Because of advances in technique, chronic complications will appear now only 14 years after hemodialysis, and thus several years ago the University of Pittsburgh in the United States (the U.S. medical center that has performed the greatest number of transplant operations), turned from recommending that relatives of patients not donate kidneys to recommending that transplant procedures be taken after long-term chronic complications have appeared.
由於科技的進展，血液透析十四年後才會發生慢性併發症，故數年前美國匹茲堡大學（美國移植手術最多的醫學中心），已由不鼓勵親屬移植，轉而建議延至本人長期透析治療出現慢性併發症後，再實行移植手術。