Hou Kok-chung explains that before independence, because of the difficulty of finding teachers and the indifference of the British government, there was not a single middle school for the Malay people.
何國忠分析，獨立以前，由於師資難覓和英國政府的漠視，全馬來族群連一所中學也沒有，相較於華教的氣勢鼎盛，馬來族民間積怨已深。