Display (HUD). See head-up guidance system (HGS). 

Head-up Guidance System (HGS). A system that projects critical flight data on a display positioned between the pilot and the windscreen. In addition to showing primary flight information, the HUD computes an extremely accurate instrument approach and landing guidance solution, and displays the result as a guidance cue for head-up viewing by the pilot. 

Height Above Touchdown (HAT). The height of the DA above touchdown zone elevation (TDZE). 

Highway in the Sky (HITS). A graphically intuitive pilot interface system that provides an aircraft operator with all of the attitude and guidance inputs required to safely fly an aircraft in close conformance to air traffic procedures. 

Initial Climb Area (ICA). An area beginning at the departure end of runway (DER) to provide unrestricted climb to at least 400 feet above DER elevation. 

Instrument Approach Waypoint. Fixes used in defining RNAV IAPs, including the feeder waypoint (FWP), the initial approach waypoint (IAWP), the intermediate waypoint (IWP), the final approach waypoint (FAWP), the RWY WP, and the APT WP, when required. 

Instrument Landing System (ILS). A precision instrument approach system that normally consists of the following electronic components and visual aids: localizer, glide slope, outer marker, middle marker, and approach lights. 

Instrument Procedure with Vertical Guidance (IPV). Satellite or flight management system (FMS) lateral navigation (LNAV) with computed positive vertical guidance based on barometric or satellite elevation. This term has been renamed APV. 

## International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). 

ICAO is a specialized agency of the United Nations whose objective is to develop standard principles and techniques of international air navigation and to promote development of civil aviation. 

Intersection. Typically, the point at which two VOR radial position lines cross on a route, usually intersecting at a good angle for positive indication of position, resulting in a VOR/ VOR fix. 

Landing Distance Available (LDA). ICAO defines LDA as the length of runway, that is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing. 

