The aim of this website is to maintain an interest in this iconic trainer aircraft.
The de Havilland Chipmunk Club was founded in 1977 by Ralph Steiner at a time when these aircraft and parts were released from the M.o.D onto the civilian market. There was no central hub at the time for new owners to contact for assistance and information on the aircraft. Membership grew from 1977 to over seven hundred and seventy four in 2013.
The continuing airworthiness responsibility for the aircraft is the registered company DE HAVILLAND SUPPORT LTD. All matters arising to the airworthiness of the aircraft must be referred to them.
We now only supply various Chipmunk identification material, and a large selection of aircraft manuals once published by de Havilland and the M.o.D covering the Gipsy engine, airframe and ancillaries. These are of historical interest and were current at the time when the aircraft was in service.


The Aerial Achievement Medal is a decoration of the United States Air Force which was established in 1988. The decoration is intended to recognize the contributions of aircrew members who would, otherwise, not be qualified for the award of the Air Medal.
The decoration is awarded in the name of the Secretary of the Air Force and is presented to members of the United States military or civilian personnel, while serving in a capacity with the U.S. Air Force, who distinguish themselves by sustained meritorious achievement while participating in aerial flight. The achievements must be accomplished with distinction above and beyond that normally expected of professional airmen.
Operators of Unmanned aerial vehicles may receive the award.


Decoupling Software Complexity
On Jan. 24, another F-35 crashed when landing on the aircraft carrier Carl Vinson after another crashed while taking off from aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth & a few more. These misfortune incidents may not because of a single root cause. And, no one is an easy problem to solve. Nevertheless, we should have the decency to push the boundaries to tackle them better.


As they can function in a low friction environment, airplanes can fly quickly and effectively. At least while in flight, there aren’t any wheels that need to be continuously rolled over the ground, and the air is much thinner higher up, which significantly minimizes air drag.
How fast do planes fly? This is a common question that most people ask when they see an airplane in the sky, and they usually don’t get an answer because the person they ask can’t give them one that they understand or find satisfactory. Many technical terms and jargon make people want to run away from the conversation altogether.
Even if you could figure out what it all means, there still isn’t an easy way to translate this knowledge into an understandable explanation about plane speed for someone who doesn’t know anything about how planes fly in the first place.
How Fast Do Airplanes Go?
To understand how fast airplanes go, we must first know how they fly. Airplanes fly by using the lift created by the plane’s wings. The wings are shaped so that when air flows over them, it creates lift.
This lift forces the plane upwards into the air. As long as an airstream pushes against the wing, there will be lift and, therefore, a force on the wing pushing up.
When an airplane moves through the air at high speeds, it causes more and more wind to push against its wings. When this happens, it becomes easier for the airplane to fly faster because more wind goes against its wings.
This phenomenon makes it possible for planes to reach supersonic speeds (speeds faster than Mach 1). Once the rate comes about Mach 1, there is not enough air being pushed against the wing anymore to create sufficient lift.
Instead, what pushes the plane forwards and upward is called ram-air. Ram-air relies on hot gasses rushing from behind and around the nose of the aircraft.
The hotter these gasses are, the better they can provide enough momentum to move both themselves and an attached object (in this case, a plane).
How Fast Do Commercial Airplanes Go
Do you ever wonder how fast commercial airplanes fly? The answer may surprise you. Commercial airplanes can reach speeds of up to 800 miles per hour! But how do they achieve such high rates?
Three main factors contribute to a plane’s speed: the engines, the aerodynamics, and the weight. The machines are the most potent part of the plane and provide thrust.
For most commercial flights, the plane’s cruising altitude will be around 35,000 feet – where the air pressure is only about one-third as dense as it is on Earth’s surface. As a result, the plane can take advantage of something called the ground effect – essentially riding in its wake.
Also Read: Can You Take Aerosols On A Plane
How Fast Do Private Jets Fly
Most private jets are designed to fly between 400 and 500 miles per hour (mph). The Gulfstream G650ER, for example, has a top speed of Mach 0.925, which is equivalent to 662 mph. The Cessna Citation X+ has a top speed of 517 mph.
But how do these planes achieve such high speeds? The answer lies in their design. It all has to do with the science of aerodynamics. When a plane is designed, engineers have to consider many factors that will affect the plane’s speed.
How Fast Do Military Planes Fly
Military planes are some of the fastest in the sky. They can reach speeds of up to 1,000 miles per hour! But how do they achieve such high rates? There are a few secrets to their success.
First, military planes are designed with sleek bodies that reduce drag. This allows them to fly faster and use less fuel. Second, military planes have powerful engines that can propel them forward at high speeds.
Finally, military pilots are highly trained and experienced in flying at high speeds. These factors combine to allow aircraft like the F-22 Raptor or B-2 Spirit Bomber to reach incredible heights.
Do Planes Have To Be High In The Sky For You to See Them?: No, but you will see more detail when they’re higher in the sky. That’s because your eyes have trouble distinguishing objects when they’re close to the ground. If you live near an airport, take a walk out on your porch and try counting airplanes as they go by!
Also Read: Can You Take Juul On A Plane
How Fast Do Single Engine Planes Fly
Most small, private planes have a top speed between 130 and 200 miles per hour. The average single-engine plane will have a cruising speed between 115 and 160 knots, or about 133 to 184 miles per hour.
Large commercial jets like the Boeing 747-400 are designed for long distances at low speeds. These types of aircraft can fly at an altitude as high as 35,000 feet and maintain speeds up to 545 miles per hour.
As you can see from these statistics, not all airplanes are created equal regarding their speed capabilities. Some may fly slower than others, but their purpose is different.
Frequently Asked Questions
- How Fast Does A 747 Go?
A 747 can fly at around 580 miles per hour, but the average speed for most commercial planes is between 500 and 550 miles per hour. So how do planes manage to go so fast? There are a few factors that contribute to a plane’s speed. First, the wings of a plane are designed to create lift, which propels the plane forward.
The engines also play a significant role in determining a plane’s speed; they provide the power that moves the plane through the air.
- How Fast Do Planes Go Before Takeoff?
Before a plane can take off, it must accelerate down the runway to achieve lift-off speed. This varies depending on the weight and size of the plane but typically ranges from 160 to 240 kilometers per hour (100 to 150 miles per hour). But once a plane is in the air, it can cruise much faster.
- What Is The Slowest Speed A Plane Can Fly?
The slowest speed a plane can fly is called stall speed. This is the speed at which the plane’s wings stopped working, and the plane started to fall.
The stall speed is different for every plane, and it depends on the plane’s weight, the wings’ shape, and other factors. To avoid crashing, pilots must keep their speed above the stall speed.
Many factors contribute to how fast a plane can fly. The type of engine, the size and shape of the plane, and even the weather can affect a plane’s speed. But ultimately, the pilot’s skill and training determine how fast a plane can go. They must know when to reduce or increase their speed to avoid air turbulence or other obstacles in the sky.
Also Read: Can You Take Makeup On A Plane?


"The military role of unmanned aircraft systems is growing at unprecedented rates. In 2005, tactical- and theater-level unmanned aircraft alone had flown over 100,000 flight hours in support of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, in which they were organized under Task Force Liberty in Afghanistan and Task Force ODIN in Iraq." In addition to intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions, drones are used in "electronic attack, strike missions, suppression and/or destruction of enemy air defense." MQ-1 Predator UAVs armed with Hellfire missiles are increasingly used by the U.S. as platforms for hitting ground targets. Smaller weapons such as the Raytheon Griffin and Small Tactical Munition are being developed as a less indiscriminate alternative and development is underway on the still smaller, US Navy-developed Spike missile." (Wikipedia)
India has taken note of these developments in drone technology and warfare, purchased surveillance drones from various countries and started a drone research and development program. It however needs a bolder operational program for development of drone airfields and deployment of armed drones. Firstly, India should develop an airfield and supporting facilities in the Lakshadweep Islands, that can be used as a staging area for long endurance drones to cover the entire Arabian Sea. We must have the capability to send advanced armed drones to take out identified and known Indian criminals and anti-India Jehadist based in the Arabian Sea littoral up to and beyond the north-west edge of the Persian Gulf. These drones should also have the endurance to reach Central Asia, so that we have the capability assist Governments of this region who may need or request our help in anti-terrorist operations.
Second, the existing airfield in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands should be augmented as necessary to develop a full fledged drone base. This drone base would cover the entire Bay of Bengal, the Mallacca Straights and the N.E Indian Ocean. It should also have drones of a range that can, in an emergency and at their request, provide support to friendly countries in S E Asia, such as Myanmar, Thailand, Singapore and Indonesia. If necessary, either drone base(s) can be used jointly with any country that is willing to give India 1st generation drones for the purpose for which each drone airfield/base is developed.


Jody Milani joins the United States Shooting Academy after successfully completing 21 years of honorable service to his country.
Jody retired from the United States Army in March 2008 as a chief warrant officer 3. With almost two decades of experience with the United States Special Operations and Special Missions Units, Jody has a proven track record of dependability and a unique capacity for rapidly adapting to new and demanding assignments. During his time in the military Jody served with the 1st Ranger Bn (Airborne) and held every position from rifleman to platoon sergeant. While serving in this command his primary mission was executing complex joint special operation missions in support of U.S. policy and objectives. This was conducted by Air Assault and Direct Action Raids seizing key terrain such as airfields, destroying strategic facilities, and capturing or killing enemies of the nation.
After 9 years with 1st Ranger Bn Jody did a lateral transfer to the 6th Ranger Training Battalion stationed at Eglin Air Force base, Florida. During his two year stay he trained small unit tactics in a coastal/jungle environment in which the students are put under extreme mental and physical stresses that approach those found in combat.
After transferring to Army Aviation in 1999, Jody immediately sought out the opportunity to return to the Special Operations arena. He was selected to 1st Battalion 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment and performed duties as an MH-60L (Blackhawk gunship) pilot conducting world-wide, no-notice deployments in support of U.S. Special Missions Units at the National Command Level. Jody finished his career as a Blackhawk instructor pilot providing advanced flight instruction on the UH-60 during day, night, instrument meteorological, and tactical flight conditions. His combat experience includes Operation Desert Storm, Operation Uphold Democracy, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom.
Jody is an important asset to this team. He is technically and tactically competent combat tested leader with an extensive knowledge of weapons, explosives, protective services, motorcade techniques, communications and navigational equipment, optical equipment, and computers with an emphasis on Falconview and various other mission planning aides.


BRONCO SPACE'S PROJECTS
WELOME TO BRONCO SPACE
Rover BILLEE is a moon rover project focused on advancing space exploration. This six-wheeled, battery-powered rover is designed to perform multiple missions, including tasks like rope manipulation and object delivery (up to 5 kg) using image recognition. The aim is to support autonomous missions and assist in the exploration of extraterrestrial life.
***FINALIZED CAD MODEL BILLEE
**PROVES YEARLING CUBESATS
LAUNCING SINCE 2023
PROVES is Bronco Space's CubeSat initiative. Yearling, a 1U CubeSat with a spresense camera and 3 IMUs, launches in November 2022 via SpaceX's Falcon 9 Transporter-6. Built on PyCubed architecture, Yearling is affordable and modular. PROVES offers a CubeSat kit, aiding university programs in practical spacecraft engineering.
BLADE is an annual high-altitude balloon (HAB) design competition at Cal Poly Pomona since 2019. Students form teams to plan, launch, and recover their BalloonSat missions, gaining practical industry experience. Winning teams are prepared for more significant projects at Bronco Space, offering a pathway to leadership roles.
**BLADE HARPE TEAM 4 CUBE-SAT MODEL


Drones are more formally known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or unmanned aircraft systems (UASes). Essentially, a drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously through software-controlled flight plans in their embedded systems, working in conjunction with onboard sensors and GPS.
Discover the DJI Osmo Series, browse through a wide selection of accessories that helps you record videos and take photos like never before in Pakistan.
Capture memories and re imagine movement with the DJI Osmo Mobile action shots, making every moment you shoot look smooth, professional, and ready to share.
The DJI Mavic Pro is a portable and powerful drone with a 3-axis gimbal 4K camera, a max transmission range of 4.1 mi (7 km), and sophisticated design.
Use advanced gesture recognition controls to fly DJI Spark Selfie Drone without a controller and Intelligent Flight Modes to take effortless selfies.
DJI is a Chinese drone manufacturer and the world’s leader in creating and marketing consumer unmanned aerial vehicles. In May 2017, DJI introduced Spark, the first drone that users can control simply by hand gestures. The Spark is a mini camera drone that takes off from a user’s palm.
Spark can do this thanks to DJI’s new 3D vision sensor technology, as well as its use of machine learning and computer vision. New video and photo editing tools enhance the ability to share photos and videos.
Creativity is at the heart of every dream. Every idea, every groundbreaking leap that changes our world starts with the vision of talented creators. At DJI, we give these creators the tools they need to bring their ideas to life.
Our platforms empower them to capture images that were once out of reach. Our flying and camera stabilization systems redefine camera placement and motion. Amazing photos and video, treasured personal memories, and high-end professional imagery are captured every day, in every corner of the world using DJI products.
We do this through an unparalleled commitment to R&D, a culture of constant innovation and curiosity, and a focus on transforming complex technology into easy-to-use devices. Building on the ethos of “form follows function,” our products combine advanced technology with dynamic designs.


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DO-330, Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, Washington, 2011. MIL-STD-462D - (New) People's Liberation Front of NE-80 www.becker-avionics.com/download//BD406-IO-XX1-Issue 03.pdf Aug 20, 1999 Methods of Measurement of Radio- Exposure to Radio Frequency . Technical Commission for Aeronautics Secretariat, One McPherson. Building a Preliminary Safety Case - University of York, Department www.ioactive.com/pdfs/IOActive_SATCOM_Security_WhitePaper.pdf An Example from Aerospace. Tim Kelly, Iain for a distributed computing platform for aero-engine control. .. Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics ,. A Framework for Aviation Cybersecurity www.nasonline.org/publications/memoirs/pdfs/dryden-hugh.pdf Establish common cyber standards for aviation systems .. The Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA), The National Institute of Standards and. 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ERP SOFTWARE FOR AEROSPACE AND DEFENSE MANUFACTURERS
In the world of aerospace and defense manufacturing, precision, efficiency, and compliance are paramount. Manufacturers must adhere to strict regulations, meet complex requirements, and operate within tight schedules to ensure the safety and reliability of their products.
FLY HIGH USING A CUSTOM AEROSPACE ERP SOFTWARE FOR STREAMLINED PRODUCTION AND IMPROVED PERFORMANCE
ERP systems: a valuable tool for aerospace and defense manufacturers
Absolutely, ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) systems are highly valuable tools for aerospace and defense manufacturers. The aerospace and defense industry operates in a complex and highly regulated environment, and ERP systems offer numerous benefits that help streamline operations, improve efficiency, ensure compliance, and drive overall success.
AVIATION INDUSTRY INVOLVES COMPLEX MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Yes, the aviation industry indeed involves complex manufacturing processes. The production of aircraft, aircraft components, and related equipment requires intricate and highly specialized procedures to ensure safety, precision, and reliability. Here are some key aspects of the aviation industry's manufacturing processes:
Design and Engineering: Before manufacturing begins, aircraft and components undergo extensive design and engineering phases. This involves conceptualizing the product, conducting feasibility studies, creating detailed technical specifications, and developing 3D models and prototypes.
Material Selection: Aircraft manufacturers carefully select materials with specific properties such as strength, weight, and durability. Common materials used include aluminum alloys, titanium, composites (e.g., carbon fiber reinforced polymer), and advanced materials like ceramics and super alloys.
Precision Manufacturing: Aviation manufacturing processes require high precision and tight tolerances to ensure the quality and safety of the aircraft. Advanced manufacturing techniques such as computer numerical control (CNC) machining, additive manufacturing (3D printing), and automated assembly systems are utilized to achieve precise and repeatable results.
Odoo cloud based ERP is designed to be easy to use and can be integrated with existing operating systems and third party systems. This makes it easy for companies to transition to the new system without disrupting operations. With complete support, companies can rest assured that they will have the help they need to get projects up and running quickly.
The aerospace industry and aerospace defense industries is subject to strict regulatory requirements. With Odoo cloud ERP, companies can ensure that they meet these requirements, reducing the risk of compliance issues. The system can help manage compliance processes, track quality metrics, and ensure that products meet regulatory standards.
FAQ ABOUT ERP FOR AEROSPACE
Yes, an ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) solution can be suitable for small aerospace and defense manufacturers. While ERP systems are commonly associated with larger enterprises, they can also provide significant benefits to smaller manufacturers in the aerospace and defense industry.
No, aerospace defense ERP software is not only designed for large manufacturers. While ERP solutions have traditionally been associated with larger enterprises due to their complexity and cost, there are ERP software options available that cater specifically to the needs and budgets of small and mid-sized aerospace and defense manufacturers.
Yes, ERP systems are designed to integrate with existing systems within an organization. Integration is a critical aspect of ERP implementation as it allows for seamless data flow and communication between different systems, departments, and processes.


Satellites provide information and other services that are critical for national security, economic vitality, and human well-being. Their owners are increasingly concerned about keeping them safe. As long as there have been satellites there have been plans for interfering with them. The act of destroying a satellite can damage the space environment by creating dangerous amounts of space debris. What’s more, the impairment or loss of an important satellite, such as one used for reconnaissance, can quickly escalate a conflict or generate other unpredictable and dangerous consequences. And short of an actual attack on a satellite, even the targeting of satellites or the construction of space-based weapons could precipitate an arms race with damaging and far-reaching consequences, including the diversion of resources from other pressing issues, or the hindrance of international cooperation on such important challenges as nuclear non-proliferation, climate change, and terrorism.
The space environment has changed over the last fifty years—especially rapidly over the last decade or two. For a large fraction of our history in space, space was primarily the domain of two actors, the United States and the Soviet Union, who mainly used it for strategic national security purposes, such as early warning of ballistic missile launches and intelligence support to verify arms control treaty compliance.
Both countries developed prototype anti-satellite weapons, including weapons that would propel shrapnel from an explosion near a satellite, weapons that would ascend on a missile launched from an airplane and then collide with the satellite, and ground-based laser weapons targeting the sensors and other vulnerable components of satellites. At the same time, both countries engaged in research and development of strategic missile defenses. Because intercontinental-range ballistic missiles reach similar speeds and altitudes as low-earth orbiting satellites, ballistic missile defenses can often be used as well (or better) as anti-satellite weapons.
In the spring of 1983, President Ronald Reagan gave his “Star Wars” speech, announcing that he intended to focus on developing a large scale missile defense system. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) he created was expected to develop several types of space-based interceptors with anti-satellite capabilities. Though the systems that emerged from this program are mainly ground-based, small research projects dedicated to space-based missile defense still exist.
While there was interest in these technologies, the overall story was one of mutual restraint. Both states understood that unconstrained weaponization of space would lead to an arms race and dangerous instabilities in the nuclear relationship. And the Anti-ballistic Missile Treaty constrained strategic missile defense deployments.
In the early 2000s, the metaphor of mastering the “high ground” became a principle driving military thinking and planning for space, particularly in the United States. This was at least in part a response to the growing importance of space assets to the conduct of conventional military actions—providing the means for precision guided munitions, intelligence surveillance and reconnaissance, and for global communications.
Plans for dominating space proliferated, and included proposals for ground-based weapons aimed at satellites and space-based weapons aimed at space and ground objects.
Ultimately, the US plans foundered as they came up against technical and economic realities and because priorities shifted after the events of September 11, 2001.
Today, many more actors are now in space, trying to use it to develop economically, to pursue scientific goals, and to support national security. This has created a complex ecosystem that can bring great benefits, but which creates competition. Space is not insulated from conflict on earth, and can unpredictably escalate crises on the ground or be the spark that starts one.
In the last decades, numerous international efforts have aimed at getting a handle on these risks by negotiating constraints. These efforts have not led to substantive limits on space-based weapons, on anti-satellite weapons, or on behavior.
Within 24 hours of being sworn in this past May, Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson stated in testimony that “space is now a warfighting domain, similar to the more familiar air, land, and maritime domains our men and women are fighting in today.” This reflects the shift in thinking in the US government away from the idea that space has a special character, as indeed is reflected in the description of space as a peaceful domain in the Outer Space Treaty. It indicates that the US will work quickly to preserve its superiority in space. This is primarily due to the progress of other countries, particularly China, in establishing their own national security architectures in space as well as the proliferation of technologies useful for anti-satellite weapons.
Some of these technologies are expensive and sophisticated, but others are within the reach of less developed countries and could provide the ability to hold satellites at risk.
Directed energy weapons, such as lasers and microwave weapons, have a number of desirable features for an attacker. The beams reach their targets at the speed of light, and the delivered power can be tailored to produce temporary and reversible effects or permanent, debilitating damage. Directed energy weapons also have disadvantages relative to physical interceptors: they can only reach targets in their line of sight (unless relay mirrors are used) and simple shields of reflective, absorptive, or conductive material can be effective defenses.
Relatively low-powered lasers can be used to interfere with a satellite’s sensors by coupling them with mirrors that focus the light and can track the satellites as they move across the sky
Lasers can dazzle imaging sensors, making it difficult or impossible for them to see an area on the ground, but without creating lasting damage. Or at higher powers they could permanently damage sensors. This relatively low-tech weapon is expected to be within reach of a wide range of actors_even sub-state actors.
A more sophisticated system could be used to train high powers of energy onto a satellite’s solar panels or damage it. This is harder to do. As laser power increases, the lasers become larger and more complicated, since they require large power supplies, cooling, and, in some cases, exhaust systems. The testing and existence of such systems should be detectable and limits on them could be part of a verifiable arms control regime.
A more problematic technology is hit-to-kill interceptors. These are ground-launched (though could be air-launched) missiles which target ballistic missiles during midcourse (as they travel up above the atmosphere) and destroy them with the force of impact. This technology has been demonstrated by the US and China against orbiting satellites, and is within the reach of Russia, India, and Japan.
Because satellites and long-range ballistic missiles travel on similar paths through space with similar speeds, this technology can also be used to target satellites. In fact, it is probably easier to target satellites than ballistic missiles, since a satellite attack can be delayed until conditions are optimal, but ballistic missile launches come with little warning and may be accompanied by decoys and other countermeasures.
The data presented here shows the anti-satellite capability of the United States’ missile defense system based on Aegis ships. These ships carry interceptors, which are being gradually improved with respect to sensor capability and speed. In 2008, the United States used one such interceptor to destroy a failed intelligence satellite at about 250 kilometers altitude, an altitude at which the resulting debris would rapidly be pulled out of orbit by the atmosphere.
Figure 1. Maximum altitude reachable by SM-3 variants.
Figure 1 gives estimated burnout speeds for the two main types of SM-3 interceptors, Blocks I and II, as well as the altitude they could reach if launched straight up.
Figure 2. Number of satellites with perigee at or below altitude
The solid vertical line in Figure 2 is 600 km, the height limit for the Block I interceptor, and the green dashed line is the conservatively estimated height limit for the Block II interceptor. The blue curve is the approximate cumulative number of satellites with closest approach to earth at that altitude. These interceptors could reach all of the low earth-orbiting satellites. The SM-3 Block IIA interceptors are still under development, and it is not clear what the final procured numbers will be, but there may be several hundred of them—perhaps 5-600-and the 33 BMD capable ships may increase to perhaps 80. These ships can be deployed worldwide.
This technology already exists and is deployed, Because it has been demonstrated both against satellites and against missiles, and because the interceptors are expected to be so numerous, this system may become the greatest obstacle to satisfactory limits on anti-satellite weapons. (And it may also impede the reduction of global caches of nuclear-armed missiles.)
Such kinetic energy destructions leave enormous amounts of debris on orbit, which can make subsequent space operations risky and more expensive. This may contribute to self-limiting behavior by states that want to keep space working well into the future. However, under crisis conditions, this can’t be counted on.
Persistent space debris is inimical to the safe and secure use of space, so actors are increasingly interested in holding satellites at risk with less destructive types of weapons. For example, some satellites can approach an adversary’s satellite closely at low speeds while both are on orbit without the target’s cooperation. At sufficiently close ranges, other types of nondestructive methods to interfere with the target can be contemplated, such as electromagnetic attacks, spray painting sensors, even setting the satellite spinning. Such attacks could produce less debris. While the US has a great lead in this technology, other states are pursuing it as well, including China and Russia. Close approach technology is also dual use; it can be used to repair, inspect, or refuel satellites, for example.
Proximity operations may be either temporary or permanent and are technically sophisticated. While they may have some elements of stealth or unattributability, one cannot count on hiding in space indefinitely, and close approaches of this type are observable behaviors, and therefore could be subject to verifiable limits.
The main“blast from the past” must be space-based missile defense. In the last few years, a group of missile defense and space weapons advocates in the US Congress have been promoting the project of a space-based missile defense system to defend against both nuclear-armed ballistic missiles and direct ascent ASAT weapons.
It has been more than thirty years since the denouement of Ronald Reagan’s fanciful Star Wars concept and more than twenty since the cancellation of Brilliant Pebbles, its more limited but still space-based descendant. It has been fourteen years since the American Physical Society’s (APS) landmark analysis concluded that a system of space-based interceptors “would require a fleet of a thousand or more orbiting satellites just to intercept a single missile” and that “deploying such a fleet would require a five- to tenfold increase in the United States’ annual space-launch capabilities.” It has been eight years since the Obama administration set aside the George W. Bush era plan to build a Space-based Test Bed.
It has been five years since the US National Academy of Sciences released its report on boost-phase missile defense. It stated that an “austere” capability of 600 or so interceptors would cost $300 billion and that space-based missile defense will be at least 10 times as expensive as any other option.
One problem with space-based weapons that require timeliness is that objects in space are moving rapidly. A single satellite will generally not to be in the right place at the right time. If a weapon or surveillance asset needs to be available promptly, multiples will be necessary, and this gets expensive. For example, for the Global Positioning System, one needs a constellation of at least 24 satellites to have enough of them in view to make the system work.
Besides the fact that a great many enormously costly interceptors would be necessary, space-based missile defenses are vulnerable to being overwhelmed or defeated.
Unfortunately, members of Congress haven’t learned the lesson, and their new study will ask the Pentagon to go back again to get the same answers that we already know. The Ballistic Missile Defense Review is underway now.
For space security, this issue is of the highest importance. Although probably no full constellation would be built, it is likely there will be an effort to stage a test bed of a few interceptors. While the flaws of space-based missile defense will not be resolved with research and development, it’s important to note that even a “test bed” project could be destabilizing internationally. Space-based interceptors are inherently anti-satellite weapons, and putting prototype interceptors in space would be viewed by adversaries and allies alike as stationing the first dedicated space weapons in orbit. It would likely encourage development of similar technologies or other types of anti-satellite weapons by others.
The year 2017 marks the fifty-year anniversary of the Outer Space Treaty. This is once again an inflection point in space security. Technology is rapidly advancing and proliferating, but the strategic environment lacks a straightforward Cold War logic that drove the negotiation of agreements such as the Outer Space Treaty or the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.
There are very good arguments that negotiated limits on technologies and behaviors in space would improve security, including lowering risks of crisis escalation, enhancing stability and the usability of space, and protecting the space environment for the generations to come. Even those countries with huge technical and economic advantages must recognize that they cannot remain protected from a determined adversary in space and cannot secure safe access to space unilaterally. Security and sustainability will need to be built cooperatively.
Laura Grego is a physicist working with the Union of Concerned Scientists.


Last week’s spectacle of Indian Air Force aircraft using the Lucknow-Agra Expressway has a vital strategic component
~By Praful Bakshi
When military strategists explain the term National Air Power as being the sum total of all the flying assets of a nation, they overlook the use of national highways as runways for military use. Not many civilians would be aware that the use of highways as air strips for take-off and landing of aircraft has been in practice since the two World Wars when the bombing of airfields led to the search for alternative sites. In fact, when the Indian Air Force (IAF) demonstrated this by landing a number of fighter and transport aircraft on the Lucknow-Agra Expressway, they brought out this important aspect in full view of the entire nation, and not just the crowds and VIPs who had gathered to watch the spectacle. Fighter aircraft like the Su-30s and Mirages, along with transport aircraft like C-130s, showed how, in the absence of real runways, highways can be used safely for take-offs and landings of these fighting machines in times of emergencies like war when dedicated runways might not be available to them.
India has a vast border over land and sea, running close to 10,000 km, and the present security scenario indicates a threat from all sides. There is a distinct possibility of Pakistan and China opening a combined front. This means India’s strategic assets will have to defend the western and north-western sector against Pakistan and the northern and north-eastern mountainous zone against China. There is also the joint threat of Chinese and Pakistan navies in the Bay of Bengal, and from the Indian Ocean to the Arabian Sea.
This massive military requirement brings up round-the-clock demand for the IAF to provide strike aircraft to destroy important targets in the enemy zone and tactical battle area, air defence fighters to provide cover to air and ground fighting assets as well as Vital Areas and Vital Points (Vas & VPs). However, the most important aspect is that IAF and military airfields would be under constant attack through ground attack fighters and surface-to-surface missiles which might lead to certain damage to these assets with the possibility of their being unavailable to our fighter aircraft.
The worst case scenario is two-three fighter formations returning from their attack missions running critically low on fuel and capable of only 15 minutes of flying, to find the home base runway is bombed out. The only option would be to find a place where the aircraft can be put down safely, turned around, refuelled and rearmed for the next mission. This was very common during the two World Wars when aircraft were light and slow, and could even land in open fields. With the advent of jet aircraft, this became difficult as the need was for a stronger landing surface for high-speed, heavier jets. Sweden showed the world how roads and highways could be used for tactical purposes. Since then, a number of countries have adopted this technique, including Singapore and Pakistan.
Looking at a different wargame scenario, if an army battalion has to be moved from somewhere in Maharashtra or Madhya Pradesh, with no airport nearby, it would take days for them to reach the battle area. In this scenario, the IAF can land on pre-determined portions of national highways and use heavy transport aircraft like the C 130 to pick up and carry the force to its target area quickly. There is also the humanitarian angle, wherein the air force may be asked to pick up victims or refugees from disaster zones to be conveyed to safer locations. Here aircraft like C-130s or AN-32s or even MI-17 helicopters could land on pre-determined stretches of various highways to carry out the mission.
Even in the case of counter-insurgency operations like in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, MP or anywhere in the Maoist-dominated Red Zone this exercise can be carried out to induct para-military or security forces. Such operations would, of course, be carried out with the help of mobile UAV operating teams to give the forces a real-time tactical picture.
However, the strategic priority is of operating combat aircraft from highways. For this, other ground preparations need to be in place, like maintenance teams to repair damaged combat aircraft, refuelling and rearming teams, fuel dumps and ammo dumps.
The present government has earmarked a large number of highways all around the country for this purpose, mostly in the northern sector like Gujarat, Rajasthan, UP, Punjab, MP, Bihar and in the East.
These are to be prepared by the respective state governments and kept ready to meet any eventuality.
Apart from roads and highways, an important aspect is overlooked, and that is the availability of a large number of abandoned wartime air fields, which have long runways, in fairly good shape. For example, between Kolkata to Kharagpur and right up to Jamshedpur, there are close to 36 abandoned air fields in Salua, Dudhkundi, Chakulia, Dalbhumgarh, Amardard Panagarh and Chaibasa, which could be reclaimed and put to good use.
The most advantageous aspect of this exercise is not only cooperation between the three services using a common resource, but total civil-military synchronisation in providing military aviation its most critical requirement—a safe stretch of highway for all take-offs and landings during operations.
The singular highway landing operation last week was largely passed off as a crowd-pleasing spectacle. What it was really meant to showcase was that the fighting assets of our country could be put to good use by proper civil-military cooperation, and strategic thinking and planning.


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Poem presented to His Majesty, the Emperor, on the given theme, Paulownia Flowers, for the month of June, 1992. The place of evacuation was Tatebayashi, Gunma Prefecture.
The Space Shuttle: cf. reference material Reference Material for Her Majesty's poem, The space Shuttle.
Excerpt from the Press Release on the Occasion of Her majesty the Empress' Birthday, 1992.
Q. What things or events impressed you strongly during this past year?
The work of Ms. Sadako Ogata, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the Olympic events and the "Song of the Birds" which was played at its closing cermony, the conversations between the astronaut on the space shuttle and his NASA supporting crew on earth, calling out to each other by their names, while the various experiments were conducted in space.


|Series||NASA technical memorandum -- 103636.|
|Contributions||Lewis Research Center.|
|The Physical Object|
The METCAN (Metal Matrix Composite Analyzer) computer code is used to simulate the nonlinear behavior of select metal matrix composites in order to assess their potential for high temperature structural applications. Material properties for seven composites are generated at a fiber volume ratio of for two bonding conditions (a perfect bond and a weak interphase case) at various temperatures. The METCAN (Metal Matrix Composite Analyzer) computer code is used to simulate the nonlinear behavior of select metal matrix composites in order to assess their potential for high temperature structural : Ho-Jun Lee. The Metal Matrix Composite Analyzer (METCAN) is a computer code developed at Lewis Research Center to simulate the high temperature nonlinear behavior of metal matrix composites. An . METCAN can be used to computationally simulate the non-linear behavior of high temperature metal matrix composites (HT-MMC), thus allowing the potential payoff for the specific application to be assessed. It provides a comprehensive analysis of composite thermal and mechanical : P. L. Murthy.
Titanium metal-matrix composites (MMC) are prime candidate materials for aerospace applications be-cause of their excellent high-temperature longitudinal strength and stiffness and low density compared with nickel- and steel-base materials. This article examines the steps GE Aircraft Engines (GEAE) has taken to develop an induction plasma deposition (IPD) processing method for Cited by: 7. composite materials makes them applicable for elevated-temperature applications. Mg – Al alloys such as AM60 and AZ91 are presently the most prevalent magnesium alloys utilized in the automotive Author: Meysam Haghshenas. Schematic presentation of three shapes of metal matrix composite materials . Combination of Materials for Light Metal Matrix Composites. Reinforcements. Reinforcements for metal matrix composites have a manifold demand profile, which is determined by production and processing and by the matrix system of the composite material. Longer Term Applications Metal matrix composites with high specific stiff-ness and strength could be used in applications in which saving weight is an important factor. In-cluded in this category are robots, high-speed ma-chinery, and high-speed rotating shafts .
of high temperature metal matrix composites at NASA Lewis Research Center has led to the development of the METCAN (Metal Matrix Composite ANalyzer) computer code (References ). Structural components made from high temperature metal matrix composites (HTMMC) will be subjected to both monotonic and cyclic thermal and mechanical loads. The cyclic loads degrade the composite structural integrity in terms of stiffness and strength. What is Cited by: In view of the dynamic capabilities that can be exhibited, this Special Issue will cover all aspects of “Metal Matrix Composites” including: Synthesis (solid, liquid, 2-phase and 3D printing), secondary processing, properties (tensile, compressive, fatigue, impact, creep, tribological, etc.), corrosion behavior and . Metal matrix composites (MMCs), by virtue of their low density, high strength-to-weight ratio, high temperature strength retention, and excellent creep, fatigue and wear resistances, have the potential for replacing cast iron and other materials in engines and brakes.


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Date: 19 June 2017 / 25 June 2017
Place: Paris Le Bourget
The International Paris Air Show is a special time for every business, an opportunity in the space of one week to meet all the main industry players, seize new business opportunities, present expertise and innovations to the world and forge technology partnerships. By taking part in the Show professionals will be where all the decisions are made, where the history of aerospace is being written.
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Bhanu Choudhrie says that the future of aviation will be digital-first, and it will be reliant on making better use of data to be more efficient and improve passenger safety. The aviation industry was slow to modernize to incorporate new technological changes but realized that digital is where the future of business lies.
It’s more expensive and difficult to use traditional flying methods now that most passengers use an app to book flights. “This is a traditional industry with huge opportunity,” Bhanu Choudhrie says. “We are talking about a new competitive landscape where both traditional and new competitors will have to evolve quickly and embrace technology.”
AAG’s Innovations in Training
Alpha Aviation Group has begun utilizing artificial intelligence and other new training technologies. These systems are capable of training pilots in an entirely new way. These systems can also give pilots instant feedback on their training and provide them with personal tips on how to improve their performance.
Artificial intelligence allows AI-powered virtual trainers to be very realistic and capable of offering hundreds of improvements on human feedback. The VR system provides pilots with real-time controls and feedback during simulations. According to Choudhrie, this training solution requires the pilots to be hyper-aware, mindful, and highly motivated.
COVID-19 and Aviation
Bhanu Choudhrie has been passionate about aviation ever since he was a child. He has flown many aircraft and has developed many of its systems. This has given him a distinctive perspective of a pilot-turned-entrepreneur who has watched the industry change over time.
“No one could have foreseen just how devastating the pandemic was,” says Choudhrie. “To say that it shocked everyone is putting it mildly. However, Alpha Aviation Group has learned from the mistakes that were made, and we have incorporated them into our approach.”
Digital-First Approach to Training
Bhanu Choudhrie: A traditional pilot training program typically takes around three years from start to finish. But AAG has been developing its proprietary, high-quality training program, delivered over the internet in a fraction of the time. AAG’s program is one of the market leaders for traditional and new pilots alike. AAG understands that pilot training has to be fast-paced so as not to lose interest in this life-changing career path.
The aviation industry is very competitive. However, providing high-quality education at all levels while meeting stringent FAA regulations required by law can help make their dream come true. That’s regardless of whether they are first-year cadets or airline captains looking for continuing ed credit hours.


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Today’s aviation industry features a whole host of aircraft that feature cutting-edge technologies. To ensure passengers can enjoy safe and comfortable flights, every aspect is scrutinized and prioritized, from the manufacture of the aircraft themselves right down to the final screw. The requirements for the hoisting equipment used in this industry are just as stringent, whether looking at function, operability, or safety.
How KITO Meets the Challenge
Whether used in aviation manufacturing facilities, where they assist in the manufacture of aircraft wings, to aviation maintenance facilities, KITO products play their part in the aviation industry by assisting in the efficient loading, transportation, and unloading of materials and equipment.
For example, we designed and developed a transfer crane for a plant that maintains jet engines. This crane is used to transfer 7-ton engines that are 4 meters long and 3 meters wide from crane to crane, without touching the ground. Moreover, super-low-speed electric chain hoists with servo motors help enhance the efficiency and accuracy of engine component assembly for fine and complex parts.


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The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen, and argon.Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass.
Atmospheric effects become noticeable during atmospheric reentry of spacecraft at an altitude of around 120 km (75 mi).
Several layers can be distinguished in the atmosphere, based on characteristics such as temperature and composition.
Because the general pattern of the temperature/altitude profile is constant and measurable by means of instrumented balloon soundings, the temperature behavior provides a useful metric to distinguish atmospheric layers.
In this way, Earth's atmosphere can be divided (called atmospheric stratification) into five main layers.
Thus, the exosphere no longer behaves like a gas, and the particles constantly escape into space.


Air Transportation Services Program—changed circumstances
We audited the systems the Department of Treasury Board and Finance used to assess the Air Transportation Services Program in 2014 to ensure the program was meeting its objectives and considering risks, costs and benefits.
We made five recommendations1 to the department in our August 2014 special duty report related to the ATS program. We recommended that the department:
- evaluate the ATS program and immediately communicate the results publicly
- clarify its aircraft use policies to deal with any partisan and personal use of government aircraft and requirements for cost effectiveness evaluations when requesting to use government aircraft
- develop a common government aircraft use policy with which all users must comply
- require that a cost benefit analysis be performed, documented and approved by the responsible minister or deputy minister requesting service prior to authorizing the use of government aircraft for out-of-province travel
- review its costing model for government aircraft and publicly report on the costs associated with travel on government aircraft
Premier Prentice announced in September 2014 that the Government of Alberta would sell its airplanes and discontinue the ATS program. The department put the aircraft up for sale in December 2014 and the service was discontinued. The government announced that three of the aircraft had been sold for $6.1 million in February 2015.
The department recorded a $4.7 million loss on the disposal of the three aircraft in its 2014–2015 financial statements. The loss was determined by taking the proceeds on the sale of $6.1 million less the carrying value of the aircraft at the time of sale (approximately $10.8 million).
At the time of our report, the department listed the remaining airplane (a 36-passenger De Havilland Dash 8-103) as being for sale.
The department discontinued the ATS program and, therefore, our recommendations are no longer relevant. To replace the services provided by the program, the government now uses a combination of commercial and charter flights. We have not audited the use of commercial or chartered aircraft services.


LeCosPA Joins International Satellite Telescope Project Monitoring Gamma Ray Bursts
The Leung Center for Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (LeCosPA) has joined the Ultra-Fast Flash Observatory (UFFO) project, a new satellite telescope that will observe the instantaneous signals of gamma-ray bursts. The UFFO team was formed by the Korean Ewha Women’s University, University of California at Berkeley, Moscow State University and NTU. LeCosPA is not only assembling the telescope’s X-ray trigger system, but is also simulating the effects of radiation backgrounds. All project components will be completed by May, in time for final verification testing that commences in June at Taiwan’s National Space Organization (NSPO).
For the last two decades, scientific research has seen dramatic breakthroughs in astrophysics and cosmology that have revolutionized our worldview. These discoveries have given rise to further questions for science in the new century, and the search for answers often requires exploring the deepest regions of the universe for signals emanating from the most energetic particles. Gamma-ray bursts are caused by the collapse of massive stars or by the merging of two stars (manifested as neutron stars or black holes). Gamma-ray bursts are the second-most powerful explosions in the universe, emitting most of their energy in the first few seconds from energetic particles. To circumvent confounding effects from Earth’s environment and to monitor instantaneous signals from gamma-ray bursts, a satellite telescope, such as that of the UFFO project, is indispensable.
The UFFO telescope is based on microelectronic mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, which can react to transient signals, such as gamma-ray bursts, within one millisecond. The telescope can trace instantaneous gamma-ray burst signals much more effectively than any other existing gamma-ray burst satellite telescope. The UFFO project, therefore, has created a unique scientific opportunity that is at the very forefront of astrophysics.
On the technical side, the Korean collaborators have amassed extensive experience in the development the MEMS-based space telescopes. Their first MEMS-based micro-satellite telescope, MTEL (MEMS Telescope for Extreme Lightning), was delivered to Russia and launched with the Tatyana-2 micro-satellite in February 2009.
Taiwan’s UFFO team, by contrast, has a solid background in particle and high-energy astrophysics, cosmology, gamma ray detection, radiation simulations and data analysis. NTU will complete the assembly and calibration of the UFFO X-ray trigger system by May. Besides building the trigger system, LeCosPA has also teamed up with NSPO here in Taiwan to conduct space environment verification testing, control for vibration during launch and monitor the thermal-vacuum variation in the space environment.
The UFFO telescope is scheduled to be launched at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in November. The research and development conducted for the UFFO’s MEMS micromirror array is expected to prompt technical and commercial applications in Taiwan. The UFFO project represents a unique opportunity for astrophysics and cosmology. LeCosPA and NTU are excited to be participating in such a significant project.


chinese aircraft carrier 002
 According to Chinese media reports, the J-15 cannot take off from Liaoning with a full fuel and munition load, being unable to get off the carrier's ski jump-ramp if the payload exceeds 12 tonnes (26,000 lb). The rapid growth of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) has been a point of concern for the US, India, and Japan. Type 002 China’s 2nd Aircraft Carrier to be Commissioned by Year-end China's 2nd aircraft carrier (the 1st one fully built locally) completed its 7th set of sea trials in August. China’s Shandong aircraft carrier , In November 2012, the first landing was successfully conducted on Liaoning with Shenyang J-15. Minsk, along with its sister ship Novorossiysk, were initially sold to South Korea in 1995 to be scrapped, but due to objections from environmentalists, Minsk was resold to China in 1998 to be broken up there instead. An aircraft carrier’s island contains the command center for flight deck … , Chinese engineers reverse-engineered a land-based replica of the steam catapult and landing system from that of HMAS Melbourne, and a J-8IIG was used to conduct take-off and landing trials on the land-based flight deck in April 1987, which was not finally confirmed officially until 27 years later in April 2014 by CCTV-13. However, the Spanish firm was paid several million US dollars in consulting fees, indicating the probable transfer of some design concepts. , The 002 is a conventionally powered ski jump carrier with a displacement of around 70,000 tonnes. , The Shenyang FC-31 is an in-development medium-sized fifth-generation stealth fighter that may in future be adopted for carrier use.  The carrier was not dismantled for many years; according to some rumours she was not completely broken up until 2002.  On 25 November 2012, it was announced that at least two Shenyang J-15s had successfully landed on Liaoning. , In September 2012, it was announced that this carrier would be named Liaoning, after Liaoning Province of China. As per a recent Pentagon report, China is now officially the largest navy in the world. , In mid-2007, Chinese domestic sources revealed that China had purchased a total of four sets of aircraft carrier landing systems from Russia and this was confirmed by Russian manufacturers.  Kanwa Intelligence Review reports that the second carrier to be constructed will likely be assigned to Qingdao. Following her troublesome tow to Dalian shipyard, the carrier underwent a long refit. , The 67,500 ton ex-Soviet aircraft carrier Varyag (Kuznetsov class), which was only 68% completed and floating in Ukraine, was purchased through a private Macau tourist venture in 1998.  On 24 April 2013, Chinese Rear Admiral Song Xue confirmed that China will build more carriers and these will be larger and will carry more fighter-planes than Liaoning. It will have a displacement of around 85,000 tonnes. , According to a February 2011 report in The Daily Telegraph, the Chinese military has constructed a concrete aircraft carrier flight deck to use for training carrier pilots and carrier operations personnel. The ship was formally commissioned into service on 19 December 2019 as the Shandong, with pennant number "17". The third carrier, which is under construction in Shanghai, is a new Type-002 design. The Varyag later underwent an extensive refit to be converted into the Liaoning, China's first operational aircraft carrier, which also served as a basis for China's subsequent design iterations.  Reports initially claimed that up to two carriers based on the Varyag would be started by 2015. An artist's impression of what China's new, large Type 002 aircraft carrier could look like. "The Type 002 aircraft carrier—the country’s third carrier and the second to be domestically developed—has started the final assembly process," the South China Morning Post reported, quoting sources. In August 2008, Huang Qiang, the speaker of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for Nati… The warship will reportedly feature an electromagnetic catapult launch system and stealth fighter jets enabling it to launch aircraft faster. 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In August 2008, Huang Qiang, the speaker of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense announced to the public at a news conference that China had mastered all of the technologies for an aircraft carrier, and would build aircraft carriers in the future when the time was deemed right. Watch: B-1 Bomber Spotted Carrying New Stealthy Cruise Missile Externally. At this time, few western experts expected that the Chinese Government would attempt to develop aircraft carriers in the future. Similar to Liaoning, China's second carrier will also use a ski jump for takeoff. , Learn how and when to remove this template message, Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, "No slowdown for China's Navy aspirations", "China's carrier-aviation developments: making a difference", "Japan defense minister's China visit a sign of warming relations", "China's Aircraft Carrier Ambitions: Seeking Truth from Rumors", "China's aircraft carrier ambitions: seeking truth from rumours", "China's First Aircraft Carrier Anchors in 'Fun Zone, "China launches second aircraft carrier – as luxury hotel", "China's first aircraft carrier takes to the sea", "China's first aircraft carrier begins sea trials", "US satellite snaps China's first aircraft carrier at sea", "How does China's first aircraft carrier stack up? , The ship was not scrapped immediately; instead she was studied by Chinese naval architects and engineers. It also features a faceted upper area of four active electronically scanned arrays (AESAs) for the S-band Type 346 radar.  In July 2011, a Chinese official announced that two aircraft carriers were being built at the Jiangnan Shipyard in Shanghai. , In 2015, media reports stated that both an EMALS and a steam-powered catapult were constructed at the Huangdicun naval base for testing; this is thought to indicate that the Type 003 class as well as future PLAN carriers could possibly be CATOBAR carriers.. Besides, it will enable the launch of large attack drones and fixed-wing early-warning aircraft. However, experts disagreed on the usage of these systems: while some have claimed that it is a clear evidence of the construction of an aircraft carrier, others claim these systems are used to train pilots for a future ship. Liaoning, a Chinese Type 001 aircraft carrier / Getty Images Jack Beyrer-July 21, 2020 3:20 PM  On 10 August 2011, it was announced that the refurbishment of Varyag was complete, and that it was undergoing sea trials. The second carrier, launched in 2017—variously designated the Type 001A or Type 002—was China’s first entirely domestically built carrier, and is essentially a … The carrier is the first one equipped with electromagnetic launchers.  However, China later developed the Shenyang J-15 as a derivative of the Su-33, featuring Chinese technology and avionics from the J-11B program. It will highly likely be commissioned with the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN or Chinese navy) by the end of the year.  Reports have circulated that either a replica of the flight deck, or the deck itself, was used for clandestine training of People's Liberation Army Navy pilots in carrier flight operations.  However, neither ship was dismantled and both were instead converted into tourist attractions, with Minsk turned into a theme park and Kiev a luxury hotel. Some sources have referred to the vessel as the Type 002, while others call it the Type 003. The PLAN subsequently arranged for the ship's flight deck and all the equipment associated with flying operations to be removed so that they could be studied in depth. , The Type 002 is China's first domestically produced aircraft carrier. China has since deployed its second, debut domestically-produced aircraft carrier, the Type 002 Shandong, and others were believed to be in the works. The third aircraft carrier, 002, began construction in March 2015 at the Jiangnan Changxingdao Shipyard in Shanghai. Final assembly of the Type 002 aircraft carrier – the country’s third and second to be domestically developed – began in the summer, the CSIS said … During construction and sea trials, the Shandong was known as the Type 001A; however, the December 2019 commissioning ceremony indicated that it is officially designated the Type 002. China is ramping work on its third and fourth aircraft carriers at the Jiangnan shipyard in Shanghai, according to reports. CVA 002 aircraft carrier The Type 002 aircraft carrier is also known as 003 carrier, since it would be the third Chinese aircraft carrier. Both the take-off and landing were conducted on the same day, and the test pilot was PLANAF pilot Li Guoqiang. The island includes a second glazed deck which permits the bridge and flight control areas to be separate, creating greater operational efficiency. The ship will be a closer equivalent of the U.S. Navy’s carriers than the two ships already in service with the Chinese Navy. , To prepare the commanders needed for the future aircraft carriers, the Central Military Commission approved the program of training jet fighter pilots to be future captains in May 1987, and the Guangzhou Naval Academy was selected as the site. Information operations and information warfare, Office for Reform and Organizational Structure, Office for International Military Cooperation, National University of Defense Technology, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation, China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation, China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_aircraft_carrier_programme&oldid=991608776, Aircraft carriers of the People's Republic of China, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from May 2015, Articles needing additional references from March 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles lacking reliable references from November 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 30 November 2020, at 23:12. [unreliable source?] As a result, the plan was drastically scaled back to basic research level and the date for an aircraft carrier entering PLAN service was postponed and eventually put on hold. [unreliable source?] However, her steam catapult, arresting equipment and mirror landing system were not removed. In September 2012, China's first aircraft carrier, Liaoning, was commissioned. ", "China navy takes delivery of first aircraft carrier", "Speculation Grows on China Aircraft Carrier Plans", "Concrete Evidence of China's Naval Ambitions", "China needs at least three aircraft carriers: general", "China begins to build its own aircraft carrier", "China boosts naval power with carrier program: sources", "China to build second, larger carrier: report", "What do we know (so far) about China's second aircraft carrier? Construction began in November 2013 and the ship was launched in 26 April 2017. National Security China to Expand Naval Fleet With Two New Aircraft Carriers. , In 1997, China attempted to purchase the retired French aircraft carrier Clemenceau, but negotiations between China and France failed.  The first official plan of PLAN aircraft carrier development dated back on 31 March 1987 when the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense approved the plan on the aircraft carrier and the next generation nuclear submarine for PLAN advocated and submitted by the then commander-in-chief of PLAN, Liu Huaqing. By 2000, construction was to begin when ordered. China’s H-20 Stealth Bomber: A B-2 Bomber Copy?  The pilot credited with having achieved the first landing was Dai Mingmeng.  It is claimed that construction started in December 2017 at Jiangnan Shipyard. China is building a new large aircraft carrier, the Type-003 Class. ", "A look at China's new Type 002 'Shandong' aircraft carrier", "China building third aircraft carrier, says report", "Inside China's Plan to Build the Second-Biggest Aircraft Carrier Fleet in the World", "China's making major progress with its aircraft carrier tech", "Here's what we know about China's newest aircraft carriers", "China to Buy Su-33 Carrier-Based Fighters from Russia? , China also negotiated with Spain in an effort purchase the blueprints for proposed conventional take off/landing ships from Empresa Nacional Bazan, specifically 23,000-ton SAC-200 and 25,000-ton SAC-220 designs. After being fitted out, China's first homemade aircraft carrier underwent nine sea trials over the course of 18 months, starting from May 2018. ", "New Chinese Ship-Based Fighter Progresses", "China lands first fighter jet on aircraft carrier", "Chinese Media Takes Aim at J-15 Fighter", "Chinese Aircraft Maker Issues RFP for Stealth Aircraft's Target Detection Systems", "China's navy scrambles to replace troubled J-15 carrier fighter jet", "China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning", "Here Is Every One of the Active Aircraft Carriers in the World". The new Type 002 aircraft carrier – to be the Chinese navy’s third – has entered key assembly process in a dry dock in Jiangnan Shipyard outside Shanghai. The Type 004 is planned to be larger than the Type 003, and also feature nuclear propulsion, which could power weapons like lasers and railguns. , However, Liu Huaqing's plan proved to be too ambitious as the domestic Chinese industry at the time could not meet the goal demanded by the plan. On 14 December 2011, DigitalGlobe, an American Satellite imaging company, announced that while scouring through pictures taken 8 December, it had discovered the retrofitted Varyag undergoing trials, DigitalGlobe further stated that their images captured the ship in the Yellow Sea where it operated for 5 days. , The third aircraft carrier, known as Type 003, is to be an entirely different design than Liaoning and Shandong. He stated he would provide no further details until it was complete. Chinese state-run media including Xinhua and Global Times reported last year that the country was building a third aircraft carrier known as Type 002 and that it could be launched in 2021. It uses conventional steam turbines with diesel generators as propulsion. The first two ships were studied and … , Since the 1970s, the PLAN has expressed interest in operating an aircraft carrier as part of its blue water aspirations. The deck was constructed on top of a government building near Wuhan (Wuhan Technical College of Communication campus next to Huangjiahu).  Kiev, likewise, was sold to China in 2000 by Russia with a contractual requirement for it to be scrapped. Taiwan Looks To Acquire Lethal US Missiles That Can Devastate Chinese Naval Vessels The ship would be the second of the Type 002 class, […] The construction of the first Type 003 class aircraft carrier started in February 2017. In 2007 there were news reports that she was being fitted out to enter service. From type 001 to type 003, China would have 4 aircraft carriers in 2025 In 2025, it is estimated that China's fourth aircraft carrier type 003 will be launched into service. The original plan was to be progressed in stages, with basic research to be completed by the end of the 7th 5-year plan, and development of the platform and aircraft to be completed by the end of the 8th 5-year plan. 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