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For example, for a two-stroke liquid-cooled engine, the manufacturer may require instrumentation to monitor engine exhaust gas temperatures (EGT), water temperatures, and revolutions per minute (rpm). Additionally, for a four- stroke engine, the manufacturer may additionally require oil temperature and pressure gauges. For a simple two-stroke air- cooled engine, the manufacturer’s requirement may be EGT, cylinder head temperature (CHT) and rpm instrumentation. Generally, most electrical or engine controls are located on the dashboard unless required to be reached by the instructor for fl ight instruction. 

Dashboards are as varied as the manufacturers and the purpose of the aircraft, from simple to complex. Classical analog gauges are common, but digital instruments are becoming more popular with light-sport aircraft (LSA). 

Overall, no instrumentation is required for E-LSA, but for S-LSA an airspeed indicator is usually required, and engine manufacturers require certain instruments be installed on the aircraft to monitor the performance of the particular engine. 

##  Flight Instruments 

The specific theory of operation and details of instruments is covered in the Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, and is a prerequisite to this section on flight instruments. The altimeter is the most important flight instrument and should be on every WSC aircraft. It is used to maintain the proper altitude at airports, during cruise, and provides other aircraft position information for the safety of all. 

The vertical speed indicator (VSI) is one tool to assist the pilot with the performance of the aircraft. The airspeed indicator (ASI) is used to optimize performance of the aircraft, compare predicted to actual performance, and to operate within the limitations of the aircraft. 

##  Navigation Instruments 

A global positioning system (GPS) is typically used as a navigation and flight aid for most WSC aircraft. A magnetic compass is commonly used as a primary navigation system or as a backup when a GPS system is used. 

##  Engine Instruments 

There is a variety of engine instruments that are used. The most basic is the engine rpm, which determines the power of the engine. Specific engine instruments are discussed in the powerplant section. 

##  Instrument Panel Arrangements 

Instrument panels vary greatly from the basic to the complex. Figure 3-44  depicts a standard instrument panel supplied 

by the manufacturer with a portable GPS added in the middle. Electrical components are neatly arranged along the top. Large analog airspeed (left) and altitude (right) fl ight instruments are installed in the middle with the portable GPS installed between the two. The bottom stack consists of the basic engine instruments for a simple two-stroke air- cooled engine: RPM for power (top), CHT (middle) and EGT (bottom). 

<img src='content_image/585772.jpg'>

more advanced analog panel with a user radio and GPS added is shown in Figure 3-45. Airspeed, vertical speed indicator, and altitude large fl ight instruments are along 

