Other factors, including smoking, abuse of medicines, food additives, aflatoxins, a history of liver cancer in the family, glandular excretion, and even emotion and pressure, all play a role and lead to cancer of the liver.
當然，帶原者罹患肝癌的機率較非帶原者可高出二百倍之多，但「病毒性因素」即使可能是「元凶」，卻也不是惟一因素，其他「非病毒因素」﹘﹘包括煙酒、藥物濫用、食品添加物、黃麴毒素、家族肝癌、內分泌，乃至情緒、壓力等，也都在導致肝癌中，扮演「幫凶」的角色。