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rate of altitude gain. Trim is usually set at the V$_{Y}$ or higher. 

•  Best angle of climb (V$_{X}$)—performed at an airspeed that will produce the most altitude gain in a given horizontal distance. Best V$_{X}$ airspeed is lower than V$_{Y }$ but higher than minimum controlled airspeed. The V$_{X}$ results in a steeper climb path, although the aircraft takes longer to reach the same altitude than it would at V$_{Y}$. The V$_{X}$, therefore, is used in clearing obstacles after takeoff. Since the V$_{X}$ is closer to the stall speed, caution should be exercised using this speed to climb so as not to stall the WSC aircraft close to the ground with potentially catastrophic consequences. [Figure 6-14] 

Climbing flight requires more power than flying level, as described in chapter 2. When performing a climb, the normal climb speed should be established and the power should be advanced to the climb power recommended by the manufacturer. As the aircraft gains altitude during a climb, the engine has a loss in power because the same volume of air entering the engine’s induction system gradually decreases in density as altitude increases. 

During a climb, a constant heading should be held with the wings level if a straight climb is being performed, or a constant angle of bank and rate of turn if a climbing turn is being performed. To return to straight-and-level fl ight, when approaching the target altitude, increase the speed to the cruise setting (if different) and decrease throttle for level flight. After the aircraft is established in level fl ight at a constant altitude and the desired speed, the aircraft should be trimmed (if equipped with an in flight trim system). 

In the performance of climbing turns, the following factors should be considered. 

• With a constant power setting, the same pitch attitude and airspeed cannot be maintained in a bank as in a straight climb due to the increase in the total lift required. 

• The degree of bank should not be too steep. A steep bank significantly decreases the rate of climb. The bank should always remain constant. 

• At a constant power setting and turning while climbing, the WSC aircraft climbs at a slightly shallower climb angle because some of the lift is being used to turn. 

• Attention should be looking at outside references and scanning for traffic with no more than 25 percent of the time looking at inside flight deck instruments. 

There are two ways to establish a climbing turn. Either establish a straight climb and then turn, or enter the climb and turn simultaneously. Climbing turns should be used when climbing to the local practice area. Climbing turns allow better visual scanning, and it is easier for other pilots to see a turning aircraft. 

In any turn, the loss of vertical lift and increased induced drag due to increased angle of attack becomes greater as the angle of bank is increased. So, shallow turns should be used to maintain an efficient rate of climb. All the factors that affect the aircraft during level (constant altitude) turns affect it during climbing turns or any other maneuver. 

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