Tseng Shu-cheng notes that the areas close to the train stations in Shanghai and Guangzhou are thronged with illiterates looking for work and that beggars can be found on virtually any street in Jakarta. These scenes are the result of great poverty in the countryside. Farmers have no choice but to come to the cities and struggle at the bottom for the crumbs of the wealthy.
曾旭正舉例，大陸廣州及上海火車站四周 - 集著龐大盲流、印尼雅加達街頭乞兒四處行討，都是因為農村貧無立錐，農民不得不寄居在富裕的都市底層討生活。