2004's Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and mainland China is a good example. Hong Kong expected the agreement to greatly increase its exports to the mainland, but ended up gaining nothing because mainland provinces and municipalities levied tariffs of up to 17 % on them.
以大陸和香港於 2004 年簽訂 CEPA（「內地與香港關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排」）為例，香港原以為出口到「內地」的金額將因此大增，但由於大陸另課徵高達 17 % 的代徵稅，導致港商並沒有撈到好處。