 Dear Fellow Scholars, this is Two Minute Papers with Dr. Karo Zsolnai-Fehir. Due to popular requests, today we will talk about mural link, Elon Musk's Neural Engineering Company that he created to develop brain machine interfaces. And your first question likely is, why talk about mural link now? There was a recent event and another one last year as well, why did I not cover that? Well, the launch event from last year indeed promised a great deal. In this series, we often look at research works that are just one year apart and marvel at the difference scientists have been able to make in the tiny tiny time frame. So first, let's talk about their paper from 2019, which will be incredible. And then, see how far they have come in a year, which, as you will see, is even more incredible. The promise is to be able to read and write information too and from the brain. To accomplish this, as of 2019, they used this robot to insert the electrodes into your brain tissue. You can see the insertion process here. From the close-up image, you might think that this is a huge needle, but in fact, this needle is extremely tiny, you can see a penny for scale here. This is the story of how this rat got equipped with a USB port. As this process is almost like inserting microphones into its brain, now we are able to read the neural signals of this rat. Normally, these are analog signals which are read and digitized by neural links implant, and now this brain data is represented as a digital signal. Well, at first, this looks a bit like gibberish. Do we really have to undergo a brain surgery to get a bunch of these quickly curves? What do these really do for us? We can have the neural link chip analyze these signals and look for action potentials in them. These are also referred to as spikes because of their shape. That sounds a bit better, but still, what does this do for us? Let's see. Here we have a person with a mouse in their hand. This is an outward movement with a mouse, and then reaching back. Simple enough. Now, what you see here below is the activity of an example neuron. When nothing is happening, there is some firing, but not much activity, and now, look, when reaching out, this neuron fires a great deal, and suddenly, when reaching back again, nearly no activity. This means that this neuron is tuned for an outward motion, and this other one is tuned for the returning motion. And all this is now information that we can read in real time, and the more neurons we can read, the more complex motion we can read. Absolutely incredible. However, this is still a little difficult to read, so let's order them by what kind of motion makes them excited. And there we go. Suddenly, this is a much more organized way to present all this neural activity, and now we can detect what kind of motion the brain is thinking about. This was the reading part, and that's just the start. What is even cooler is that we can just invert this process, read this spiking activity, and just by looking at these, we can reconstruct the motion the human wishes to perform. With this, brain machine interfaces can be created for people with all kinds of disabilities, where the brain can still think about the movements, but the connection to the rest of the body is severed. Now, these people only have to think about moving, and then, the neuraling device will read it, and perform the cursor movement for them. It really feels like we live in a science fiction world. And all this signal processing is now possible automatically, and in real time, and all we need for this is this tiny, tiny chip that takes just a few square millimeters. And don't forget, that is just version 1 from 2019. Now, onwards to the 2020 event, where it gets even better. The neuraling device has been placed into Gertrude, the Pixbrain, and here you see it in action. We see the rest of you here, and luckily, we already know what it means, this lays bare the neural action potentials before our eyes, or, in other words, which neuron is spiking, and exactly when. Below, with blue, you see these activities summed up for our convenience, and this way, you will not only see, but here it too, as these neurons are tuned for snout boops. In other words, you will see, and here, that the more the snout is stimulated, the more neural activity it will show. Let's listen. And all this is possible today, and in real time. That was one of the highlights of the 2020 progress update event, but it went further. Much further. Look, this is a pig on a treadmill, and here you see the brain signal readings. This signal marked with a circle shows where a joint or limb is about to move, where the other dimmer colored signal is the chip's prediction, as to what is about to happen. It takes into consideration periodicity, and predicts higher frequency movement, like these sharp turns really well. The two are almost identical, and that means exactly what you think it means. Today, we can not only read and write, but even predict what the pig's brain is about to do. And that was the part where I fell off the chair when I watched this event live. You can also see the real and predicted world space positions for these body parts as well. Very close. Now note that there is a vast body of research in brain machine interfaces, and many of these things were possible in lab conditions, and Muralinx Quest here is to make them accessible for a wider audience within the next decade. If this project further improves at this rate, it could help many paralyzed people around the world live a longer and more meaningful life, and the neural enhancement aspect is also not out of question. Just thinking about summoning your Tesla might also summon it, which sounds like science fiction, and based on these results, you see that it may even be one of the simplest tasks for a neuraling chip in the future. And who knows, one day, maybe, with this device, these videos could be beamed into your brain much quicker, and this series would have to be renamed from two minute papers to two second papers, or maybe even two microsecond papers. They might actually fit into two minutes, like the title says, now that would truly be a miracle. Huge thanks to scientists at Muralinx for our discussions about the concepts described in this video, and then ensuring that you get accurate information. This is one of the reasons why our coverage of the 2020 event is way too late compared to many mainstream media outlets, which leads to a great deal less views for us, but it doesn't matter. We are not maximizing views here, we are maximizing learning. Note that they are also hiring, if you wish to be a part of their vision and work with them, make sure to apply. The link is available in the video description. This episode has been supported by weights and biases. In this post, they show you how to train and compare powerful, modern language models, such as Bert and distale Bert from the Hagenkface library. Wates and biases provides tools to track your experiments in your deep learning projects. Their system is designed to save you a ton of time and money, and it is actively used in projects at prestigious labs such as OpenAI, Toyota Research, GitHub, and more. And the best part is that if you have an open source, academic, or personal project, you can use their tools for free. It really is as good as it gets. Make sure to visit them through wnbe.com slash papers, or click the link in the video description to start tracking your experiments in five minutes. Our thanks to weights and biases for their long-standing support and for helping us make better videos for you. Thanks for watching and for your generous support, and I'll see you next time.