But with independence brewing, in 1951 the British colonial government released the Barnes Report, which recommended the establishment of national schools with instruction in English and Malay to cultivate a sense of nationhood.
隨後在殖民地醞釀獨立的氛圍中，英國政府在 1951 年提出「巴恩氏報告書」，主張廣設以英文和巫文（馬來文）為主的國民學校，來建構國家教育，培養國民國家觀念。