Today, developed countries are confronted by so many promising possibilities that nonetheless offer no guarantee of success, that even they are uncertain which direction to take, which has made them less willing to provide the less developed world with their "hand-me-down" technologies. Take the personal computer, the cornerstone of the IT industry, as an example.
然而近年來，科技發展儘管一日千里，但新的主流產業卻始終難產，連先進國家都已陷入「發展標的過多，各個有希望，各個沒把握」的困境，以標竿企業帶動的「雁行理論」自然也難以為繼。