Western Supremacy (book)
According to a Stanford University book review, Sophie Bessis tells the story of "the West's relationship with the world it came to dominate - from the conquest of the Americas, through the slave trade and the Scramble for Africa, the "White Man's burden", Manifest Destiny and the growth of scientific racism, to decolonisation, the ideology of development and structural adjustment. "Western Supremacy" is an introduction to the history of colonial and developmentalist thought. Starting with the Enlightenment idea of universalism it traces how this facilitated a notion of the West rooted in a Hellenic inheritance systematically devoid of Egyptian or Arab influences. Though the hierarchy of races has now given way to the hierarchy of development, Bessis argues that developmentalism is the new incarnation of the West's paradoxical aspiration to lead the world into universalism whilst maintaining its own supremacy. Attempts to emulate the Western model have had devastating consequences for the "South". Human rights, democracy and justice, in theory at least, have become accepted throughout the world. Yet those who pride themselves on having invented this universality still lay claim to some privileged right to define its content. Bessis highlights the hypocrisy with which the "North" applies these standards: one standard for China, with its huge potential market, another for minor African states, one for Muslim oppression of women in Teheran, another in Riyadh. In other words, human rights are still entirely subordinate to economic interest. "
Development of the "Others" is tolerated on the condition that it does not interfere with the West’s interests. Bessis concludes by exploring reactions within developing countries to the historically unprecedented attempt to remake the world in the West's own image. According to the author, the West's inability to embrace pluralism and multivocality undermines its very strength and the rightful existence and legitimate place that non-western peoples have in the world. Bessis concludes by asking the poignant question of how do we collectively move from a unitary domination by the West to a body of ideas and a discourse in which all members of humanity can recognize themselves and share in its construction. According to Maliha Chishti, Bessis insists that development ideology exhorted the world to embrace the universality and inevitability of modernity and progress—but only on the condition that their development and modernization do not interfere with the West's interests. Furthermore, Bessis concedes that although the West does not want to admit or submit to this direction, it inevitably will be pushed, either willingly or unwillingly, to finally locate itself realistically in the world. According to Philippe Dewitte, Bessis sees the emergence of a South that would be capable of inventing an original modernity, a universalism that would no longer be a façade, a "model of development" different from that brandished by the West.
Summary
According to Italian political philosophy professor Flavia Monceri, Sophie Bessis shows how notions of the West have been used to justify imperial economic interests and the emergence of a free trade ideology. It is a history book, which asks questions and challenges, without complacency, the elites and the societies of the South."