In more advanced countries in North America and Europe, on the other hand, the problem is that labor costs have steadily risen. The "aristocracy of labor" demand much from their employers, and many firms are unable or unwilling to pay the price. Such companies may move operations overseas, or, by relying on new technology and management techniques, reduce demand for home-country manpower to a minimum.
而工業先進國家如歐美各國，卻是因工資成本節節上升，「貴族勞工」需索太多，企業界難以負擔之下，一方面將製造業移往海外，一方面藉助新科技和新式管理方式，將留在國內的人力需求減到最低。