In Europe, which has a strong cultural background of its own, sinological research--setting out from the tasks of translation and textual criticism--was exceptionally solid and meticulous, and major figures continued to appear up until the middle of this century.
歐洲原有相當深厚的文化根柢，從翻譯、考據入手的漢學研究也格外嚴謹紮實，尤其注重「傳統中國」（Pre-modern China），直到廿世紀中葉，還有許多舉世推崇的漢學宗師出現。