The Dutch and the Cheng family simply held a series of strong points, while the authority of the Ching was limited to the western plain and a small part of the east coast. The mountain areas, inhabited by indigenous peoples, were not under central government control.
荷蘭、鄭家勢力所達呈點狀分佈，清朝主要統治範圍在西部，東部只有一小部分；山區多半仍屬無政府狀態。