They are more likely to spend less time with their children, and more prone to employ improper methods of discipline. There are other factors, too. A crowded urban environment increases the frequency of child abuse, and the same is true of brittle and broken marital ties, and an up-and-down economy.
此外，狹小的都市化生活環境，脆弱、破裂的婚姻關係，時好時壞的景氣循環，都是影響因素。