Li5Mn3O8 is Caswellsilverite-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. There are five inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li(1) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form distorted LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-9°. In the second Li site, Li(2) is bonded to one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 7-14°. In the third Li site, Li(3) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 7-14°. In the fourth Li site, Li(4) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(6), and one O(7) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 8-10°. In the fifth Li site, Li(5) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-16°. There are three inequivalent Mn sites. In the first Mn site, Mn(1) is bonded to one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-9°. In the second Mn site, Mn(2) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), and one O(8) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 8-16°. In the third Mn site, Mn(3) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(6), and one O(7) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-10°. There are eight inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O(1) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-8°. In the second O site, O(2) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-6°. In the third O site, O(3) is bonded to one Li(2), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(1), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi3Mn3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-5°. In the fourth O site, O(4) is bonded to one Li(2), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(1), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi3Mn3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 5-8°. In the fifth O site, O(5) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(5), one Mn(1), and one Mn(2) atom to form distorted OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 2-13°. In the sixth O site, O(6) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Mn(1), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-9°. In the seventh O site, O(7) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Mn(1), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 2-9°. In the eighth O site, O(8) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(5), one Mn(1), and one Mn(2) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-13°.
Li5Mn3O8 is Caswellsilverite-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. There are five inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li(1) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form distorted LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-9°. The Li(1)-O(1) bond length is 1.98 Å. The Li(1)-O(2) bond length is 2.02 Å. The Li(1)-O(5) bond length is 2.47 Å. The Li(1)-O(6) bond length is 2.17 Å. The Li(1)-O(7) bond length is 2.15 Å. The Li(1)-O(8) bond length is 2.17 Å. In the second Li site, Li(2) is bonded to one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 7-14°. The Li(2)-O(3) bond length is 2.18 Å. The Li(2)-O(4) bond length is 2.15 Å. The Li(2)-O(5) bond length is 2.04 Å. The Li(2)-O(6) bond length is 2.13 Å. The Li(2)-O(7) bond length is 2.07 Å. The Li(2)-O(8) bond length is 2.13 Å. In the third Li site, Li(3) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 7-14°. The Li(3)-O(1) bond length is 2.09 Å. The Li(3)-O(2) bond length is 2.12 Å. The Li(3)-O(5) bond length is 2.05 Å. The Li(3)-O(6) bond length is 2.11 Å. The Li(3)-O(7) bond length is 2.09 Å. The Li(3)-O(8) bond length is 2.17 Å. In the fourth Li site, Li(4) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(6), and one O(7) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 8-10°. The Li(4)-O(1) bond length is 2.03 Å. The Li(4)-O(2) bond length is 2.08 Å. The Li(4)-O(3) bond length is 2.20 Å. The Li(4)-O(4) bond length is 2.08 Å. The Li(4)-O(6) bond length is 2.18 Å. The Li(4)-O(7) bond length is 2.19 Å. In the fifth Li site, Li(5) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), and one O(8) atom to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-16°. The Li(5)-O(1) bond length is 2.09 Å. The Li(5)-O(2) bond length is 2.22 Å. The Li(5)-O(3) bond length is 2.35 Å. The Li(5)-O(4) bond length is 2.24 Å. The Li(5)-O(5) bond length is 2.16 Å. The Li(5)-O(8) bond length is 2.15 Å. There are three inequivalent Mn sites. In the first Mn site, Mn(1) is bonded to one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), one O(6), one O(7), and one O(8) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-9°. The Mn(1)-O(3) bond length is 1.97 Å. The Mn(1)-O(4) bond length is 1.91 Å. The Mn(1)-O(5) bond length is 1.94 Å. The Mn(1)-O(6) bond length is 1.94 Å. The Mn(1)-O(7) bond length is 1.96 Å. The Mn(1)-O(8) bond length is 1.94 Å. In the second Mn site, Mn(2) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(5), and one O(8) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(3)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 8-16°. The Mn(2)-O(1) bond length is 2.15 Å. The Mn(2)-O(2) bond length is 1.95 Å. The Mn(2)-O(3) bond length is 2.00 Å. The Mn(2)-O(4) bond length is 2.27 Å. The Mn(2)-O(5) bond length is 1.98 Å. The Mn(2)-O(8) bond length is 1.97 Å. In the third Mn site, Mn(3) is bonded to one O(1), one O(2), one O(3), one O(4), one O(6), and one O(7) atom to form MnO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent Li(5)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(1)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(2)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(3)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Li(4)O6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent Mn(1)O6 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent Mn(2)O6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-10°. The Mn(3)-O(1) bond length is 1.89 Å. The Mn(3)-O(2) bond length is 1.94 Å. The Mn(3)-O(3) bond length is 2.02 Å. The Mn(3)-O(4) bond length is 2.00 Å. The Mn(3)-O(6) bond length is 1.92 Å. The Mn(3)-O(7) bond length is 1.92 Å. There are eight inequivalent O sites. In the first O site, O(1) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-8°. In the second O site, O(2) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-6°. In the third O site, O(3) is bonded to one Li(2), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(1), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi3Mn3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 4-5°. In the fourth O site, O(4) is bonded to one Li(2), one Li(4), one Li(5), one Mn(1), one Mn(2), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi3Mn3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 5-8°. In the fifth O site, O(5) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(5), one Mn(1), and one Mn(2) atom to form distorted OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 2-13°. In the sixth O site, O(6) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Mn(1), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-9°. In the seventh O site, O(7) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(4), one Mn(1), and one Mn(3) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(8)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 2-9°. In the eighth O site, O(8) is bonded to one Li(1), one Li(2), one Li(3), one Li(5), one Mn(1), and one Mn(2) atom to form OLi4Mn2 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, corners with four equivalent O(6)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(3)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(4)Li3Mn3 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(1)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(2)Li4Mn2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent O(5)Li4Mn2 octahedra, and edges with two equivalent O(7)Li4Mn2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles range from 1-13°.