MIL-STD-1750A
MIL-STD-1750A or 1750A is the formal definition of a 16-bit computer instruction set architecture (ISA), including both required and optional components, as described by the military standard document MIL-STD-1750A (1980). Since August 1996, it has been inactive for new designs.

In addition to the core ISA, the definition defines optional instructions, such as a FPU and MMU. Importantly, the standard does not define the implementation details of a 1750A processor.

Internals 
The 1750A supports 216 16-bit words of memory for the core standard. The standard defines an optional memory management unit that allows 220 16-bit words of memory using 512 page mapping registers (in the I/O space), defining separate instruction and data spaces, and keyed memory access control.

Most instructions are 16 bits, although some have a 16-bit extension. The standard computer has 16 general purpose 16-bit registers (0 through 15). Registers 1 through 15 can be used as index registers. Registers 12 through 15 can be used as base registers.

Any of the 16 registers can be used as a stack pointer for the SJS and URS instructions (stack jump subroutine and unstack return subroutine), but only register 15 is used as the stack pointer for the PSHM and POPM instructions (push multiple and pop multiple).

The computer has instructions for 16, and 32-bit binary arithmetic, as well as 32 and 48 bit floating point. I/O is generally via the I/O instructions (XIO and VIO), which have a separate 216 16-bit word address space and may have a specialized bus.

Implementations 

Because MIL-STD-1750A does not define implementation details, 1750A products are available from a wide variety of companies in the form of component, board, and system-level offerings implemented in myriad technologies, often the most advanced and exotic of their respective periods (e.g. GaAs, ECL, SoS).

1750A systems often offer high levels of protection from radiation and other hazardous environments, making them particularly suited for military, aviation and space applications.

Examples of MIL-STD-1750A implementations include:

 CPU Technology, Inc. CPU1750A-FB, a high performance 1750A SOC designed to give existing applications a late life performance boost.
 Delco Electronics Magic V 1750 Processor
 Dynex Semiconductor MAS281. A radiation hardened SOC implementation on a 64-pin multichip module with an optional MMU.
 GEC-Plessey RH1750, a radiation-hardened version for aerospace and space flight applications. GEC-Plessey, under its previous iteration as Marconi Electronic Devices, also initially developed the MAS281 and MA31750A series of processors, later made available through Dynex Semiconductor
 Honeywell HX1750, fabricated on Honeywell's Silicon on Insulator CMOS (SOI-IV) process giving radiation hardness. The HX1750 includes an FPU and peripherals on chip.
 Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) MIL-STD-1750AAV space flight qualified processor. A multi-board silicon on sapphire implementation specifically designed for space flight.
 Marconi Electronic Devices MIL-STD-1750A.
McDonnell-Douglas MD-281. A radiation hardened SoS three-die implementation on a 64-pin multichip module.
 Fairchild Semiconductor F9450 series.
 National Semiconductor PACE P1750A. The PACE normally runs a version of the Data General Nova instruction set, but was adapated to run MIL-STD-1750A using new microcode. The family includes the P1750A CPU, the P1750AE Enhanced CPU, the P1753 Memory Management Unit (MMU), the P1754 Processor Interface Chip (PIC) and the P1757ME Multi-Chip Module. This line was passed to Performance Semiconductor and then Pyramid Semiconductor in 2003.
 Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough MIL-STD-1750A implementation in AMD 2901 bit-slice technology.

Programming 
Processors based on MIL-STD-1750A are usually programmed in JOVIAL, a high-level programming language defined by the United States Department of Defense which is derived from ALGOL 58. To a lesser extent, Ada is used.

There are also C compilers, for example Cleanscape XTC-1750A. Older versions of GNU GCC contain support for MIL-STD-1750A; it was declared obsolete in version 3.1, and removed in subsequent versions.

In addition, DDC-I provides its SCORE Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with both Ada95 and C compilers, and TADS (Tartan Ada Development System) Ada83 development environment, both targeting processors based on MIL-STD-1750A.

Deployments 
The U.S. Air Force defined the standard in order to have a common computing architecture and thereby reduce the costs of software and computer systems for all military computing needs. This includes embedded tasks such as aircraft and missile control systems as well as more mundane general military computing needs.

The advantages of this concept are recognized outside of the USAF, and the 1750A has been adopted by other organizations such as the European Space Agency, NASA, Israeli Aircraft Industries, and many projects in academia.

Examples of military aircraft using the 1750A include:
 IAI Lavi fighter
 IBM Federal Systems AP-102 Avionics Computer (used in various roles including the USAF F-111 avionics upgrade)
 US Army AH-64D Apache Longbow Helicopter
 USAF F-16 Digital Flight Control System and Fire Control Computer
 USN   F-18 RFCS Flight Control Computer

Use in space 
Fully space-rated implementations make the 1750A one of the few types of computers that are applicable for use in deep space applications. Example spacecraft that use the 1750A are:

 EOS Aqua, Aura and Terra
 ESA Cluster
 ESA Envisat - Envisat's ASAR instrument, built by Matra Marconi Space and comprising the Central Electronics Sub-Assembly and Antenna Sub-Assembly used a total of 42 GEC-Plessey MA31750A processors in a dual-redundant configuration
 ESA Rosetta
ISRO GSAT/INSAT/IRS series of spacecraft
 ISRO Mars Orbiter Mission
 ISRO Space Recovery Experiment-1 Guidance and Navigation Computer
 Midcourse Space Experiment (MSX) spacecraft developed at JHU/APL
 MSTI-1, 2 and 3
 NASA Cassini
 NASA Landsat 7
 NASA Mars Global Surveyor
 Naval Research Laboratory Clementine Lunar Orbiter
 NOAA GOES-13, GOES-O and GOES-P
 Orbital Sciences Corporation commercial communication satellite platforms
 USAF Titan-4 Guidance Computer

References

External links 
 DOD MIL-STD-1750 standard
 DOD MIL-STD-1750 standard(PDF), with updated Notice 1, 21 May 1982
 DOD MIL-STD-1750 standard(HTML), with updated Notice 1, 21 May 1982
 Software Vendor Information
 Specification and vendor information
 Ada83 compiler for the 1750A processor
 IDE, Ada95, EC++ and ANSI C compilers for the 1750A processor
 Ada and ANSI C compilers
 FlightLinux Project Target Architecture Technical Report References to use in spacecraft
 Dynex Semiconductor MA31750 Processor
 Pyramid Semiconductor P1750A-SOS Processor

Instruction processing
Military computers
Avionics computers
Military of the United States standards
Radiation-hardened microprocessors
16-bit microprocessors