Elemental impurities have three possible locations for bonding in CaCO3 [26]: Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+ occurs for 90–95% of elements e.g., Fe, Mn, and Sr. Adsorption onto crystal faces to balance charge inbalances e.g., Na, and K. Inclusion of additional mineral phases within the CaCO3.
elements
Substitution via cation exchange for Ca2+
90–95%
%