Thoropa
"Thoropa" are associated with rocks and have cryptic coloration. Their size ranges from small to medium, in snout–vent length. They occur at elevations up to above sea level; "Thoropa miliaris" and "Thoropa taophora" can even live on rocky marine shores, foraging in the intertidal zone. Male "Thoropa" are associated with wet rock faces, whereas the females seem to range more widely. In species where reproduction is known, males are territorial—suitable wet rock faces are a scarce resource. Furthermore, mature male "Thoropa" feature characteristic clusters of dark spines on the inner portions of the hand. It appears that these are associated with male-male combat, probably in conjunction with territorial disputes. Scratch marks in males, but not in females, support this interpretation. The eggs are laid on rocks with a thin layer of water. Tadpoles are semiterrestrial and have a depressed shape, long tail, and bulging eyes. Male "T. taophora" frogs mate exclusively and repeatedly with two females per season in a polygynous system in which the semiterrestrial tadpoles from both females share the same freshwater seep. The females have a dominance hierarchy, and the males mate more with the dominant female. The genus contains the following species:
Description, ecology, and behavior
They are sometimes known as river frogs.