A study by Yeh Kuang-hui, assistant researcher with the Academia Sinica's Institute of Ethnology, indicates that parents typically respond to their children's negative emotions in one of four ways: 1) by educating them, 2) by not getting involved, 3) by pushing them away, and 4) by losing control.
然而，根據中央研究院民族所副研究員葉光輝的研究，面對孩子的負面情緒，父母有四種典型：一是教導型，二是不干涉型，三是摒除型，四是失控型。