With the arrival of foreign powers, such as the Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, Han Chinese, and Japanese, the Aborigines gradually shifted the focus of their defense from tribe to nation.
而隨著葡萄牙、西班牙、荷蘭、漢人、日本等外來勢力入台，原住民族抵禦的對象，也從「部落」慢慢轉移到「國家」。