The Dutch traded rice, sugar, and deerskin from Taiwan for gold and silver from China and Japan, which they then took to India to buy cloth, which in turn they traded to indigenous peoples in Southeast Asia for pepper, clove, nutmeg, and other spices.
於是荷蘭人以台灣的稻米、糖和鹿皮與中國、日本交易，換得黃金與白銀，到印度購買棉布，再以棉布與東南亞的原住民交換胡椒、丁香、荳蔻等香料。