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resilience to long unavailability periods without specialized equipment. 

Our results are the first, to the best of our knowledge, to provide tangible demonstration of effective mechanisms to secure mobile systems from location information manip- ulation via attacks against the GNSS systems. 

As part of on-going and future work, we intent to further refine and generalize the simulation framework we utilized here, to consider precisely the effect of counter-measures that only partially limit the attack impact. Moreover, we will consider more closely the cost of mounting attacks of differing sophistication levels, especially through proof-of- concept implementations. 

## References 

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[3] http://www.freepatentsonline.com/5036329.html 

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[5] G.W. Hein and F. Kneissl, Authenticating GNSS Proofs Against Spoofs , InsideGNSS, September/October 2007 

[6] E.D. Kaplan, Understanding GPS - Principles and Ap- plications , Artech House, 2006 

[7] M. Kuhn, An asymetric Security Mechanism for Nav- igation Signals , Sixth Information Hiding Workshop, Toronto, Canada, 2004 

[8] NAVSTAR GPS Joint Program Office, NAVSTAR Global Positioning System - Interface Specification IS- GPS 200 Space Segment/Navigation User Interfaces , SMC/GP, CA, USA, 2004 

[9] P. Papadimitratos and A. Jovanovic, Protection and Fundamental Vulnerability of GNSS , IWSSC, Toulouse, 2008 

[10] A.D. Rabbany, Introduction to GPS , Artech House, 2002 

[11] L. Scott, Anti-Spoofing and Authenticated Signal Ar- chitectures for Civil Navigation Signals , ION-GNNS, Portand, Oregon, 2003 

[12] J.A. Volpe, Vulnearability Assesment of the Trans- portation Infrastructure Relying on GPS , NTSC, NAV- CEN draft report, 2001 

[13] H. Wen, P. Huang, and J. Fagan, Countermeasures for GPS signal spoofing , The University of Oklahoma, 2004 

[14] J. Zogg, GPS Basics - Introduction to the System , U- blox AG, 2002 

