Wu Chan-liang says that China's process of facing up to outside cultures and studying the West did not start with the May Fourth Movement. But after the 1894-95 Sino-Japanese War, there was a difference in the way Chinese intellectuals "looked westward."
中國面對外來文化與學習洋務並非始於五四，但甲午戰後，中國知識份子的「面朝西方」與歷代不同。