Beginning after the Opium War in 1840, a variety of ideas have been advocated in China, including Western learning, learning the strong points of the barbarians to check the barbarians (powerful countries), adopting Western knowledge for its practical uses while keeping Chinese values as the core, complete Westernization, and so on.
從一八四○年鴉片戰爭以來，中國出現過洋務運動、師夷長技以制夷、中體西用、全盤西化等等各種主張。