The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) announced another successful mission.
ISRO chairman S. Somanath said that three small satellites successfully separated and were injected into orbit.
ISRO’s new launch vehicle SSLV D2 placed all three satellites in orbit accurately.
ISRO had launched three small satellites powered by its SSLV-D2 launch vehicle from Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota on February 10, 2023 at 09:18 AM IST.
The launch vehicle was carrying EOS-07, Janus-1 & AzaadiSAT-2 satellites and aimed to inject them into a 450 km circular orbit.
The launch took place at the first launch pad at SDSC SHAR, Sriharikota.
“Congratulations to all 3 satellite teams for making the satellites as well as placing them in right orbit.
We analysed the problems faced in SSLV-D1, identified corrective actions &implemented them at a very fast pace to ensure the vehicle becomes successful this time,” said ISRO S. Somanath.
The SSLV-D2 had to take a 15 minutes flight to inject EOS-07, Janus-1 and AzaadiSAT-2 satellites into 450 km circular lower orbit.
“It is configured with three solid propulsion stages and a velocity terminal module. It is a 34 m tall, 2 m diameter vehicle having a lift-off mass of 120 t,” said ISRO. The EOS-07 satellite weighs 156.3 kg and is made by ISRO.
About 13 minutes into its flight, the SSLV rocket ejected EOS-07 and soon after that the other two satellites Janus-1 and AzaadiSAT-2 were ejected — all at an altitude of 450 km, said ISRO.
With the new rocket in its portfolio, ISRO will have three rockets — Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and its variants (cost about Rs 200 crore),
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV-MkII cost about Rs 272 crore and LVM3 Rs 434 crore) and SSLV (Development cost of three rockets about Rs 56 crore each) and production cost may go down later.


Heroes in the sky
Australian International Airshow and Aerospace & Defence Exposition.
The Australian International Airshow 2015 will pay tribute to Anzac and the heroes of military aviation. It will be the major theme of the event and as such it will be the first significant observance of the Gallipoli campaign in its centenary year.
It promises to be a once-in-a-lifetime aviation spectacular click here for information.
The airshow commences 24th February to the 1st of March.


A career as an Alaska flight attendant is fast-paced, responsibility-filled – and a lot of fun. Delivering caring, extraordinary experiences, flight attendants pay attention to the little things that make our passengers’ days. Constant travel, a flexible schedule, meeting new people, and providing safe, comfortable, memorable journeys for customers make the life of a flight attendant endlessly exciting and rewarding.
What it takes to be a flight attendant at Alaska Airlines:
Applicants must be 21 years of age.
Flight attendants must project a professional, well-groomed image and be physically capable of performing all of their assigned duties.
Applicants must be able to reach 80 vertical inches (approximately 5’2” in height).
Trainees must be able to inflate and board an inflated slide as well as swim 90 feet to the slide wearing their life vest.
EDUCATION / EXPERIENCE
A high school diploma or equivalent and 2 years customer / community service experience is required.
Ability to read and converse fluently in English is required.
Applicants must be able to prove U.S. citizenship or legal right to work in the United States, i.e., work visa, alien resident green card, social security card, driver’s license, and/or birth certificate. A background check will be completed for each applicant.
Flight attendants are responsible for the service and safety of our passengers as well as creating a comfortable atmosphere. Duties include such things as food and beverage service, assisting passengers with baggage, assisting ill or disabled passengers, answering passenger inquiries and providing leadership and assistance during flight irregularities.
WELLNESS / SAFETY
All successful candidates will need to pass an FAA required drug screen. Flight attendants are required by the FAA to participate in a random drug-testing program.
Alaska Airlines provides a 5-week tuition-free training program for each class of flight attendants. Successful completion is a prerequisite to be offered a position.
Trainees receive an expense allowance of $280 per week during training. Depending on staffing needs, trainees can begin active service within days of successful completion of the program. It is the trainee’s responsibility to have a valid passport in hand by the first day of training.
Upon successful completion of training, new graduates may be assigned to either Anchorage, AK; Seattle, WA, Portland, OR; Los Angeles, CA; or San Diego, CA depending upon Company needs. Flight attendants may bid to a preferred location once seniority level allows.
Upon completion of the training program, flight attendants will be on reserve. The duration of their reserve status will be determined by their base seniority.
The Association of Flight Attendants (AFA) represents Alaska Airlines flight attendants.
A new flight attendant is guaranteed a base pay with a 90 flight hour credit guarantee per month. In addition to base pay, flight attendants receive per diem for each hour away from domicile, International pay for flying into and out of the U.S. excluding Canada, first position flight attendant pay, reserve premium pay, productivity premium pay, longevity premium pay, holiday pay and paid vacation.
Flight attendants are eligible for health care benefits the first of the month following one month of service. The company offers a choice of medical plans which include dental and vision coverage, short-term disability and life insurance. Flight attendants are also eligible to participate in 401(k) and company-wide bonus programs such as Operational Performance Rewards and Performance Base Pay.
Employees, their spouses, dependent children, parents, and a limited number of guests qualify for unlimited non-revenue space available travel benefits on Alaska Airlines and Horizon Air, as well as reduced fare rates (as outlined in company policy).
"I enjoy working for an amazing organization that empowers me to give the very best service to each and every customer. Alaska gives me the tools and permission to help me be the best flight attendant I can be! We all feel like we matter and make a difference here. I’m proud of our airline." - Contesa, Flight Attendant (delivering genuine, caring service since 1996)


The Use of Drones – What’s the Law?
The basic rule is that the person controlling it is responsible for identifying safety hazards and risks. If you cause an accident by your operation of the drone – either directly (eg by smashing it through a window) or indirectly (eg the noise of the drone causes a horse to spook, it rears, the rider falls off and breaks a leg), you may be held liable.
There are certain rules and legislation in Ireland governing the use of drones.
The legislation governing drones and their use is primarily regulated by the Irish Aviation Authority (IAA), and the main points include:
- All drones over 1kg must be registered with IAA. This includes the weight of the battery and all attached equipment.
- Certain limitations apply that restrict the legal operation of a drone:
- Drones cannot be flown further than 300m away from the person operating the drone.
- Drones can’t be flown higher than 122m above ground level or within 5km of an aerodrome or airport.
- You can’t fly a drone over urban built up areas or a crowd.
- You can’t fly a drone within 120m of another house unless permission has been granted from the owner.
- Do not use if it will be a hazard to another aircraft in flight.
If you wish to fly your drone outside the limits prescribed you must first attend a drone safety training course to obtain a special license on top of your registration.
Be aware also that you may unwittingly infringe on data protection requirements depending on the nature of the use. Improper drone use may infringe on the privacy or breach the confidentiality of others.
Machines equipped with technologies such as cameras, thermal imaging, GPS, altimeter, motion, radio frequency equipment and other sensors should only collect information that is necessary for achieving the lawful purpose being pursued by the person controlling them.
For example, a camera on a drone which serves to take aerial photographs of landscapes should not be used for recording faces or other personal information.
If you are considering operating a drone, you should contact your insurer or broker to ensure you have adequate third party liability cover in place. Your home insurance policy may not provide you with cover, especially if you are not on your own property at the time of an accident.
If you are considering commissioning drone footage on behalf of your group, take advice from your insurance company on what level of insurance cover the drone operator must have, before engaging them. Otherwise, in the event of an accident, you might find that your group is deemed to not have taken enough care in overseeing the commissioning of the footage, and you may find yourselves held liable for the actions of the drone operator..


Attention All Hands,
The past year or so we have sought to bring qualified pilots to the C-130 airframe to be made available for jump training and jump missions. This has been fraught with issues, which required change, including some we are making today.
The F-35 Detachment will assume full responsibility for the C-130 in addition to the F-35. They will train on both aircraft, crew both aircraft, and any requests for C-130 participation will be addressed to them.
-The requirements for the qualification will be eliminated. Instead, the C-130 SPP material will now be added in with the F-35 material, and all future pilots for this detachment will automatically receive both qualifications. Current pilots will be required to conduct 5 solo hours on the aircraft to complete their dual qualification.
If a request for a C-130 is made and
-no Green Knights sign up,
-or no Green Knights are available the day of;
than anyone holding a qualification from ACE may fly the aircraft in their place, regardless of the airframe(s) they have qualified on, active/reserve status, or current billeting.
Any questions may refer to their CoC.


Houston, we have an art print! This piece of wall décor is the perfect addition for a space loving child’s bedroom. The design of an astronaut landing on Mars will be sure to inspire the child to dream big in their hopes to travel to space themselves one day.
Pen+Pillar gives 10% of all proceeds to help local refugees get settled into their new lives, as well as partner with local refugee artisans.
- Unframed wall décor
- Space themed design
- Printed full color on 100% PC recycled white cover
Size: 8″ x 10″
Made in: USA


Memoirs from someone who worked for the Pentagon 30 years in Operations Research and Intelligence. Robert Schmaltz presents a fascinating account of his experience in the context of the Cold War. He covers the significant events that could trigger World War III, the strategies/doctrine involved, the driving nuclear forces of the Soviet ICBM, bombers and US ICBM, bombers, Air Target Intelligence, the Space Race, and the Systems Analysis Whiz Kids. In addition he discusses his World War II background, the meeting with Soviet Cosmonaut Gherman Titov, his Air Force Reserve tours with the HQ Strategic Air Command Intelligence in the underground Command Center. There are numerous photos that relate to his experience and the background of the organizations involved.


10th ANNUAL ARMED FORCES FREEDOM RIDE
May 22, 2016
Ride with us to celebrate our freedoms and honor our Military!
The only ride that allows you to ride on an Air Force Flight Line and stays on Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst for ceremonies, lunch and more!
Stay Tuned for Registration details.
The motorcycle ride will leave Barb’s Harley Davidson in Mt. Ephraim and proceed to Joint Base McQuire Dix Lakehurst where the riders will experience a trip down McQuire’s flight line followed by a catered lunch and entertainment.


University of Florida plant molecular biologists Robert Ferl and Anna-Lisa Paul lead a team focused on growing plants in space environments. Join them as they study plants currently on the International Space Station.
Environmental changes almost always lead to changes in gene regulation. We use genetic engineering to design plants in which the adaptation response to a specific kind of stress is visible to the investigator. Our goal is to use this technology to try to answer important questions about the effects of space flight on plant biology.
Read about the latest happenings in our blog. Our lab sends Arabidopsis thaliana plants (aka mouse ear cress, thale cress, or just plain “arabidopsis”) into space aboard the International Space Station to learn how biology reacts in microgravity. Astronauts aboard the Space Station take both macroscopic and microscope images of the plants as they grow, while the lab members on Earth monitor the experiments. At the end of the flight, the plants are fixed in a solution that preserves their on-orbit metabolic state. After the plants return to Earth, the lab members perform genetic expression testing and other standard techniques to determine how the plants responded to their time in the spaceflight environment.
While lab members don’t actually get to go to space themselves, they do get to fly in zero gravity with their experiments. These trips, in airplanes that make up-and-down U-shaped flights called parabolas, let the researchers and their plants “go weightless” for 20 to 25 seconds at a time.


Hey @mikemearls I have a question… can a creature who can fly make it out of a reverse gravity area? Rules are a bit unclear, but I don’t see any carve outs. I know this can be up to the DM, no problem with that- just curious how you might rule it? IMO they would fall – sudden inversion would mess up flight, or up/down orientation
— Mike Mearls (@mikemearls) December 31, 2017
One thought on “Can a creature who can fly make it out of a reverse gravity area?”
While a sudden inversion might cause some chaos as Mike suggests (I’d probably allow a Dex roll or similar to see if you can adapt to the sudden difference), the physics of ordinary flight don’t particularly care much either way.
A bird put in anti-gravity could fly normally – it’d just be upside down while doing so. If it started sitting on the ceiling, it could take off normally and fly around normally, and it wouldn’t know the difference.
If it left the anti-gravity field, it would briefly have to cope with that “sudden inversion”, which would likely disorient it, but so long as it managed to flip over again before anything happened it could quite naturallycontinue flying in normal gravity just the same.
If you’re able to fly through some method other than flapping wings – like magical flight, or mechanical flight with fixed wings like an aircraft, or even flight via rotors like in helicopters – then you can absolutely still operate upside down with only minimal adjustments.


Exeter University announces opportunities for business incubation with the goal of spurring innovative space technology ventures in the South West.
The space industry is one of the fastest growing sectors of the UK economy with a growth rate of 7.5% offering great opportunities for new businesses using GPS and earth observation technologies.
The SW Centre of Satellite Applications, along with their partner organisations SETsquared and Goonhilly Earth Station have launched an innovative opportunity for dynamic start-ups to undergo business incubation.
A selected handful of businesses with potential to commercially exploit space technology will undertake the Global No 1 SETsquared Entrepreneurship Programme. Through this, they will gain hands-on experience exploring routes to market, generating revenue streams and perfecting pitches, putting them in a position where they’re ready to test the market. Four businesses will then be selected and provided with critical ‘grow-on’ space for 12 months, based at Goonhilly Earth Station.
“The importance of innovation in the space industry cannot be overstated,” said Centre Director, Cathrine Armour. “It will provide dynamic new businesses the opportunity to meet like-minded people with a shared ambition, in an environment that will stimulate and enable business growth in the South West.”
For Exeter University’s Innovation and Impact Department, the incubation initiative will create academic collaborations and widen the university’s reach to the space industry. Along with the provision of expert input, GES Ltd will be appointing a SpaceTech Lead offering on-going support to the start-ups ensuring they’re on track to build networks within UK and international space technology industries.
“Developing businesses often find it hard to connect across boundaries and through a collaboration of university and business partnership, we aim to facilitate interactions bringing them together to stimulate ingenuity, knowledge and innovation, which will enable them to flourish.” Cathrine Armour The programme is funded by the UK Space Agency to enable growth of the industry where there is a supportive network of organisations to accelerate business growth and broaden the UK’s talent pool within the space sector. With the incubation aligning with the Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Strategic Economic Plan, including the development of a ‘Space Port’ and Aerohub+ Enterprise Zone’, it is clear that the foundations being laid in the South West are on track to expand and open new opportunities for the local and UK economy.
“This will enhance our specialised sector offer to businesses wishing to set up within the Space Sector, which is becoming a fast moving, emerging market perfectly suited to Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly.” Sandra Rothwell, CIoS LEP
Who should apply: Entrepreneurs and start-up organisations with an idea for a space tech product or service and founders of early stage ventures. To apply visit: www.f6s.com Closing date for application: 1 st May 2017.
For more information about application Spacetech Incubation Programme contact: Cathrine Armour, Centre Director, South West Centre of Excellence in Satellite Applications, C.Armour@exeter.ac.uk


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My first 4K UltraHD stock video
So I decided to go the 4K route and render this stock video of a fly through space into a gas nebula using real 3D volumetrics unlike most others that are faked in 2D using NASA photographs. Render time was more than a week just on the main nebula layer. The star field was done using sprites. Next up I'll be going out to shoot some more stock video on camera and I'll be uploading more free stock video on here from my b-roll. Hang in there!
Check out Journey through space and cosmic nebula stock video here
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Pioneer exploration of saturn
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- 4.75 MB
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Physical Research Laboratory , [Ahmedabad
|Series||Vikram Sarabhai memorial lectures|
|Contributions||Pysical Research Laboratory (Ahmadābād, India)|
|LC Classifications||Microfiche 2001/60076 (Q)|
|The Physical Object|
|LC Control Number||00371170|
The unity of nature
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Exploration Introduction. Four robotic spacecraft have visited Saturn.
Description Pioneer exploration of saturn FB2
NASA's Pioneer 11 provided the first close look in September NASA's twin Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft followed up with flybys nine months apart in and Read More The Saturn System Through the. Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a kilogram ( lb) robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and cosmic rays.
It was the first probe to encounter Saturn and the second to Pioneer exploration of saturn book through the asteroid belt and by fter, Pioneer 11 became the second of five artificial objects to Launch date: April 6,UTC.
Cassini At Saturn – Huygens Results brings the story of the Cassini-Huygens mission and their joint exploration of the Saturnian system right up to date. Cassini entered orbit around Saturn June so this update includes 8 months of scientific data available for review, including the most spectacular images of Saturn, its rings and 4/4(4).
Details Pioneer exploration of saturn FB2
Few missions have visited Saturn: Pioneer 11 and Voyagers 1 and 2 flew by; But Cassini orbited Saturn times from to 9 Lifeless Behemoth Saturn cannot support life as we know it, but some of Saturn's moons have conditions that might support life. 10 Add a Dash of Earth.
The exploration of Saturn has been solely performed by crewless probes. Three missions were flybys, which formed an extended foundation of knowledge about the system. The Cassini–Huygens spacecraft, launched inwas in orbit from to Pioneer 11 image of Saturn. Saturn was first visited by Pioneer 11 in September The first four chapters of MISSION TO SATURN are used to recount the centuries of astronomical observations that preceded the modern spacecraft reconnaissance and exploration efforts of Pion Voyager 1, and Voyager 2; the final extended chapter is devoted almost Pioneer exploration of saturn book to the Cassini/Huygens by: 6.
Saturn; Distant Encounters - The Exploration of Jupiter and Saturn, M. Washburn, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, Saturn, G. Hunt and P. Moore, Rand McNally, New York, Passage to a Ringed World - The Cassini-Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan, Edited by L.
Spilker, NASA SP, Washington, D.C., On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet (NASA SP, ) The Martian Landscape (NASA SP, ) Viking Orbiter Views of Mars (NASA SP, ) Jupiter Pioneer 10 and 11 Pioneer Odyssey (NASA SP, revised edition, ) Galileo Mission to Jupiter - A History of the Galileo Project (NASA SP,PDF).
the Saturn system. The rings of Saturn, the moons, and the planet itself offer irresistible and inexhaustible subjects for intense study, and Cassini-Huygens did not disappoint.
The Saturnian system proved to be a rich ground for science exploration and discoveries, and Cassini has been nothing short of. Pioneer 11 Saturn Encounter / T G Northrop, A G Opp, J H Wolfe --Saturn's Magnetosphere and its Interaction with the Solar Wind / Edward J Smith, JR Leverett Davis, Douglas E Jones, Paul J Coleman, David S Colburn, Palmer Dyal, Charles P Sonett --The Magnetic Field of Saturn: Further Studies of the Pioneer 11 Observations / M H Acuña, N F Ness.
This book is one of two volumes meant to capture, to the extent practical, the scienti?c legacy of the Cassini-Huygens prime mission, a landmark in the history of planetary exploration. As the most ambitious and interdisciplinary planetary exploration mission?own to date, it has extended our knowledge of the Saturn system to levels of detail at least an order of magnitude beyond that gained Reviews: 1.
COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this ’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
Saturn and its spectacular rings, in a natural-colour composite of images taken by the Cassini spacecraft on October 6, The view is directed toward Saturn's southern hemisphere, which is tipped toward the Sun.
Shadows cast by the rings are visible against the bluish northern hemisphere, while the planet's shadow is projected on the rings to the left. Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after is a gas giant with an average radius of about nine times that of Earth.
It only has one-eighth the average density of Earth; however, with its larger volume, Saturn is over 95 times more massive. Saturn is named after the Roman god of wealth and agriculture; its astronomical symbol Orbital period: yr, 10, d. The Voyager 1 and 2 Saturn encounters occurred nine months apart, in November and August Voyager 1 is leaving the solar system.
Voyager 2 completed its encounter with Uranus in January and with Neptune in Augustand is now also en route out of. Artist's impression of Pioneer 10's flyby of Jupiter.
Download Pioneer exploration of saturn FB2
Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, weighing kilograms (Template:Convert/round pounds), that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter. Thereafter, Pioneer 10 became the first spacecraft to achieve escape velocity from the Solar space exploration project was conducted by the NASA 40x40px: Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pioneer Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) was the second mission to visit Jupiter and the first mission to visit spacecraft was launched on April 6, and flew by Jupiter on December 4, and Saturn on September 1, The probe was last heard from November when the last communication between Earth and the probe ended.
Both Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 had plaques Operator: NASA / ARC. Pioneer 10 flew past Jupiter inafter which it sped outward toward the limits of the solar system. Pioneer 11 undertook a more ambitious program, using the gravity of Jupiter to aim for Saturn, which it reached in The twin Voyager spacecraft launched the next wave of.
Pioneer 11 was slated to use this same trick during its planned flyby of Jupiter, allowing it to then go on to Saturn. If all these missions were successful, then before that decade was out, spacecraft from Earth would have visited all five planets known to Brand: Picador.
Rumerman, Judy A. NASA Historical Data Book, Vol. VIII: NASA Earth Science and Space Applications, Aeronautics, Technology, and Exploration, Tracking and Data Acquisition/Space Operations, Facilities and Resources – NASA SP, Available online only.
Click below to view this book in a two part PDF: Part 1. from Earth, Saturn’s are wide and bright. Many people think Saturn is the most beautiful object in the solar system.
Probes to Saturn NASA’s Pioneer 11 was the first space probe to reach Saturn. After passing by Jupiter, Pioneer 11 flew wit miles (20, kilometers) of Saturn on September 1, Saturn was the next stop after. Mark Wolverton has studied the Pioneer project extensively, both while publishing several articles on the missions and during a science writing fellowship at NASA Ames Research Center, the birthplace of the Pioneer probes.
His articles have appeared in American Heritage of Invention & Technology, Skeptical Inquirer, Quest: This History of Spaceflight, and American by: 3.
Get the best deals on Nasa Book In Nasa Program Collectibles when you shop the largest online selection at Free ORIGINAL NASA BOOK "PIONEER FIRST TO JUPITER, SATURN AND BEYOND" PHOTOS.
$ $ shipping Make Offer - RARE-NASA 50 YEARS OF EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY BOOK. NASA MEMORANDUM Three Dimensional Orbits Of. Saturn has been visited in flybys in the s by NASA’s Pioneer 11 and in by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft.
The Cassini spacecraft, launched in arrived at Saturn in July The Huygens probe explored the moon -Titan. Death Dive to Saturn. have gathered to share a milestone in the history of space exploration.
These are the last days of a year mission in the life of. To investigate this mystery and many others, NASA has slung four space probes out to Saturn, beginning with Pion which left Earth inwith Saturn as its final planetary : Ross Andersen. The Planet Library series introduces young readers to the various parts of our solar system.
With concise text, colorful diagrams, interesting sidebars, and stunning photography, the series provides up-to-date information, including recent developments in NASA's space exploration program. Covering all nine planets, the Sun, the Moon, and the smaller bodies -- asteroids, comets, and.
The Pioneer spacecraft documented in detail in The Depths of Space, were the first to reach Jupiter and Saturn, the first to leave our solar system, the first to bring in new data about the outer reaches of space, yet were quite simple and inexpensive by today’s standards of space travel.
The humble projects literally opened up the realm of. Great Pacific Book Co. (US) Bookseller Inventory # Title Pioneer Saturn Encounter [color + b/w Pictorial of Planet Details, Biography, Pioneer 10 and 11 Spacecraft launched in +crossing the Asteroid Belt, Encounter Jupiter, Moons, History, etc] Author.
The Pioneer 10 and 11 space probes were the first missions to investigate Jupiter and Saturn. Pion like Pion used Jupiter’s gravitational field to alter its trajectory radically.
It passed close to Saturn and then it followed an escape trajectory from the solar system. Pioneer: first to Jupiter/Saturn and beyond Item Preview remove-circle Pioneer (Space probes), Outer space -- Exploration Publisher Borrow this book to access EPUB and PDF files.
IN COLLECTIONS. Books to Borrow. Books for People with Print : Pioneer 11 was launched by NASA in to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind, cosmic rays, and eventually the far reaches of the solar system and heliosphere.
Init became the first probe to encounter Saturn.Passage to a Ringed World The Cassini–Huygens Mission to Saturn and Titan.
written for any layperson who is interested in space exploration. In this book, Pioneer 11 flies past Saturn Voyager 1 encounters Saturn.
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July 20, 1969 man first step foot on the moon. This was a great day for not only America, but all man kind. As Kennedy said “We don’t do these things because they are easy. We do them because they are hard. I may just be a kid, but I know a tone about the moon landing that day and I am going to tell you in as much detail as I can the way it happened with the info I know.
From the info I know, Neil and Buzz were beginning there desent down to the surface of the moon when a program alarm went off. The alarm was program alarm 1202. This alarm meant the computer had to many things to do and it was coming close to shutting down. Another alarm went off, 1201 which meant that the computer would almost completely shut down. Back at mission control, everyone was trying to solve the problem. Gene Kranz, mission commander, figured out that the computer was doing so many things that it was dropping things. First crisis averted.
The second problem was the landing. “The computer was heading us to foot ball sized craters.” Neil Armstrong. They used most of there fuel trying to find a landing site. They did find a site, but with only a little bit more than a minute left of fuel. They almost had to abort the mission. Before they landed on the moon Gene Kranz told that no one could leave or enter the control room till one of three things happened. We had eather landed, crashed, or aborted. They did it they landed with about 17 seconds till the abort.
So that is how I heard it, that is how from all my facts we landed on the moon. This proved we can accomplish anything we set our minds to. It proved we can break free of our own planets gravity and travel to another planet. Our next challenge is heading towards Mars.
I got this from the Discovery Channel show. When We Left Earth.


Christiaan van Heijst is a Dutch pilot and photographer, who often snaps pictures during flights.
During one of his flights from Hong Kong to Azerbaijan, Heijst noticed an oddly shaped cloud. He realized it was a missile when it detonated, The Daily Mail reported.
The airspace to the north and south of the plane’s flight was owned by the Chinese and closed to any traffic.
It turns out that the Chinese government launched this missile to test a missile defense system, which is intended to knock down attacking missiles before they can reach their target.
The missile left the ground north of the plane, went overhead, and landed south of the plane, creating the huge plume the pilot saw.
Heijst was already familiar with missile contrails through watching videos online. He captured plenty of photos of the event to prove it.
The Dutch pilot also recounted the experience, saying there was a bright flash, and then the missile contrail appeared as a “droplet-shaped bubble that rapidly grew in size and altitude.”
The launch of this high powered missile system was a complete secret. While the pilots knew the airspace was closed, no one had told them why. Air traffic control did not warn them the event would occur–if they even knew.
The test took place over the Himalayan Mountains, presumably in a completely unpopulated area. The pilot’s amazing pictures sure look thrilling, but they also have a dark undertone. As a military power, China could be an excellent ally or a formidable opponent.
The nation isn’t afraid to bluster around the world stage. Though they do have issues to deal with in their own region, it seems they may be looking to extend their influence further.
It makes perfect sense for any nation to develop and test defensive systems. However, that technological advancement includes advances in offensive capability as well.
What do you think of this missile defense system testing by the Chinese government? Please share the story on Facebook and tell us what you think because we want to hear YOUR voice!


Independent photovoltaic power stations have been widely used. Because of its unique advantages such as simple installation and operation, energy saving and environmental protection, it has been valued. Below we will talk about the application of photovoltaic power generation in communications and aviation
① Application of photovoltaic power generation in communication
The most mature application of solar photovoltaic power system in the industrial field is reflected in the field of communication. Solar power generation is used in unattended microwave relay stations, optical cable maintenance stations, electric power/broadcasting/communication/paging power systems, rural carrier telephone photovoltaic systems, and small communication machines. , Soldier GPS power supply, etc.
The earliest application field of photovoltaic power generation technology was in space. As a power source for artificial satellites, it was later popularized for ground applications. In 1958, the first man-made satellite using solar cells as the power source of the signal system, the US “Pioneer I” satellite, was launched into the sky. Since then, a new era in the application of solar cells as a space power source has begun. Because the solar cell can work under a wide range of sunlight intensity and temperature for a long time, it also has the advantages of high reliability, high efficiency, long life and good anti-radiation (including the radiation caused by space charged particles and ultraviolet radiation) performance, so it can be used as An ideal space power supply has been widely used.
As communication power sources, most of them are installed in deserts or remote places in the mountains. As many of them are unmanned stations, the application range of solar photovoltaic power systems has also become very extensive.
In terms of telemetry systems, many people use solar cells for the power supply of the unmanned wireless relay station of the Heba Management Telemetry System.
The coverage of TV signals is limited, and it is not easy to receive TV programs in many remote towns and mountainous areas. In the absence of satellite broadcasting, it is simple and feasible to adopt the method of TV transduction. But in general, the turntable is set up on a high mountain, and the power supply is another problem. It is easier to use solar batteries for power supply. The solar satellite receiver is shown in Figure 2.
②Exploration of solar energy in the aviation field
The “Solar Impulse” aircraft is made in Switzerland. The wings are slender and have a wingspan of 63.4m, which is similar to that of an Airbus A340 aircraft. Its mass is only 1600kg, which is equivalent to an ordinary car. The initiator of the aircraft project is the Swiss soil explorer Bertrand Picard. The “Sunshine Impulse” aircraft is made of carbon fiber materials and has a seat. It is powered by about 12,000 solar panels installed on the wings. The conversion efficiency of solar panels is 22.7%, and the thickness of the panels is only 135μm. , Equivalent to a thick hair. Solar panels not only provide power for the aircraft during the daytime flight, but also need to charge the 400kg lithium battery on board so that the aircraft has enough power to complete the night flight. On March 9, 2015, the Solar Impulse 2 solar-powered aircraft departed from Abu Dhabi, the capital of the UAE, and began flying around the world. It flew to Chongqing, China on March 31, and arrived in Nanjing, China on the evening of April 21, as shown in Figure 3 shown. The solar-powered aircraft aims to realize the dream of “unfalling flight” of pilots, and proves that it can fly at night. The famous hot air balloon adventurer and founder of the Sun Drive Company Bertrand Piccard said: “The greatest adventure of the 21st century is no longer the moon landing. Dependence is transferred out.”


"An Adventure in Space and Time" will air on the BBC over the Anniversary weekend.
Friday, 18 October 2013
Promo Images - "An Adventure in Space and Time"
The BBC have released some promo images for Mark Gatiss' "An Adventure in Space and Time". The photos feature David Bradley as William Hartnell, Jemma Powell as Jacqueline Hill, Jamie Glover as William Russell, Claudia Grant as Carole Ann Ford, Sacha Dhawan as Waris Hussein, Jessica Raine as Verity Lambert and Brian Cox as Sydney Newman. Right click and open in new tab/window for larger versions:


Known for undertaking ambitious infrastructure projects such as the world’s largest hydro project, the Three Gorges Dam, China has now embarked on a mission to develop the first utility-scale solar project in space by 2040.
The country’s Academy of Technology is developing a space power plant that would orbit the Earth at a height of 22,370 miles and beam energy down to the grid.
Construction of an experimental version is already underway in Chongqing, Bishan district, with the prototype due to be completed by 2021, according to a report in China's Science and Technology Daily.
The Bishan district government is expected to make an initial investment of 100 million yuan ($15 million) in the project.
The test project would be used to assess the effectiveness of various technologies for transmitting the energy from space to earth, as well as their potential impact on people and animals.
The plan involves the launch of a vehicle that would ship the solar arrays and related technology into space, where the parts would be assembled and the project would enter geostationary orbit over a receiving station on the ground.
Energy would be transmitted to Earth in the form of a laser or microwaves before being converted back into electricity and fed into the grid.
The project is both technologically and financially challenging, but if it is successful, space-based solar panels could be as much as six times more efficient than those on earth and would also not be subject to nighttime and seasonal variation.
But, of course, the thoughts of some critics have already turned to worst-case scenarios. For instance, what if the satellite is commandeered by terrorists who could use the laser beam to lay waste to entire cities? Seems a bit dramatic.


Business Aviation - Private Jets: The Benefits of Private Aviation
If your business or personal lifestyle requires confidentiality and security, then private aviation may be your best travel option. While other travelers are forced to deal with the long lines at security checkpoints and to sit through flight delays, private aviation customers will almost always depart on time in a comfortable aircraft. Besides peace of mind and luxury, there are some other advantages to private aviation, which we will discuss here.
* Greater choice in destinations. Private aviation companies can access up to ten times more airports than commercial airlines, making it easier and quicker to get where you need to go.
* Facilities are clean, spacious, and equipped with all the amenities that make personal and business flights more pleasurable. In most cases, parking facilities are close to the terminal, or even inside it.
* Flexible scheduling allows you to fly when you want. Private flights are ready to go on very short notice, and if you happen to be running late, the plane will even wait for you.
* No lines and no waiting. If you travel by private plane, you will bypass long security checkpoint lines, departure and boarding delays, and all the other inconveniences that make air travel less than pleasurable.
* You'll save a lot of time because there are absolutely no layovers or connection delays. Business travelers can take a day trip and be home in time for dinner, and pleasure travelers can start their vacation as soon as they set foot on the plane.
* Your business team will travel together and according to your schedule, and you'll arrive at your destination ready to work. In addition, hiring a charter flight will make a good first impression on potential customers and employees. Some corporations that use private aviation enjoy a 90% close rate on new deals.
* If you travel by private jet, you will no longer have to worry about damaged equipment or lost luggage. You get to choose who flies with you, and you can even develop a relationship with the flight and air traffic control crew.
There are a lot of advantage to private aviation. You get an on-call flight crew, choice of beverages, foods and movies, and when you arrive, your mode of transport will be waiting when you arrive to your destination. Private air travel allows for a level of comfort and style that commercial airlines simply cannot match.


Build the Shuttle Transporter and then rebuild it to create a toy Helicopter Transporter or a Car with Caravan model, for even more fun and adventures. The set is targeted for the grownup crowd, as opposed to numerous other area shuttle sets made for children in past many years. Sullivan herself did not use Lego as a child, though she did use erector-type units. She stated the challenges of putting things collectively in the proper means — even if you make a mistake throughout building — apply even during real-life space missions. Included within the 2,354-piece set is both Hubble and the area shuttle, including details corresponding to payload bay doors that open, useful touchdown gear and reflective stickers meant to showcase the cooling radiators the true house shuttle had.
Specially if it is a expensive show set, just like the Space Shuttle Discovery. They might have done that, however the Hubble was launched aboard Discovery for STS-31, in order the set is depicted, everything matches up. What could be cool, though, is if they included a second plaque sticker with the Ulysses for STS-41 .
Explore How Lego 10283 Nasa Space Shuttle Discovery Mimics The True
But my issue with it’s that the Apollo missions got here to an finish before I was born. Also, by no means assume that every builder is capable of applying stickers better than the manufacturing unit is capable of making use of print. Print doesn’t get bubbles, or hair, or fingerprints trapped beneath.
The two stable booster rockets and orange external fuel tank detach from the space shuttle for a easy take off into the atmosphere. Open the payload bay cargo compartment to search out the cellular crane, which may maintain up each the ground maintenance automobile and the satellite. The satellite tv for pc carries solar cell panels and an unfolding antenna. Eject the cargo from the payload bay, then return your area shuttle to Earth to complete your expedition and make LEGO history. This set and all of its exciting features can give you infinite hours of enjoyable and adventure.


Do you use Earth Observation data for teaching? Or do you use EO data as part of your work and have an idea for a training package?
The European Space Agency is funding a competition with prizes of €5000, €3000 and €2000 as part of the LearnEO! Project.
The closing date for registration is 5 January 2014 and for competition entries is 31 January 2014.
€5,000 first prize...


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Lincoln Memorial on Flickr.
“I have a dream.” - MLK Jr. on Flickr.
LM-2 on Flickr.
This is an actual lunar module. (LM-2). It would have been used in space if the first module had failed during its unmanned test flight. The test flight was successful, however, and LM-2 was retired for ground testing.
“The Eagle has landed.” - Neil Armstrong on Flickr.
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Joint Strategic Solutions was created to bring highly relevant capabilities to the USAMS III Performance Work Statement (PWS) and evaluation criteria. The company combines the Past Performance and capabilities of two strong small business primes, Delta Solutions & Strategies, LLC and Apogee Engineering, LLC. The Joint Members possess the following capabilities:
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- Certified Computer Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP) IA Experts
- Industry leading employee retention
Delta Solutions & Strategies, LLC, established in 2000, is a service-disabled veteran-owned small business (SDVOSB) specializing in Systems Engineering and Technical Assistance (SETA), Advisory and Assistance Services (A&AS), and meeting customer goals. Our expertise spans a wide variety of specialties as a prime contractor on the multiple contracts to include support toNORAD/USNORTHCOM, Air Force Space Command Contract for Space and Missile Capabilities (CSMC), Indirect Weapons System Consolidated Logistics and Advisory and Assistance (IWS CLASS), US Army Aviation & Missile Life Cycle Management Command (AMCOM) Expedited Professional and Engineering Support Services (EXPRESS), Naval Sea Systems Command (SeaPort-e), and Maricopa County Arizona. We are also a subcontractor on numerous DoD contracts supporting all services and the Missile Defense Agency. Our employees have extensive experience supporting Military and DoD systems at all classification levels as well as local, county, and state organizations in emergency planning activities.
Apogee Engineering, LLC (Apogee) is an 8(a) certified Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB) company headquartered in Colorado Springs, CO with regional offices and personnel in Omaha, NE, Dayton, OH, Cleveland, OH, and Washington, DC. Founded in 2004, Apogee provides advanced research, strategic policy and guidance, acquisition, systems engineering & integration (SE&I), test and evaluation (T&E), information assurance, and operational support services to the Department of Defense (DoD) and multiple Federal Agencies. As both an exceptionally-rated prime contractor and a value-added subcontractor, Apogee proudly provides mission-critical services to United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD)-U.S. Northern Command (USNORTHCOM)(N-NC), Air Force Space Command (AFSPC), 50th Space Wing (50 SW), 21 Space Wing (21 SW), Space and Missile Systems Center (SMC), Air Force Lifecycle Management Center (AFLCMC), Unites States Air Force Academy (USAFA), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and Department of Transportation (DOT). Our personnel are delivering value-added solutions for Protected and Wideband Satellite Communications (SATCOM) Systems, Global Positioning System (GPS), Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPAs), Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) and Measurement and Signature Intelligence (MASINT) Data Collection Systems, Integrated Tactical Warning and Attack Assessment (ITW/AA) systems, Shared Early Warning Systems, and End-to-End Systems Certification & Accreditation (C&A) and Cyber Protection Analysis.


Sci-fi, adult short visual novel.
This story takes place in space at the station of a space company called TSC.
After an unforseen damage, it is up to you and your assistant Jessie,
to restore communication with the earth and repair the station for the upcoming crew.
The game’s key elements are sounds. For best experience, use headphones.
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FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION FOR AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Ars offers precision mechanical solutions for flexible assembly. ARS team provides consulting services for software applications and accessory parts development.
Thanks to its patented flexible feeder FlexiBowl®, ARS solutions can handle parts regardless of their geometry (cylindrical, complex 3D shape), Surface (smooth, sticky, tangled, etc.), Material (delicate, fragile, rubber and silicone), Weight and Dimensions (metal moulded and sheared parts). The system works without failures even with parts showing burrs or size variations, typical of aerospace industry.
INSPECTION AND METROLOGY FOR AEROSPACE INDUSTRY
Computed Tomography (CT) systems reconstruct the 3D density map of an object from a series of radiological projections taken at different angles.
MicroCT systems can reconstruct the 3D density map of an object with resolutions of microns.
Industrial Computed Tomography systems allow to perform several controls in a fast, non-destructive and precise way:
- Reconstructed volume visualization: Not only planar reconstructions, you can get 3D reconstructions.
- Porosity and inclusions quantitative analysis: material inclusions, bubbles and porosity can be identified and they can be counted . It’s also possible to measure defect dimensions and to set acceptance tresholds.
- Wall thickness analysis: ARS Computed Tomography systems can identify dimensions variations where tolerances respect is required, highlighting deviations from the expected value with colors and numeric information.
- Metrology analysis: It can be performed accurate measurement of distances, thicknesses, angles etc. ARS systems also allow reverse engineering or rapid prototipying.


Oct 23, · Metacritic Game Reviews, Flight Simulator X: Acceleration for PC, The Flight Simulator X Acceleration Expansion Pack delivers an all new thrilling multiplayer race mode, new action-packed missions, and e. See and discover other items: microsoft simulations, windows 10 pc games, windows 10 games, care package, flight simulator , pc flight simulator games Unlimited One-Day Delivery and more Prime members enjoy fast & free shipping, unlimited streaming of movies and TV shows with Prime Video and many more exclusive bran-online.infos: Flight Simulator X is the latest edition of Microsoft's famous flight simulation games. If you're a would-be pilot or just have a strong interest in aviation, this game is made just for you. It features a wide range of real-life aircraft, locations and scenery. You can take off and land at over 24, airports located around the globe.
Flight simulator x pc game
Oct 17, · For Microsoft Flight Simulator X on the PC, GameFAQs hosts videos from GameSpot and submitted by users. Oct 23, · Metacritic Game Reviews, Flight Simulator X: Acceleration for PC, The Flight Simulator X Acceleration Expansion Pack delivers an all new thrilling multiplayer race mode, new action-packed missions, and e. Apr 18, · I fly over my house all the time in the game!) on the market, and I came across Microsoft Flight Simulator X, GOLD, Accelerator, ect. So I looked at the computer requirements and I noticed that my computer only had a Microsoft gaming score. So I decided to stick with the Original Microsoft Flight Simulator X. Just to see how it works bran-online.info Rating: % positive. Microsoft Flight Simulator X Steam Edition Free Download. Located on this page is a Microsoft Flight Simulator X Steam Edition Free Download! Scroll down below for additional information to the game, minimum PC specifications, steps for installation, and an UploadHaven download to the game itself! Oct 16, · The Flight Simulator X Software Development Kit (SDK) is not included with FSX: Steam Edition. If you already have MSFSX installed on your PC and are concerned about running the two games alongside each other, you may wish to consider installing FSX: Steam Edition on a separate bran-online.infos: K. Jan 09, · (Game PC) Flight Simulator X - Take Off At Jakarta WIII Microsoft Flight Simulator X vs X-Plane 11 (Vanilla, No mods!) Prepar3D Flight Simulator Add On Flying Game - . Download this game from Microsoft Store for Windows 10, Windows See screenshots, read the latest customer reviews, and compare ratings for Airplane Flight Pilot Simulator. Microsoft Flight Simulator X Steam Edition Free Download PC game is a direct link for windows and bran-online.info of games Microsoft Flight Simulator X Steam Edition Free Download is an awesome game to play free. Mar 01, · To play Flight Simulator X, the computer must meet the minimum system requirements. Additionally, the hardware must pass a system check when you start the game. If you experience slow performance in the game, the in-game settings must be adjusted. Apr 05, · Flight simulation games have been around since electrical engineer Bruce Artwick introduced the prehistoric Microsoft Flight Simulator (before it was even called that) on the 8 .Microsoft Flight Simulator X PC at GameSpy - Check out the latest Microsoft Flight Microsoft gives out details on the latest version of its flight sim series. Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Gold Edition. +. Thrustmaster T-Flight Hotas X Flight Stick. +. Official Version - X-Plane 11 Global Flight Simulator (PC, MAC &. Microsoft Flight Simulator X latest version: Aviation Provided In Full Glorious Simulation. Discover the best flight simulator games for PC in our Solutions page. Metacritic Game Reviews, Microsoft Flight Simulator X for PC, From award winning game developer ACES comes Flight Simulator X. The latest. Almost all time periods are represented, whether it's a themed game (WWII is popular) or a historical plane included in a flight sim. With the. Looking for a flight simulator game for PC but don't know which to choose? The original IL-2 Sturmovik is a classic combat flight sim based in. Microsoft Flight Simulator X: Steam Edition Free Download PC Game Cracked in Direct Link and Torrent. MFSX is a RPS's best simulation. Your wildest dreams come true in this Microsoft developed simulation. Flight Simulator X is a gaming system developed by Microsoft that enables you to visit any. The multi award winning Microsoft Flight Simulator X lands on Steam for the first time. Developer: Microsoft Game Studios. Publisher: Dovetail Games - Flight.
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The 5 Most Realistic Flight Simulator Ever [Amazing Graphics], time: 16:38
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47 squadron special forces flight 47 squadron special forces flight. By 06/02/2022 Category: golden retriever growth calculator 06/02/2022 Category: golden retriever growth calculator.
1937 - RAF Odiham is officially opened. 1942 - No.13 (AC) Squadron Blenheims take part in the 1,000 Bomber raids on Germany. 1942 - The Station plays a major role in support of the ill-fated Dieppe raid - Operation Jubilee. 1947 - The World's first Jet Formation Display Team 'The Black Knights' is formed by No.54 (F) Squadron at RAF Odiham.
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The United Kingdom Special Forces (UKSF) is a directorate comprising the Special Air Service, the Special Boat Service, the Special Reconnaissance Regiment, the Special Forces Support Group, 18 (UKSF) Signal Regiment and the Joint Special Forces Aviation Wing, as well as the supporting No. 47 Squadron.In British freedom of information law, "special forces" has been defined as "those units of. Find a detachment. Enter your postcode in the search box below to locate detachments in your area. Only show me detachments that offer music.
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It includes comprehensive participation from all of the air arms of Bangladesh - Air Force, Navy, Army and Police, with most aircraft flown by officers of at least Squadron Leader rank. In 1998, Bangladesh ordered 24 MiG-29s, but due to payment problems only eight were delivered, spending a period of time grounded due to a lack of spare parts.
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BSF Air Wing Admit Card 2021 Exam Date, Syllabus, Exam Pattern and Selection Process. Direct download link of BSF Storeman Admit Card and Exam Date 2021. Candidates can download BSF Air Wing Hall Ticket 2021. This page provides all details regarding BSF Air wing Admit Card 2021, Exam Dates, Syllabus & Exam Pattern, BSF Airwing Selection Process, and a guide on how to download BSF Air wing Admit Card 2021.
Candidates who applied earlier for BSF Air Wing Assistant Sub Inspector (Assistant Aircraft Mechanic and Assistant Radio Mechanic); Constable (Storeman) can download their Hall Ticket / Admit Card 2021 for written Examination.
Candidates who applied earlier for BSF Airwing Assistant Aircraft Mechanic and Assistant Radio Mechanic & Storeman can download their Admit Card / Hall Ticket 2021 for written exam.


INDIAN SPACE JOURNEY
Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam’s contribution to Indian space journey is immense. He was called a missile man and some called him a nuclear scientist.
This was the first project of Dr. Abdul Kalam in Aeronautics Development Establishment. A hovercraft was to be designed to fly on a cushion of air. The prototype was designed to fly on an air cushion of 40 mm with a weight of 550 kgs including tare weight. Many of his colleagues doubted the feasibility of such a project. But Dr. Kalam and his team proved the success of the project by actually flying the prototype as per design. The then Defence Minister Mr. V.K. Krishna Menon ignoring the objections of officials got into the aircraft and flew in it. Dr. Kalam piloted the hovercraft. But the minister had to quit and others did not give importance to this project. This caused disappointment to Dr. Kalam.
Rocket Assisted Take Off (RATO)
Dr. Sarabhai appointed Dr. Kalam as Project Leader for RATo project. Dr. Kalam developed the system and successfully tested it on 8th October 1972.
Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-3)
This project was taken up in ISRO as the first step towards creating indigenous capability to launch satellites with its own technology. Dr. Kalam was appointed as the Project Leader. It was an honour and a challenge to him. Dr. Kalam was successful in it. It propelled Dr. Kalam into the national scence.
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme (IGMDP)
Dr. Kalam prepared this proposal under the guidance of Dr. V. S. Arunachalam, the then Scientific Adviser to Defence Minister. This programme consists of the design and development leading to production of the missiles like Trishul, Prithvi, Akash, Nag and Agni
Dr. Abdul Kalam was awarded Padma Bhushan in 1981, Padma Vibhushan in in 1990 and Bharat Ratna in 1997. He was affectionately called People's President. His passing away on 27th July 2015 is a great loss to the country.


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STUDENTS ARE HELPING BOEING AND THE AIR FORCE SAFELY LEVERAGE LIGHTER AIRCRAFT
Since the 1800s (at least), the formal trial-and-error method has been the go-to discovery process for inventors.
Along the way, mostly since the 1960s, the aerospace industry started replacing metal parts with composite materials. In doing so, it’s been able to reduce aircraft weights by 20% to 40%.
Science’s ability to develop advanced composite materials has outpaced its ability to quickly and inexpensively test them for safe use. The process of identifying and predicting weaknesses in advanced composite materials is still a work in progress. An unsettling thought, considering they’re used in both advanced military aircraft and commercial airliners.
That’s where the University of Texas at Arlington’s (UTA) Advanced Materials and Structures Lab (AMSL) team comes in.
“A known weakness of the existing progressive damage analysis methods is the lack of effective techniques to predict ultimate failure,” AMSL Director Andrew Makeev and fellow researchers Yuri Nikishkov and Dr. Guillaume Seon write in an article published in the April 2019 Journal of the American Helicopter Society.
Makeev and his team at UTA have spent years developing a new methodology that allows them to predict how certain composite materials will be affected by stress and fatigue, particularly in rotorcraft, such as helicopters, whose components experience severe stress. These predictions are based on advanced 3D CT scans and computer-generated structural-failure models.
The team presented its preliminary findings at the 72nd American Helicopter Society Forum on May 18, 2019, along with representatives from Sikorsky Aircraft and the U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate.
Those results were part of an initiative by AMSL to form a Vertical Lift Consortium, which included experts from Sikorsky (a Lockheed Martin company) and was funded by the Army National Rotorcraft Technology Center.
“AMSL has been taking essential steps toward improving confidence in material qualification [safety testing] for laminated composites,” the team’s paper states.
The work of Dr. Makeev and his team at AMSL since roughly 2010 has attracted the attention and collaboration from several organizations, including:
- The Office of Naval Research, which in 2018 awarded the team two grants worth nearly $1.5 million; of that, a $930,000 grant will pay the team to study how the laws of physics impact manufacturing defects in composite materials; the other grant upgrades UTA’s scanning equipment, allowing AMSL researchers to examine material characterization at up to 1-micron resolution (a human hair, in contrast, is 75 microns wide)
- Sikorsky Aircraft Corp., which in 2015, awarded a $1.35 million grant to improve designs of composites to increase their durability
- Boeing, which in 2017 awarded AMSL a $600,000 grant to help Makeev and UTA Professor Endel Iarve further develop protocols for determining when composite components might fail. Iarve, a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering in UTA’s Institute for Predictive Performance Methodologies, is serving as that project’s co-principal investigator.
“At the end of the research, Boeing and the Air Force want to understand and have confidence that our analysis can be used to predict the remaining useful life of composite airframe structures,” Dr. Makeev says in the spring 2018 issue of The University of Texas at Arlington Magazine.
The advances by AMSL and Makeev hold tremendous promise for the future of aviation, says Erian Armanios, chair of the UTA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering.
Armanios, in a news release, says that Makeev’s work helps the aircraft industry by improving sustainability, maintenance and life-cycle management.
“What Dr. Makeev is doing could have significant implications on aircraft design and certification,” Armanios says. “Developing a capability to predict composite airframe strength and durability is bound to have industry-wide implications.”
Peter Crouch, dean of the UTA College of Engineering, also in the news release, says, “It’s important for university researchers like Dr. Makeev to work hand-in-hand with companies to ensure that their work has impact beyond classroom walls, including helping our students land important jobs in those industry sectors.”
This article is part of the 2020 Higher Education Review Magazine.


(HERMOSA BEACH, California) – Argo Space Corp announces it has been selected by SpaceWERX for a Direct-to-Phase II contract in the amount of $1.7M focused on the in-space transportation vehicle, the Argonaut, to address the most pressing challenges in the Department of the Air Force (DAF). The Air Force Research Laboratory and SpaceWERX, the innovation arm of the U.S. Space Force and a unique division within AFWERX, have partnered to streamline the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) process by accelerating the small business experience through faster proposal to award timelines, changing the pool of potential applicants by expanding opportunities to small business and eliminating bureaucratic overhead by continually implementing process improvement changes in contract execution. The DAF began offering the Open Topic SBIR/STTR program in 2018 which expanded the range of innovations the DAF funded and now on (selection notification date or contract award date), (Company Name) will start its journey to create and provide innovative capabilities that will strengthen the national defense of the United States of America.
(Mandatory disclaimer) “The views expressed are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government.” About Argo Space Corp Argo Space Corp is building an in-space transportation architecture with water-powered reusable vehicles to enable limitless maneuver from Low Earth Orbit to the Moon and everywhere in-between.
The Air Force Research Laboratory is the primary scientific research and development center for the Department of the Air Force. AFRL plays an integral role in leading the discovery, development, and integration of affordable warfighting technologies for our air, space and cyberspace force. With a workforce of more than 12,500 across nine technology areas and 40 other operations across the globe, AFRL provides a diverse portfolio of science and technology ranging from fundamental to advanced research and technology development. For more information, visit afresearchlab.com.
As the innovation arm of the DAF and a directorate within the Air Force Research Laboratory, AFWERX brings cutting-edge American ingenuity from small businesses and start-ups to address the most pressing challenges of the DAF. AFWERX employs approximately 325 military, civilian and contractor personnel at six hubs and sites executing an annual $1.4 billion budget. Since 2019, AFWERX has executed 4,697 contracts worth more than $2.6 billion to strengthen the U.S. defense industrial base and drive faster technology transition to operational capability. For more information, visit: afwerx.com.
As the innovation arm of the U.S. Space Force and a unique division within AFWERX, SpaceWERX inspires and empowers collaboration with innovators to accelerate capabilities and shape our future in space. Headquartered in Los Angeles, SpaceWERX employs 28 military, civilian and contractor personnel executing an annual $457 million budget. Since it was aligned under AFRL in Aug. 2021, SpaceWERX has executed 906 contracts worth more than $690 million to strengthen the U.S. defense industrial base and drive faster technology transition to operational capability. For more information, visit: spacewerx.us.
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For part one, follow this link: there we answer the question “how to stay in orbit”. In this post, we want to figure out how to change the orbit we are in and, in particular, how to get into orbit.
How to change our orbit
Let us assume we are in an elliptical orbit, and that we change our velocity with an impulse (instantaneous change of velocity) along the same velocity vector we had previously when we are at perigee (this is just for simplicity, to fix a special point). What happens?
We will still be on an orbit, and this orbit is once again going to be a conic. Moreover, this new curve has to go through the point we are in when we perform the burn (that is the impulsive manoeuvre). Also, we know how to compute the specific energy of this new orbit:
where is the new velocity at perigee, is the same radius as before the manoeuver, and is the new semimajor axis of the orbit, which means that has changed and has been replaced with something new. We can actually compute this new quantity (that is, the radius of the point in the orbit opposite to where we are currently, which might not be the apogee anymore), and in particular, we can see that:
- if the new speed is higher than the previous one, then the specific energy of the new orbit is higher, that is also is higher;
- consequently, is smaller;
- and is bigger;
- so the new radius is bigger than the previous one (and in particular remains the apogee);
- if the new speed is lower than the previous one, is going to be smaller than , and possibly also smaller than , thus replacing it as perigee.
It could also be that the new apogee is , if we are moving to a parabolic orbit, or negative, if we are moving to a hyperbolic orbit. In those cases we are now on an escape trajectory and we won’t be coming back, unless we perform another change of trajectory.
We can now state and prove a result on the best (in a sense that we will discuss later on) way to change orbit.
Theorem (Hohmann): Given two circular orbits with the same centre and lying on the same plane (concentric and complanar), of radii and respectively, the two-impulse manoeuvre from the first orbit to the second one that minimises the total velocity increment is the transfer along the elliptical orbit of periapsis and apoapsis , the same orbital plane as the two given orbits, and the same direction as the starting orbit.
Before moving on to the proof, let us discuss a couple of points raised in the statement above. The fact that we are raising our orbit is not really relevant: we can of course lower our orbit and we will have a very similar result, with an elliptic transfer orbit, only with periapsis and apoapsis swapped. On the other hand, one can show that similar results hold also when we start from or get to an elliptical orbit. However, this is highly non-symmetrical, as one has to consider also the angle between the two orbits (actually, their major axes).
Proof: The orbital velocity of the internal circular orbit is , with , and similarly the velocity of the external circular orbit is , with . We also have some other quantities of interest: , the velocity vector immediately after the first impulse, and , the velocity vector immediately before the second (and final) impulse, as well as , the angle between and and , the one between and .
We want to minimise the total delta-v, that is
We can simplify the minimisation problem by using the conserved quantities that we already know:
and also, because of the conservation of angular momentum,
With them, we can write both and in terms of and :
We can now rescale everything by the speed in the internal circular orbit , by setting , so that:
where we have put in evidence in the new quantity that we want to minimise, that the two parameters we can play around with are and . Let us start by checking how varies in terms of :
which attains minimum for , independently of the speed and consequently of . Now we can differentiate :
This quantity is always positive since (as we want to reach the new orbit, so we need to raise the apoapsis of the first orbit), so the solution we are looking for is the minimal such that we actually reach the required new radius . This happens when the elliptic orbit has apoapsis at height , that is when is orthogonal to and
Notice that in this case the transfer orbit (called Hohmann transfer lies on the same plane as the two circular orbits. This should be no surprise since changing plane (even if we have not seen it yet) comes at an additional cost in terms of delta-v. Also, we can read the time needed for this transfer directly from what we have written: we need to travel half the orbit, and the time needed for that is , with denoting the semimajor axis.
Finally, we could also write the total delta-v required in terms of the ratio of the radii:
How to get in orbit
The rocket equation
Why do we want to reduce delta-v anyway? Let’s consider a rocket flying with velocity and subject to some external forces of sum (e.g. gravitational, atmospheric friction…). Let be the ejection velocity of the propellant (with respect to the rocket) in a (infinitesimal) time . We want to get the modulus of the corresponding velocity variation of the rocket. We set the mass of the rocket (including engine mass and fuel mass and payload mass) to . In a time the rocket is subject to the following variation of momentum:
where, in the first term, we have the difference between the momentum at time and the momentum at time . Since external forces are not impulsive, we have that . If we consider a first order approximation and forget about the second order term , we get , which projected along gives
with the mass of the rocket at time , and the mass at the end of the manoeuvre. This is called Tsiolkovskij equation or rocket equation and expresses the variation terms of the fuel required and the velocity of the exhaust.
It makes sense to introduce the following quantity, called specific impulse: , with g the gravitational acceleration at sea level (9.81 on Earth). The specific impulse (which has seconds as its unit, at least in the most common formulation, given above), is a measure of the efficiency of the engine used (namely it depends on the engine and the fuel used). As it is clear from the previous equation for the delta-v, the higher the specific impulse is, the better.
|Rocketdyne F1||263 s||8400 kg||6.77 MN||82.27|
|R25||452.3 s||3526 kg||2.28 MN||65.91|
|Merlin 1D||340 s||490 kg||0.8 MN||150|
|RD 180||338 s||5480 kg||4.15 MN||78.44|
|Hercules SRMU||286 s||n/a||7.5 MN||n/a|
|PPS 1350 1.5 kW||1650 s||5.3 kg||0.088 N||0.0017|
It might be worth noting that usually rocket engines have different values for the specific impulse depending on being or not in the atmosphere (compared to being in the vacuum). Also worth stressing is that this rocket equation holds for engines that (approximately) fire in a single impulse, and does not hold for engines such as electrical ones (see the PPS 1350 in the table), which have very low thrust, even if they have a huge Isp.
Moreover, specific impulse it is not necessarily a good measure of comparison for engines, not just for problems as the one above (thrust vs isp, instant vs long time), but also because an engine with a very high Isp might have a huge mass, thus using a lot of its power to move itself, so it is better to compare the work provided by each engine. Reminder: thrust is given by , with Newton as a unit, while thrust to weight ratio (TWR) is defined by , and is a pure number.
Using delta-v to compute the cost of manoeuvers is particularly good, because it already includes the mass of the vehicle and the kind of motor in it, so it can be computed independently of the vehicle chosen (and can actually inform the choice of the rocket).
Launch to orbit
Suppose that we are on the surface of the Earth and we want to get into a circular orbit 250 km above the surface. This means that we have to launch on an elliptic orbit of periapsis m and apoapsis m and then perform a circularisation burn. The semimajor axis of the elliptical transfer orbit is m, and we have to launch at a speed of 7995 m/s, arriving at the apoapsis with speed 7694 m/s, which we have to raise to 7769 m/s to circularise. So we need a delta-v of 8070m/s.
This assumes, however, that we are launching horizontally, and does not take into account atmospheric drag, gravity drag (the fact that we need to get off the ground, hence requiring a TWR greater than 1), but also, if we are launching from the equator eastwards, the 464 m/s kindly donated by Earth’s rotation. In reality, achieving such an orbit requires around 9400 m/s of delta-v. One could also argue that, in this case, we cannot really use the rocket equation, as the firing of the engine is not an impulse.
There is also another issue: if we were to use (ignoring thrusting issues and the lower performance at sea level) a Merlin engine to launch from Earth, from the rocket equation we have that , which means that the propellant mass is 15 times the dry mass (that is the payload, the engine, the tanks, the instrumentation…). This is not feasible from an engineering point of view.
What happens in a real launch is staging: not all the dry mass is brought to orbit. We split the launcher into different parts that activate sequentially. As soon as one is burnt out, it is discarded. The delta-v contribution of each stage is summed up, to give the total delta-v balance of the whole stack.
As an example, let’s see what happened in the Apollo lunar missions. They launched with a three staged launcher, the Saturn V.
|1||2,290,000 kg||130,000 kg||2,945,200 kg||785,200 kg||3,409 m/s|
|2||496,200 kg||40,100 kg||655,200 kg||199,100 kg||4,918 m/s|
|3||123,000 kg||15,200 kg||159,000 kg||51,200 kg||4,678 m/s|
It is interesting to notice that even with two stages, the Saturn V could not make it into orbit, and had to light up its third stage. At the same time, most of its delta-v was spent to get to orbit, and the remaining delta-v in the third stage was not sufficient for the rest of the mission: it only put the Apollo stack into lunar transit orbit. Then it was the turn of the engine on the Apollo Service Module (here packed inside the payload) to circularise the orbit around the Moon and take the crew back to Earth afterwards.
There are many more interesting topics to cover in Orbital Mechanics: how to manoeuvre if we do not just want to get in a certain orbit, but also get there at a certain time, for example to rendezvous with another spacecraft (or a planet). This adds layers of complexity, together with issues coming from the fact that not necessarily we are in the luxury position of disregarding inclination changes.
Among the interesting things that could be discussed, there is the Oberth effect, stating that the same manoeuvre performed at apoapsis is less efficient than performed at periapsis, which is strictly connected to the (powered) gravity assists. Also, while Hohmann transfer has been proven above to be optimal, in terms of delta-v, this is only true if we restrict ourselves to two-impulse manoeuvers, whereas things might change if we allow for three impulses.
One thought on “Orbital mechanics – Part 2”


This week I am working with the Canadian Air Force in Trenton, Ontario. I will be stationed at 8 Wing Trenton which is the biggest Air Force Wing in Canada. I will get to see many facets of the Air Force throughout the week as each day I am scheduled to experience a different department.
I am really excited about the opportunity to see what working with the Canadian Forces is like. It is a profession I don't think many seriously consider as a career option coming out of school.
In the email with my schedule for the week, a post script note written by the Major caught my attention. It was addressed to the Sky Hawk Captain and asked if a tandem jump could be arranged. Yikes! I jumped off a bridge way back in Week 1, so I guess it makes sense to jump out of a plane as we approach Week 52.


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Fast Moving industry with growing commercial interest.
Asteroid mining provides the opportunity to harvest vast amounts of valuable minerals for use on Earth as well as in space. These objects also provide the opportunity for extraction of significant water resources which can be used to refuel satellites or to launch deep space missions from space itself.
Lacking detailed data on
Near-Earth Objects (NEOs)
While large amounts of development in many aspects of asteroid mining is currently underway, including solutions for extraction transport and imaging systems, there is no current process in place to capture a holistic view of which asteroids are providing the best prospect for financial success in any asteroid mining mission.
NEOs usually are only visible from Earth for a short period of time in timeframes of years, it is vital to obtain this data as early as possible to allow for successful missions over the next decade or so to become a reality.
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The team at NEORA has developed a process that allows for high-level analysis of NEOs, even within days of first being discovered. Our innovative techniques will enable us to use this data to provide evidence and records of targets with a high probability for successful missions. This information will be proprietary to NEORA and will be available to be purchased on a licence agreement model by those with a commercial interest in the development of asteroid mining.


Space tourism promises to be the next best travel promises to be the next big thing. Although explosive blastoffs might be too daring for some, there is a startup that plans to cater for those. How? By sending groups of people to the edge of space in giant balloons.
Space tourism plans
According to the startup, they plan to launch tourists in an observation capsule attached to a massive balloon. There is no doubt that such trips will only be for the very rich. The balloon trips would take tourists to heights of approximately 100,000 feet to the edge of space. It will be no more than a day trip, lasting about six hours.
After launching from Kennedy Space Center, the outward travel will take about two hours and the same for the return trip to Earth. The occupants of the observation capsule will have two hours to enjoy views promising to be breathtaking. Upon return, the capsule will plunge into the Atlantic Ocean. Some kind of vessel will then pick up the passengers and transport them to shore.
Questions about space tourism
I, for one, have many questions about this concept. Will passengers wear space suits? Astronauts wear special pressurized suits to protect them from the outer space environment, even inside a spacecraft. Risks such as extreme temperatures, vacuum and loss of pressure in the capsule come to mind.
What about health risks? In 2012, a study supported by NASA stated that humans who travel to space might suffer brain damage. The same report showed that such travel could accelerate Alzheimer’s disease onset. Other health risks include barotrauma, which according to Wikipedia is physical damage to body tissues. Difference in pressure between a gas space inside, or in contact with, the body, and the surrounding gas or fluid can cause it.
Astronauts could suffer decompression sickness, immunodeficiencies, loss of eyesight and loss of muscle and bone. Other risks include orthostatic intolerance and astronauts wear suits for protection against radiation. How many of these risks to which astronauts are susceptible will also risk the health and safety of space tourists?
Why space tourism?
Already some believe that space exploration is crucial for human survival. Space tourism might be the ideal way to explore the options.
How much will a balloon trip cost?
Based on what we know about space rockets, sending vehicles to space is expensive. Space balloons will skip the blastoff stage; however, a six-hour trip to the edge of space will take a significant chunk out of the super-rich pockets. The startup estimates that a ticket will cost about $125.000 per person. In conclusion, a lot of FAA and other red tape stand in the way, and it will be a while before space tourism becomes a reality.