virus. These movement control measures are carried out at entry points from FMD high risk areas (red zones) into FMD free zones without vaccination (green zones) as well as at border posts from neighbouring countries. All livestock movements from any farm premises or areas are prohibited once disease has been confirmed and a declaration published. Movements within farm premises (e.g. from field to another contiguous field) may continue to take place. These restrictions will apply until the extent of the disease has been assessed and the risk of further spread is minimised. Movement permits are required before animals and animal products can be allowed to move between zones. Movement of infected livestock poses the greatest risk of a disease spread. 18 

## 3.4.5 VACCINATION 

Areas in Botswana where cattle are vaccinated against FMD viruses are delineated “red zones”. These areas are confluent with the buffalo areas in which the FMD virus is endemic. Vaccination is done biannually in most of these areas but in the identified high risk areas (Chobe and Shakawe), vaccination is carried out three times a year. These vaccinations are continued because of the risk involved. Whenever there is an outbreak in the red zone, the livestock is re- vaccinated to strengthen their immunity. It is important that the vaccinations are done efficiently and effectively in order to maintain good immunity in cattle herds. 19  Where vaccination coverage is too low, follow-up vaccinations (booster vaccination) are arranged and conducted to complement routine vaccination campaigns. During each FMD vaccination campaign, all cattle from the vaccinated zones are branded for identification purposes . 

## 3.4.6 SURVEILLANCE 

The DVS carries out FMD virus surveillance in a 20 km surveillance delineated areas along the area that borders Botswana with the high risk neighbouring 

