Chang, having trained as a military doctor, describes surgery in martial terms: "Dealing with each patient is like fighting a war." The "campaign" can be considered from the three levels of strategy, tactical preparations, and actual combat.
接受軍職醫學教育的張國華形容，「面對病人，如同打仗，」可以從戰略、戰術、戰鬥 3 個層次來擬定作戰計畫。