Spanish language in science and technology
Among Spanish-language articles indexed in Scopus from 1996 to 2011, 10.8% qualify as "Life Sciences", 13.2% as "Physical Sciences", 44.4% as "Health Sciences", 29.6% as "Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities" and 2.0% as "Multi-disciplinary & Undefined". Thus a higher percentage of Spanish language content is published in "Health Sciences" and "Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities" than is the case for English, Chinese or Russian. Spanish shares this trait with Portuguese, Italian, Dutch and French. A bibliometric study of publications on the subject of "digital communication" indexed in Scopus and Web of Science found that in both databases, Spanish-language articles comprise around 6.5% of the content. Notably, in these databases various authors with articles published in Spanish were based in non-Spanish speaking countries. A 2014 Google Scholar search on the words "biodiversity" and "conservation" yielded Spanish as the language with the second most entries — far behind English and just ahead of Portuguese. The Spanish language is one of many major languages with limited use in science and technology. The main cause of this is the proliferation of English in scientific writing, which has been ongoing since English displaced French and German as the languages of science in the first half of the 20th century. Another cause of the scant publication of articles in Spanish in scientific journals is the fact that scientists from Spain tend to form (at least in the 21st century) more partnerships with researchers from elsewhere in Europe or the United States than from other Spanish-speaking countries. As is the case with other languages, including the historically important German, writing in Spanish limits access to influential foreign journals. Spanish language journals and articles are systematically underrepresented in the ISI database, are disadvantaged by unfavourable assessments of impact factor, a widely used metric for evaluating scientific journals. The scientific policy of Spain has, since the 1980s, focused on promoting the international diffusion of research from Spain while not considering which language is used. The Spanish language has not kept pace with the development of language in various fields of knowledge. Writing in 2007, Daniel Prado noted that Google searches on Spanish terms do often not yield quality results, hampering the work of translators and editors. Scholar Enrique Alarcón explains the case of engineering, where he posits three causes for the poor quality Spanish used in the subject - words exist but are unknown, confusion between similar but not identical concepts, and lack of precision when using terminology. The poor state of the Spanish language used in engineering may stem from the mishmash of engineering traditions and impossibility for individuals to have a classical education in multiple branches of engineering. Alternatively, the poor state of the language in engineering may derive from the lack of a previous tradition in certain subjects. By 2007, the Icelandic, Dutch, Danish and Swedish languages had ten to twenty times more financial resources invested in language care and improvement than Spanish, despite the small size of the communities and the economies of their respective countries. Scholar Rainer Enrique Hamel points at three arguments to promote the use of Spanish in science:
#Language diversity in science is good for reasons akin to why ecological diversity is good. #Excessive use of English reinforces undesirable asymmetric relations in science. #Scholars from Anglo-Saxon countries are adopting bad practices like not reading research in languages other than English, reinforcing an unjustified privileged situation. "Practitioners and policy makers" may not benefit from the adding up of new scientific information if it is not in a language they understand. An example of this are protected area directors in Spain who self-report to have language barrier difficulties with publications relevant to carry out their work.
Bibliometric studies
In humanities a similar estimate yields 2.81%.