The British management guru Charles Handy uses the phrase "portfolio work" in his book The Elephant and the Flea to refer to the duties that people in the future will take up in the home, in volunteering, in studying, and in paid work. The balance of the portfolio, he argues, will be different according to each person's stage in life.
所謂「組合式工作」，即英國管理大師查爾斯・韓第在其著作《大象與跳蚤》中提到，未來每個人都需擔負家庭、義務（志工）、學習及有薪工作等 4 種任務，其組合比例會因人生各個階段而不同。