Immersion without guidance can lead to problems. One Mandarin instructor was presented with students whose Chinese was the street Chinese they learned while working in New York's Chinatown.
「移民國外的小孩，不出三、四個月，就能熟悉當地的語言，由此可知這種直接『生存』在語言環境中的效果」，鄭昭明說。