Paulsen was eating in a restaurant when he began to choke on a piece of food that had lodged in his throat. Dow, a physician who was sitting at a nearby table, did not wish to become involved and did not render any assistance, although prompt medical attention would have been effective in removing the obstruction from Paulsen's throat. Because of the failure to obtain prompt medical attention, Paulsen suffered a severe brain injury from lack of oxygen. If Paulsen asserts a claim against Dow for his injuries, will Paulsen prevail?
Yes, if the jurisdiction relieves physicians of malpractice liability for emergency first aid.  Yes, if a reasonably prudent person with Dow's experience, training, and knowledge would have assisted Paulsen.  No, because Dow was not responsible for Paulsen's condition.  No, because Dow knew that Paulsen was substantially certain to sustain serious injury