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Herein, M- is a non-nucleophilic counter ion. 

Examples of the non-nucleophilic counter ion M- include halide ions such as chloride and bromide ions; fluoroalkyl› sulfonate ions such as triflate, 1, 1, 1-trifluoroethanesulfonate, and nonafluorobutanesulfonate; arylsulfonate ions such as tosylate, benzenesulfonate, 4-fluorobenzenesulfonate, and 1,2,3,4,5-pentafluorobenzenesulfonate; alkylsulfonate ions such as mesylate and butanesulfonate; imides such as bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl) imide and bis(perfluorobutylsulfonyl)imide; methides such as tris(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)methide and tris(perfluoroet› hylsulfonyl)methide. 

Also included are sulfonates having fluorine substituted at a-position as represented by the general formula (K-1) and sulfonates having fluorine substituted at a- and ~-positions as represented by the general formula (K-2). 

In formula (K-1 ), R $^{102 }$is hydrogen, or a straight, branched or cyclic C$_{1 }$-C$_{20 }$alkyl group, C$_{2}$ -C$_{20 }$alkenyl group, or CcC$_{20 }$ aryl group, which may have an ether, ester, carbonyl moiety, lactone ring, or fluorine atom. In formula (K-2), R 103 is 

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