Bill and Chuck hated Vic and agreed to start a fight with Vic and, if the opportunity arose, to kill him. Bill and Chuck met Vic in the street outside a bar and began to push him around. Ray, Sam, and Tom, who also hated Vic, stopped to watch. Ray threw Bill a knife. Sam told Bill, "Kill him." Tom, who made no move and said nothing, hoped that Bill would kill Vic with the knife. Chuck held Vic while Bill stabbed and killed him.On a charge of murdering Vic, Sam is
not guilty, because his words did not create a "clear and present danger" not already existing.  not guilty, because mere presence and oral encouragement, whether or not he had the requisite intent, do not make him guilty as an accomplice.  guilty, because, with the intent to have Bill kill Vic, he shouted encouragement to Bill.  guilty, because he aided and abetted the murder through his mere presence plus his intent to see Vic killed