Anthropologist Chang Kwang-chih has pointed out that from the materials thus far unearthed, the beginnings of Chinese culture are not those in the traditionally believed "Hua Hsia Central Theory." That is the theory that says that a collectivity (the Hsia people) based in what is now Henan expanded outward and conquered the barbarians in all directions, amalgamating into a single people.
考古學家張光直曾指出，從目前出土材料看來，中國文明的開始，並不是傳統相信的「華夏中心說」﹘﹘以今日河南為據點的中原族群（即夏族）向外征討擴展四方的東夷、南蠻、北狄、西羌等族，而形成大一統的局面。