In 1922, war broke out between Hebei warlords led by Cao Kun, and the forces of Manchurian warlord Zhang Zuolin. After winning victory, Cao-under the pretense of "restoring the legitimate system of government" -forced then-president Xu Shichang from office, reconvened the old parliament, and invited former president Li Yuanhong back in to office.
民國十一年爆發直奉戰爭，以曹錕為首的直系軍閥打敗了東北的奉系軍閥張作霖，直系軍閥氣焰大勝，假藉「恢復法統」為名，逼走了當時的總統徐世昌，重開舊國會，並迎回老總統黎元洪回任。