In her book Revolution from Within, American women's rights activist Gloria Steinem argues that American intelligence testing is fundamentally based on the middle-class white male. She contends that racial and culture bias was built into the definition of general knowledge, and the interpretation of test scores from the very beginning.
美國女權運動者葛羅莉亞．史坦能在她的著作《內在革命》中指出，基本上，美國的智力測驗如 SAT 是以中產階級的白人男性為常模，「從一開始，種族的文化偏見就籠罩著『一般知識的定義』，及『解釋測驗分數的方法』。」