512-bit computing
There are currently no mainstream general-purpose processors built to operate on 512-bit integers or addresses, though a number of processors do operate on 512-bit data.

Representation
A 512-bit register can store 2512 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 512 bits depends on the integer representation used.

The maximum value of an unsigned 512-bit integer is 2512 − 1, written in decimal as 13,407,807,929,942,597,099,574,024,998,205,846,127,479,365,820,592,393,377,723,561,443,721,764,030,073,546,976,801,874,298,166,903,427,690,031,858,186,486,050,853,753,882,811,946,569,946,433,649,006,084,095 or approximately 1.34078 x 10154.

Hardware

The Intel Xeon Phi has a vector processing unit with 512-bit vector registers, each one holding sixteen 32-bit elements or eight 64-bit elements, and a single instruction can operate on all these values in parallel. However, the Xeon Phi's vector processing unit does not operate on individual numbers that are 512 bits in length.

Some GPUs such as the AMD Radeon HD 2900XT, the Nvidia GTX 280, GTX 285, Quadro FX 5800 and several Nvidia Tesla products move data across a 512-bit memory bus. Then AMD Radeon R9 290, R9 290X and 295X2 followed.

AVX-512 are 512-bit extensions to the 256-bit Advanced Vector Extensions SIMD instructions for x86 instruction set architecture proposed by Intel in July 2013, and released on 2016 with Knights Landing, and in 2017 on the HEDT and consumer server platform, with Skylake-X and Skylake-SP respectively.

Software
Many hash functions, such as SHA-512 and SHA3-512, have a 512-bit output.

References

Data unit