Excessive industrialization, urbanization, and mechanization, together with pollution, alienation, and social unrest made people reflect on the drawbacks of modernism and question whether it was really suited to mankind's needs.
人們身不由己地被推到現代過分機械的環境中，他們幾乎痛恨城市。野餐時，他們找不到一塊淨地；想到溪裡釣魚，魚卻死了。人類生活顯得毫無生趣。汙染、冷漠、社會秩序不安，都促使現代人開始反省現代主義的弊端，他們甚至懷疑：現代主義是否適合人類生活的需要？