In addition, competition among foreign powers for economic and political perks, the need of the local governments to expand revenues, and the actions local governments have taken under pressure have not only failed to generate win-win situations but have frequently also extracted brutal environmental and human costs.
此外，外來強權的政經利益競逐，結合當地政府對於拓展財政的需求（或被迫接受），有時不但達不到雙贏，反而讓環境與人民付出慘痛代價。