A Death in the Family (comics)
Robin, the adolescent sidekick of the DC Comics superhero Batman, first appeared in "Detective Comics" #38 in April 1940. He was introduced by Bob Kane, Bill Finger, and Jerry Robinson to give Batman a companion and increase his appeal to children. The original Robin, Dick Grayson, made regular appearances in Batman publications from 1940 until the early 1980s, when Marv Wolfman and George Pérez began including him in the "New Teen Titans" comics. As this made Grayson unavailable to the "Batman" comics, "Batman" writer Gerry Conway and artist Don Newton introduced Jason Todd in "Batman" #357 (March 1983). Wolfman and Pérez had Grayson set aside the Robin identity and become the independent superhero Nightwing in "Teen Titans", while Todd became Robin in the "Batman" family of comics. Originally, Todd's origin story was virtually identical to Grayson's; like Grayson, Todd was depicted as the son of circus acrobats, who became Batman's sidekick after his parents were murdered. Dennis O'Neil, who wrote "Batman" and "Detective Comics" throughout the 1970s and became the Batman group editor in 1986, said that Conway and Newton worried about creating a new character. I think they thought, 'We've got to have a Robin in the series so let's go with the tried and true. This Robin has worked for so many years, so let's do him again. Following the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" (1985–1986) crossover event, which rebooted the DC Universe, "Batman" writer Max Allan Collins was asked to reintroduce Todd. "Batman" #408 (June 1987) began a four-issue story by Collins and artist Chris Warner that reimagined Todd as a street delinquent whom Batman attempts to reform. The revamped Todd was unpopular among readers, who disliked his rebellious, impulsive nature. A scene in "Batman" #424 (June 1988) in which Todd seemingly breaks Batman's no-kill rule and lies about it was particularly controversial. After Collins quit over creative differences, writer Jim Starlin and penciler Jim Aparo took over "Batman". Starlin did not like Todd and initially avoided featuring him, but began to use him in stories at the request of O'Neil. Starlin "decided to play on that dislike" in his stories. By 1988, the "Batman" creative team knew Todd presented a problem that needed to be resolved. O'Neil decided that Todd either needed another personality revamp or to be written out of "Batman". Around that time, DC was planning to publish a comic promoting HIV/AIDS education, and requested that writers submit suggestions for characters to kill off from AIDS. Starlin filled the suggestion box with proposals to kill off Todd, but DC staff rejected the idea after realizing all the papers had Starlin's handwriting. DC president Jenette Kahn wanted to address Todd's unpopularity. O'Neil and Kahn attended an editorial retreat, where O'Neil recalled a 1982 "Saturday Night Live" sketch in which Eddie Murphy encouraged viewers to call one of two 900 numbers if they wanted him to boil a lobster on air. The sketch garnered widespread publicity and nearly 500,000 viewers called in. O'Neil proposed a similar stunt involving one of the DC characters, which Kahn found intriguing. O'Neil decided that Todd was "the logical candidate to be in peril", as he was unpopular and placing him in such a situation would have massive ramifications. "We didn't want to waste it on anything minor", he said. "Whether Firestorm's boots should be red or yellow ... This had to be important. Life or death stuff." Kahn added that they wanted to allow fans to have input in what to do with Todd, rather than "autocratically" writing him out and replacing him. The idea of having fans call to influence the creative process was a novel concept at the time, and DC's sales and marketing vice president Bruce Bristow described setting up the numbers as the most difficult part of the project. Sales manager John Pope began calling AT&T to secure the two 900 numbers on October 1, 1987; it took him until March 1988 to reserve them. Six months after Starlin proposed killing Todd, O'Neil asked him to start working on a potential story. Starlin decided to have the Joker murder Todd, inspired by "The Dark Knight Returns" (1986), a limited series by Frank Miller that featured Batman retiring after the Joker kills Robin. Starlin wrote scripts for a six-issue story, and the decision was made to combine the first four across two issues to speed up the story because fans were participating. Aparo, inker Mike DeCarlo, and colorist Adrienne Roy provided the art, and assistant editor Dan Raspler suggested Mike Mignola as the storyline's cover artist. "Batman" #427 features Batman arriving at a warehouse where Todd is imprisoned just as it explodes. On the back cover, an advertisement featured Batman carrying a severely wounded Todd. Readers were warned that Todd could die of his injuries, but that they could "prevent it with a telephone call". Two 900 numbers were given: one (1-(900) 720–2660) which would let Robin live, and another (1-(900) 720–2666) which would cause him to die. The numbers were activated for 35 hours in the United States and Canada from 9:00a.m. Eastern Standard Time on September 15, 1988. Starlin and the artists prepared two versions of "Batman" #428, depending on the outcome. As O'Neil stated, "It really could have gone either way. We prepared two choices of balloons. We had alternate panels. We had everything set up so that the two outcomes could be accomplished with a minimum of changes. We prepared for either situation." Raspler explained that Aparo prepared three alternate pages and several panels with static images that could be easily rearranged. O'Neil voted to let Todd live, as he felt killing the character would complicate his job as an editor, and Starlin was unable to vote because he was in Mexico at the time. O'Neil and Raspler checked the results every 90 minutes. DC executive editor and vice president Dick Giordano expected readers to vote in favor of Todd's survival; O'Neil believed they would vote for his death to see if DC would follow through. The poll received 10,614 votes and 5,343 voted for Todd's death over 5,271 for his survival—a margin of just 72 votes. Although Kahn dispelled rumors that the process was rigged in favor of Todd's demise, O'Neil said it was possible many votes favoring Todd's death came from a single person. He recalled hearing that "a lawyer programmed his Macintosh to dial the killing number every few minutes", but had no evidence. O'Neil canceled a party he planned to throw once the verdict was in and decided to keep the result secret until "Batman" #428 was shipped. O'Neil did not tell his wife, Starlin, or Aparo. Starlin had expected Todd to die but was surprised by how close the vote was. Production director Bob Rozakis supervised Roy as she finished coloring, and then had Steve Bove take the "real" "Batman" #428 to finish it in the secrecy of his basement. "A Death in the Family" was published when Batman was surging in popularity. Following the success of "The Dark Knight Returns" and the "Year One" (1987) storyline, monthly sales for "Batman" were at their highest level since the early 1970s, and Tim Burton's "Batman" (1989) feature film was in production. DC announced "A Death in the Family" shortly after the release of the critically acclaimed graphic novel "Batman: The Killing Joke" in 1988; according to author Chris Sims, the "Batman" letter column immediately "broke out into debate" over whether Todd should live or die. "Batman" #426, the first issue of "A Death in the Family", was released on August 23, 1988, and "Batman" #427, the second, was released two weeks later, on September 6. Fans voted to determine Todd's fate between September 15 and 16, 1988, and "Batman" #428, which featured Todd's death, was released on October 18, 1988. The storyline concluded with "Batman" #429, on November 29, 1988. The last two issues contained a guest appearance from Superman. After the first three issues of "A Death in the Family" sold out, DC compiled the storyline into a trade paperback in time for the 1988 Christmas shopping season. The collection, "Batman: A Death in the Family", shipped on December 5, 1988, less than a week after "Batman" #429. A 2009 hardcover reprint included Wolfman, Pérez, and Aparo's 1989 sequel storyline, "A Lonely Place of Dying", which introduced Todd's successor Tim Drake. A hardcover deluxe edition was published in April 2021. For many years, the version of "Batman" #428 in which Todd lives remained unpublished, though the pages remained housed in DC's archives in Burbank, California. "Batman Annual" #25, published in March 2006, used one of the alternate pages Aparo had prepared; some panels were released by Les Daniels in his book "Batman: The Complete History" (1999) and by "Polygon" journalist Susana Polo in 2020. In March 2020, the "DC Daily" web show unveiled all of the pages to the public for the first time, and the artwork was published in the 2021 deluxe edition. While eavesdropping on a child pornography ring and awaiting police backup in Gotham City, Jason Todd (Robin) ignores Batman's orders and attacks the criminals. Batman chastises Todd and asks if he considers crimefighting a game; Todd replies that life is a game. At Wayne Manor, Batman decides Todd is emotionally unstable and relieves him of his duties as Robin; an enraged Todd storms off. Meanwhile, the Joker, Batman's archenemy, escapes from Arkham Asylum. Batman discovers that he has obtained a nuclear weapon and plans to sell it to terrorists, and tracks him to war-torn Lebanon. Walking through his old neighborhood, Todd meets a friend of his late parents, who gives him his father's old documents. Todd discovers that his mother's name on his birth certificate is blotted out, and that her first initial is "S", not "C" as in Catherine Todd, the woman he knew as his mother. Todd concludes that Catherine was his stepmother and decides to search for his biological mother. He uses the Batcomputer to track three possible individuals to the Middle East and Africa. Todd travels to Lebanon, where he and Batman reunite. The two foil an attempt by terrorists to destroy Tel Aviv using the nuclear missile purchased from the Joker. Batman agrees to help Todd find his mother, and Todd interrogates his first suspect, Mossad agent Sharmin Rosen. His next suspect is Batman's old acquaintance Lady Shiva, who says she is not Todd's mother after she is administered a truth serum by the duo. Batman and Todd travel to Ethiopia and confirm that Todd's mother is Sheila Haywood, an aid worker; Todd has an emotional reunion with her. However, the Joker discovers that Haywood had performed illegal surgeries on teenagers in Gotham and has been blacklisted as a medical practitioner. The Joker uses this information to blackmail her into giving him the medical supplies her agency has stockpiled in a warehouse. He sells them on the black market and stocks the warehouse with Joker venom, which will kill thousands of people. Haywood has also been embezzling from the aid agency and, as part of a cover-up, hands Todd, in his Robin costume, over to the Joker. The Joker beats Todd with a crowbar and restrains him and Haywood in the warehouse with a time bomb. Todd throws himself on the bomb to shield Haywood as the warehouse explodes. Batman arrives too late to save them, and Todd and Haywood die from their injuries. Traumatized, Batman takes Todd and Haywood's remains to Gotham and holds a burial with Alfred Pennyworth, Commissioner James Gordon, and Barbara Gordon. Batman blames himself for Todd's death and resolves to carry on alone, rejecting Pennyworth's suggestion to involve Dick Grayson, the first Robin. The Joker meets with Ayatollah Khomeini, who offers him a role in the Iranian government. The Joker leaves a warehouse containing the corpses of his henchmen and the address of the UN Headquarters for Batman. As Batman waits outside the UN building, Superman appears and tries to convince Batman to leave. The Joker is Iran's representative to the UN and will be giving a speech on the floor of the General Assembly, and any confrontation between Batman and him could start a diplomatic incident. During his speech, the Joker attempts to poison the entire chamber with Joker venom, but Superman intercepts the gas. Batman pursues the Joker onto a helicopter sent by his sponsors. During the resulting struggle, one of the Joker's henchmen opens fire with a machine gun and shoots the pilot, crashing the helicopter into the sea. Superman saves Batman, but the Joker's body is not found. Batman laments that everything between him and the Joker ends unresolved. The first three chapters of "A Death in the Family" sold out quickly, and according to Starlin, the storyline was DC's bestselling comic of 1988. The storyline drew coverage in news outlets including "USA Today", Reuters, and the "Deseret News". Many reports did not mention that Todd was not the original Robin. As an editor at Marvel Comics, O'Neil had received angry mail from fans when characters such as Phoenix and Elektra were killed, so he was prepared for reader backlash to Todd's death. However, "A Death in the Family" created much more controversy, as Robin was one of DC's most iconic characters and the Marvel deaths had occurred during a period of recession in comics. O'Neil spent the days following "Batman" #428's publication "doing nothing but talking on the radio. I thought it would get us some ink here and there and maybe a couple of radio interviews. I had no idea—nor did anyone else—it would have the effect it did." After three days, Peggy May, DC's publicity manager, ordered O'Neil to stop talking to the media. She also barred anyone from discussing the story on television. Though initially confused, O'Neil came to appreciate May's order because he did not want the public to see him as "the guy who killed Robin". Assistant editor Dan Raspler was chastised by DC's then-executive vice president Paul Levitz for referring to "A Death in the Family" as a "stunt" in an interview. Todd's death divided fans at the time. Many readers celebrated, some hoping it meant that Grayson could become Robin again. Others lamented how bloodthirsty comic book readers were. O'Neil and the "Batman" team received hate mail and angry phone calls; according to O'Neil, the calls ranged from You bastard,' to tearful grandmothers saying, 'My grandchild loved Robin and I don't know what to tell him. Frank Miller was critical, calling the story "the most cynical thing [DC] has ever done ... fans can call in to put the axe to a little boy's head. To me the whole killing of Robin thing was probably the ugliest thing I've seen in comics". NPR cultural critic Glen Weldon found the criticism to be ironic, as it was Miller who came up with the idea of the Joker killing Todd in "The Dark Knight Returns". Critics have agreed with the decision to kill Todd in retrospect. Sims wrote that killing Todd was "unquestionably the right decision" and made for a far better story. He opined that allowing the Joker to defeat Batman enhanced both characters: the Joker became "a deadly threat... whose actions have lasting consequences", while Batman had "a motivating loss at a time when new readers were coming in". Hilary Goldstein of "IGN" and Jamie Hailstone of "Den of Geek" praised the story's handling of Todd's death for its emotion and portraying the dangers of superheroics. Retrospective reviewers have faulted "A Death in the Family" for its plot. Hailstone described "A Death in the Family" as "the ultimate 80s epic": "brasher than "Top Gun", louder than Hulk Hogan and more implausible than "The A-Team"". Both Hailstone and Goldstein found the plot hard to believe, and Hailstone said that it veers into nonsense when the Joker is appointed as an ambassador. Charles Prefore, writing for "Screen Rant", said the story "can't decide if it wants to be fun or dark"; while Todd's torture and death at the hands of the Joker is quite somber, elements like the "globetrotting nature of the story" and the Joker becoming an ambassador for Iran are evocative of the goofy Silver Age of Comic Books. Prefore said the story's grim moments, which caused "A Death in the Family" to gain a reputation as one of the darkest Batman stories, overshadow the rest of its outlandishness. "A Death in the Family" remains a popular story among readers, and despite their reservations over the plot, critics still deemed it worth reading. Hailstone called the story a "guilty pleasure" that, while not as groundbreaking as "Year One" or "Batman: Son of the Demon" (1987), was entertaining nonetheless, and Prefore summarized it as "a good read if you don't mind all the strangeness". Publications ranking it among the best Batman stories include "IGN" and "Complex" in 2014, and "GamesRadar+" and "Screen Rant" in 2021. Sean T. Collins of "Rolling Stone" ranked it among the 15 Batman stories he considered "essential" to understanding the character, praising Aparo's art and how Starlin characterizes the Joker. Despite Robin's status as one of the most famous sidekicks in comic book history, there has been little literary analysis of "A Death in the Family". According to literary critic Kwasu Tembo, it is generally only discussed "as either a case study within a broader discussion of Batman's ethics, or as a case study of DC's editorial decisions and socio-historical engagement with its readership". The story's message is that Batman cannot save everyone, and it portrays Todd as a tragic figure whose sympathetic journey ends in death. Tembo contended that the death leaves the reader to ponder Todd's nature as "Batman's greatest failure, as an orphan betrayed, and/or as a careless and overzealous lost boy who reaped what he had so impulsively and thoughtlessly sown". Tembo theorized that Todd's death, as voted for by readers, "can be more thoroughly understood as a complex form of scapegoating", comparable to a public execution. Todd was unpopular because he struggled to live up to the standard of his predecessor Grayson, which made him a "bad" Robin. This created jealousy among readers, who concluded that Todd was unfit to be Robin. Citing René Girard's theory of mimetic desire, Tembo wrote that O'Neil's decision to let fans determine Todd's fate created a "mimetic crisis" because readers "could now not only influence [Todd's] existence in the story world, but in being given this power, compete against him". Readers instead saw themselves as more fit to be Batman's partner; by voting to kill Todd, they thought they were helping Batman. Tembo points out that the closeness of the vote indicates that fans may not have despised Todd as much as commonly believed. Fans who voted to save Todd may have voted to preserve the classic status quo, or because they found the Joker's murdering a child during an emotional period in his life unsettling. "A Death in the Family" has been criticized as Islamophobic for its portrayal of Arab terrorists. The terrorists are portrayed as anti-American, anti-Israel fanatics who seek to violently take over the Western world. They are referred to as "bandits-in-bedsheets" and depicted as unshaved and always holding weapons, while Jamal, the terrorist leader, is overweight and perpetually sneering. In a 1991 study of Arab terrorist depictions in comic books, Jack Shaheen wrote that "A Death in the Family" conflates Arabs, Muslims and terrorists, and equates them to the Joker, an insane supervillain. Jehanzeb Dar and Shaheen cited the Joker's speech to the General Assembly as a particularly egregious example of Islamophobia in "A Death in the Family". Before he attempts to poison the chamber, the Joker gloats:
Dar described the Joker's speech as blatant Islamophobia disguised as humor. Shaheen and Dar argued "A Death in the Family" promotes the idea of "Them vs. Us", pitting the Arab and Western worlds against each other as diametrically opposed in values. The story contains errors in its depiction of the Middle East. Starlin writes Batman as speaking Farsi, the Persian language, in Beirut (where Arabic is actually the commonly spoken language), and the Joker dons a traditional Arab headdress and robes as the Iranian ambassador, although Iran is not an Arab country. Dar concluded that and [DC]'s disregard for cultural, religious, and political accuracy simply points to a crude and racist generalization: Arabs, Iranians, and Muslims are all the 'same' and 'hate' the West." "A Death in the Family" was part of the American comic book industry's trend towards "grim and gritty" comics in the late 1980s, and is remembered as one of DC's most controversial storylines. Chris Snellgrove of "Looper" described the scenes depicting Todd's torture and death—with the Joker covered in his blood— as "one of the most disturbing moments in the publisher's long history". DC editors took the lessons they learned from the controversy and used media coverage for publicity when killing off major characters in the future, such as Superman in "The Death of Superman" (1992–1993). Although "A Death in the Family" sold well, it harmed Starlin's standing at DC. DC's licensing department was infuriated over the death because of the amount of merchandise—such as lunchboxes and pajamas—that bore Robin's likeness. According to Starlin, "everybody got mad, and they needed somebody to blame—so I got blamed." Work quickly declined for him, and within six months he departed DC and returned to Marvel Comics, where he wrote "The Infinity Gauntlet" (1991). "A Death in the Family" is regarded as one of the most important Batman comics for its effect on future Batman stories. The story altered the DC Universe: instead of killing anonymous bystanders, the Joker murdered a core character in the Batman fiction. Alongside "The Killing Joke" (which featured Barbara Gordon, Batgirl, being shot in the stomach and paralyzed) and the success of the 1989 "Batman" film, "A Death in the Family" pushed the Batman mythos in a darker direction. It portrayed Batman as more violent and emotional following Todd's death, and for the next decade of comic book canon, he was haunted by his failure to save him. Conway felt that the storyline allowed for "the entrance of the real 'Dark Knight', the idea of Batman as the pitiless enforcer of Gotham". When the DC Universe canon was rebooted during DC's 2011 New 52 reboot, the events of "A Death in the Family" were left intact because DC editors deemed it too important. Todd was likely to be replaced as Robin regardless of his survival. O'Neil wanted to wait a year for a successor, but DC management demanded a new Robin immediately. O'Neil and Wolfman began developing the character of Tim Drake, who debuted in the 1989 storyline "A Lonely Place of Dying" by Wolfman, Pérez, and Aparo. O'Neil arranged for a nuanced introduction that explained why Batman would need a new sidekick after Todd's death, and Drake was designed to appeal to both Todd's fans and detractors. Drake proved popular and starred in several limited series and a 1993–2009 ongoing series, until he was replaced by Damian Wayne in 2009. Wayne shared Todd's willingness to go against Batman's wishes and use lethal force; Grant Morrison and Frazer Irving's "Batman and Robin" #13 (2010) featured a scene in which Wayne beat the Joker with a crowbar, paralleling Todd's murder. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Todd's death was one of the few comic book deaths that remained unreversed. Unlike traditional comic book deaths, Todd's was intended to stay permanent; at the time of "A Death in the Familys publication, O'Neil said that "it would be a really sleazy stunt to bring him back". A popular aphorism among comic book fans was that in comics, no characters stayed dead except Bucky Barnes, Uncle Ben, and Todd. (Marvel would revive Barnes in 2004 as the Winter Soldier.) Todd's revival was first teased in the "Hush" (2002–2003) storyline by Jeph Loeb and Jim Lee, which features Clayface impersonating an undead Todd to taunt Batman. After writer Judd Winick read "Hush", he wondered why DC never revived Todd. Winick and artist Doug Mahnke's 2004–2006 storyline "Under the Hood" revived him as the murderous vigilante Red Hood; the in-universe explanation for Todd's revival was that he was restored to life after Superboy-Prime punched the wall of a pocket dimension. Todd eventually re-joined Batman's supporting cast as an "on-again, off-again ally", and starred in the series "Red Hood and the Outlaws" (2011–2021). Despite his resurrection, in 2020 journalist Susana Polo noted Todd was still most famous for dying in "A Death in the Family". Bruce Timm and Paul Dini considered adapting "A Death in the Family" for "Batman: The Animated Series" (1992–1999), but decided it was too violent. Instead, they omitted the Todd character and incorporated some of his characteristics in Drake. The story was eventually adapted in the comic book sequel "Batman: The Adventures Continue" (2020), written by Dini and Alan Burnett and penciled by Ty Templeton. In the "Adventures Continue" adaptation, the Joker and Harley Quinn kidnap Todd, and the Joker beats him with a crowbar with intent to kill him. Harley objects to killing a child and finds Batman, who arrives as the warehouse is engulfed in flames due to hydrogen tanks. A wounded Todd begs for Batman to kill the Joker, but Batman instead tries to save him; Todd attempts to stop Batman but knocks over more hydrogen tanks, causing the explosion and his apparent death. Elements from "A Death in the Family" were incorporated in the 2010 DC Universe Animated Original Movies film "Batman: Under the Red Hood", an adaptation of "Under the Hood" directed by Brandon Vietti. In the film, Ra's al Ghul (Jason Isaacs) hires the Joker (John DiMaggio) to distract Batman (Bruce Greenwood) and Todd (Jensen Ackles) while he destroys Europe's financial districts. They follow the Joker to Bosnia, where he kills Todd in similar fashion to "A Death in the Family". An interactive film adaptation, "Batman: Death in the Family", was released in 2020. The film is a sequel to "Under the Red Hood", Vietti again directing and the cast, with the exception of Vincent Martella replacing Ackles, reprising their roles. Similar to the voting system from the comic, the film allows viewers to determine if Todd lives or dies, leading to different scenarios that see him become Red Hood, Hush, or Red Robin. "A Death in the Family" is referenced in the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a shared universe of superhero films based on DC characters. "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" (2016) features a damaged Robin suit on display in the Batcave, while "Suicide Squad" (2016) reveals that Harley Quinn (Margot Robbie) helped the Joker (Jared Leto) murder him. "Zack Snyder's Justice League" (the 2021 director's cut of "Justice League" (2017)) features a scene in which the Joker mocks Batman (Ben Affleck) for Robin's death. Though Warner Bros. and "Suicide Squad" director David Ayer stated that the dead Robin was Todd, "Batman v Superman" director Zack Snyder later said he had intended it to be Grayson, unlike "A Death in the Family". Snyder had planned to explore Robin's death in detail in his "Justice League" sequels before their cancellation. Before the release of "Zack Snyder's Justice League", Snyder proposed a comic book prequel to "Batman v Superman" that depicted Robin's death, but DC turned it down. In "Emperor Joker", a 2010 episode of "Batman: The Brave and the Bold" (2008–2011), a fourth wall-breaking Bat-Mite (Paul Reubens) references "A Death in the Family" and the 900 number, and Batman is briefly seen cradling a dead Robin. Todd's portrayal in the video game "Batman: Arkham Knight" (2015) was inspired by "A Death in the Family". The DC Universe and HBO Max streaming television series "Titans" (2018–present) features Todd as a central character portrayed by Curran Walters. After the second season episode "Deathstroke" (2019) ended on a cliffhanger with Deathstroke (Esai Morales) attempting to kill Todd, DC Universe held a poll in which fans could vote to determine Todd's fate. The poll was only intended as a reference to "A Death in the Family" and had no effect on the series, but elements from "A Death in the Family" were incorporated in the third season of "Titans", which premiered in 2021.
Legacy ; Effect on future stories
Todd's demise had a lasting effect on Batman stories, with Batman's failure to save him pushing the comic book mythos in a darker direction. Tim Drake succeeded Todd as Robin in 1989, and Todd was resurrected as the Red Hood in the "Under the Hood" (2004–2006) storyline.