Ruitenbeek has delineated four levels of "Chinese-made Westerners": first are those drawn from an observation of Westerners on the China coast. A good example of this can be seen in Chang Ju-lin's Short Account of Macao (Ao-men chi-lu), of the mid-eighteenth century.
清人張汝霖則在他的「澳門記略」一書中，更進一步，詳加圖解。這種眼見為信，實況描述，而不加品評的作品，被魯博士歸類為「中制洋人」的第一層次。