The first were intellectuals, those who had passed the Ching civil service exams such as Kao Ming-hung's father or Kao Hsuan-feng, the last Taiwanese to pass the provincial exam. Then there were those who had homes on both Taiwan and the mainland, such as the Lin family of Panchiao. Finally, there were some families of high standing who patriotically refused to accept foreign rule.
一是知識分子，得有清廷科舉功名者，如高銘鴻的父親、台灣最後一位舉人高選鋒；一是台灣、大陸兩地都有家業者，如板橋林家；另外就是一些仕紳家族，他們因為心中存有華夷之辨，不願受異族統治，而毅然變賣家產，回到大陸。