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[0388] 

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[0389] Since testosterone is not expected to react with NaOH, the NaOH concentration listed in Table 57 equals the excess NaOH concentration, calculated as described in Example 2. 

[0390] The pH of the patches was measured as described in the Methods section. The pH of the testosterone patch increased from 7.14 to 10.32 when the calculated excess NaOH concentration in the dried patch was increased from 0% to 3.6%. 

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[0391] The in vitro permeation of testosterone through human cadaver skin from these discs was measured as described in the Methods section. Three diffusion cells were used for each formulation. The cells were filled with 10% ethanol/90% water solution. The receiver solution was com› pletely withdrawn and replaced with fresh ethanol/water solution at each time point. The samples taken were ana› lyzed by an HPLC for the concentration of testosterone in the receiver solution. The cumulative amount of testosterone across human cadaver skin was calculated using the mea› sured testosterone concentrations in the receiver solutions. 

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[0392] The cumulative amount of testosterone across human cadaver skin at 24 hours increased from 7.4 µg /cm 2 to 199.4 µg/cm 2 when the calculated excess NaOH concen› tration in the dried patch was increased from 0% to 3.6%. The cumulative amount of testosterone across human cadaver skin at 24 hours from the system containing 1.0% NaOH (Test-2) was 49.9 µg/cm 2 , which was about six times higher than that from the formulation without NaOH (7.4 µg!cm 2 , Test-1). This result indicated that the permeation of testosterone could be enhanced with an excess NaOH con› centration as low as 1.0%. 

[0393] The formulation of Test-P92 provided up to 7-fold more testosterone flux than in the absence ofNaOH (Test-1). The formulation of Test-3 provided up to 19-fold more flux, while the highest pH formulation evaluated, Test-4, pro› vided up to 40-fold more flux than in the absence of NaOH. 

[0394] An in-vitro skin permeation study was conducted using four diclofenac sodium transdermal systems, desig› nated Diclo-9, Diclo-10, Diclo-11, and Diclo-12, the com› positions of which are set forth in Table 60. Round disc samples were prepared as described in the Methods section. The theoretical percent weight for each ingredient after drying ( calculated assuming all the volatile ingredients were completely removed during drying) is listed in Table 61. 

## Example 19 

