## Example 7 - Testing for sugar bioavailability 

Sugar bioavailability testing was conducted in the Triskelion in vitro gastro-lntestinal Model (tiny-TIM), which simulates the successive dynamic processes in the stomach and the small intestine. 

## Test product # 1 Less refined sugar: Sugar 1 of Example 1 (prepared by controlled wash of massecuite) 

Name: Less refined sugar 

Available carbohydrate content: ~99 g / 100 g dry product 

Intake in tiny-TIM: 6.25 g available carbohydrates 

## Test product #2 Reference product 

Name: refined cane sugar (Rohrzucker, from Nordzucker, purchased in Germany) 

Available carbohydrate content: 100% 

Intake in tiny-TIM: 6.25 g available carbohydrates 

## Meal matrix 

A standardized amount of the test product (standardization: related to amount of available carbohydrates) was mixed with artificial saliva and drinking water. After a short pre-incubation at 30 °C,the mixture was put into the stomach compartment of the model together with the gastric residue containing gastric acid and enzymes (amylase, lipase, pepsin). 

## Test system: tiny-TIM 

Information on the Triskelion tiny-TIM system is available at: 

The tiny-TIM system consists of a gastric compartment and one small intestinal compartment connected by peristaltic valves (Figure 5). This model mimics the intraluminal pH, enzyme activity, bile salt concentrations, peristaltic movements, and gastrointestinal transit of the contents. The set-points for gastrointestinal simulation are controlled and monitored by specific computer programs. Released and dissolved food components are removed from the intestinal lumen by semipermeable membrane units connected to the small intestinal compartment. This allows the assessment of the so- 

