The fact that Taiwan's betel-nut chewers typically are also smokers and drinkers is therefore a matter of great concern. Oral cancers are not the only problem. The second most damaging disease afflicting betel-nut chewers is oral submucous fibrosis, or OSF.
另一種和口腔癌並列為檳榔族二大惡疾的，是所謂「口腔黏膜下纖維化症」，就是簡稱的「口腔硬化」。