In the cities and townships alike, families everywhere hire private tutors for their children. "Huang Jung-luo argues that the Hakkas were clearly the social equals of the Fujianese.
城市鄉村，隨處皆有家塾……」，黃榮洛認為，客家顯然與閩南鼎足而立，其後嘉慶、道光初年還不斷有客家人入墾，「至道光六年發生閩、客大械鬥之後，入墾者明顯減少了。」