 Dear Fellow Scholars, this is Two Minute Papers with Dr. Karajol Leifahir. Today we are going to generate robots with grammars. Wait a second, grammars of all things. What do grammars have to do with robots? Do we need to teach them grammar to speak correctly? No, no, of course not. To answer these questions, let's invoke the second law of papers, which says that whatever you are thinking about, there is already a Two Minute Papers episode on that. Even on grammars. Let's see if it applies here. In this earlier work, we talked about generating buildings with grammars. So, how does that work? Grammars are a set of rules that tell us how to build up a structure such as a sentence properly from small elements like nouns, adjectives, and so on. My friend Martin Elchick loves to build buildings from grammars. For instance, a shape grammar for buildings can describe rules like a wall can contain several windows. Below a window goes a windows seal. One wall may have at most two doors attached and so on. A later paper also used a similar concept to generate tangle patterns. So, this grammar thing has some power in assembling things after all. So, can we apply this knowledge to build robots? First, the robots in this new paper are built up as a collection of these joint types, links, and wheels, which can come in all kinds of sizes and weights. Now, our question is how do we assemble them in a way that they can traverse a given terrain effectively? Well, time for some experiments. Look at this robot. It has a lot of character and can deal with this terrain pretty well. Now, look at this poor thing. Someone in the lab at MIT had a super fun day with this one I am sure. Now, this can sort of do the job, but now let's see the power of grammars and search algorithms in creating more optimized robots for a variety of the reins. First, a flat terrain. Let's see. Yes, now we're talking. This one is traversing at great speed. And this one works too. I like how it was able to find vastly different robot structures that both perform well here. Now, let's look at a little harder level with gaped terrains. Look. Oh, wow. Loving this. The algorithm recognized that a more rigid body is required to efficiently step through the gaps. And now, I wonder what happens if we add some ridges to the levels, so it cannot only step through the gaps, but has to climb. Let's see. And we get those long limbs that can indeed climb through the ridges. Excellent. Now, add the staircase and see who can climb these well. The algorithm says, well, someone with long arms and a somewhat elastic body. Let's challenge the algorithm some more. Let's add, for instance, a frozen lake. Who can climb a flat surface that is really slippery? Does the algorithm know? Look, it says someone who can utilize a low friction surface by dragging itself through it. Or someone with many legs. Loving this. Now, this is way too much fun. So, let's do two more. What about a world terrain example? What kind of robot would work there? One with a more elastic body, carefully designed to be able to curve sharply, enabling rapid direction changes. But it cannot be too long or else it would bang its head into the wall. This is indeed a carefully crafted specimen for this particular level. Now, of course, real-world situations often involve multiple kinds of terrains, not just one. And of course, the authors of this paper know that very well and also ask the algorithm to design a specimen that can traverse world and rich terrains really well. Make sure to have a look at the paper which even shows graphs for robot archetypes that work on different terrains. It turns out one can even make claims about the optimality, which is a strong statement. I did not expect that at all. So, apparently, grammars are amazing at generating many kinds of complex structures, including robots. And note that this paper also has a follow-up work from the same group, where they took this step further and made figure skating and break-dancing robots. What a time to be alive! The link is also available in the video description for that one. This episode has been supported by Lambda GPU Cloud. If you're looking for inexpensive, Cloud GPUs for AI, check out Lambda GPU Cloud. They've recently launched Quadro RTX 6000, RTX 8000, and V100 instances. And hold onto your papers because Lambda GPU Cloud can cost less than half of AWS and Azure. Plus, they are the only Cloud service with 48GB RTX 8000. Join researchers at organizations like Apple, MIT, and Caltech in using Lambda Cloud instances, workstations, or servers. Make sure to go to LambdaLabs.com slash papers to sign up for one of their amazing GPU instances today. Our thanks to Lambda for their long-standing support and for helping us make better videos for you. Thanks for watching and for your generous support, and I'll see you next time.