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Pilots also comply with very strict FAA general operating and flight rules as outlined in the CFR, including the FAA’s important “see and avoid” mandate. These regulations provide the historical foundation of the FAA regulations governing the aviation system and the individual classes of airspace. Figure 15-9  lists the operational and equipment requirements for these various classes of airspace. It is helpful to refer to this figure as the specific classes are discussed in greater detail. 

## Class A 

Pilots operating an aircraft in Class A airspace must conduct that operation under IFR and only under an ATC clearance received prior to entering the airspace. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, each aircraft operating in Class A airspace must be equipped with a two-way radio capable of communicating with ATC on a frequency assigned by ATC. Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, all aircraft within Class A airspace must be equipped with the appropriate transponder equipment meeting all applicable specifications found in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215. Additionally, beginning January 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the Class A airspace described in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.225, must have ADS-B Out equipment installed, which meets the performance requirements of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.227. 

## Class B 

All pilots operating an aircraft within a Class B airspace area must receive an ATC clearance from the ATC facility having jurisdiction for that area. The pilot in command (PIC) may not take off or land an aircraft at an airport within a Class B airspace unless he or she has met one of the following requirements: 

1. A private pilot certificate 

2. A recreational pilot certificate and all requirements contained within 14 CFR part 61, section 61.101(d), or the requirements for a student pilot seeking a recreational pilot certificate in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.94. 

3. A sport pilot certificate and all requirements contained within 14 CFR part 61, section 61.325, or the requirements for a student pilot seeking a recreational pilot certificate in 14 CFR part 61, section 61.94, or the aircraft is operated by a student pilot who has met the requirements of 14 CFR part 61, sections 61.94 and 61.95, as applicable. 

Unless otherwise authorized by ATC, all aircraft within Class B airspace must be equipped with the applicable operating transponder and automatic altitude reporting equipment specified in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.215(a) and an operable two-way radio capable of communications with ATC on appropriate frequencies for that Class B airspace area. Additionally, beginning January 1, 2020, aircraft operating in the Class B airspace described in 14 CFR part 91, section 91.225, must have ADS-B Out equipment installed, which meets the performance requirements of 14 CFR part 91, section 91.227. 

## Class C 

For the purpose of this section, the primary airport is the airport for which the Class C airspace area is designated. A satellite airport is any other airport within the Class C airspace area. No pilot may take off or land an aircraft at a satellite airport within a Class C airspace area except in compliance with FAA arrival and departure traffic patterns. 

Two-way radio communications must be established and maintained with the ATC facility providing air traffic services 

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