The majority of the contract laborers were Cantonese, including those recruited at Swatow through Spanish, Portuguese and Peruvian-managed coolie agencies and sent to work in places such as Cuba and Peru.
包括由西班牙、葡萄牙及秘魯商人經營的苦力仲介公司，在汕頭招募粵人工作，運往古巴、秘魯等地。