The pharmaceutical R & D process is extremely complex, and the value chain is very long, with opportunities for profit at every link in the chain. Clinical testing, for example, can be outsourced to a CRO.
新藥研發過程繁複、產業價值鏈很長，每一個環節都可以找出獲利點，例如 CRO 可以承包臨床試驗的代工。