In his book One-Dimensional Man, Herbert Marcuse, one of the leading lights of the Frankfurt School, argued that in industrial society the purpose of education is to make people fit for employment. Once you enter the labor market, you are assigned to a certain organization, where your life becomes increasingly monotonous and mechanical.
德國法蘭克福學派健將馬庫斯在《單向度的人》書中表示：進入工業社會之後，人的學習是為了方便就業，進入職場就被安插在一個組織中，生活逐漸單調化、機械化。