From the 19th century on, as medical technology advanced, attenuated vaccines, containing microbes of reduced virulence, and antibiotics, which destroy bacteria, made their appearance. Only then did humans have weapons to combat bacteria and viruses.
直到十九世紀，醫藥科技進步，消滅細菌的抗生素、減低病毒毒性的減毒疫苗相繼問世，人類才有了對抗細菌、病毒的武器。