Thereafter, small private schools and academies were set up in halls or temples in every area; Hakkanese, Chaochow natives, and Fukienese all used their own regional dialects to study and memorize the cream of Chinese culture, from the Three Character Primer to the Book of Family Names to the Four Books and Five Classics.
其後私塾、書院在各地會館、宗祠、寺廟中成立；客家人、潮洲人、閩南人等，各以自己的方言背誦三字經、百家姓、四書五經等中國的文化精華。