"There was teeth pulling in both Shandong Lungshan culture and in Shang skulls unearthed in Anyang. This custom might have been connected to the religious life of the rulers, and suggests that the Shang rulers very possibly came from a political force from the east," proposes Chang Kuang-chih.
「山東龍山文化，與安陽出土的商人頭骨都有拔牙的現象，這些習俗很可能與統治者的宗教生活有關，顯示殷商的統治者很可能來自東方的一個政治集團」，張光直推測。