In addition, the blows from the West were no longer confined to military encroachments but included powerful economic forces and a new, completely different culture, the assault of a mixture of military and industrial might.
加上西洋的衝擊力，不再是武裝侵略而已，包括強大的經濟力量，及後面和中華文化完全不一樣的新文化，夾雜兵艦和工業力量一起進來。