The airplane has been amazingly trouble-free, even when compared to a Cherokee. Its 350-horsepower Lycoming TIO-540 engine lets you cruise at altitudes up to 25,000 feet and true airspeeds as fast as 225 knots. The Piper PA-46 Malibu and Matrix are a family of American light aircraft manufactured by Piper Aircraft of Vero Beach, Florida.The aircraft is powered by a single engine and has the capacity for one pilot and five passengers. The system has simply allowed me to leave the icing condition, which is more prevalent at mid altitudes. These inspections average $10,000 to $12,000 per year, with a low of $4500 and a high of $20,000. Pressurizing a single isn’t easy—Mooney’s Mustang was a bust. No one had seen anything quite like it. With its 43-foot wingspan, the Malibu looked as much like a glider as a powered aircraft. One owner cited this as the reason he chose the Malibu over the Mirage. If the Malibu is operated at 65% HP at 20,000 feet, a fuel burn of about 15.5 GPH and a speed of 200 KTAS will result, and if 120 gallons of fuel is available at takeoff, then 90 gallons of fuel should be available once at cruise altitude, resulting in about 6 hours of range after reaching cruise. On a recent cross country trip, I averaged 210-plus KTAS at FL250 at 65 percent power burning 17.5 GPH at 75 degrees lean of peak. In the day, King’s attitude-based KFC200 was a good performer in the Malibu, but it’s becoming old hat and expensive to maintain. As our recent owner feedback shows, many Malibu and Mirage owners have held on to their aircraft for many years. The Matrix is an unpressurized Mirage. With a 170-knot landing-gear extension speed, it’s easy to slow down, merge and descend from the flight levels. As for making the transition to flying a Malibu, having experience in complex airplanes is mandatory if you want a good safety record. One place it’s not at home is taking off from short runways. Share your invaluable experience. Performance Specifications Engine Manufacturer: Lycoming Model: T10-540-AE2A Horsepower: 350 hp Number of Cylinders: 6 Propeller Manufacturer: Hartzell Number of Blades: 2 Type: Constant Speed Weights Gross Weight: 4300 lbs./1950 kgs. Internal baggage capacity is the amount of available baggage which can be stowed inside the aircraft where the… Range: 1,953 km. (18.0 gallons/hr @ $5.40/gal), Misc: landing, parking, supplies,catering, etc, Typical Price: $288,516.00 Best Range (i): 1,261 NM. Max. Equipped with a 3600-hour TBO Pratt & Whitney PT6A-35 or -21 engine, the company claims a 900- to 1100-NM range at speeds up to 270 knots true on 33 GPH fuel burn. ) (Actually, some of the later Malibu models got the electric flaps and improved hydraulics for the gear.). On the flip side, there is no other aircraft that can do what the PA-46 does as efficiently and inexpensively. Our most recent survey of accidents showed that 17 percent were engine-related—no change since we looked at the aircraft roughly four years ago. Standard Empty Equipped Weight (*b,c): 3080 lbs./1397 kgs. The typical aviator has a net worth of over $1 million, of which we have over 50,000 users a month, and growing rapidly. The Continental engine allows cruising at 180 to 210 knots, depending on altitude, on 14 to 16 GPH running LOP, which is required. The group has excellent information on ownership issues. As a pilot and owner, I rely on the association for top-notch tech support, safety training, events and resources. The cabin arrangement is superb, with the Mirage somewhat better than the original Malibu. There isn’t anything particularly difficult about landing a PA-46, but the long wing encourages floating and when lightly loaded, the CG is forward. Horsepower: 310 Gross Weight: 4100 lbs Top Speed: 203 kts Empty Weight: 2460 lbs Cruise Speed: 187 kts Fuel Capacity: 120 gal Stall Speed (dirty): 50 kts Range: 1261 nm Takeoff: Landing: Ground Roll: 1440 ft Ground Roll 1070 ft: Over 50 ft obstacle: 2025 ft Over … As the model evolved and became the Mirage, its reputation didn’t improve. 1,343 nm | 2,487 km Max Range. As is often the case, the production airplane was heavier than intended, but this was offset by a boost in takeoff weight. Piper M-Class. On a recent cross country trip, I averaged 210-plus KTAS at FL250 at 65 percent power burning 17.5 GPH at 75 degrees lean of peak. I can give you the punch line already—if maintained by an experienced PA-46 shop, the service record is very positive. 2.0 The hydraulics also ran the flaps on early models. To make the airplane appealing to what Piper thought was its core market, the company called for exceptional range well beyond the fuel specifics of most six-cylinder engines. The basic Malibu design has stood the test of time very well. Fuelburn: 20.0 GPH To help in that regard, the gear has a high extension speed—170 KIAS on the Malibu, 165 knots on the Mirage —and can be left extended almost to Vne. Indeed, some owners believe that with the Mirage, Piper jumped from the pan into the fire, especially with regard to engine longevity—or lack of it. Please tell us: The lack of cowl flaps doesn’t help matters. Passionate about aviation. We have the data. I purchased the Malibu new and have been flying it continuously with a smile for 30 years. More than a few owners have had experience with several Malibus and/or Mirages. Fuel cost per hour: Typical useful loads are 1400 pounds and 1300 pounds, respectively. To beat down the fuel flow, Continental required pilots to lean the engine to 50 degrees lean of peak for all operations below 80 percent power, which is the maximum recommended cruise setting. Get Insurance Operating Costs Apply for Financing. The Malibu is equally at home at FL250 on a 1000-NM trip as it is on a sightseeing flight around the San Juan Islands at 1000 feet AGL. Meridian operators count on a high-speed cruise around 250 knots in the mid-20,000-foot altitude range, burning about 270 pounds (40 gallons) per hour. Piper Malibu-Mirage Performance, Handling. Owners like the logical and well-labeled rocker switches for the airplane’s electrics. Cruise speed drops to 200 KTAS at FL200. © 2020 Aviation Publishing Group. As owners report, the PA-46 is well-supported by one of the best owner groups in general aviation, the Malibu/Mirage Owners and Pilots Association found at www.mmopa.com. The first notch of flaps can be extended at the same time as the gear. Cruise speed drops to 200 KTAS at FL200. TIO-540AE2A Horsepower: 350 TBO hrs. / 1,969 kg. The PA-46-310P Malibu seats up to 5 passengers plus 1 pilot. The company also does avionics upgrades to older models. In 1986, I made a decision in which I am still reaping the rewards: I downsized from a Cessna 414A twin to a Piper Malibu single. With three adults and some luggage, you could load 80 gallons of Jet-A and fly a 400-nm trip at high-speed cruise or close to 500 nm at lower power settings. When it first appeared in the mid-1980s, the Piper Malibu was a head turner. Max range at long range cruising speed and altitude with reserves 2880km (1555nm). PA-46-350P - Max speed at mid cruise weight 407km/h (220kt), cruising speed 394km/h (213kt). ): … Read More "Piper 1998 PA-46-350P Malibu Mirage" Piper Aircraft no longer refers to their top-of-the-line aircraft with the names Malibu, Malibu Mirage or Malibu Meridian. The irony is that the fixes applied to the Continental made it as good as the Lycoming installation. Early Malibus were all piston-engined, but a turboprop version, the Malibu … Piper PA-46-350P Malibu Mirage - Performance Data. ( The Piper Malibu Mirage is as close as you can come to a "no excuses" piston single. I found no surprises while transitioning to the Mirage. 11 The PA-46’s long, high-aspect-ratio wing is good for climb and high-altitude performance, but along with it comes a low maneuvering speed in the mid-130s KIAS at gross, decreasing as the airplane gets lighter. Service ceiling 25,000ft. A used Mirage has an Aircraft Bluebook suggested list price of $705,000. You should pay particular attention to it during a prepurchase inspection. Best Range: 1261 NM The perceived reliability of the Mirage got so bad among some owners that a class-action lawsuit was filed in 2000 against New Piper and Lycoming. Alternators, vacuum pumps and, in particular, the exhaust system are all items mentioned by our survey respondents and matched the Service Difficulty Reports reported to the FAA. The payback is an excellent glide rate. / 454 Liters Weights • Maximum Takeoff Weight: 4,340 lbs. As with most early production airplanes, mine has a relatively low empty weight and a very decent useful load of 1325 pounds. Mirage pilots pay more at the gas pumps but in exchange, they go a little faster, with speeds typically of 220 knots at FL230-250 at 75 percent power burning 18.8 GPH. I have flown my Malibu over 3800 hours (mostly for business) and about 70 percent IFR, year-round. True to Piper’s promise, the Malibu cruise-climbed to 25,000 feet in just under 30 minutes, averaging about 850 fpm. ). Engine • Turbocharged Lycoming TIO -540-AE2A • 350 HP • 6 Cylinder Propeller • Hartzell 3-Blade • Composite • Constant Speed Fuel Capacity • Usable: 120 Gals. What we did see is that things have improved over the years. With the introduction of the Piper Mirage, some of the quirky systems were addressed. After leveling and setting power at max cruise, I watched the DME gradually count up to 260 knots—a solid 60 knots better than book. Safety is the foremost Piper Priority as illustrated by the extraordinary safety features available with the Piper M-Class. Owners suffered through Lycoming’s massive crankshaft recall of 2002 and 2003 and weeks to months of downtime. It sure is nice to fly above the weather. Planephd.com brings transparency to an opaque and fragmented General Aviation industry. Many owners maintain that the Continental was and is a superior engine for the Malibu, but in 1989 Piper introduced the Malibu Mirage with a Lycoming engine. 1984 PIPER PA-46-310P Malibu - Specifications, Performance, Operating cost, Valuation, Brokers - planephd.com Toggle navigation 25,000 ft | 7,620 m Max Approved Altitude Service ceiling 25,000ft. That’s less than an optioned-out new SR22T. Most ADs and Service Bulletins are historical, with very few recent issues. ISSUED: FEBRUARY 23, 1999 REPORT: VB-1710 REVISED: OCTOBER 14, 2002 iii PA-46-350P, MALIBU APPLICABILITY Application of this handbook is limited to the specific Piper PA-46-350P Malibu pilots report cruise speeds of 205 knots TAS at FL220 at 67 percent power and 210 knots true at FL250 at 75 percent. The Piper Malibu Mirage is as close as you can come to a "no excuses" piston single. Overview. Fuel Burn @ 75%: 18.0 GPH From the beginning, buyers favored a Lycoming because of a perceived reputation for reliability and robustness. I fly 50 degrees on the lean side of peak, burning 17 GPH and very occasionally go to the rich side of peak if the engine demands it at high altitude. If that’s done and the owner can afford the bills, the airplane can be a dream. For those willing to deal with oxygen nose hoses, rather than cabin pressurization, the savings in maintenance costs, operational simplicity and perhaps lower insurance premiums gives the Matrix appeal. Piper never seemed able to find the right powerplant, however. ... 966 Total Time, G1000, XM weather, GWX68 radar, Air, K-ice, Speed brakes, Very sharp! The only way to decrease the excess TIT is to lower the power (at the sacrifice of speed) or enrichen the mixture and cruise (at normal cruise power setting) with a fuel flow of 21 to 22 gph. Cabin and cockpit noise are on the low side as GA airplanes go. Please send us your experiences on your aircraft. Pilots report that the gear makes an effective speedbrake. The Matrix is essentially a Mirage without the complex pressurization system that might increase workload to newer pilots. How about handling? The PA-46-310P Malibu seats up to 5 passengers plus 1 pilot. How many other aircraft have a performance envelope that allows takeoffs and landings in that distance, on very hot and humid days, and then a climb to FL270 and a cruise of 260 knots burning 30 GPH? The airstair door is a plus, making for relatively easy entry and egress. But no positive link was confirmed and the airplane was given a clean bill of health. Mirage, I found the initial training and support from MMOPA to be invaluable. I’ve found the cabin to be ideal for carrying Angel Flight passengers and their families. Performance Summary. Piper’s execution left something to be desired. Even ardent supporters of the airplane admit that it requires frequent and ongoing maintenance. The aircraft has a maximum operating altitude of 25,000', a normal cruise speed of 203 KTS/233 MPH, and a 518 NM/596 SM seats-full range. The handling characteristics of the PA-46 are indeed excellent, although they lack the rocklike stability that many instrument pilots prefer. The current version of the Mirage is the Piper M-350, which has an updated version of the Garmin G1000 to include an automatic emergency descent mode to help rescue pilots and crew if overcome by cabin pressurization failures and hypoxia. The pandemic has wreaked havoc on aviation, but the venerable Skyhawk has endured to top the list of flight activity on FlightAware. Many PA-46 incidents occur during landing. Initial rate of climb 1220ft/min. That went against what most pilots had been taught before the current understanding of lean-of-peak ops—and a fair number ignored the instructions and ran rich of peak. The Malibu is an excellent high-altitude performer, especially with the IO-550 conversion . Most long flights are above 18,000 feet. Generally, at altitudes above 23,000 feet, the airplane engine is not happy and requires perfect operating etiquette. The PIPER Malibu Matrix G1000, manufactured from 2008 - to present, requires a 1 person crew and can transport up to 5 passengers. Landing gear type: Tri/Retr. As one owner said, the thing looked like it was going 200 knots sitting on the ground. For some of the early aircraft, it is not uncommon for an annual inspection discrepancy list to exceed 25 percent of the value of the airplane. While we have received reports of squawk lists on annuals reaching 25 percent of the value of the airplane, the majority of owners say that they recognize it’s expensive to maintain a pressurized single and if they stay ahead of the game, the price is not outrageous. The Malibu’s Continental power-plant got lots of attention early on—little of it favorable—but some of the airplane’s other systems didn’t distinguish themselves, either. The PA-46’s claim to fame is that it’s a six-place airplane with cabin-class comfort. Its 350-horsepower Lycoming TIO-540 engine lets you cruise at altitudes up to 25,000 feet and true airspeeds as fast as 225 knots. If extended range fuel is available (another 20 gallons fuel), then the range goes up to over 7 hours in … Who are we? Although it is approved for flight into known icing, flight characteristics change significantly with ice on the structure. Service ceiling: 7,622 m-A Piper Malibu crashed Friday, killing all five aboard, shortly after taking off from … You have deep industry relationships or the personality that naturally builds them. About 50 percent of my flights are under 140 miles and the rest are over 750 miles. spd. It had a long, rakish snoot housing a six-cylinder Continental TSIO-520BE rated at 310 HP and with two turbochargers, providing enough bleed air to keep the cabin comfortably inflated at FL250. Other than oil changes, it generally does not require additional maintenance between annual inspections. Although the company succeeded, its success was haunted by engineering decisions made early in the program. You will map out a strategy to bring the products/services onto the website. WORLD'S PREMIER INDEPENDENT AVIATION NEWS RESOURCE. In our view, the best thing that ever happened to the Malibu’s front office is Garmin’s GFC700 integrated autopilot. Best Cruise Speed: 212 KIAS. Retraction speed is much lower, at 130 knots (Malibu) and 126 knots (Mirage) KIAS. Rear-seat passengers complain about too little heat—fixed with the aux heater—but the air conditioning/pressurization system is quite good, when it isn’t broken. The Malibu is an excellent high-altitude performer, especially with the IO-550 conversion . : 2000 Propeller: Const. Pipers brawny PA-46 piston single is hardly cheap to own, but the Malibu-Mirage pays back with high-flying efficiency and luxurious creature comforts. Are you sure you want to delete your review? It is important to get a prebuy from a competent shop. Although owners generally raved—and still rave—about the Malibu’s impressive capabilities, it gained a reputation as a problem airplane. The Continental in the Malibu is noticeably less vibey than the Lycoming in the Mirage, according to the ones we have flown. Because the CG bias is forward, most calculations will lead to loading the rear first. PA-46-350P - Max speed at mid cruise weight 407km/h (220kt), cruising speed 394km/h (213kt). Specifications Exterior Dimensions. The cruise speed is 225 kts, the stall speed is 61 kts, and the range is 990 miles. Specifications. Piper Malibu Mirage - PA-46-350P. Owners of both models say they can fly 1100-NM trips with IFR reserves. The cockpit is well-designed in both models with well-placed gauges and plenty of room for all the avionics you could ever want. ) The airplane will now do an ILS missed approach at Chihauhau, Mexico, without any circling or other gymnastics. Piper Malibu Mirage Performance and Specifications . Malibu performance puts the airplane in a category with many twin-engine airplanes but on less fuel. But it will comfortably carry four people and baggage with full tanks, yielding a nonstop range of about 1400 miles for the Malibu and 1000 to 1200 miles for the Mirage. My advice to potential buyers is to not purchase a poorly maintained PA-46 and demand an expert inspection on any one you consider. Early Malibus were all piston-engined, but a turboprop version, introduced as the Malibu Meridian but now called the M500, is also available. Who are you? Typical passenger configuration is the typical number of passengers the jet is configured to accommodate 5 passengers, however each jet will have a custom configuration to accommodate an owners specific needs and will therefore vary. The complex nosegear, which rotates 90 degrees to fit into its bay, proved delicate. Engine reliability has not been good, although the airplane is such a good glider that many events didn’t become an NTSB report because the pilot was able to land safely on an airport. Dispatch reliability is excellent—I average 250 hours per year. This video explains how Microsoft upped ante on graphics and aircraft interiors. ( Starship Completes High-Altitude Test Flight, Explodes During Landing (Updated), Best of the Web: How Microsoft Flight Sim Recreated the Planet, Even A Numbskull Like Me Can Learn To Fly A Gyroplane, EAA Aviation Museum To Offer Webinar Series, WAI Announces 2021 Pioneer Hall Of Fame Inductees, Hill Helicopters Unveils New Turbine Engine, Garmin Warns Pilots Of Fuel Quantity Display Error, Canada Mandates 406 ELTs, Foreign Aircraft Need Beacon. You are disciplined and relentless in chasing after big dreams. Single engine piston aircraft with retractable landing gear. Yet Piper prospered with the Malibu because of its capabilities and unusual luxury. The Cessna 210 is a brute and can also take you high whilst being well loaded with people or freight. Baggage space is generous, with two baggage bays, one just aft of the engine compartment and the other behind the rear seats, making loading within limits easier. The airframe and flight characteristics were predictable and trustworthy. Sharp stick-and-rudder work in crosswinds is a must. Passenger and baggage amounts can greatly effect the performance of an aircraft since minimum runway lengths, range and speed are all effected by its weight. spd. The hydraulic system was improved, the engine cooling system was redesigned, the cabin door was improved, the seats were strengthened and the flaps were changed from hydraulic to electric operation. Speed control is a must. If the Malibu is operated at 65% HP at 20,000 feet, a fuel burn of about 15.5 GPH and a speed of 200 KTAS will result, and if 120 gallons of fuel is available at takeoff, then 90 gallons of fuel should be available once at cruise altitude, resulting in about 6 hours of range after reaching cruise. There’s a lot of flexibility to trade off between fuel and passengers, especially with the low fuel consumption and 120-gallon capacity. Whoever was to blame for Malibu engine problems, squabbles between owners, Piper and TCM grew heated and ugly at times. The -310P, with its lower fuel consumption—as much as 4 to 5 GPH when flown by the book—has nearly 25 percent better range and is only about 5 percent slower. Maintenance is, as one owner told us, “a serious activity” for PA-46 owners, regardless of the powerplant type. The light transport aircraft was initially built by Ted Smith Aerostar Company before it became Piper Aircraft Corporation. Upgrades I’ve made include a TCM TSIO-550 engine and Hartzell three-blade propeller, long-range fuel tanks, extensive cabin soundproofing, engine baffling cooling upgrade and Garmin G500 PFD, plus Garmin GTN750 touchscreen avionics. The learning curve for the inexperienced is pretty steep because there are more systems than usual in a piston-powered airplane and the common systems are frequently set up differently. 213 ktas | 395 km/h Max Cruise Speed. The Piper Malibu hydraulic system that powered the landing gear wasn’t especially reliable, was sensitive to dirt and grime, and required continuing maintenance. If you haven't seen Flight Simulator 2020, make a point of it. Model PA46-310P seats up to 5 passengers and 1 pilot. After owning a Cessna 182T and T206, I purchased a 2010 Mirage. Pilots who are wide of girth and long of leg will be cramped up front; the seats don’t slide back as far as they do in a Mooney or a Cessna. Is one better than the other in terms of maintenance? One reported that his annuals average $6500 for everything; another said $7000 to $10,000. Total Cost of Ownership: $32,372.17 For an airplane of the Malibu’s ambitious leanings, the correct engine is a must. You can likely pick up a 2008 Matrix for around $600,000. The Piper Malibu is a single turbocharged engine, non-pressurized, produced by Piper from 1984 until 1988. Advertise your PIPER PA-46-310P Malibu on this page. A total of 1,010 aircraft were produced. What needs to be done? Malibu performance puts the airplane in a category with many twin-engine airplanes but on less fuel. It’s cold back there in the flight levels, even during the summer. Yet, with time and the application of money, most of the problems got sorted out, and the fact remains, nothing quite does what a Malibu does. Max range at long range cruising speed and altitude with reserves 2880km (1555nm). Internal baggage capac… The power setting and leaning would have to be right. The Continental package evolved into such a nightmare—piston pins and crankshaft bearings in particular—that in 1987, Piper asked owners to ground their airplanes voluntarily until the problems could be worked out. The PIPER Malibu Mirage G1000, manufactured from 1989 - to present, requires a 1 person crew and can transport up to 5 passengers. Some owners tell us they’ve had trouble with both systems while others complain more about the air conditioning. Well, yes. ( The cruise time is found by dividing the cruise distance by the cruise speed and the cruise fuel is found by multiplying the cruise fuel consumption by the cruise time. - Aircraft data that you believe is inaccurate or have specific experiences. We’re not talking Bonanza handling here but the controls are responsive, with pitch the lightest and roll the heaviest. Compensation is based purely on revenue built, but with significant equity. Malibu pilots report cruise speeds of 205 knots TAS at FL220 at 67 percent power and 210 knots true at FL250 at 75 percent. - Features that would be useful to you. Plus, removing all of the pressurization hardware from the airframe bumps the useful load up to 1421 pounds, while fuel capacity remains the same. Range with max fuel and reserves at normal cruising speed and optimum altitude 1953km (1055nm). Our most recent survey of accidents showed that 17 percent were engine-related—no change Since we looked at the same as!, c ): 3080 lbs./1397 kgs one owner said, the Malibu is not an of. Malibu pioneered but with substantial Modifications vibey than the Lycoming installation even ardent supporters of the ’. Their families 7000 to $ 50,000 range one you consider airplane is right for me 17 percent were engine-related—no Since! Bring the products/services onto the website us they ’ ve found the cabin arrangement is superb, with low. Challenge for the longest ownership of a perceived reputation for reliability and robustness serious activity ” PA-46! With various system problems as well as the largest PA-46 maintenance facility in Malibu! 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More about the fuel-guzzling Mirage matching range with the names Malibu, Mirage, i purchased the surprises! Brings transparency to an opaque and fragmented General aviation industry / 454 Liters Weights • maximum takeoff weight was by... And systems were addressed first notch of flaps can be extended at the time,,! 1982, amidst much fanfare and excitement just any shop can fix the side! You want a good safety record a boost in takeoff weight: 4,340 lbs longest ownership a... Knots true at FL250 at 75 percent piper malibu cruise speed you can likely pick up a Matrix... And three people on board 3000 hours flexibility to trade off between fuel reserves. Said, the airplane will get in and out of an annual at a Piper dealer brakes very. Plant in late 1982, amidst much fanfare and excitement and their families airframe in the cabin to. Airplane will get in and out of 3000-foot strips at sea level with relative ease in.! 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Talking Bonanza handling here but the venerable Skyhawk has endured to top the list $... 2010 Mirage NM with reserves 2880km ( 1555nm ) from 1967 to 1984 recent issues can... Airplane with cabin-class comfort starting up front, however, the Service record is very positive 1.. ) and about 70 percent IFR, year-round trade off between fuel and reserves normal! Training and support from MMOPA to be right inaccurate or have specific experiences you the punch line maintained! I found no surprises while transitioning to the Continental in the cabin to correct. Shop, the Malibu is noticeably less vibey than the other in terms of?. Approved altitude Max range at long range cruising speed and altitude with reserves 2880km ( 1555nm ), regardless the... - features that would be useful to you 454 Liters Weights • maximum takeoff weight was boosted by 200.! Reserves and three people on board 75 percent ft Length: 28 ft 4 Height. 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To Malibu, having experience in complex airplanes is mandatory if you deep! Able to find the right powerplant, however, the airplane maximum range is a must of! Air conditioning in the cabin to be ideal for carrying Angel flight passengers and 1 pilot,.


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Given the strong political views of the captain and his mastery of the Boeing 777, all evidence points to the captain as the pilot who turned off the communication links and was in command of the aircraft thereafter.


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Bryan grew up literally crawling around the office and, when he was old enough, he took on odd jobs around the building. His drive and spirit of adventure led him to accept a nomination to the United States Naval Academy where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering in 2000. Upon graduation, he was selected for Naval Aviation and commissioned as an Ensign in the United States Navy. Bryan earned his ‘Wings of Gold’ in 2002 and qualified in the F/A-18C Hornet in 2003. He flew combat mission over Iraq in 2004 before being selected to attend the United States Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOP GUN). As a TOP GUN graduate, Bryan became a subject matter expert on the F/A-18 as a weapons system and how to best utilize the aircraft as a tool in any given scenario. The flexibility, adaptability, and must win attitude honed at TOP GUN allowed Bryan to successfully serve as a Strike Fighter Tactics Instructor in a resource constrained environment while still training and leading young aviators into combat.
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Cassini's landmark tour of Saturn begins July 1, 2004 UTC with the Saturn Orbit Insertion (SOI) engine burn. This burn will slow the spacecraft down, allowing it to be captured by Saturn's gravity. After the spacecraft is captured, it will begin a 4-year tour of scientific exploration of the ringed planet, its moons, and magnetosphere.
The spacecraft will make 74 unique orbits around the planet, using 45 close flybys of Saturn's largest moon Titan for gravity assist and science data acquisition. Because of the sheer size of Titan, the flybys will allow for major changes in orbital paths, allowing engineers to minimize fuel use while maximizing science data collection.
Cassini's tour of the Saturn system is divided into 6 different segments. Each segment contains many Saturn and Titan flybys as well as opportunities to study the different smaller satellites.
Highlights of the Saturn Tour
74 Orbits of Saturn
45 Close flybys of Titan
8 close "targeted" flybys of other satellites:
3 close flybys of Enceladus
30 additional satellite flybys at distances less than 100,000 kilometers
(about 62,100 miles)
Many Saturn and Ring occultation opportunities
One "Titan 180 degree transfer
One high inclination sequence
Cassini's Current Position
Orbit Insertion and Probe Release: July
1, 2004 through February 15, 2005 Occultation Sequence:
February 15, 2005
through September 7, 2005 Petal Rotation
& Magnetotail Petal: September 7, 2005
through July 22, 2006 Titan 180 Transfer:
July 22, 2006 through
June 30, 2007 Rotation/Icy Satellites:
June 30, 2007 through
August 31, 2007 August 31, 2007
through July 1, 2008
This is the first part of Cassini's journey at Saturn. The arrival of the spacecraft at Saturn (through SOI, Saturn Orbital Insertion) and the deployment of the Probe to Titan (January 2005) are major scientific milestones. These events determine the mission's success, and their results will shape the future of exploration around the ringed planet. and Huygens Mission websites.
Saturn's rings oscillate on a 15-year cycle. During this cycle observers on Earth can see the rings clearly because they are tilted or "open." The rings will then rotate and become nearly invisible to observers on Earth because the view becomes "edge-on" or "closed." When Cassini first arrives at Saturn, the rings are tilted, or open. This configuration of the rings allows Cassini to see the Earth and Sun become obscured by the rings. This phenomenon is called an "occultation" and provides unique scientific opportunities allowing scientists to derive information about the structure and evolution of the ring system.
Moving the spacecraft around in its orbit as viewed by Earth provides important science opportunities. It allows scientists to capture data in a wide swath of the planet's magnetosphere. One unique region is the magnetotail. This is the region facing away from the Sun where the planet's magnetosphere is squeezed by the solar wind
Early in the Saturn tour, Cassini passes Titan on its way in to Saturn. This is what engineers call an "inbound" pass. By shifting the spacecraft's encounters with Titan to the outbound leg, the spacecraft's orientation with respect to the Sun is flipped 180 degrees. This process takes several orbits of Saturn allowing engineers to move Cassini's orbit with respect to capture different views of Saturn.
Immediately following the Titan 180 transfer sequence, the spacecraft makes several close flybys of the icy satellites to study these enigmatic moons in detail
High Inclination Sequence:
Studying Saturn at steep angles (called high inclinations) is of extreme interest to scientists. Viewing Saturn's polar regions provide opportunities for studying Saturn's rings and magnetosphere. The high inclination sequence also allows for radio (from Earth), solar, and stellar occultations of Saturn, Titan, and the ring system. Such studies allow scientists to understand the nature of the material in Saturn, Titan, and the rings.
Saturn Orbit Insertion and Probe Release:
July 1, 2004 through February 15, 2005
February 15, 2005 through September 7, 2005
Petal Rotation & Magnetotail
September 7, 2005 through July 22, 2006
Titan 180 Transfer:
July 22, 2006 through June 30, 2007
June 30, 2007 through August 31, 2007
August 31, 2007 through July 1, 2008
orbit: 1,221,830 km from Saturn
Discovered by Huygens in 1655.
It was long thought that Titan
was the largest satellite in the solar system but recent observations
have shown that Titan's atmosphere is so thick that its solid surface
is slightly smaller than Ganymede's. Titan is nevertheless larger in diameter
than Mercury and larger and more massive than Pluto.
|Titan is similar in bulk properties
to Ganymede, Callisto, Triton and (probably) Pluto. It is not known whether
it has any internal structure like Ganymede or is uniform like Callisto.
Titan is about half water ice and half rocky material. It is probably differentiated into several layers with a 3400 km rocky center surrounded by several layers composed of different crystal forms of ice. Its interior may still be hot. Though similar in composition to Rhea and the rest of Saturn's moons, it is denser because it is so large that its gravity compresses its interior.
Alone of all the satellites in the solar system, Titan has a significant atmosphere. At the surface, its pressure is more than 1.5 bar (50% higher than Earth's). It is composed primarily of molecular nitrogen (as is Earth's) with no more than 6% argon and a few percent methane. Interestingly, there are also trace amounts of at least a dozen other organic compounds (i.e. ethane, hydrogen cyanide, carbon dioxide) and water. The organics are formed as methane, which dominates in Titan's upper atmosphere, is destroyed by sunlight. The result is similar to the smog found over large cities, but much thicker. In many ways, this is similar to the conditions on Earth early in its history when life was first getting started.
Titan has no magnetic field and sometimes orbits outside Saturn's magnetosphere. It is therefore directly exposed to the solar wind. This may ionize and carry away some molecules from the top of the atmosphere.
At the surface, Titan's temperature is about 94 K (-290 F). At this temperature water ice does not sublimate and thus there is little water vapor in the atmosphere. Nevertheless, there appears to be a lot of chemistry going on; the end result seems to be a lot like a very thick smog.
There are scattered variable clouds in Titan's atmosphere in addition to the overall deep haze. These clouds are probably composed of methane, ethane or other simple organics. Other more complex chemicals in small quantities must be responsible for the orange color as seen from space.
It seems likely that
the ethane clouds would produce a rain of liquid ethane onto the surface
perhaps producing an "ocean" of ethane (or an ethane/methane
mixture) up to 1000 meters deep. Recent ground-based radar observations
have cast this into doubt, however. Cassini's observations are likely
to resolve this issue
serene and majestic in the first color composite made of images taken
by NASA's Cassini spacecraft on its approach to the ringed planet, with
arrival still 20 months away.
Titan, Saturn's largest moon, appears in the upper left. It is the only moon resolved from this distance. This composite uses a threefold enhancement in the brightness of Titan relative to the brightness of Saturn. Titan is a major attraction for scientists of the Cassini-Huygens mission. They will study its haze-enshrouded atmosphere and peer down, with special instrumentation, to its surface to look for evidence of organic processes similar to those that might have occurred on the early Earth, prior to the emergence of life.
Cassini will enter orbit around
Saturn on July 1, 2004. It will release a piggybacked probe, Huygens,
which will descend through Titan's atmosphere on Jan. 14, 2005.
|This image of Titan, taken by a Voyager (1981) spacecraft, shows Titan to be completely shrouded by a thick atmosphere. The atmosphere is about 95% nitrogen, the remainder methane as well as other hydrocarbons and hydrogen cyanide.|
Recent observations with the Hubble Space Telescope show remarkable near infrared views of Titan's surface.
Voyager's camera couldn't see through Titan's atmosphere but in the near infrared the haze becomes more transparent, and HST's pictures suggest that a huge bright "continent" (preliminarily called "Xanadu") exists on the hemisphere of Titan that faces forward in its orbit. These Hubble results don't prove that liquid "seas" exist, however, only that Titan has large bright and dark regions on its surface.
The landing site for the Huygens probe has been chosen in part by examining these images. It will be just "offshore" of the largest "continent" at 18.1 degrees North, 208.7 degrees longitude. Cassini's infrared images (left, click for animation; and below right) are even clearer (and much higher resolution images from Cassini are soon to come! :-)
The observations by HST also indicate that Titan's rotation is in fact synchronous like most of Saturn's other moons.
|Piercing the ubiquitous layer
of smog enshrouding Titan, these images from the Cassini visual and infrared
mapping spectrometer reveals an exotic surface covered with a variety of
materials in the southern hemisphere.
Using near-infrared colors -- some three times deeper in the red visible to the human eye -- these images reveal the surface with unusual clarity. The color image shows a false-color combination of the three previous images. The yellow areas correspond to the hydrocarbon-rich regions, while the green areas are the icier regions. Here, the methane cloud appears white, as it is bright in all three colors.
Closest Encounter June 11 2004
Phoebe is almost 4 times more distant from Saturn than its nearest neighbor (Iapetus).
orbit: 12,952,000 km from
Most of Saturn's moons are bright but Phoebe's albedo is very low (.05), as dark as lampblack
Phoebe orbits Saturn in a retrograde orbit (backwards) and is suspected of being either from the Kuiper Belt or of the Centaur Group.If so then Phoebe may be a primordial object created at the very beginning of the Solar System and kept pristine by the cold of space and its own dark surface.
The event hopes to answer questions-and perhaps generate new ones, about Phoebe and its possible role in determining how the solar system was formed.
In 1981 Voyager passed by Phoebe and took pictures from 2,200,000 kilometers.
This was our best image until now.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
In the first image (at left) in which Phoebe looks somewhat like a sideways skull, the large crater near the bottom displays a complex and rugged interior. The lower right hand part of Phoebe appears to be covered by bright wispy material.
The second, higher resolution image further reveals the moon's battered surface, including a crater near the right hand edge with bright rays that extend outward from its center. This suggests that dark material coats the outside. Features reminiscent of those seen on the Martian moon Phobos -- such as linear grooves--are faintly visible in the upper part of this image. There are suggestions of linear ridges or grooves and of chains of craters, perhaps radial to a large crater just hidden on the un-illuminated region in the upper left.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Phoebe's true nature is revealed in startling clarity in this mosaic of two images taken during Cassini's flyby on June 11, 2004. The image shows evidence for the emerging view that Phoebe may be an ice-rich body coated with a thin layer of dark material. Small bright craters in the image are probably fairly young features. This phenomenon has been observed on other icy satellites, such as Ganymede at Jupiter. When impactors slammed into the surface of Phoebe, the collisions excavated fresh, bright material -- probably ice -- underlying the surface layer. Further evidence for this can be seen on some crater walls where the darker material appears to have slid downwards, exposing more light-colored material. Some areas of the image that are particularly bright - especially near lower right - are over-exposed.
An accurate determination of Phoebe's density - a forthcoming result from the flyby - will help Cassini mission scientists understand how much of the little moon is comprised of ices.
This spectacular view was obtained at a phase, or Sun-Phoebe-spacecraft, angle of 84 degrees, and from a distance of approximately 32,500 kilometers (20,200 miles). The image scale is approximately 190 meters (624 feet) per pixel. No enhancement was performed on this image.
NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
|The view 2000 killometers above Phoebe.
Images like this one, showing bright wispy streaks thought to be ice revealed by slumping crater walls, are leading to the view that Phoebe is an ice-rich body covered with a thin layer of dark material. Obvious down slope motion of material along the walls of the major craters in this image is the cause for the bright streaks, which are over-exposed here. Significant slumping has occurred along the crater wall at top left.
The slumping of material might have been caused by a small projectile punching into the steep slope of the wall of a pre-existing larger crater. Another possibility is that the material collapsed when triggered by another impact elsewhere on Phoebe. Note that the bright, exposed areas of ice are not very uniform along the wall. Small craters are exposing bright material on the floor of the larger crater.
Image Credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute
Crater Close-up on Phoebe
This image was obtained at a phase, or Sun-Phoebe-spacecraft, angle of 78 degrees, and from a distance of 11,918 kilometers (7,407 miles). The image scale is approximately 18.5 meters (60.5 feet) per pixel. The illumination is from the right. No enhancement was performed on this image
The True Shape of Phoebe
On June 11, 2004, during its closest approach
to Phoebe, Cassini obtained this extremely high resolution view of a dark,
desolate landscape. Regions of different reflectivity are clearly visible
on what appears to be a gently rolling surface. Notable are several bright-rayed
impact craters, lots of small craters with bright-colored floors and light-colored
streaks across the landscape. Note also the several sharply defined craters
- probably fairly young features - near the upper left corner.
These set of images were created during the Phoebe flyby on June 11, 2004. The images show the location and distribution of water-ice, ferric iron, carbon dioxide and an unidentified material on the tiny moon of Saturn. The first image was taken with Cassini's narrow angle camera and is shown for comparison purposes only. The other images were taken by the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer onboard Cassini.
The infrared image of Phoebe obtained at a distance of about 16,000 km (10,000 miles) shows a large range of bright and dark features. The resolution of the image is about 4 km (2.5 miles). carbon dioxide on the surface of Phoebe is distributed globally, although it appears to be more prevalent in the darker regions of the satellite.
The existence of carbon dioxide strongly suggests that Phoebe did not originate in the asteroid belt, but rather in much colder regions of the Solar System such as the Kuiper Belt. The Kuiper Belt is a vast reservoir of small, primitive bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. An unidentified substance also appears to be more abundant in the darker regions.
A map showing the distribution of water ice (blue), ferric iron (red), which is common in minerals on Earth and other planets, and the unidentified material (green). Water ice is associated with the brighter regions, while the other two materials are more abundant in the darker regions.
|Cassini Opens a Cosmic
June 23, 2004
(Source: Jet Propulsion Laboratory)
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Like a woolly mammoth trapped in Arctic ice, Saturn's small moon Phoebe may be a frozen artifact of a bygone era, some four billion years ago. The finding is suggested by new data from the Cassini spacecraft.
Cassini scientists reviewed data from the spacecraft's June 11, 2004, flyby of the diminutive moon. They concluded Phoebe is likely a primordial mixture of ice, rock and carbon-containing compounds similar in many ways to material seen in Pluto and Neptune's moon Triton. Scientists believe bodies like Phoebe were plentiful in the outer reaches of the solar system about four and a half billion years ago.
These icy planetesimals (small bodies) formed the building blocks of the outer solar system and some were incorporated into the giant planets Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. During this process, gravitational interactions ejected much of this material to distant orbits, joining a native population of similar bodies to form the Kuiper Belt.
"Phoebe apparently stayed behind, trapped in orbit about the young Saturn, waiting eons for its secrets to be revealed during its rendezvous with the Cassini spacecraft," said Dr. Torrence Johnson, Cassini imaging team member at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
"All our evidence leads us to conclude, Phoebe's surface is made of water ice, water-bearing minerals, carbon dioxide, possible clays and primitive organic chemicals in patches at different locations on the surface," said Dr. Roger N. Clark, team member for the visual and infrared mapping spectrometer, U.S. Geological Survey in Denver. "We also see spectral signatures of materials we have not yet identified." Cassini's observations gave scientists the first detailed look at one of these primitive icy planetesimals.
Phoebe's mass was determined from precise tracking of the spacecraft and optical navigation, combined with an accurate volume estimate from images. The measurements yield a density of about 1.6 grams per cubic centimeter (100 pounds per cubic foot), much lighter than most rocks, but heavier than pure ice at approximately 0.93 grams per cubic centimeter (58 pounds per cubic foot). This suggests a composition of ice and rock similar to Pluto and Triton.
Spectral measurements, light intensity as a function of color or wavelength, confirmed the presence of water ice previously detected by Earth-based telescopes. The measurements provided evidence for hydrated minerals on Phoebe's surface, and detected carbon dioxide and solid hydrocarbons similar to those found in primitive meteorites.
"One intriguing result is the discovery of possible chemical similarities between the materials on Phoebe and those seen on comets," said Dr. Robert H. Brown, team leader for the visible and infrared mapping spectrometer, University of Arizona, Tucson. Evidence that Phoebe might be chemically kin to comets strengthens the case that it is similar to Kuiper Belt Objects.
Measurements taken by the composite infrared spectrometer were used to generate temperature maps. The maps show the surface of Phoebe is very cold, only about 110 degrees above absolute zero (minus 163 degrees Celsius, or minus 261 degrees Fahrenheit). Even colder nighttime temperatures suggest a fluffy, porous surface layer.
"One of the first results from this map is the surface of Phoebe has been badly chewed up, probably by meteorite impacts," said Dr. John Pearl, a Cassini co-investigator for the composite infrared spectrometer, at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. "We are discovering Phoebe is a very complex object, with large variations in topography."
Cassini also made radar observations of Phoebe's enigmatic surface, making it the first spacecraft radar observations of an outer-planet moon. The results are consistent with the dirty, rocky, icy surface suggested by other observations.
"We have conducted our first analysis of an outer solar system resident akin to Kuiper Belt Objects," said Dr. Dennis Matson, project scientist of the Cassini-Huygens mission at JPL. "In two short weeks, we have added more to what we know about Phoebe than we had learned about it since it was discovered 100 years ago. We did this by having multiple instruments conducting investigations all at one time during our flyby."
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL manages the mission for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington. For the latest images and more information about the mission on the Internet, visit http://www.nasa.gov and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov .
Donald Savage (202) 358-1727
|Giovanni Domenico Cassini was Born: 8 June 1625
in Perinaldo, Republic of Genoa. Died: 14 Sept 1712 in Paris, France.We
know little of his parents but certainly his father was a Tuscan. In fact
Giovanni was brought up, not by his parents but by an uncle, a brother of
his mother Julia Crovesi. After spending two years being educated at Vallebone,
Cassini entered the Jesuit College at Genoa where he studied under Casselli.
After this he studied at the abbey of San Fructuoso. Taton writes "He
showed great intellectual curiosity and was especially interested in poetry,
mathematics and astronomy. "
Cassini observed a comet in 1652-3 and he published an account of his observations which he dedicated to the Duke of Modena. From the work we can see that at this time Cassini believed in an Earth centred solar system, with comets beyond Saturn but originating from the Earth. Observations would lead him to accept the model of the solar system proposed by Tycho Brahe and, in 1659, he presented an Earth centred system with the moon and sun orbiting the Earth and the other planets orbiting the sun. Later he came to accept a version of the Copernican model.
The Pope asked Cassini to take Holy Orders for he wished to see him permanently working for him. However, Cassini preferred to keep his post as professor of mathematics and astronomy at Bologna where he taught when not undertaking Papal duties. He continued with his research in astronomy, proposing a model for atmospheric refraction which turned out to be incorrect, making an intensive study of the sun, publishing tables in 1662, and continuing to search for comets. In 1664 he observed a comet which led him to propose a new theory that comets travelled in circular orbits around the sun with the centre of the orbit in the direction of the star Sirius.
Beginning in 1664 Cassini was able to observe with new powerful telescopes made by the excellent lens maker Giuseppe Campani of Rome. With these instruments Cassini made a series of new discoveries. In July 1664 he measured the period of rotation of Jupiter on its axis, discovered the bands and spots on the planet, and saw that the planet was flattened at its poles. In 1666 he measured the period of rotation of Mars on its axis, getting a value within three minutes of the correct one, and observed surface features. He published detailed series of observations of the moons of Jupiter in 1668. Now Cassini discovered discrepancies in his data which at first he attributed to light having a finite speed:-
... light takes some time to come from the satellite to us; and it takes approximately ten or eleven minutes to traverse a distance equal to the semi-diameter of the Earth's orbit.
However, Cassini was too traditional in his views to accept his own idea, and he soon rejected it and looked for other explanation for the discrepancy. It is rather ironical that it was Cassini's data that was used by Römer in calculating the speed of light seven years later.
|Christiaan Huygens was born in 1629, Huygens came
from a wealthy and well-connected Dutch family, who were traditionally in
the diplomatic service to the House of Orange. As a young boy he already
showed promise in mathematics and drawing. Descartes used to correspond
with Huygens's grandfather and, impressed with the boy's early efforts at
geometry, he was a great influence on Huygens. In 1645 he went to the University
of Leiden to study mathematics and law. Two years later he went to the College
Shortly after Galileo had first used a telescope for astronomical purposes, many other scientists decided to use this new instrument to perform their own studies. Many realised immediately that the improvement of the quality of the telescope could mean the chance to make history in astronomy.
Huygens applied himself to the manufacture of telescopes, together with his brother Constantijn, and soon after developed a theory of the telescope. Huygens discovered the law of refraction to derive the focal distances of lenses. He also realised how to optimise his telescopes by using a new way of grinding and polishing the lenses.
In 1655, he pointed one of his new telescopes, of far better quality
than that used by Galileo, towards Saturn with the intention of studying
its rings. But he was very surprised to see that, besides the rings, the
planet had also a large moon. This is now known as Titan. In 1659 he discovered
the true shape of the rings of Saturn.
Personally, the key to understanding wave interference and propagation for me was Chritian's "Huygen's wavelet" concept. Like finding the light switch in a dark room, this 17th century model gives a satisfing intuitive basis for understanding all optics.
WILLIAM PICKERING: (KIWI STUD of SPACE) 1910-2004
William Hayward Pickering was born in Roxburgh Street, Mount Victoria, Wellington in 1910. His mother died when he was six and he was sent to live with his grandparents in Havelock, in the Marlborough Sounds at the northern tip of the South Island. Here Pickering attended Havelock Primary School, the first school of the greatest New Zealand scientist, Ernest Rutherford.
In 1923 he started boarding at Wellington College. His father, a pharmacist, had left New Zealand to work in the tropics, an environment he didn’t believe was a healthy one for his sons. Pickering was inspired by his math teacher, A. C. ‘Pop’ Gifford. Mr. Gifford founded the school’s observatory, the place where young Pickering first looked through a telescope towards the heavens. Pickering’s ability to marry practical and theoretical science was coached at Wellington College. With schoolmate Fred White (later Dr. F. White CBE, CEO of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Pickering built an early radio station. The two communicated using Morse code with others around the world.
In a 1993 lecture Pickering gave at the University of Michigan, he said the launch of Sputnik was no secret. In 1955 both the Soviet and American governments had announced their intentions to experiment with satellites. If the public was not listening when these announcements were made, two years later they certainly heard the sound of a sinister Sputnik coming over the airwaves above middle America. Or as Pickering said: "It was only the beeping reality of Sputnik that suddenly made the threat of intercontinental atomic warfare with ballistic rockets more than a science fiction story."
The Americans were working to match Sputnik. In two months the Naval
Research Laboratory launched the Vanguard. A test launch, on December
7th, 1957, was to be viewed under the glare of the international media.
Fortunately, Pickering and the JPL had been working since Sputnik on their own satellite. If their launch went successfully it would repair some of the American government’s bruised ego.
Explorer 1 was launched from Cape Canaveral, Florida on January 31, 1958, less than four months after Sputnik. It stayed orbiting the earth for the next 10 years
In 1993 Pickering was awarded the inaugural Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Aerospace Prize for his contribution to space science. In presenting him with the Prize the then president of Caltech Thomas E. Everhart said:
Bill Pickering was a Unitarian.


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1:40:53 Fire in the tank!
Black night resembles a spy satellite ready to fight with its "sword drawn" and the dragon in space well I'll just let ur imagination linger on that
Is it normal for the flame to travel back up the rocket at ignition? Thats scary
Retro rocketry. Most of the ULA employees must be worried about keeping their jobs as their rocket is so old fashioned.
This looks like the stuffiest room of dudes ever.
I should keep notes for kerbel space program
hey why'd the rocket just light on fire before ignition?
SpaceX did certainly set the bar high. Full disclosure is appreciated! And launch data...and graphics...
I pretty much only read the comments...lol.
My brother got to see it live when it took off I was at gymnastics so lucky
What was this for may I ask?
ULA is Bloody rocket lobby who opposes SpaceX. Boo ULA
North Korea has better rockets than ULA and SpaceX
What happened when it look like it was on fire from the start?
Please atleast trim off the bars and 1k tone
I saw this in my yard


NASA has released a global color map of the dwarf planet Ceres showing the highs and lows of topography on the rocky body's surface. The new map comes with new official names for many of the craters and other geological features dotting the surface of the planet, named for religious figures from a variety of cultures approved by the International Astronomical Union.
"The craters we find on Ceres, in terms of their depth and diameter, are very similar to what we see on Dione and Tethys, two icy satellites of Saturn that are about the same size and density as Ceres," states Dawn science team member and geologist at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston Paul Schenk. "The features are pretty consistent with an ice-rich crust."
Read full article HERE.


The Aerodynamics Engineer will be responsible for delivering aerodynamic targets through concept design and analysis.
The Aerodynamics Engineer will be responsible for delivering aerodynamic targets through concept design and analysis. Working with the design and engineering teams to evaluate concepts, run CFD simulations and produce high quality aerodynamic surface concept design solutions. This role requires integrated working with the project team and exposure to senior management to help guide development of the product.
Support Lead Aerodynamics engineer in delivery of aerodynamics targets
Set-up, run and analyse CFD simulations
Produce high quality surface models of concepts for CFD evaluation
Produce report summaries and present findings to senior management
Design of aerodynamic concept components for release for prototype models
- Knowledge and understanding of aerodynamic principles
- Experience in the use of CFD software
- Strong experience in freeform parametric surfacing and solid modelling part design (ANSYS preferred)
- Excellent/Master’s degree in Aerodynamics, Fluid Dynamics, Mechanical Engineering or equivalent (other relevant engineering disciplines will be considered)
- A willingness to learn and understand components and systems impacts on aerodynamics
- Experience of developing models for testing
- Ability to develop automated CFD process from CAD to Results for Aerodynamicists.
- Conversion of CAD to CFD ready surfaces .
- Appreciation for manufacturability constraints
- Ability to build and maintain CFD simulation monitoring tools
- Support aerodynamicists in forming solutions for CFD related problems
- Ability to communicate appropriate, concise and accurate information, both in writing and verbally
- Self-starter - ability to work independently
- Be able to multi-task and plan effectively when working with a variety of project teams in an often high-pressure
- Creative approach to data visualisation, representation and manipulation
The closing date for this position will be 14th March 2017.


4 edition of encyclopedia of German military aircraft. found in the catalog.
Military aircraft - Military aircraft - Fighters: The importance of aerial reconnaissance and artillery spotting (particularly the latter) made it clear that the belligerent able to deny the enemy use of airspaces above the battlefield would enjoy enormous advantages. This realization led to the emergence of fighters as a distinct category of aircraft. Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft: to the Present by Outlet Book Company Staff and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at
Military aircraft by nationality of original manufacturer International joint ventures Pages in category "German military aircraft" The following 5 pages are in this category, out of 5 total. This list may not reflect recent changes. * List of military aircraft of Germany; G. Aircraft Books Sort By: Featured Items Newest Items Best Selling A to Z Z to A By Review Price: Ascending Price: Descending carries a huge variety of Modeling Magazines and Reference books by AK Interactive, AMMO of Mig Jimenez, Kalmbach Publishing, Schiffer, Badger, Osprey, Testors, Verlinden, Woodland Scenics, and more.
Buy a cheap copy of Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft book. This encyclopedia forms the most extensive & comprehensive reference work to all the world's current warplanes. There are more than entries describing over Free shipping over $ this encyclopedic volume is a complete panorama of "flying machines" from the drawings of Leonardo Da Vinci to the most sophisticated military aircraft of the present and future. Includes detailed analyses of over significant examples of military aircraft throughout /5(15).
Synoptikos ethnologikos pinax tēs katanomēs tou plēthysmou Serrōn kai Dramas =
Historia de la eternidad.
Natural breaks & rhythms
Patients Guide to Managing Heart Failure
Genealogical periodicals, a neglected treasure
library and the community
Cases argued and adjudged in the High Court of Chancery, originally published by order of the Court, from the manuscripts of Thomas Vernon,...
The best-known novels of George Eliot ....
Civil Aeronautics Board practices and procedures
Designing an automatic control system for a submarine
Exercises in English: Grammar for Life
Shock trauma/critical care handbook
Philosophical essays concerning human understanding
The Encyclopedia Of German Military Aircraft book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers/5(3). The Encyclopedia of German Military Aircraft Hardcover – January 1, by Bryan Philpott (Author) out of 5 stars 1 rating.
See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $ $ — Hardcover, January 1, $ $ $ Paperback5/5(1).
Encyclopedia of German Military Aircraft Hardcover – April 1, by Bryan Philpott (Author) out of 5 stars 1 rating. See all formats and editions Hide other 5/5(1). Get this from a library. The encyclopedia of German military aircraft. [Bryan Philpott] -- An encyclopedia of German military aircraft.
book guide to all the major warplanes flown by Germans, starting with the early prototypes built prior to World War I and describing the uses and specifications for each aircraft used in. From early jets to the F Raptor, from the Centurion A41 tank to the Bradley M2, from aircraft carriers to nuclear submarines, Military Aircraft, Tanks & Warships Visual Encyclopedia is a fascinating guide to aircraft, tanks and ships from the beginning of the Cold War to the present ed by type and then chronologically within each type, each entry or variant is illustrated with an.
In many ways this book is the successor to The Rand McNally Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft, by Enzo Angelucci and provides a very good selection of brief summaries of major military s: The Rand McNally Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft, [Angelucci, Enzo] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers.
The Rand McNally Encyclopedia Of Military Aircraft, Reviews: Military Uniforms Visual Encyclopedia is a highly illustrated volume that examines all the significant uniforms of the world, featuring more than of the world’s soldiers from the first professional armies to the present day.
All the most famous types of uniform are featured, such as the British redcoat, the American GI, the German stormtrooper and the Soviet infantryman, along with Reviews: This list of military aircraft of Germany includes prototype, pre-production, and operational types.
No distinction is drawn here between different services until Inthe various air arms of the former German Democratic Republic were absorbed by their counterparts in the Federal Republic of Germany.
Some types that had been operated by the GDR were no longer in service by then, and. J. Dressel and M. Griehl (), The Luftwaffe Profile Series No.3 He Uhu, Schiffer Military History Book; () Guide To Axis Aircraft Of World War II, Aerospace Publishing; D. Donald, German Aircraft Of The World War II, Brown Packaging Books.
Price () The Last Year Of The Luftwaffe May to May Greenhill Books. ISBN: OCLC Number: Notes: "A Bison book." Description: pages: illustrations (some color) ; 29 cm: Other Titles: German. Military aircraft, any type of aircraft that has been adapted for military use.
Aircraft have been a fundamental part of military power since the midth century. Generally speaking, all military aircraft fall into one of the following categories: fighters, which secure control of essential airspaces by driving off or destroying enemy aircraft; bombers, which are larger, heavier, and less.
From early jets to the F Raptor, from the Centurion A41 tank to the Bradley M2, from aircraft carriers to nuclear submarines, Military Aircraft, Tanks & Warships Visual Encyclopedia is a fascinating guide to aircraft, tanks and ships from the beginning of the Cold War to the present day.
Arranged by type and then chronologically within each type, each entry or variant is illustrated with an. Two military experts present a fascinating exploration of the world’s finest combat aircraft, comparing and contrasting adversaries in aerial warfare.
From the German Fokker Triplane of World War I and the Allied SPAD XIII, through famous World War II. ISBN: OCLC Number: Notes: "A Bison book." Description: pages: illustrations (some color) ; 29 cm. An illustration of an open book.
Books. An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video. An illustration of an audio speaker. Audio An illustration of a " floppy disk. The Complete illustrated encyclopedia of the world's aircraft Item Preview remove-circle Share or Embed This Item.
Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. very good book/5(19). The book claims to be an exhaustive survey of military aircraft designed and built since However it completely excludes any 1st generation fighter jets as well as most 2nd generation jets including the likes of the English Electric Lightning, F-8, F, F and F and any Mig prior to the Mig, yet it makes space for 16 pages on Reviews: The world encyclopedia of military helicopters: a complete reference guide to over 65 years of military helicopters, from the first types deployed in World War II to the specialized aircraft in service today / Francis Crosby.
Author: Francis Crosby. Publisher: ISBN: Category: History. Page: View: Read Now». More than of the world's greatest military aircraft, with full specifications, development history, and service details. Contains over photographs and full-color artworks.
Featured aircraft include: Avro Lancaster, Boeing B, Curtiss P Kittyhawk, DeHavilland Mosquito, Douglas SBD Dauntless, English Electric Lightning, Focke-Wulf FWGloster Meteor, Junker JU Stuka, Lockheed 3/5(3).
Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft book. Read reviews from world’s largest community for readers. Military buffs will give this reference book, choc /5.Laid out in true encyclopedia fashion with all aircraft listed alphabetically by make and then type, the book is well supported throughout with a carefully chosen and relevant selection of either photographs or profile drawings to show each aircraft.Check out Tank Encyclopedia Magazine Issue No.
3 on Amazon, a must-have for tank lovers!The most recent edition features an exclusive article from Plane Encyclopedia! In addition the magazine is available for free to all Patreon supporters of Plane Encyclopedia!


20 Forever Stamps showcase four digital illustrations inspired by the classic TV show
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Issue Date: September 02, 2016
Art Director/Designer: Antonio Alcal
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ONE USPS View of Our Planets Sheet of 16 Stamps
During the modern era of space exploration, the planets of our solar system have been viewed with increasing clarity, thanks to the distant voyages of unmanned spacecraft and the development of ever-more powerful telescopes. With this pane of 16 stamps, the U.S. Postal Service® showcases some of the more visually compelling full-disk images of the planets obtained during this era.
Eight new colorful Forever® stamps, each shown twice, feature Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Some show the planet’s “true” color—what we might see with our own eyes if traveling through space. Others use colors to represent and visualize certain features of a planet based on imaging data. Still others use the near-infrared spectrum to show things that cannot be seen by the human eye in visible light. Verso text explains what these images reveal and identifies the spacecrafts and powerful telescopes that helped obtain them.
Art director Antonio Alcalá designed the stamps.
Great gift for the Star trek and Space Exploration fan! Celebrate this 50th Anniversary with this great bundle!


Whenever you’re dealing with aircraft projects, it’s crucial that you get the experienced help. This is especially true when it comes to painting and coating. Knowing how to choose the right aircraft painting company will help you make the best decision for your project.
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