I remember that when I was studying at university in the US, for exams in chemistry and math the professor would often copy various formulae and issue them to students, or set "open book" exams. Learning formulae by heart and memorizing solutions was not important. What was really being tested was the ability to use knowledge flexibly, form concepts and hypotheses, and create one's own theories.
記得我在美國大學唸書時，化學、數學科考試，老師往往會印發許多公式給學生，或是採「開卷 Open Book」式測驗，背公式、死記答案都不重要，真正考的是如何活用知識，形成觀念、學說，創造一家之言。