But although Confucianism lacks such practices as the recitative prayer or confession seen in other religions, the idea that heaven sees fair play and that evil attracts retribution is in fact "functionally equivalent" to heaven and hell.
儒家缺少宗教持頌、告解的信仰過程，但天理昭昭，惡有惡報的態度，與天堂、地獄其實具有相同「功能」。