 Dear Fellow Scholars, this is two-minute papers with Kato Ejona-Ifahir. This work is about improving reinforcement learning. Reinforcement learning is a learning algorithm that we can use to choose a set of actions in an environment to maximize a score. Our classical example applications are helicopter control where the score to be maximized would be proportional to the distance that we traveled safely or any computer game of your choice where a score can describe how well we are doing. For instance, in Frostbite, our score describes how many jumps we have survived without dying and this score is subject to maximization. Earlier, scientists at DeepMind combined reinforcement learner with a deep neural network so the algorithm could look at the screen and play the game much like a human player would. This problem is especially difficult when the rewards are sparse. This is similar to what a confused student would experience after a written exam where only one grade is given but the results for the individual problems are not shown. It is quite hard to know where we did well and where we missed the mark and it is much more challenging to choose the appropriate topics to study to do better next time. When starting out, the learner starts exploring the parameter space and performs crazy, seemingly non-sensical actions until it finds a few scenarios where it is able to do well. This can be thought of as adding noise to the actions of the agent. Scientists at OpenAI propose an approach where they add noise not directly to the actions but to the parameters of the agent which results in perturbations that depend on the information that the agent senses. This leads to less flailing and the more systematic exploration that substantially decreases the time taken to learn tasks with sparse rewards. For instance, it makes a profound difference if we use it in the Walker game. As you can see here, the algorithm with the parameter space noise is able to learn the concept of galloping while the traditional method does, well, I am not sure what it is doing to be honest but it is significantly less efficient. The solution does not come without challenges. For instance, different layers respond differently to this added noise and the effect of the noise on the outputs grows over time which requires changing the amount of noise to be added depending on its expected effect on the output. This technique is called Adaptive Noise Scaling. There are plenty of comparisons and other cool details in the paper make sure to have a look it is available in the video description. DeepMind's deep reinforcement learning was published in 2015 with some breathtaking results and superhuman plays on a number of different games and it has already been improved leaves and bounds beyond its initial version. And we are talking about OpenAI so of course the source code of this project is available under the permissive MIT license. In the meantime we have recently been able to upgrade the entire TFR sound recording pipeline through your support on Patreon. I have been yearning for this for a long, long time now and not only that but we could also extend our software pipeline with sound processing units that use AI and work like magic. Quite fitting for the series right? Next up is a recording room or recording corner with acoustic treatment depending on our budget. And thank you for your support it makes a huge difference. A more detailed write up on this is available in the video description. Have a look. Thanks for watching and for your generous support and I'll see you next time.