"Jingshi University was a product of reforms at the end of the Qing dynasty," says Lao Ssu-kuang a professor of Chinese and Western philosophy. He notes that there were three levels to the modernization movement in which China attempted to learn from the West more than 100 years ago: technology, system reform and thought reform.
「京師大學堂是順應清末制度改革的產物」，學貫中西的哲學家勞思光教授說，一百多年前中國向西方學習的現代化運動有三個層次，技術、制度，和思想改革。