This was especially the case in the Sung dynasty, when artists were influenced by the empiricist zeitgeist of a flourishing rationalism, which led them not only to observation of the structures of things, but also to an analysis of their anatomy.
特別是在宋代，理學盛行，畫家受到格物窮理的思想薰染，作畫的基本精神發自格物，因此不僅觀察物的結構，也去分解物的肌裡。