In 1852 Professor John Henry Cardinal Newman of Oxford University presented his view that universities should cultivate "gentlemen": men with clear perceptions, highly developed moral senses and broad knowledge--exactly what we expect modern-day "intellectuals" to possess.
原來，最早在一八五二年提出大學理念的牛津大學學者紐曼即認為，大學是培養「紳士」的地方。所謂紳士，類似國儒家所稱的「士」，是個通達、有修養、見識的文化人，也就是今天我們所冀望於「知識份子」所應該具有的學識與品格。