Such events are much more traumatic than "normative events" such as job stress, a parent being paralyzed, children growing up and leaving home, or being passed over for promotion, all of which are more predictable.
這種斷裂，比起工作壓力、父母癱瘓，或是子女成長自立、職位停滯等可以預期的「常模事件」來得嚴重許多。