Over the past 150 years, externally China has suffered from foreign imperialism, while internally there have been a series of dramatic cataclysms--the Taiping rebellion, the Nian rebellion, the Muslim insurrection, the Boxers, the Republican revolution, the warlord period, the Civil War, and the ten years of the Cultural Revolution.
一百五十年來，外有帝國主義的侵凌，內有太平天國、撚亂、回變、義和團、國民革命、軍閥割據、國共內戰、十年文革等鉅變。