Exynos
Exynos, formerly Hummingbird (), is a series of ARM-based system-on-chips developed by Samsung Electronics' System LSI division and manufactured by Samsung Foundry. It is a continuation of Samsung's earlier S3C, S5L and S5P line of SoCs.

Exynos is mostly based on the ARM Cortex cores with the exception of some high end SoC's which featured Samsung's proprietary "M" series core design; though from 2021 onwards even the flagship high-end SoC's will be featuring ARM Cortex cores.

History 

In 2010, Samsung launched the Hummingbird S5PC110 (now Exynos 3 Single) in its Samsung Galaxy S smartphone, which featured a licensed ARM Cortex-A8 CPU. This ARM Cortex-A8 was code-named Hummingbird. It was developed in partnership with Intrinsity using their FastCore and Fast14 technology.

In early 2011, Samsung first launched the Exynos 4210 SoC in its Samsung Galaxy S II mobile smartphone. The driver code for the Exynos 4210 was made available in the Linux kernel and support was added in version 3.2 in November 2011.

On 29 September 2011, Samsung introduced Exynos 4212 as a successor to the 4210; it features a higher clock frequency and "50 percent higher 3D graphics performance over the previous processor generation". Built with a 32 nm high-κ metal gate (HKMG) low-power process; it promises a "30 percent lower power-level over the previous process generation".

On 30 November 2011, Samsung released information about their upcoming SoC with a dual-core ARM Cortex-A15 CPU, which was initially named "Exynos 5250" and was later renamed to Exynos 5 Dual. This SoC has a memory interface providing 12.8 GB/s of memory bandwidth, support for USB 3.0 and SATA 3, can decode full 1080p video at 60 fps along with simultaneously displaying WQXGA-resolution (2560 × 1600) on a mobile display as well as 1080p over HDMI. Samsung Exynos 5 Dual has been used in a 2015 prototype supercomputer, while the end-product will use a chip meant for servers from another vendor.

On 26 April 2012, Samsung released the Exynos 4 Quad, which powers the Samsung Galaxy S III and Samsung Galaxy Note II. The Exynos 4 Quad SoC uses 20% less power than the SoC in Samsung Galaxy S II. Samsung also changed the name of several SoCs, Exynos 3110 to Exynos 3 Single, Exynos 4210 and 4212 to Exynos 4 Dual 45 nm, and Exynos 4 Dual 32 nm and Exynos 5250 to Exynos 5 Dual.

On 2010 Samsung founded a design center in Austin called Samsung's Austin R&D Center (SARC). Samsung has hired many ex-AMD, ex-Intel, ex-ARM and various other industry veterans. The SARC develop high-performance, low-power, complex CPU and System IP (Coherent Interconnect and memory controller) architectures and designs. In 2012, Samsung began development of GPU IP called "S-GPU". After a three-year design cycle, SARC's first custom CPU core called the M1 was released in the Exynos 8890 in 2016. In 2017 the San Jose Advanced Computing Lab (ACL) was opened to continue custom GPU IP development. Samsung's custom CPU cores were named Mongoose for four generations, named M1 through M4, and Exynos SoCs with such cores were never on par in power efficiency or performance with their Qualcomm Snapdragon equivalents.

On 3 June 2019, AMD and Samsung announced a multi-year strategic partnership in mobile graphics IP based on AMD Radeon GPU IP. NotebookCheck reported that Samsung are targeting 2021 for their first SoC with AMD Radeon GPU IP. However, AnandTech reported 2022. In August 2019, during AMD's Q2 2019 earnings call, AMD stated that Samsung plans to launch SoCs with AMD graphics IP in roughly two years.

On 1 October 2019, rumors emerged that Samsung had laid off their custom CPU core teams at SARC. On 1 November 2019, Samsung filed a WARN letter with the Texas Workforce Commission, notifying of upcoming layoffs of their SARC CPU team and termination of their custom CPU core development. SARC and ACL will still continue development of custom SoC, AI, and GPU.

In June 2021, there was news that Samsung could hire engineers from AMD and Apple to form a new custom architecture team.

List of ARMv7 Exynos SoCs

List of entry-level and mid-range ARMv8 Exynos SoCs

Exynos 7500 series, 7870 and 7880 (2015-17)

Exynos 7872, 7884 series, 7885 and 7904 (2018/19)

Exynos 9600 series (2019)

Exynos 800 series (2020)

List of high-end ARMv8 Exynos SoCs

Exynos 5433 and 7420 (2014/15)

Exynos 8800 series (2016/17)

Exynos 9800 series (2018/19)

Exynos 900 series (2020)

Exynos 1000/2000 series (2021) 
Exynos 1080
 5nm (5LPE) Samsung process
 CPU features
 1 + 3 + 4 cores (2.8 GHz Cortex-A78 + 2.6 GHz Cortex-A78 + 2.0 GHz Cortex-A55)
 GPU features
 Mali G78 MP10
 Vulkan 1.2
 DSP features
 H.265/HEVC, H.264, VP9
 HDR10+
 ISP features
 -
 Modem and wireless features
 Bluetooth 5.2 (from 5.0 on Exynos 990)
 Exynos Modem Integrated
 LTE Category 24/18
 6CA, 256-QAM
 5G NR Sub-6 (DL = 5100 Mbit/s and UL = 1920 Mbit/s)
 5G NR mmWave (DL = 7350 Mbit/s and UL = 3670 Mbit/s)
Exynos 2100

 5nm (5LPE) Samsung process
6MB System Cache
 CPU features
 1 + 3 + 4 cores (2.91 GHz Cortex-X1 + 2.81 GHz Cortex-A78 + 2.2 GHz Cortex-A55)
 19% better perf on single thread
 33% better perf on multi threads
 GPU features
 Mali G78 MP14 at 854 MHz
 40% better perf
 Vulkan 1.2
 DSP features
 8K30 & 4K120 encode & 8K60 decode
 Add support of AV1 in 8K60 (decode support claimed, however not implemented, thus this claim is unverified)
 H.265/HEVC, H.264, VP9
 HDR10+
 ISP features
 Single: 200MP or Dual: 32MP+32MP
 Up to quad simultaneous camera
 Modem and wireless features
 Bluetooth 5.2 (from 5.0 on Exynos 990)
 Exynos Modem Integrated
 LTE Category 24/18
 6CA, 256-QAM
 5G NR Sub-6 (DL = 5100 Mbit/s and UL = 1920 Mbit/s)
 5G NR mmWave (DL = 7350 Mbit/s and UL = 3670 Mbit/s)

List of high-end ARMv9 Exynos SoCs

Exynos 2000 series (2022)

List of ARMv8 Exynos Wearable SoCs

List of Exynos modems 
Exynos Modem 303

 Supported modes LTE FDD, LTE TDD, WCDMA and GSM/EDGE
 LTE Cat. 6
 Downlink: 2CA 300Mbit/s 64-QAM
 Uplink: 100Mbit/s 16-QAM
 28 nm HKMG Process
Paired with: Exynos 5 Octa 5430 and Exynos 7 Octa 5433
 Devices using: Samsung Galaxy Note 4, Samsung Galaxy Note Edge and Samsung Galaxy Alpha

Exynos Modem 333

 Supported modes LTE FDD, LTE TDD, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA and GSM/EDGE
 LTE Cat. 10
 Downlink: 3CA 450Mbit/s 64-QAM
 Uplink: 2CA 100Mbit/s 16-QAM
 28 nm HKMG Process
Paired with: Exynos 7 Octa 7420
 Devices using: Samsung Galaxy S6, Samsung Galaxy Note 5 and Samsung Galaxy A8 (2016)

Exynos Modem 5100

Supported Modes: 5G NR Sub-6 GHz, 5G NR mmWave, LTE-FDD, LTE-TDD, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, CDMA, GSM/EDGE
 Downlink Features:
 8CA (Carrier Aggregation) in 5G NR
 8CA 1.6Gbit/s in LTE Cat. 19
 4x4 MIMO
 FD-MIMO
 Up to 256-QAM in sub-6 GHz, 2Gbit/s
 Up to 64-QAM in mmWave, 6Gbit/s
 Uplink Features:
 2CA (Carrier Aggregation) in 5G NR
 2CA in LTE
 Up to 256-QAM in sub-6 GHz
 Up to 64-QAM in mmWave
 Process: 10 nm FinFET Process
 Paired with: Exynos 9820 and Exynos 9825
 Devices using: Samsung Galaxy S10 and Samsung Galaxy Note 10

Exynos Modem 5123

Supported Modes: 5G NR Sub-6 GHz, 5G NR mmWave, LTE-FDD, LTE-TDD, HSPA, TD-SCDMA, WCDMA, CDMA, GSM/EDGE
Downlink Features:
 8CA 3.0Gbit/s in LTE Cat. 24
 Up to 256-QAM in sub-6 GHz, 5.1Gbit/s
 Up to 64-QAM in mmWave, 7.35Gbit/s
 Uplink Features:
 2CA 422 Mbit/s in LTE Cat. 22
 Up to 256-QAM in sub-6 GHz
 Up to 64-QAM in mmWave
 Process: 7 nm FinFET Process
 Paired with: Exynos 990, Exynos 2100, Exynos 2200, Google Tensor
 Devices using: Samsung Galaxy S20, Samsung Galaxy Note 20, Samsung Galaxy S21, Samsung Galaxy S22, and Google Pixel 6

List of Exynos IoT SoCs 
Exynos i T200

 CPU: Cortex-M4 @ 320 MHz, Cortex-M0+ @ 320 MHz
 WiFi: 802.11b/g/n Single band (2.4 GHz)
 On-chip Memory: SRAM 1.4MB
 Interface: SDIO/ I2C/ SPI/ UART/ PWM/ I2S
 Front-end Module: Integrated T/R switch, Power Amplifier, Low Noise Amplifier
 Security: WEP 64/128, WPA, WPA2, AES, TKIP, WAPI, PUF (Physically Unclonable Function)

Exynos i S111

 CPU: Cortex-M7 200 MHz
 Modem: LTE Release 14 NB-IoT
 Downlink: 127 kbit/s
 Uplink: 158 kbit/s
 On-chip Memory: SRAM 512KB
 Interface: USI, UART, I2C, GPIO, eSIM I/F, SDIO(Host), QSPI(Single/Dual/Quad IO mode), SMC
 Security: eFuse, AES, SHA-2, PKA, Secure Storage, Security Sub-System, PUF
 GNSS: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou

List of Exynos Auto SoCs

Exynos Auto series 

The Exynos Auto V9 comes with additional features such as:-

 Automotive Safety Integrity Level (ASIL)-B standards
 Safety island core
 4× Tensilica HiFi 4 DSP
 Supports 6 displays and 12 camera connections

See also 

 Comparison of ARMv8-A cores
 Comparison of ARMv7-A cores

Similar platforms 

 A-Series by Allwinner
 Apple silicon (A/S/T/W/H/U/M series) by Apple Inc.
 Kirin by HiSilicon (Huawei)
 i.MX by NXP
 Jaguar and Puma by AMD
 MT by MediaTek
 NovaThor by ST-Ericsson
 OMAP by Texas Instruments
 RK by Rockchip Electronics
 Snapdragon by Qualcomm
 Tegra by Nvidia

References

External links 
 
 Samsung Exynos - Custom CPU
 Samsung Exynos - 5G

ARM architecture
Embedded microprocessors
Samsung Electronics products
System on a chip