By the Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.) we see the emergence of the qi yuan (" lacquer-ware gardens "), a sort of state-run enterprise under the control of feudal lords and the nobility.
最遲到戰國時期，就出現「漆園」組織，當時是公侯或貴族的「公營」事業，設有官吏以利管轄。