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Drones have been an increasingly hot topic over the past several years. From recreational activities to proposed uses for delivering goods to consumers, drones have changed what’s possible through the air.
That, of course, includes changes to GIS and mapping functionalities. Drones, satellites, and other means of gathering mapping info work together to provide exceptional data for a variety of uses. Take a look at how GIS mapping using drones can improve mapping as a whole.
The Benefits of Drone Surveying and Mapping
Drone technology continues to advance, making drones ideal tools for gathering certain ground data that can pair well with more traditional mapping techniques.
Satellites perform this function globally from space, which is in direct contrast to a drone’s size and scope. Unlike massive Earth-orbiting satellites, much smaller drones are flying feet, not miles, above us. As a result, their contributions are likely best for more localized and granular data.
Think about making a delivery, for example. The destination has a specific address, which on a traditional map will be plotted on the corresponding street. But maybe the door at the plotted location isn’t where that building actually accepts deliveries. Maybe deliveries need to go to the door around the back. A drone can help with this level of detail to better streamline last-mile delivery and give drivers accurate information about their location.
These are some of the popular uses for drones:
- Event Mapping: Music festivals, conventions, and other events can benefit from drone surveying. Event coordinators can use drones to map out where stages or booths are located and provide that data to staff members and attendees.
- Damage Surveys: Whether it’s a large-scale natural disaster or a calamity affecting a single home, the aftermath of a destructive event can be surveyed by drones to assess the damages. Insurance companies and authorities can use this data to inform their responses while also keeping field personnel out of what could be hazardous situations.
- Crop Surveys: How are the crops doing this season? Drones can provide farmers with an aerial view of their fields to monitor the fields. It’s a fast and efficient way to gather visual data they can use to find trouble spots or to simply check in on progress.
- Airspace Mapping: Drones can sometimes be used to map out airspace or to help determine the elevation of certain landmarks and natural features.
- Village/Small Town Mapping: While the big cities rely on satellites for their geographical data, small towns and villages might be interested in using drones to get a better look at their layouts.
Challenges with Drones in the GIS and Mapping Industry
Some of the biggest challenges drone usage will face in the world of mapping and GIS involve rules and regulations. Drones for commercial and personal use are still relative newcomers navigating some uncharted territory.
With drones being airborne, compliance with the FAA and its guidelines will be essential. Restricted areas like airports, military bases, and certain industrial complexes must be considered, and it’s understood that every law requires strict compliance.
The FAA has different rules for different uses of drones, whether it’s for recreational use, commercial use, or government use1. These rules can be tight, so it is vital for drone pilots to understand each one.
As the drone industry continues to evolve, likely so will the laws regulating it. Any individual or business using drones will have to keep up with the current guidelines and practices.
What the Future Holds
Generally speaking, it seems to be widely accepted that while drones aren’t going anywhere, so to speak, it’s not anticipated that they will replace satellites as the primary means of collecting and generating mapping and navigational information for the globe. Satellites are just too effective on a larger scale.
Instead, smaller scale, detailed locations and places that are hard to reach may be areas where drones outperform satellites.
It’ll be a partnership and collaboration between these two technologies that can further enhance the GIS data available to consumers, providing the most informative and detailed navigation and mapping data we’ve seen to date. It will only get better as technology continues to progress, as detailed in 7 Surprising Use Cases for GIS.
1Federal Aviation Administration, https://www.faa.gov/uas/, September 20, 2021


NASA Worldwind is a Windows program which displays a virtual globe developed by NASA for use on personal computers. The program allows the user to zoom from space view to Earth ground.The images are realistic and provides realism in 3D if one were there.
(NASA Worldwind) Edit
What is this? Edit
This application provides 3D images of the earth by NASA technology to provide realism. Provides many features like World wind, NASA SVS, Math Trax, Virtual Lab, Whats difference, and Planets.
Windows PC application
Application in Innovation Edit
Innovation applications: (some)
This technology can be used as an efficient way to view parts of the world, without using the outdated technology of the globe. This can also be used to teach students about the many interesting aspects about the planet.
Applications in Efficiency Edit
Efficiency applications: (many)
This technology can be used as an efficient way to explore the world.
Applications in Community Edit
Community applications: (many)
This technology can be used by everyone, and is a great way to explore the world and thus exploring the community.
Required technical proficiency Edit
General computer skills
Similar to / different from Edit
This technology is similar to Google Earth. It varies from Google Earth because it has many more features.
Software would occasionally need to be updated.
Official page Edit
For more information Edit
- NASA WorldWind homepage
- NASA WorldWind Java homepage
- RIACS WorldWind homepage
- Punt Homepage
- WW2D (SourceForge)
- WW2D Plus One
- SERVIR Viz


Aerospace Aluminum Alloys report 2020 to 2026 is contained with an inside and out examination of the overall business which expects to convey a thorough market knowledge study identified with significant market segments.
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The Aerospace industry demands the highest quality of metals, carbon composite products and all the components that make use of such materials. Over the past 50 years, Morimura has maintained an agreement with Arconic Inc. (formerly known as Alcoa Inc.), one of the world’s largest producers of Aluminum.
This report studies Aluminum for Aerospace Industry in Global market, especially in North America, China, Europe, Southeast Asia, Japan and India, with production, revenue, consumption, import and export in these regions, from 2012 to 2016, and forecast to 2022.
aerospace industry is growing and aerospace suppliers must become more innovative and flexible to keep up. The industry faces three main challenges in the next decade, according to a study conducted by Oliver Wyman of the European aerospace industry
European demand for aluminum in the automotive and aerospace sectors is expected to increase in 2018, US rolled products producer Aleris said Monday in its fourth-quarter and full-year 2017 results. European automotive demand is expected to benefit from new
Aluminum accounted for 46.6% of the aerospace and defense materials market in terms of volume, owing to rising preference for aluminum alloys. The material is preferably used in production of aerostructure components on account of its exceptional properties including heat and …
For 25 years, Falcon Aerospace has been a leading supplier and distributor of standard and non-standard metals used in the Aerospace and Defense industries around the world. Contact 3350 Enterprise Avenue Meridian Business Campus, Unit 180 Weston, FL 33331 U.S.A +1-954-771-9338 + 1-954-771-9193 Mail us [email protected]
Toray’s aluminum aerospace grade honeyco core is available in corrosion resistant 5052 and 5056 alloys. It offers high strength-to-weight properties at relatively low cost; particularly suitable as a shear carrying core in sandwich panel structures.
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The company is today one of the 0 aerospace companies in the world in 2017 because of its vast investments and interests in the military and commercial aerospace markets.Airbus Group is considered the largest supplier of aircraft in Europe and is the greatest rival of Boeing.
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List of European aerospace manufacturing companies based in Europe. Airbus - A culturally diverse company that develops, produces and supports world-leading airliners seating. Cobham Plc - Provides aerospace, precision engineering and specialist aircraft services in Dorset, UK.
Benefits of Aluminum Forgings for Aerospace Appliion With a nuer of beneficial properties, aluminum forging is an easy choice for manufacturing aircraft. Wood was originally used to build aircraft, but it is prone to rot and can splinter without proper
7xxx is used in airplane & aerospace industry. This is often used as a selling point (“Made of spacegrade aluminium!”) but in reality it doesn’t mean all that much. It is quite cheap and really ubiquitous in US Industry from what I hear. In Europe we seem to prefer
Historically, heat-treated aluminum has been the primary structural material for aerospace structural appliions. Even among today’s new developments in composites and plastics, heat-treated aluminum continues to dominate. To support the demanding needs of
16/7/2020· Composite Materials Aluminum Alloys Aerospace Materials Market Revolutionary Trends in Industry Statistics by 2020-2027| Toray Industries, Solvay, Hexcel, Royal …
Global Aluminum Alloy Conversion Chart UK ISO France Germany Italy UNI USA USA Japan End Uses AA / ASTM SAE LM0 AL 99.5 - A5 - 3950 150 - - Electrical, food, chemical plant LM2 AL-Si10Cu2Fe 46100 A-S9U3-Y4 - 5076 384 383 ADC12 Pressure
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Ye Fong is aluminium aerospace mill which award NADCAP (Heat Treating & NonDestructive Testing), AS9100, DNV, ABS, ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 and specialized in the aluminum materials of 7075, 7475, 7055, 7050, 2024, 2014, 2017, 2117, 2124,6061
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17/3/2020· Stratview Research announces the launch of a new market research report on Aerospace Raw Materials North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and RoW) Aluminum & …
Collins Aerospace offers the extensive experience necessary to manufacture curved panels using a hand-layup process. When necessary, custom tools can be procured or provided by the customer to generate the required unique shape and form of the panel.
Aerospace Blog What are 7075, 2024 and 6061 Aluminum Alloys? Aluminum Aircraft Parts: Extrusion Vs Roll Forming Aluminum Aircraft Parts: Clad Aluminum Vs Bare Aluminum Alloy Comparison: 7075-T6 Aluminum VS 7075-T62 Aluminum 2024-T42 and
6/8/2020· Howmet Aerospace (NYSE:HWM) today reported second quarter 2020 results, for which the Company reported revenues of $1.25 billion, down 31% year …
Dhanwant Metal Corporation - Offering Round Aluminum Alloy for Aerospace at Rs 450/kg in Muai, Maharashtra. Read about company. Get contact details and address | ID: 8897313033 We, Dhanwant Metal Corporation are one of the prominent manufacturers, suppliers, traders and exporters of a comprehensive range of optimum quality Industrial Materials Since 1986, products we deal in such as …
30/7/2020· Impact of Covid-19 on Super Alloys Aluminum Alloys Aerospace Materials Market 2020 | Enormous Growth with Recent Trends & Demand By Top Vendors Precision Castparts Corporation, Aperam SA, AMG, Alcoa Inc., etc A Global Research Report on the Super


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The fastest, longest and most forgiving Speedline driver ever. Powered by industry leading aerodynamics that features new airfoil design elements on the crown and sole that results in 14% less drag and up to 3 MPH faster clubhead speed.


Myself Vishal Sharma, Asstt. Professor & Head, Dept. of Electronics, Govt. Degree College Udhampur, J&K, INDIA
Please help me in sending my message to space with NASA so that Indian’s old and long
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If my message is selected then NASA will send this message to Mars aboard the
MAVEN spacecraft at the end of this year.
Click on the URL below and to…


Lego City Rocket Assembly & Transport 60229 Building Kit (1055 Pieces)
Give young space adventurers a treat with a NASA-inspired rocket launch set, which is great for independent play. This incredible LEGO City 60229 Rocket Assembly & Transport kids’ toy features a large multi-stage rocket with opening 2-minifigure cockpit and rover payload module, launch control room with rotating satellite dish and a rocket assembly crane with winch. There’s a rover lab with rotating arm tool, opening doors and raising platform, plus a large crawler with track wheels and a tilting launch pad, truck with articulated, new-for-August-2019 grappling arm and flatbed, and a rover with extending arm and drill. This cool construction toy also includes a ground build with 2 new-for-August-2019 geodes and a light pole, 7 minifigures and a robot figure.
- Includes 7 LEGO City minifigures: 2 astronauts, 2 ground crew technicians, a Launch Director, scientist, lab mechanic and a robot figure, plus a rover with extending arm and drill and an assembly frame building
- Rocket laying down measures over 3” (8cm) high, 16” (43cm) long and 5” (13cm) wide Transport crawler measures over 4” (12cm) high, 11” (29cm) long and 5” (15cm) wide Assembly frame building measures over 8” (21cm) high, 11” (28cm) wide and 4” (12cm) deep Rover garage measures over 4” (12cm) high, 7” (18cm) wide and 7” (19cm) deep Launch control measures over 4” (12cm) high, 5” (15cm) wide and 2” (6cm) deep
- 1055 pieces – Space toy for boys and girls aged 7+ and for fans of LEGO rocket ships and kids of all ages
- This LEGO City Rocket Assembly & Transport 60229 cool toy for kids makes a great NASA-inspired gift for kids and can be built together with all other original LEGO sets and bricks for more creative play
- You were born to explore the universe! Build and inspire the next generation of astronauts with LEGO Space rockets and vehicles – Let’s Go!


As a former military family, we always look forward to getting on base and/or learning about the Armed Services history.
Right off of Elgin Air Force Base, is the Department of the Air Force Armament Museum, which has a whole lot of history.
The kids, especially the two little ones, were impressed with all the ammunition and the size of all the planes.
The kids were dying to touch something, so we were glad to see that they could play in a cockpit simulator.
We learned a ton and were grateful that the kids were so in to it too!
And the kicker to all of this is that it is open to the general public and admission is free!


Flights with an empty private jet for prices up to 75% below regular prices? Very soon this will be possible through the Catch-a-Jet APP!
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At the Ellsworth Air Show you will see the best of the best!
Ellsworth AFB will host the Raider Country Open House and Air Show on May 14-15, 2022! This high flying event will feature military airframes from bases across the nation as well as fun aerial acts that highlight the capabilities of modern aviation. Step onto the flightline for front row seats to air acts, aircraft displays, fun vendors, and numerous STEM exhibits.
The 2022 Ellsworth Air Show will be an event you won’t want to miss.
Please click the link below to go to the official Ellsworth Air Show web site.
Ellsworth Air Show Official Page
*Performances and entertainment is subject to change


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Presented by Professor Mike Whittle
The Skylab space station was launched by NASA in the spring of 1973. After some serious initial problems, it was used by a total of nine astronauts (in three groups of three), who conducted an impressive array of experiments in several scientific areas. Mike, who was at the time a research medical officer in the RAF, was loaned to NASA to supervise (from the ground!) six of the Skylab medical experiments.
The talk, which is illustrated by slides, describes the Skylab mission itself, the various experimental areas, with an emphasis on the medical experiments, and Mike's involvement in the project.


The Boeing 787 Dreamliner is widely regarded as the most advanced and comfortable commercial aircraft in the world. And for business sablebusiness.com travelers, it’s the ultimate way to fly.
Here are just a few of the reasons why the 787 is the perfect choice for business travel:
- Cabin comfort: The 787’s cabin is pressurized to the equivalent of 6,000 feet, which is much lower than the standard 8,000 feet. This means that passengers can breathe more easily and feel less fatigue during long flights. The cabin is also very quiet, which helps to promote relaxation.
- Wide seats and lie-flat beds: Business class seats on the 787 are some of the widest and most comfortable in the sky. Many airlines offer lie-flat beds, which allow passengers to get a full night’s sleep on long flights.
- Personal entertainment system: Each 787 seat comes equipped with a personal entertainment system with a large touch screen display. Passengers can choose from a wide variety of movies, TV shows, music, and games.
- In-flight Wi-Fi: Many airlines offer in-flight Wi-Fi on the 787, so passengers can stay connected with work or family while they’re in the air.
In addition to these features, the 787 is also a very fuel-efficient aircraft. This means that airlines can save money on fuel costs, which can be passed on to passengers in the form of lower fares.
If you’re looking for the ultimate business class experience, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner is the way to go. With its comfortable cabin, lie-flat beds, personal entertainment system, and in-flight Wi-Fi, you’ll be able to arrive at your destination feeling refreshed and ready to go.
Here are some of the airlines that offer business class on the Boeing 787:
- Air Canada
- Air France
- American Airlines
- British Airways
- Cathay Pacific
- Delta Air Lines
- Etihad Airways
- Japan Airlines
- Qatar Airways
So if you’re looking for a luxurious and comfortable way to fly, book your next business class flight on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. You won’t be disappointed.


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Read Spitfire Women of World War II by Giles Whittell Free Online
Book Title: Spitfire Women of World War II|
The author of the book: Giles Whittell
Edition: Harper Perennial
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This is the incredible true story of a wartime sisterhood of women pilots: a group of courageous pioneers who took exceptional risks to fly Spitfires, Hurricanes and Lancasters to the frontlines of World War II.
The women pilots of Air Transport Auxiliary came from all countries and backgrounds. Although not allowed into combat, they demonstrated astonishing bravery in their supporting role: flying unarmed, without radios or instruments, and at the mercy of the weather and enemy aircraft, they delivered battle-ready planes to their male counterparts, the fighter pilots of the RAF.
The story of these remarkable women pilots – among them Amy Johnson and Lettice Curtis – is a riveting account of women in wartime, and a fitting tribute to their spirit and valour.
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Thank you for choosing Fair Wind Air Charter, your personal airline.
Fair Wind provides charter flights across America and throughout the world aboard business jets managed and operated at the highest standards and many different locations. We are one of Florida's largest charter airlines providing aircraft charter in Lear Jet, Hawker, Gulfstream, Challenger, as well as Falcon corporate jets.
Charters are provided by a multitude of different companies, most of whom are simply brokers that locate a private jet thus maximizing the broker's profit without being particularly concerned with the carrier's safety record. When it comes to air charter, we encourage our customers to do their homework carefully to assure that the air charter service they are considering is licensed by the FAA and DOT.


Royal Airwing Hangar complex at the Dubai International Airport in the UAE measures 600 x 110 x 30 meters and is the world’s largest aircraft hangar. The massive complex is now home to the Dubai ruling family’s private aircraft. The open-span, eight-bay Royal Airwing Hangar is 600 metres wide and 110 metres deep, and will hold up to eight aircraft. At the front, the hangar has eight sets of doors that span 584 meters, each of which is 25.8 meters high.
Other Oil & Gas Projects


In the 1950s and early 1960s people tried to set up communication systems by bouncing signals off metallized weather balloons. Unfortunately, the received signals were too weak to be of any practical use. Then the U.S. Navy noticed a kind of permanent weather balloon in the sky - the moon, and built an operational system for ship-to-shore communication by bouncing signals off it.
Further progress in the celestial communication field had to wait until the first communication satellite was launched in 1962. The key difference between an artificial satellite and a real one is that the artificial one can amplify the signals before sending them back, turning it into a powerful communication system.
Communication satellites have some interesting properties that make them attractive for many applications. A communication satellite can be thought of as a big microwave repeater in the sky. It contains several transponders, each of which listens to some portion of the spectrum, amplifies the incoming signal, and then rebroadcasts it at another frequency, to avoid interference with the incoming signal. The downward beams can be broad, covering a substantial fraction of the earth's surface or narrow, covering an area only hundreds of kilometers in diameter.
According to Kepler's law, the orbital period of a satellite varies as the orbital radius to the 3/2 power. Near the surface of the earth, the period is about 90 min. Communication satellites at such low altitudes are problematic because they are within sight of any given ground station for only a short time interval.
However, at an altitude of approximately 36,000 km above the equator, the satellite period is 24 hours, so it revolves at the same rate as the earth under it. An observer looking at a satellite in a circular equatorial orbit sees the satellite hang in a fixed spot in the sky, apparently motionless. Having the satellite fixed in the sky is extremely desirable, because otherwise an expensive steerable antenna would be needed to track it.
With current technology, it is unwise to have satellites spaced much closer than 2 degrees in the 360-degree equatorial plane, to avoid interference. With a spacing of 2 degrees, there can only be 360/2 = 180 geosynchronous communication satellites in the sky at once. Some of these orbit slots are reserved for other classes of users (e.g., television broadcasting, government and military use, etc.).
Fortunately, satellites using different parts of the spectrum do not compete, so each of the 180 possible satellites could have several data streams going up and down simultaneously. Alternatively, two or more satellites could occupy one orbit slot if they operate at different frequencies.
To prevent total chaos in the sky, there have been international agreements about who may use which orbit slots and frequencies. The main commercial bands are listed in table below.
|Band||Frequencies||Downlink (GHz)||Uplink (GHz)||Problems|
|Ka||20/30||17.7-21.7||27.5-30.5||Rain, equipment cost|
The C band was the first to be designated for commercial satellite traffic. Two frequency ranges are assigned in it, the lower one for downlink traffic (from the satellite) and the upper one for uplink traffic (to the satellite). For a full-duplex connection one channel each way is required. These bands are already over-crowded because they are also used by the common carriers for terrestrial microwave links.
The next highest band available to commercial telecommunication carriers is the Ku band. This band is not yet congested, and at these frequencies satellites can be spaced as close as 1 degree. However, another problem exists: rain. Water is an excellent absorber of these short microwaves. Fortunately, heavy storms are usually localized, so by using several widely separated ground stations instead of just one, the problem can be circumvented at the price of extra antennas, extra cables, and extra electronics to switch rapidly between stations.
Bandwidth has also been allocated in the Ka band for commercial satellite traffic, but the equipment needed to use them is still expensive. In addition to these commercial bands, many government and military bands also exist.
A typical satellite has 12-20 transponders, each with a 36-50 MHz bandwidth. A 50-Mbps transponder can be used to encode a single 50-Mbps data stream, 800 64-kbps digital voice channels, or various other combinations. Furthermore, two transponders can use different polarizations of the signal, so they can use the same frequency range without interfering. In the earliest satellites, the division of the transponders into channels was static, by splitting the bandwidth up into fixed frequency bands (FDM). Nowadays, time division multiplexing is also used due to its greater flexibility.
The first satellites had a single spatial beam that illuminated the entire earth. With the enormous decline in the price, size, and power requirements of microelectronics, a much more sophisticated broadcasting strategy has become possible. Each satellite is equipped with multiple antennas and multiple transponders. Each downward beam can be focused on a small geographical area, so multiple upward and downward transmissions can take place simultaneously. These so-called spot beams are typically elliptically shaped, and can be as small as a few hundred km in diameter. For example: A communication satellite for the United States would typically have one wide beam for the contiguous 48 states, plus spot beams for Alaska and Hawaii, which are geographically away.
A new development in the communication satellite world is the development of low-cost micro-stations, sometimes called VSATs (Very Small Aperture Terminals). These tiny terminals have 1-meter antennas and can put out about 1 watt of power. The uplink is generally good for 19.2 kbps, but the downIink is more, often 512 kbps. In many VSAT systems, the micro-stations do not have enough power to communicate directly with one another (via the satellite). Instead, a special ground station, the hub, with a large, high-gain antenna is needed to relay traffic between VSATs, as shown in figure below. In this mode of operation, either the sender or the receiver has a large antenna and a powerful amplifier. The trade-off is a longer delay in return for having cheaper end-user stations.
Communication satellites have several properties that are radically different from terrestrial point-to-point links. To begin with, even though signals to and from a satellite travel at the speed of light (nearly 300,000 km/sec), the large round-trip distance introduces a substantial delay. Depending on the distance between the user and the ground station, and the elevation of the satellite above the horizon, the end-to-end transit time is between 250 and 300 msec. A typical value is 270 msec (540 msec for a VSAT system with a hub).
For comparison purposes, terrestrial microwave links have a propagation delay of roughly 3 µsec/km and coaxial cable or fiber optic links have a delay of approximately 5 µsec/km (electromagnetic signals travel faster in air than in solid materials).
Another important property of satellites is that they are inherently broadcast media. It does not cost more to send a message to thousands of stations within a transponders footprint than it does to one. For some applications, this property is very useful. Even when broadcasting can be simulated using point-to-point line, satellite broadcasting may be much cheaper. On the other hand, from a security and privacy point of view, satellites are a complete disaster - everybody can hear everything. Encryption is essential when security is required.
Satellites also have the property that the cost of transmitting a message is independent of the distance traversed. A call across the ocean costs no more to service than a call across the street. Satellites also have excellent error rates and can be deployed almost instantly, a major consideration for military communication.
For the first 30 years of the satellite era, low-orbit satellites were rarely used for communication because they zip into and out of view so quickly. In 1990, Motorola broke new ground by launching 66 low-orbit satellites for the Iridium project. The idea was that as soon as one satellite went out of view, another would replace it. This proposal set off a feeding frenzy among other communication companies. All of a sudden everyone wanted to launch a chain of low-orbit satellites. We will briefly describe the Iridium system here, but the others are similar.
The basic goal of Iridium is to provide worldwide telecommunication service using hand-held devices that communicate directly with the Iridium satellites. It provides voice, data, paging, fax, and navigation service everywhere on earth.
It uses ideas from cellular radio, but with a twist. Normally, the cells are fixed, but the users are mobile. Here, each satellite has a substantial number of spot beams that scan the earth as the satellite moves. Thus both the cells and the users are mobile in this system, but the handover techniques used for cellular radio are equally applicable to the case of the cell leaving the user as to the case of the user leaving the cell.
The satellites are to be positioned at an altitude of 750 km, in circular polar orbits. They would be arranged in north-south necklaces, with one satellite every 32 degrees of latitude. With six satellite necklaces, the entire earth would be covered as shown in figure (a) below.
Each satellite would have a maximum of 48 spot beams, with a total of 1628 cells over the surface of the earth, as shown in figure (b). Frequencies could be reused two cells away, as with conventional cellular radio. Each cell would have 174 full-duplex channels, for a total of 283,272 channels worldwide. Some of these would be for paging and navigation, which require hardly any bandwidth at all.
The uplinks and downlinks would operate in the L band, at 1.6 GHz, making it possible to communicate with a satellite using a small battery-powered device.
Messages received by one satellite but destined for a remote one would be relayed among the satellites in the Ka band. Sufficient bandwidth is available in outer space for the inter-satellite links. The limiting factor would be the uplink/ downlink segments. Motorola estimates that 200 MHz would be sufficient for the whole system.
The projected cost to the end user is about 3 dollars per minute. If this technology can provide universal service anywhere on earth for that price, it is unlikely that the project will die for lack of customers. Business and other travelers, who want to be in touch all the time, even in undeveloped areas, will sign up in droves.
A comparison between satellite communication and terrestrial communication is instructive. As recently as 40 years ago, a case could be made that the future of communication lay with communication satellites. After all, the telephone system had changed little in the past 100 years and showed no signs of changing in the next 100 years. This glacial movement was caused in no small part by the regulatory environment in which the telephone companies were expected to provide good voice service at reasonable prices (which they did), and in return got a guaranteed profit on their investment. For people with data to transmit, l200-bps modems were available. That was pretty much all there was.
The introduction of competition in 1984 in the United States and somewhat later in Europe changed all that radically. Telephone companies began replacing their long-haul networks with fiber and introduced high-bandwidth services like SMDS (Switched Multi megabit Data Service) and B-ISDN. They also stopped their long-time practice of charging artificially high prices to long-distance users to subsidize local service.
All of a sudden, terrestrial fiber connections looked like the long-term winner. Nevertheless, communication satellites have some major niche markets that fiber does not (and sometimes, cannot) address. We will now look at a few of these.
While a single fiber has, in principle, more potential bandwidth than all the satellites ever launched, this bandwidth is not available to most users. The fibers that were being installed 20 years back were used within the telephone system to handle many long distance calls at once, not to provide individual users with high bandwidth. Furthermore, few users even had access to a fiber channel because the trusty old twisted pair local loop was in the way. Calling up the local telephone company end office at 28.8 kbps will never give more bandwidth than 28.8 kbps, no matter how wide the intermediate link is. With satellites, it is practical for a user to erect an antenna on the roof of the building and completely bypass the telephone system. For many users, bypassing the local loop is a substantial motivation.
For users who (sometimes) need 40 or 50 Mbps, an option is leasing a (44.736 Mbps) T3 carrier. However, this is an expensive undertaking. If that bandwidth is only needed intermittently, SMDS may be a suitable solution, but it is not available everywhere, and satellite service is.
A second niche is for mobile communication. Many people nowadays want to communicate while jogging, driving, sailing, and flying. Terrestrial fiber optic links are of no use to them, but satellite links potentially are. It is possible, however, that a combination of cellular radio and fiber will do an adequate job for most users (but probably not for those airborne or at sea).
A third niche is for situations in which broadcasting is essential. A message sent by satellite can be received by thousands of ground stations at once. For example, an organization transmitting a stream of stock, bond, or commodity prices to thousands of dealers might find a satellite system much cheaper than simulating broadcasting on the ground.
A fourth niche is for communication in places with hostile terrain or a poorly developed terrestrial infrastructure. Indonesia, for example, has its own satellite for domestic telephone traffic. Launching one satellite was much easier than stringing thousands of undersea cables among all the islands in the archipelago.
A fifth niche market for satellites is where obtaining the right of way for laying fiber is difficult or unduly expensive.
Sixth, when rapid deployment is critical, as in military communication systems in time of war, satellites win easily.
In short, it looks like the mainstream communication of the future will be terrestrial fiber optics combined with cellular radio, but for some specialized uses, satellites are better. However, there is one thing that applies to all of this - economics. Although fiber offers more bandwidth, it is certainly possible that terrestrial and satellite communication will compete aggressively on price. If advances in technology radically reduce the cost of deploying a satellite (e.g., some future space shuttle can toss out dozens of satellites on one launch), or low-orbit satellites catch on, it is not certain that fiber will win in all markets.
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
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Rajeev Kumar is the primary author of How2Lab. He is a B.Tech. from IIT Kanpur with several years of experience in IT education and Software development. He has taught a wide spectrum of people including fresh young talents, students of premier engineering colleges & management institutes, and IT professionals.
Rajeev has founded Computer Solutions & Web Services Worldwide. He has hands-on experience of building variety of websites and business applications, that include - SaaS based erp & e-commerce systems, and cloud deployed operations management software for health-care, manufacturing and other industries.


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But How Does GPS Work?
The signal these satellites transmit are low power radio signals. Civilians use the L1 frequency and can receive a signal from GPS only via line of sight. While the signal will pass through clouds or lighter weight objects – buildings and mountains tend to get in the way.
As far as telecommunications go… GPS is hands down one of the coolest inventions since the telephone – both amazingly simply – and astoundingly elaborate in its construction.
Have you ever gotten mad at your GPS for not working right?
Garmin shares the most common reasons for GPS errors:
Factors that can degrade the GPS signal and thus affect accuracy include the following:
- Ionosphere and troposphere delays – The satellite signal slows as it passes through the atmosphere. The GPS system uses a built-in model that calculates an average amount of delay to partially correct for this type of error.
- Signal multipath – This occurs when the GPS signal is reflected off objects such as tall buildings or large rock surfaces before it reaches the receiver. This increases the travel time of the signal, thereby causing errors.
- Receiver clock errors – A receiver’s built-in clock is not as accurate as the atomic clocks onboard the GPS satellites. Therefore, it may have very slight timing errors.
- Orbital errors – Also known as ephemeris errors, these are inaccuracies of the satellite’s reported location.
- Number of satellites visible – The more satellites a GPS receiver can “see,” the better the accuracy. Buildings, terrain, electronic interference, or sometimes even dense foliage can block signal reception, causing position errors or possibly no position reading at all. GPS units typically will not work indoors, underwater or underground.
- Satellite geometry/shading – This refers to the relative position of the satellites at any given time. Ideal satellite geometry exists when the satellites are located at wide angles relative to each other. Poor geometry results when the satellites are located in a line or in a tight grouping.
- Intentional degradation of the satellite signal – Selective Availability (SA) is an intentional degradation of the signal once imposed by the U.S. Department of Defense. SA was intended to prevent military adversaries from using the highly accurate GPS signals. The government turned off SA in May 2000, which significantly improved the accuracy of civilian GPS receivers.


Roundup Press Publishing
Roundup Press specializes in publishing pictorial aviation history books. They cover the development of military and civilian aviation on the Alaska Highway, The Arctic, Denali (the glacier pilots), pioneering the US airmail, and the golden age of barnstorming. Some of these books include coverage of Russian and Canadian aviation.
Roundup Press Publishing is listed in the following categories:


Punjab University space scientist Javed Sami just confirmed that the strange, shiny object seen by a PIA pilot in the sky during a domestic flight earlier this week was not a UFO, but a lenticular cloud.
He explained that commercial pilots often observe such clouds. They are stationary clouds that often look like a lens or saucer.
Videos of the ‘UFO’ cloud had gone viral on social media earlier this week after a PIA pilot taking a flight from Karachi to Lahore reported a ‘rare sighting of a very shiny, saucer-shaped’ object he believed could be a UFO.
The space scientist from Punjab University said planes usually fly at an altitude of 37,000 feet. He said the PIA plane was at an altitude of 1,000 feet when the ‘UFO’ cloud was seen.
He said that if you take a picture of an object at a speed of 500 to 900 kilometers per hour, its shape will spread.


sapiens to homo stellae.
Why do people
dream of achieving Everest's summit? What makes the unknown
so attractive? Given all the problems we face, why do we invent
new ones to solve? Human nature: our babies are the ultimate
adventurers. They explore, they imagine, they poke and prod
at everything they can see and reach. And as soon as we could
see our neighboring planets, we too wished to reach them.
is the cradle of the mind, but we cannot live forever in a
(Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky [1857-1935],
father of astronautics. Kaluga, 1911, from a letter.)
on this page courtesy of NASA and the University of Washington.
recycle. Oddly enough, this mantra of environmental sustainability
also sums up the requirements for economically viable spaceflight:
reduce weight, re-use the rockets, vehicles, and tools, and recycle
the components. Innovations in materials science coupled with the
march of Moore's Law faster, smaller, cheaper, more interconnected
microprocessors will unlock the doors of space for scientists,
businesspeople, tourists, even students and their teachers. Especially
if the technological innovations can be combined with design enabling
"continuous intact abort capability" that is, the ability to
abort a flight safely at any point during the flight, and return home.
Then a safe path to space will truly be accessible to all.
Our first tours of Mars
will be on-line. A sash of satellites in orbit above Mars will relay
commands to sensor stations and robots on the Red Planet, and transmit
data and visuals back to Earth. The first node of a system-wide
"Interplanetary Internet," this communications network will allow
scientistis to explore via telepresence and teleoperation
and allow the rest of us to kibbitz. Based on the communications
protocols of our terrestrial Internet, the architecture will more
closely resemble a "network of Internets," in order to handle the
varying transmission times between moving planets. Initially, designers
will focus on security to prevent the "hacking" of Mars.
But in two decades, a popular coffeebreak pastime may well be pitting
one's reflexes against interplanetary lag times to control small
roving robots on Mars or the Moon.
By 2015, an entire silicon
ecology of robots could act as on-line tour guides on Olympus Mons,
or through Valles Marineris. The prototypes are already there: Pathfinder
and its mobile unit, Sojourner, as well as the Mars Global Surveyor.
But NASA has even more robots in the works, ready for launch over
the next decade. In 2003 NASA will launch twins: the identical Athena
geological rovers, building on the success of Sojourner. Space scientists
are also borrowing from nature to design autonomous, insect-like
robots that could be deployed in large numbers, and nanoscale information
sensors that could be dusted across the landscape.
Rovers, however, can
only rove so far. The subsequent generation of Mars explorers could
be airborne, and inflatable. NASA and students at MIT
are designing robotic airplanes and gliders to skim through the
valleys and canyons of Mars, and ride thermals over its mountains.
Hot air balloons, which would rise in the relative warmth of day
to land again at night, are also on the drawing boards. All these
designs rely on inflatable structures. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory's
"Gossamer Spacecraft Initiative" explores these uses as well as
designs for lightweight, inflatable telescopes, "ballutes" (balloon
parachutes) and light, inflatable heat shields.
NASA cancelled the X-33
spaceplane prototyping but continues its search for transportation
systems to carry people and equipment safely and reliably to orbit
as are over twenty private engineering teams. (see sidebar)
While spaceplanes like the Pan Am spaceplane seen in "2001" represent
one design path, we may one day simply take an elevator to orbit.
Tsiolkovsky and colleagues in Russia suggested "space towers" to
lift passengers and cargos out of Earth's gravity well, and Arthur
C. Clarke portrayed the idea in his novel, The Fountains of Paradise.
New high-tensile strength, self-healing composites and materials
will not only make our spaceplanes safer, but could make the idea
of a floating tether a cable dangling down, and stretching
out, from a "buoy" in orbit feasible. The lower docking station
would be suborbital, allowing simpler, lower-cost spaceplanes to
ferry people to the "elevator's" lowest point. Passengers would
then ride for several hours in large, comfortable gondolas up the
cable to a space station at mid-point. Interplanetary cargo would
continue up the cable to the high end, where it would be flung off
the cable at speeds exceeding escape velocity.
With weight one of the
biggest constraints in launch costs, designers are also using advanced
materials such as highly heat-resistant, featherweight carbon mesh
to make inflatable interplanetary and interstellar spacecraft, such
as solar sailers. Solar sailers will rely on the faint push of the
solar wind on carbon mesh sails miles wide to accelerate lightweight,
unmanned craft to speeds as high as ten percent of lightspeed. Scientists
are also working on solar sailors whose "sails" will simply be bubbles
of magnetic force. On the far edge of interstellar spacecraft design
are even more "breakthrough propulsion projects" -- theoretically
intriguing, but requiring revolutionary insights into physics and
the fabric of space-time. These include ideas to utilize "zero point
energy" essentially, the background buzz of the universe
to explore possible applications of black hole physics, to
understand the relationship between the electromagnetic spectrum
and gravity, and to theorize about warping the spacetime continuum.
Armstrong's boot hit
moondust on 20 July 1969. Thirty-three years later, we have not
yet visited any other planets. This is not a lack of technology,
but a lack of public and political will. Space exploration is expensive,
and, given real and serious problems here on Earth, less politically
aerodynamic than it was during the Cold War. Early NASA culture
had internalized the von Braun strategy for interplanetary exploration:
this assumed a monumental staged effort, stairstepping from large
infrastructure to large infrastructure build rockets, then
build a space station, next a Moonbase, and finally launch to Mars.
Obviously, the magnitude of this approach renders it astronomically
expensive. The manned Mars proposal Bush rejected so resoundingly
in 1989 featured $450 billion worth of expenses. The "smaller, faster,
cheaper" use of robotic exploration devices during the 1990s reflected
the resulting innovation of economic necessity.
An alternate strategy
for manned missions to Mars, called the "Mars Direct" approach,
was championed by Robert Zubrin in his 1996 book, The Case for Mars.
Taking lessons from history successful explorers lived off
the land it proposes unmanned flights to Mars in advance
of manned flights: first send robots to Mars to process fuel from
the immediate environment, to build habitats, and to land return
vehicles. Then send people. Could we mount a manned expedition by
2015? NASA estimates it will cost $50 billion, and does not wish
even to consider it until 2020. Yet on 5 July 2002, the Russians
suggested a $20 billion collaborative effort between NASA, ESA,
and themselves aimed at launching a manned mission by 2015.
We are curious; we are
adventurers, tool-creators, games players, problem-solvers, and
visionaries. When isolated and deprived of stimulus, we languish;
when in good company and free to explore, we thrive. The first person
to set foot on Mars has already been born: the rest of us must simply
commit to sending her.
"Komerex tel khesterex."
An old Klingon proverb: grow, or die.
("komerex," literally, ''the structure which grows'' [overtones
of "path,'" or even "Tao"]; and "khesterex," literally, "the structure
which dies." From John M. Ford, The Final Reflection.)
Internet Special Interest Group:
NASA Institute for Advanced Studies:
NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Projects:
"Warp Drive When?"
Assorted Mars links:
Explorer I, NASA's first Earth satellite, documented existence
of Van Allen radiation belts around Earth.
1969, the Eagle landed on the Moon.
1971, Mariner 9 orbited Mars and photographed it.
1973, Skylab launched.
1976, Voyagers I and II orbited and landed on Mars, giving
us the first surface photos.
1981, Space Shuttle's first mission, STS-1.
1990, Hubble Space Telescope launched.
1993, contact lost with Mars Orbserver, launched in 1992.
1996, Mars Global Surveyor lauanched.
1997, Mars Pathfinder lands on Mars on July 4, and releases
exploration robot Sojourner.
1998, Mars Global Surveyor achieves areosynchronous orbit,
begins mapping Mars.
1999, Mars Climate Orbiter, launched in 1998, fails to achieve
1999, Mars Polar Lander fails due to software error.
2001, International Space Station welcomes first residents.
2003, Mars Exploration Rover mission, featuring two flights
sending identical Athena geological sciences payloads to Mars,
2004, MER two-rover mission arrives on Mars.
2005, self-healing, evolvable on-board flight computers increase
system reliability and safety;
-- telecoms satellites "piggyback" on bi-annual Mars missions;
-- first Mars lander/rover missions with built-in terrestrial
2007, permanent robotic presence on Mars.
2015, proposed joint international manned mission to Mars.
2016, launch window for "fast transit" (130 days) to Mars.
2020, NASA's proposed horizon for a manned Mars mission.


Dead Letter Office
Cochran Air Force Base
Founded in 1941 as a United States Army supply depot and armory, Cochran Air Force base is located 25 miles northwest of Aragon, Indiana. During WWII it was expanded for use as an assembly plant for small aircraft, which function it fulfilled until 1987. It remains a general supply depot and armory for both the Air Force and the National Guard. It was at the time of the Event under development as a auxiliary command center for unmanned aircraft (drones) and training facility for drone pilots.
Following the Event, CAFB was utilized as a regional National Guard command center to combat the zombie incursion. After suffering heavy casualties around the southern Indiana region, all troops were recalled to the Base. Base personnel last received communication from outside the region two months ago, in the form of standing orders to hold the Base against incursion. Although the base had received refugees up to this point, following loss of national communication, local command closed the gates and fortified the area. An unknown number of civilian refugees remain inside the base with Air Force and National Guard personnel, but no one else has been admitted. A sizable encampment has formed outside the borders of the base, comprised of survivors hoping to be allowed access to the fortified camp. The Base includes this community within its regular patrols of the area, but provides no further support. There are rumors of growing unrest within the Base and in this refugee camp.


WASHINGTON (CNN) -- NASA announced Wednesday that a primitive form of microscopic life may have existed on Mars about 4 billion years ago.
A U.S. space probe is on its way to the red planet to try to start answering those and other questions about Mars. The Global Surveyor will map the entire Martian surface and is expected to produce a spectacular mosaic of the planet.
The Federation of American Scientists is a nonprofit, tax-exempt, 501c3 organization founded in 1945 as the Federation of Atomic Scientists. Our founders were members of the Manhattan Project, creators of the atom bomb and deeply concerned about the implications of its use for the future of humankind.
In 1997, Biospherics' President and CEO, Dr. Gilbert V. Levin, announced his new conclusion that his 1976 Viking Labeled Release (LR) life detection experiment found living microorganisms in the soil of Mars.
Objective application of the scientific process to 21 years of continued research and to new developments on Mars and Earth forced this conclusion. Of all the many hypotheses offered over the years to explain the LR Mars results, the only possibility fitting all the relevant data is that microbial life exists in the top layer of the Martian surface.
A team of scientists recently announced that they believe they have found evidence for ancient microbacterial life in a chunk of meteorite that came from the planet Mars. The startling news would be the first discovery of any form of life off the Earth. It could revolutionize our thoughts on the probability of life arising elsewhere in our solar system and the universe beyond, especially in the light of recent news about planetlike bodies detected around other stars.
A long and very technical page.
A long-standing debate over the possibility of present-day life on Mars was addressed by the Viking lander experiments in 1976. Although the results were generally interpreted to be negative for life in the tested surface soils, the possibility of life at other locations on Mars could not be ruled out (1). The Viking lander's mass spectrometry experiments failed to confirm the existence of organics for the martian surface samples analyzed. Furthermore, the Viking results contained no information on possible fossils. Another source of information about possible ancient martian life is the Shergotty-Nakhla-Chassigny (SNC) class of meteorites, which appear to have come to the Earth by impact events on Mars (2, 3). We have examined ALH84001, collected in Antarctica and recently recognized as a meteorite from Mars (4). Our objective was to look for signs of past (fossil) life within the pore space or secondary minerals of this martian meteorite. Our task is difficult because we only have a small piece of rock from Mars and we are searching for martian biomarkers on the basis of what we know about life on Earth. Therefore, if there is a martian biomarker, we may not be able to recognize it, unless it is similar to an earthly biomarker. Additionally, no information is available on the geologic context of this rock on Mars.
NASA scientists and engineers are testing new technologies using a K9 rover in a newly built Marscape test facility in preparation for future missions to Mars.
Testing is being conducted at NASA Ames Research Center in Californias Silicon Valley in a 3/4-acre Marscape that has been designed to resemble the terrain on Mars.
In 1996 NASA launched two missions to Mars. The Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft took off in November and reached the orbit of Mars on September 11, 1997 to begin an orbital mission that will provide detailed mapping and weather information. The Mars Pathfinder spacecraft blasted away in December and landed on the Red Planet on July 4, 1997. The micro-rover Sojourner has wandered its way around the Martian terrain, returning a wealth of new science data.


Aviation Maintenance Management by Harry A. Kinnison and Tariq Siddiqui
Aviation Maintenance Management is a comprehensive guide to managing aircraft maintenance programs, written by instructors from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. The book covers topics such as aircraft maintenance fundamentals, aviation safety, technical services, material support, oversight functions, and reliability standards. The book also explains how to comply with FAA regulations, minimize service interruptions, reduce maintenance costs, and improve quality assurance. The second edition of the book has been updated to reflect the latest changes and developments in the aviation industry.
The book is available in both print and digital formats. You can download the epub version of the book from the Internet Archive[^2^], or you can buy the print version from Google Books[^1^]. The book is suitable for students, instructors, managers, and professionals in the field of aviation maintenance.The book is divided into 19 chapters that cover various aspects of aviation maintenance management. The first chapter introduces the concept of maintenance and its importance for safety and efficiency. The second chapter traces the historical development of maintenance programs and their evolution over time. The third chapter defines the goals and objectives of maintenance programs and how they are measured. The fourth chapter reviews the certification requirements for aviation industry and FAA regulations. The fifth chapter discusses the documentation for maintenance activities and how to ensure accuracy and completeness. The sixth chapter describes the requirements for a maintenance program and how to design and implement it.
The next six chapters focus on the different functions and departments involved in aviation maintenance management. The seventh chapter explains the structure and roles of the maintenance and engineering organization. The eighth chapter covers the engineering function and its responsibilities for aircraft design, modification, analysis, and testing. The ninth chapter deals with the production and planning control function and its tasks for scheduling, forecasting, budgeting, and coordinating maintenance activities. The tenth chapter examines the technical publication function and its role in producing, updating, and distributing maintenance manuals and other documents. The eleventh chapter explores the technical training function and its role in providing education and certification for maintenance personnel. The twelfth chapter analyzes the aircraft maintenance management function and its role in overseeing, evaluating, and improving maintenance performance.
The next three chapters focus on the different types of maintenance activities and how to manage them effectively. The thirteenth chapter describes the line maintenance activities that are performed on a daily basis at airports or other locations. The fourteenth chapter describes the hangar maintenance activities that are performed periodically at maintenance bases or facilities. The fifteenth chapter describes the materiel support activities that are performed to provide parts, tools, equipment, and services for maintenance operations.
The last four chapters focus on the quality and safety aspects of aviation maintenance management. The sixteenth chapter explains the quality assurance function and its role in ensuring compliance with standards, regulations, and procedures. The seventeenth chapter explains the quality control function and its role in inspecting, testing, and verifying maintenance work. The eighteenth chapter explains the reliability function and its role in monitoring, analyzing, and improving maintenance performance. The nineteenth chapter explains the maintenance safety function and its role in preventing, reporting, and investigating accidents and incidents. aa16f39245


NASA declared that there are some planets beyond Saturn which are not known yet. In fact, NASA found one planet near SATURN which is approximately 100k miles away from SATURN. They named it PLANET X NIBIRU.
Its been scheduled by NASA that this will pass between JUPITAR and MARS on 21st December 2012. The main point behind the 21st Dec 2012 is that there is a danger that when this passes near the Earth on that scheduled date, it will release Asteriod which may hit the EARTH.
But fortunately, NASA and RUSSIA will launch a space shuttle equiped with NUCLEAR WEAPONS so that they can prevent that danger.
" As we know that, this incident will happen, but there is nothing to worry about. The world will end, but not in 2012. We still have several years to stay over here. We had researched everything and planned the cure of bad activities going to be happen."


With the aim to deal with challenges related to the siphoning of black money, the Central Board of Direct Taxes has said that India is in talks to sign collaborative jurisdictional agreements with three countries, being Singapore, Hong Kong and UAE.
Six satellites made in Singapore were successfully launched into space by the Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, which was carrying the satellites.
Infinity Optics Solutions, Singapore based company, has partnered with India’s leader in Iris Recognition Technology, Biomatiques Identification Solutions Pvt Ltd, to integrated Biometric Extended Depth-of-Field image capture (BEDoF) for Indian market.
Space scientists of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) are all set to launch six Singaporean Satellites on the eve of December 16 from its Sriharikota center.
The Airports Authority of India and operator of Singapore’s Changi Airport have entered into an agreement and the latter has become the first foreign company to manage Indian airports. Changi has been given contracts for Ahmedabad and Jaipur airports.
Six F-16 fighter aircraft from the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF) are taking part in a Joint Military Training (JMT) with four Su-30 fighter aircraft from the Indian Air Force (IAF) between Nov 12 to Dec 17.
India would “lend its strength to keep the seas safe, secure and free for the benefit of all”, the Prime Minister said delivering the 27th Singapore Lecture soon after his arrival on a two-day state visit.
Singapore has taken the place of Mauritius as the place of highest Foreign Direct Investment source into India.


In the late 1950's, after the then-Soviet Union launched the first earth satellite, Sputnik, the United States began a race into space. And in the early 1960's, President John F. Kennedy commited the U.S. to a Race to the Moon.
While Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gargarin was the first human being to orbit the Earth, U.S. Navy Commander Alan B.Shepard became the first U.S. astronaut in space, with his 15-minute sub-orbital flight.
From then on, through Project Mercury, Gemini and Apollo, the U.S. manned exploration of space was an exciting '60's adventure that, even through the turmoil of the late '60's, brought Americans together in a common, astounding goal---to land on the Moon.
Apollo 11, in 1969, celebrated the first manned lunar landing -- continuing into the early '70's with several more landings and the almost tragic Apollo 13.
The Apollo Program
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Plagiarism-free paper works at essay-writer.club are always one step ahead


AviaYacht Partners offers a customized and efficient service when searching for an aircraft for yourself or your client. AviaYacht Partners, we believe it should be a pleasure for you or your client to discover the right aircraft. We will assist you in finding the correct aircraft for purchase including photographs and a summary of each plane. We monitor details on aircraft including but not limited to detailed maintenance history, current due lists, modification status and more.
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Anna Lisa Balding praised the actions of the pilot when she and a small party, including trainer Richard Hannon, had a narrow escape after their light aircraft was involved in an incident with a stationary plane on the runway in the centre of the course at Haydock Park.
Conditions on the ground were rough when the plane attempted to land before racing. It clipped the wing of a smaller empty plane – one that had been used by Sir Michael Stoute and Ryan Moore – and skidded on the wet infield at the Merseyside venue.
Balding, wife of trainer Andrew Balding, expressed how frightening it had been and referenced the crash that involved Frankie Dettori in 2000 and tragically resulted in pilot Patrick Mackey losing his life.
She said: “Our pilot did an amazing job. We came in in really bad weather conditions. I don’t what happened, but I do know I saw my own life slip away from me very quickly, but we’re all alive and safe. I saw the Frankie moment a bit.
“I’m going home in the lorry. When you have a winner, you don’t mind how you get home.
“Andrew is on his way to Newcastle today. He’s running in the Great North Run tomorrow. He does it for a friend, who lost his child. He does it every year.”
Clerk of the course Kirkland Tellwright gave an account of what happened.
“The bigger plane coming in skidded on landing, apparently spun and clipped the smaller plane,” he said.
“No one was hurt, but neither plane will be flying today.”
Conditions meant Dettori himself was unable to make the journey north to ride James Garfield in the 32Red Sprint Cup.
He had been scheduled to fly in from Kempton after partnering the brilliant Enable to victory earlier in the afternoon.
“Frankie has been replaced. Richard Kingscote is riding the horse now,” said Tellwright.


Connection to the Alcântara Launch Center
The Alcântara Launch Center (CLA) is one of two rocket launch centers in Brazil, located in Maranhão, 32 kilometers from the capital São Luís, close to the equator. Inaugurated in 1983, and in operation since 1989, the site was designed with a structure capable of launching rockets, manned or not, and placing satellites in Earth orbit, in addition to sending astronauts on research missions.
RNP will connect the Alcântara Launch Center in São Luís (MA) to Fortaleza (CE), through a 22 km submarine cable, in addition to a 685 km terrestrial optical network. The high-speed connection will directly benefit researchers who depend on high data transmission capacity in the areas of astronomy, high-energy physics, aerospace engineering, climate and biodiversity, boosting scientific and technological development in the region.
terrestrial and submarine optical cables
of teaching and research served
Executive Engineering Project Planning
Hydrological survey of the submarine connection project
Assignment for operation and maintenance of partners
1st Quarter of 2023
Launch of the submarine cable between São Luís and Alcântara
2nd Quarter of 2023
Terrestrial network integrated to submarine cable in operation.


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This will allow the applicant to exercise the privileges of the permit or licence while the application is processed and the formal licence issued by Transport Canada.Aeroplane category licences may be endorsed for one of the following class ratings upon completion of the required training: An individual aircraft type rating is issued for aircraft not included in a blanket type rating.
For the initial issue of a Commercial or higher type licence, additional medical reports are required as specified in the CARs 424.In cases where proof of citizenship cannot be determined from the documents on file, an applicant will be required to provide such proof in the form of a statement from Citizenship and Immigration Canada.The following documents are acceptable as proof of citizenship: The medical standards for Civil Aviation Flight Crew Licences have been established in accordance with the International Standards and Recommended Practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization and are outlined in the 424.It is essential that the information recorded in Part A of the Medical Examination Report form be complete and accurate, specifically with respect to full name and date of birth.Discrepancies will be followed up and may result in delays in document issue.Application forms for Air traffic Controller and Aircraft Maintenance Engineer Licences may be obtained from Transport Canada Regional Offices.
Prior to the issue of a permit or licence, an application must be submitted and the following requirements met: An applicant's citizenship must be shown on his aviation personnel permit or licence and must therefore be determined prior to the first issue of the document.
lang=eng Applicants living outside of Canada may have the required flight crew medical examination conducted by either a designated CAME or by an Aviation Medical Examiner designated by the Licensing Authority of a Contracting State of ICAO.
In either case, the examination findings should be recorded on Transport Canada Medical Examination Report forms and the results forwarded to Transport Canada, Flight Crew Licensing, 330 Sparks St., 6th floor, Ottawa, Canada, K1N 0N8.
Medical fitness is normally established by means of a medical examination conducted by a Civil Aviation Medical Examiner (CAME) or in the case of an applicant for a Pilot Licence - Glider, Pilot Permit - Ultra-light Aeroplane or Pilot Permit - Recreational - Aeroplane, through completion of a Civil Aviation Medical Declaration.
The frequency of medical reports are determined by the age of the applicant and the type of licence being applied for.
Each type of gyroplane other than single seat gyroplanes. Experience obtained during training, employment or as a member of the armed forces may be credited towards the experience requirements for licence issue as per the .


Moon Landing Anniversary: One Giant Leap for Mankind
52 years ago on July 20th 1969, the first man stepped foot on the moon. Since then, space travel has advanced, but it’s rare to see a person in the seat of the ship. For example, it was the Soviet Union’s unmanned Luna 2 which made first contact with this satellite. In today’s blog we’ll talk about the race in space as well as the first in-person moon landing.
The Race in Space
The Space Race was a result of the Cold War — a period of tension between the Soviet Union, the United States, and their respective allies. Its origins lie in the missile-based nuclear arms race between these countries following World War II. This resulted in the launching of artificial satellites which thus lead to the develop of space probes and spaceflight.
- October 4, 1957. USSR launches first artificial satellite and receives first signals from space.
- November 3, 1957. USSR sends the first dog into orbit.
- December 18, 1958. US launches first communication satellite.
- January 4, 1959. USSR sees first human-made object in orbit.
- August 7, 1959. US takes first photograph of Earth from orbit.
- April 12, 1969. USSR has first human space flight with astronaut Yuri Gagarin.
- August 6, 1961. USSR’s first brewer mission lasts a full day.
- April 26, 1962. US is the first to impact the far side of the Moon.
- February 3, 1966. USSR takes the first photos from the moon with the first soft landing on another celestial body.
- July 20, 1969. US has the first human moon landing.
Following this incredible event, the US and USSR would continue to battle for space records. This included planet flybys, landing on mars, and leaving the solar system. The collapse of the Soviet Union resulted in the end of the Cold War and, thus, the end of the Space Race. Eventually tying up with the US and the newly founded Russian Federation agreeing to join forces on the Shuttle-Mir and International Space Station programs.
The Moon Landing
On the morning of July 16, astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins wait patiently atop the launcher at the Kennedy Space Centre. In just moments, they will be propelled in space, then the moon.
After orbiting the earth, Apollo 11 gets the go ahead to begin their journey to the moon. It takes 3 days for the the crew to reach lunar orbit. A day after that, Armstrong and Aldrin take a lunar module to reach the surface. Meanwhile, Collins orbits in the command module.
Landing in the named “Sea of Tranquility” their descent is anything but calm. The computer is sounding alarms but luckily it was a simple case of it trying to do too may things at once. With only 30 seconds of fuel remaining, they complete their moon landing.
Armstrong is the first to venture out. Climbing down the ladder he proclaims: “that’s one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.” Aldrin joins him then the two explore the surface — collecting samples and taking photos as they do. They leave behind an American flag, honouring the fallen Apollo 1 crew. Plus, a plaque on their module’s legs reading “Here men from the planet Earth first set foot upon the moon. July 1969 A.D. We came in peace for all mankind.”
The astronauts blast off and re-dock with Collins. July 24th the crew splash down off Hawaii. Men from Earth have walked on the moon and returned safely.


On Thursday Year 1 visited the Science museum to learn more about how astronauts travel into space!
We are reading 'Man on the Moon' in English and learning about Neil Armstrong in History, so our trip to the museum was really interesting for us.
We learned about people going into space and how they get there. Maria even got to dress in a space sleeping bag!
Afterwards we looked around the museum and found some rockets!
Year 4 News Blog
We'll post about what's happening in our class


Space:1999 was a British science fiction television show that ran for two seasons in 1975. It was created by Gerry&Sylvia Anderson and was their final production together. This was the first time a large scale weekly sci-fi TV series was attempted since the cancellation of Star Trek in 1969.
The show starts on September 13, 1999. Moonbase Alpha experiances a nuclear explosion that sends the moon and space station hurtling out of orbit and racing through space. Each week the 311 crew members left on the moon try to survive: aliens, black holes, and dwindling supplys.
Commander John Koenig(Martin Landua)
Dr. Helena Russel(Barbara Bain)
Chief Pilot Alan Carter(Nick Tate)
Sandra Benes(Zienia Merton)
Dr. Bob Mathias(Anton Phillips)
Professor Victor Bergman(Barry Morse)
Executive Officer Paul Morrow(Prentis Hancock)
David Kano(Clifton Jones)
Tony Verdeschi(Tony Anholt)
Mark IX Hawk


What I want to write about is #ashtag. As I listen, some middleman is on the radio moaning about not being able to fly in beans from Africa. Brilliant. While I have sympathy for those trapped overseas by lack of return flights, my long term view of the post peak oil future is much more optimistic. Technology will ride to the rescue, not by modifying jet engines but by eliminating the need for much air travel.
Life is looking up. Here's to Eyjafjallajoekull!


When I was a kid in the sixties, Mattel™ introduced a new action toy to take advantage of interest in the Apollo missions to the space, and eventual landing on the moon. Major Matt Mason was an astronaut action figure, who lived and worked on the moon. I spent many a Saturday afternoon playing with Major Mason, sending him off on daring space journeys. Being an astronaut was cool, and as far as I was concerned at seven years old, space was the place! Someday we’d all be traveling, if not living, there. Of course, I never would have made it past the entrance physical to become an astronaut,
But I’ve held on to my fascination with space, living out my fantasy from the safety of my living room armchair. In the last few years I’ve read a few books on space travel. My conclusion: Astronauts went to the moon, so you don’t have to. I suppose there’s nothing wrong with a filthy-rich bastard like Richard Branson or Larry Ellison blowing money going into space; as for me, if I were that wealthy, I could find better, safer ways to spend my money.
My Major Matt Mason toy is long gone, his space-suit sheathed arm, abused from too much twisting, fractured, thus revealing the bendable wire that was his skeleton. Of course, had he been a real astronaut, a tear in his suit would have meant almost certain death, and, since I had lost his helmet, he was a goner long before the space suit accident. But a torn space suit is just one of many ways to die in space; it is amazing our space services have had as few accidents as they have had. Trust me, space travel is just not worth it. Maybe you can afford to travel to space, but wouldn’t you prefer to just buy a fancy boat like Paul Allen instead?
But if you need further convincing, here are some great space books to add to that stack by your bedside:
- Packing for Mars: The Curious Science of Life in the Void by Mary Roach. Hilarious examination of all the pitfalls and perils of getting ready for, and going into, outer space. Her description of drinking her own recycled urine is enough to convince you that being an astronaut is just not that much fun.
- Out of Orbit: The Incredible True Story of Three Astronauts Who Were Hundreds of Miles Above Earth When They Lost Their Ride Home by Chris Jones. After the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated in a fiery descent, spreading debris across Texas and Louisiana, three astronauts remained in orbit in the International Space Station, with no way to return to Earth. This is the story of their rescue.
- Apollo 13 by Jeffrey Kluger and James Lovell. Formerly published under the title Lost Moon, this is the book that inspired the fantastic Ron Howard movie Apollo 13. James Lovell tells a first-hand account of the failed Apollo mission to the moon, and the heroic engineering improvisation that made the astronauts safe return to Earth possible. The gruesome possibility of the Apollo 13 craft becoming a macabre permanent satellite of the Earth haunts me.
- Rocket Men: The Epic Story of the First Men on the Moon by Craig Nelson. The story of Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin’s Apollo 11 moon landing, arguably the zenith of American space travel successes. Yet, while the story is a heroic victory for American ingenuity, it could easily have been a disaster. Were you aware that Armstrong almost ran out of fuel trying to find a safe place to land the lunar lander? Had he been unable to find a safe spot, Apollo 11 would be remembered as a tragedy, not the iconic moment in American post-war history that we know it as today.
If these for books have convinced you as they’ve convince me to forget about space travel, it is just safer to stay at home, perhaps a book about astronomy would be more to your liking. You can explore the heavens right from your favorite comfy armchair, through the writing of Caltech astronomer Mike Brown, in his wonderfully titled book How I Killed Pluto and Why It Had It Coming. Brown carefully lays out the argument explaining why our much-beloved former ninth planet shouldn’t really count as a planet, following evidence from the latest advanced astronomical instruments to arrive at his conclusion that Pluto is not a planet. It was a courageous conclusion met by some skepticism but ultimately accepted by astronomers. He didn’t risk his life as the astronauts did, but it was a risky opinion from a relatively young astronomer. Be sure to check out Brown’s web site, a “quasi-weekly column from astronomer Mike Brown on space and science…”
But, if I haven’t convinced you to cancel your tickets with Virgin Galactic, or if you just want to relive a young person’s joy and excitement about space, be sure to read Homer Hickam’s charming memoir October Sky. First published under the title Rocket Boys, Hickam shares the story of his early life in Coalwood, West Virginia, and his fascination with Sputnik and America’s race to beat the Soviets to the Moon. Hickam reveals the desperation and poverty of his home in Coalwood, as well as the strength of character and patriotism his humble beginnings inspired, in an authentic voice that brings to life a more innocent time in our country. October Sky is a wonderful book , and it inspired a wonderful movie directed by Joe Johnston, starring Jake Gyllenhaal, Chris Cooper, and Laura Dern. I highly recommend this book for kids, especially young adults, who may have an interest in science or engineering.
What about you? Read any good non-fiction books about space travel? How about believable fiction? I’d love to here from you, so please comment!