AMD K5
The K5 is AMD's first x86 processor to be developed entirely in-house. Introduced in March 1996, its primary competition was Intel's Pentium microprocessor. The K5 was an ambitious design, closer to a Pentium Pro than a Pentium regarding technical solutions and internal architecture. However, the final product was closer to the Pentium regarding performance, although faster clock-for-clock compared to the Pentium.

Technical details

The K5 was based upon an internal highly parallel 29k RISC processor architecture with an x86 decoding front-end. The K5 offered good x86 compatibility and the in-house-developed test suite proved invaluable on later projects. All models had 4.3 million transistors, with five integer units that could process instructions out of order and one floating-point unit. The branch target buffer was four times the size of the Pentium's and register renaming helped overcome register dependencies. The chip's speculative execution of instructions reduced pipeline stalls. It had a 16 KB four-way set-associative instruction cache and an 8 KB data cache. The floating-point divide and square-root microcode were mechanically proven. 
The floating-point transcendental instructions were implemented in hardware and were faithful to true mathematical results for all operands.

Performance
The K5 project represented an early chance for AMD to take technical leadership from Intel. Although the chip addressed the right design concepts, the actual engineering implementation had its issues. The low clock rates were, in part, due to AMD's limitations as a "cutting edge" manufacturing company at the time, and in part due to the design itself, which had many levels of logic for the process technology of the day, hampering clock scaling. Additionally, while the K5's floating-point performance was regarded as superior to that of the Cyrix 6x86, it was slower than that of the Pentium, although while offering more reliable transcendental function results. Because it was late to market and did not meet performance expectations, the K5 never gained the acceptance among large computer manufacturers that the Am486 and AMD K6 enjoyed.

Features 
CPU features table

Models 
There were two revisions of the K5 architecture, internally called the SSA/5 and the 5k86, both released with the K5 label. The original set of "SSA/5" CPUs had its branch prediction unit disabled and additional internal waitstates added; these issues were remedied with the "5k86", resulting in up to 30% better performance clock for clock. The "SSA/5" line ran from 75 to 100 MHz; the "5k86" line ran from 90 to 133 MHz. However, AMD used what it called a PR rating, or performance rating, to label the chips according to their suggested equivalence in integer performance to a Pentium of that clock speed. Thus, a 116 MHz chip from the second line was marketed as the "K5 PR166". Manufacturing delays caused the PR200's arrival to nearly align with the release of K6. Since AMD did not want the two chips competing, the K5-PR200 only arrived in small numbers.

SSA/5

 Sold as 5K86 P75 to P100, later as K5 PR75 to PR100
 4.3 million transistors in 500 or 350 nm
 L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (data + instructions)
 Socket 5 and Socket 7
 VCore: 3.52 V
 Front side bus: 50 (PR75), 60 (PR90), 66 MHz (PR100)
 First release: March 27, 1996
 Clockrate: 75, 90, 100 MHz

5k86

 Sold as K5 PR120 to PR166 (PR200)
 4.3 million transistors in 350 nm
 L1-Cache: 8 + 16 KB (data + instructions)
 Socket 5 and Socket 7
 VCore: 3.52 V
 Front side bus: 60 (PR120/150), 66 MHz
 First release: October 7, 1996
 Clockrate: 90 (PR120), 100 (PR133), 105 (PR150), 116.6 (PR166), 133 MHz (PR200)

See also
 List of AMD K5 microprocessors

References

Further reading

 Gwennap, Linley (25 March 1996). "AMD Ships Pentium Competitor". Microprocessor Report.
 Slater, Michael (24 October 1994). "AMD's K5 Designed to Outrun Pentium". Microprocessor Report.
 Slater, Michael (8 May 1995). "AMD K5 Volume Slips into 1996". Microprocessor Report.

External links

AMD: AMD-K5 Processor Overview
Technical overview of the K5 series
Pictures of K5 chips at CPUShack.com
The AMD K5, a much underrated chip
 AMD K5 technical specifications

Advanced Micro Devices x86 microprocessors
Advanced Micro Devices microarchitectures
X86 microarchitectures
Computer-related introductions in 1996