Some sects reflected attempts to reform traditional religions. Others went in their own directions, creating their own doctrines and frequently setting themselves up as alternatives to mainstream society and cultural values. They also formed religious communities where believers gathered together to cultivate their spiritual lives.
有的以改革傳統宗教為名，有的乾脆自立門戶，自創教義，並且以反社會、反文化傳統價值為傾向，組成各式各樣的宗教社區，聚集信徒共同靈修。