74181
The 74181 is a 4-bit slice arithmetic logic unit (ALU), implemented as a 7400 series TTL integrated circuit. The first complete ALU on a single chip, it was used as the arithmetic/logic core in the CPUs of many historically significant minicomputers and other devices.

The 74181 represents an evolutionary step between the CPUs of the 1960s, which were constructed using discrete logic gates, and today's single-chip microprocessor CPUs. Although no longer used in commercial products, the 74181 is still referenced in computer organization textbooks and technical papers. It is also sometimes used in "hands-on" college courses to train future computer architects.

Specifications

The 74181 is a 7400 series medium-scale integration (MSI) TTL integrated circuit, containing the equivalent of 75 logic gates
and most commonly packaged as a 24-pin DIP. The 4-bit wide ALU can perform all the traditional add / subtract / decrement operations with or without carry, as well as AND / NAND, OR / NOR, XOR, and shift. Many variations of these basic functions are available, for a total of 16 arithmetic and 16 logical operations on two four-bit words. Multiply and divide functions are not provided but can be performed in multiple steps using the shift and add or subtract functions.
Shift is not an explicit function but can be derived from several available functions; e.g., selecting function "A plus A" with carry (M=0) will give an  arithmetic left shift of the A input.

The 74181 performs these operations on two four-bit operands generating a four-bit result with carry in 22 nanoseconds (45 MHz). The 74S181 performs the same operations in 11 nanoseconds (90 MHz), while the 74F181 performs the operations in 7 nanoseconds (143 MHz) (typical).

Multiple 'slices' can be combined for arbitrarily large word sizes. For example, sixteen 74S181s and five 74S182 look ahead carry generators can be combined to perform the same operations on 64-bit operands in 28 nanoseconds (36 MHz). Although overshadowed by the performance of today's multi-gigahertz 64-bit microprocessors, this was quite impressive when compared to the sub-megahertz clock speeds of the early four- and eight-bit microprocessors.

Implemented functions 
The 74181 implements all 16 possible logical functions with two variables.  Its arithmetic functions include addition and subtraction with and without carry. It can be used with data in active-high (high corresponds to 1) and active-low (low corresponds to 1) logic levels.

Inputs and outputs 
There are four selection inputs, S0 to S3, to select the function. M is used to select between logical and arithmetic operation, and Cn is the carry-in.
A and B is the data to be processed (four bits). F is the number output.  There are also P and a G signals for a carry-lookahead adder, which can be implemented via one or several 74182 chips.

Function table for output F 
In the following table, AND is denoted as a product, OR with a  sign, XOR with , logical NOT with an overbar and arithmetic plus and minus using the words plus and minus.

Significance
The 74181 greatly simplified the development and manufacture of computers and other devices that required high speed computation during the late 1960s through the early 1980s, and is still referenced as a "classic" ALU design.

Prior to the introduction of the 74181, computer CPUs occupied multiple circuit boards and even very simple computers could fill multiple cabinets. The 74181 allowed an entire CPU and in some cases, an entire computer to be constructed on a single large printed circuit board. The 74181 occupies a historically significant stage between older CPUs based on discrete logic functions spread over multiple circuit boards and modern microprocessors that incorporate all CPU functions in a single chip. The 74181 was used in various minicomputers and other devices beginning in the 1970s, but as microprocessors became more powerful the practice of building a CPU from discrete components fell out of favor and the 74181 was not used in any new designs.

Today
By 1994, CPU designs based on the 74181 were not commercially viable due to the comparatively low price and high performance of microprocessors. However, the 74181 is still of interest in the teaching of computer organization and CPU design because it provides opportunities for hands-on design and experimentation that are rarely available to students. 
 Digital Electronics with VHDL (Quartus II Version) review in Journal of Modern Engineering, Volume 7, Number 2, Spring 2007.
 A Minimal TTL Processor for Architecture Exploration a paper describing how the 74181 can be used to teach CPU architecture. 
 A Hardware Lab for the Computer Organization Course at Small Colleges Another example of how the 74181 is used today in a teaching environment.
 74181 + 74182 demonstration Java-based simulator
 APOLLO181  (by Gianluca.G, Italy 2012): a homemade educational processor made of TTL logics and bipolar memories, based upon the Bugbook® I and II chips, in particular on the 74181.
 Build Your Computer using LOGIC & MEMORY, before the advent of microprocessor a video showing history and educational use of the 74181 ALU.

Computers
Many computer CPUs and subsystems were based on the 74181, including several historically significant models.
 NOVA First widely available 16-bit minicomputer manufactured by Data General. NOVA 1200 was de facto the first commercial minicomputer in 1970 to use the 74181
 Several models of the PDP-11 Most popular minicomputer of all time, manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation.
 Xerox Alto The first computer to use the desktop metaphor and graphical user interface (GUI).
 VAX-11/780 The first VAX, the most popular 32-bit computer of the 1980s manufactured by Digital Equipment Corp.
 Three Rivers PERQ, a commercial computer workstation influenced by the Xerox Alto and first released in 1979.
 Computer Automation Naked Mini LSI, a computer that found use in LSI IC test equipment and process control. 
 KMC11 Peripheral processor for Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-11.
 FPP-12 Floating point unit for the Digital Equipment Corp. PDP-12. 
 Wang 2200 CPU (one 74181 per CPU) and disk controller (2 74181s per controller)
 TI-990 Texas Instruments' series of 16-bit minicomputers.
 Honeywell option 1100 The so-called "scientific unit" option for Honeywell H200/H2000 series mainframes.
 Datapoint 2200 Version II and follow-on machines, the Datapoint 5500, 6600, and 1800/3800 The computer that defined the architecture for the Intel 8008.
 Cogar System 4 / Singer 1501 / ICL 1501 Intelligent Terminal
 Varian Data Machines V70 series of 16-bit minicomputers

Other uses
 Vectorbeam Arcade game platform used by Cinematronics for various arcade games including Space Wars, Starhawk, Warrior, Star Castle and others uses three 25LS181 chips in its 12-bit processor.

See also
 Arithmetic logic unit
 Microsequencer
 7400-series integrated circuits
 List of 7400-series integrated circuits

References

External links
Manufacturer's data sheets:
 Texas Instruments (and 74182 look-ahead carry generator)
 Signetics
 Philips
 Fairchild.

Explanation of how the chip works
 Inside the vintage 74181 ALU chip: how it works and why it's so strange

Bit-slice chips
Digital circuits
History of computing hardware