 Dear Fellow Scholars, this is two-minute papers with Dr. Karo Zsolnai-Fehir. In early 2019, a learning-based technique appeared that could perform common natural language processing operations, for instance, answering questions, completing text, reading comprehension, summarization, and more. This method was developed by scientists at OpenAI and they called it GPT2. The goal was to be able to perform this task with as little supervision as possible. This means that they unleashed this algorithm to read the internet and the question was, what would the AI learn during this process? That is a tricky question. And to be able to answer it, have a look at this paper from 2017, where an AI was given a bunch of Amazon product reviews and the goal was to teach it to be able to generate new ones or continue a review when given one. Then, something unexpected happened. The finished neural network used surprisingly few neurons to be able to continue these reviews. They noticed that the neural network has built up a knowledge of not only language, but also built a sentiment detector as well. This means that the AI recognized that in order to be able to continue a review, it not only needs to learn English, but also needs to be able to detect whether the review seems positive or not. If we know that we have to complete a review that seems positive from a small snippet, we have a much easier time doing it well. And now, back to GPT2, as it was asked to predict the next character in sentences of not reviews, but of any kind, we asked what this neural network would learn. Well, now we know that of course, it learns whatever it needs to learn to perform the sentence completion properly. And to do this, it needs to learn English by itself, and that's exactly what it did. It also learned about a lot of topics to be able to discuss them well. What topics? Let's see. We gave it a try and I was somewhat surprised when I saw that it was able to continue a two-minute paper script even though it seems to have turned into a history lesson. What was even more surprising is that it could shoulder the two-minute papers test, or, in other words, I asked it to talk about the nature of fluid simulations and it was caught cheating red-handed. But then, it continued in a way that was not only coherent, but had quite a bit of truth to it. Note that there was no explicit instruction for the AI apart from it being unleashed on the internet and reading it. And now, the next version appeared by the name GPT3. This version is now more than 100 times bigger, so our first question is how much better can an AI get if we increase the size of a neural network? Let's have a look together. These are the results on a challenging reading comprehension test as a function of the number of parameters. As you see, around 1.5 billion parameters, which is roughly equivalent to GPT2, it has learned a great deal, but its understanding is nowhere near the level of human comprehension. However, as we grow the network, something incredible happens. Non-trivial capabilities start to appear as we approach the 100 billion parameters. Look, it nearly matched the level of humans. My goodness! This was possible before, but only with neural networks that are specifically designed for a narrow test. In comparison, GPT3 is much more general. Let's test that generality and have a look at 5 practical applications together. One, open AI made this AI accessible to a lucky few people, and it turns out it has read a lot of things on the internet which contains a lot of code, so it can generate website layouts from a written description. Two, it also learned how to generate properly formatted plots from a tiny prompt written in plain English, not just one kind, many kinds. Perhaps to the joy of technical PhD students around the world, three, it can properly pipe set mathematical equations from a plain English description as well. Four, it understands the kind of data we have in a spreadsheet, in this case population and feels the missing parts correctly. And five, it can also translate a complex legal text into plain language, or the other way around, in other words, it can also generate legal text from our simple descriptions. And as you see here, it can do much, much more. I left a link to all of these materials in the video description. However, of course, this iteration of GPT also has its limitations. For instance, we haven't seen the extent to which these examples are cherry-picked, or, in other words, for every good output that we marvel at, there might have been one, or a dozen tries that did not come out well. We don't exactly know. But the main point is that working with GPT3 is a really peculiar process where we know that a vast body of knowledge lies within, but it only emerges if we can bring it out with properly written prompts. It almost feels like a new kind of programming that is open to everyone, even people without any programming, or technical knowledge. If a computer is a bicycle for the mind, then GPT3 is a fighter jet. Absolutely incredible. And to say that the paper is vast would be an understatement, we only scratch the surface of what it can do here, so make sure to have a look if you wish to know more about it. The link is available in the video description. I can only imagine what we will be able to do with GPT4 and GPT5 in the near future. What a time to be alive. What you see here is an instrumentation for a previous paper that we covered in this series, which was made by weights and biases. I think organizing these experiments really showcases the usability of their system. Weight and biases provides tools to track your experiments in your deep learning projects. Their system is designed to save you a ton of time and money, and it is actively used in projects at prestigious labs such as OpenAI, Toyota Research, GitHub, and more. And the best part is that if you have an open source, academic, or personal project, you can use their tools for free. It really is as good as it gets. Make sure to visit them through wnbe.com slash papers, or click the link in the video description to start tracking your experiments in 5 minutes. Our thanks to weights and biases for their long-standing support and for helping us make better videos for you. Thanks for watching and for your generous support, and I'll see you next time.