"The internal and external universes were united, and the manifest and transcendent worlds coincided." Ke Ching-ming explains that because of this world view of an internal universe, the idea of another heaven and earth outside the present world did not arise in early China. Hence if there were spirits in the world, they must be within heaven and earth; this world was not made by a creator from outside it.
「內在性的宇宙與外在性的宇宙合一，現象界與超越界重疊在同一個世界」，柯慶明解釋，因為內在性的宇宙觀，中國早期並未產生天地之外另有一個天地的想法，因此天地即使有神靈，也在天地之內，此世界不是另一世界的創造主所造。