She got a divorce and custody rights through the German courts; is that justified?
Question

                a turkish muslim frind has problems with her husband for long time and try everything to stay together. Finally she wants to divorce him. She do that by the governmental institutes of germany for divorcment and not by islamic rules. She has from him a son and bring govermental instituts to her husband to fight the right about her son. Her husband can see his son now just in special times and have to pay for her. What is the islamic thinking about this way. Is it allowed to get divorced like this? And what about her son. When i tell her that in islam the child must go with his dad, she says he is not good enough muslim to teach her son islam in a good way. What can i tell her. please write to me an answer which i can show her
Praise be to Allah.Firstly:
It is not permissible for
a woman to seek divorce unless she has a reason that makes that permissible,
such as bad treatment on the husband’s part, because of the report narrated by
Abu Dawood (2226), at-Tirmidhi
(1187) and Ibn Maajah
(2055) from Thawbaan (may Allah be pleased with him)
who said: The Messenger of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him)
said: “Any woman who asks her husband for a divorce for no good reason, the
fragrance of Paradise will be forbidden to her.”
Classed as saheeh
by al-Albaani in Saheeh
Abi Dawood
If there is a valid reason, it is
permissible for her to ask her husband for a divorce and if he refuses, she may
refer the matter to the Islamic judge. If there is no Islamic judge, then she
should refer to the Islamic Centre in her city.
Secondly:
If the divorce is given by the husband
or through the Islamic Centre, it is permissible to document it in the civil
courts that do not rule according to sharee‘ah.
But if the husband refuses to give a
divorce and the civil court issues a divorce, this does not count as a talaaq, because a divorce issued by a kaafir
judge does not count as such.
The fuqaha’
are unanimously agreed that the Islamic stipulations concerning the judge who
judges between Muslims must be a Muslim, because passing judgements
comes is a kind of wilaayah (authority), and the kaafir has no authority over a Muslim.
This has been discussed previously in
the answer to question no. 127179,
in which we stated that if a woman obtains a civil divorce, she should take it
to the Islamic Centre and show it to scholars who are qualified in such matters
in order to complete the matter in the manner prescribed in sharee‘ah.
Thirdly:
If the divorce was completed in the
prescribed shar‘i manner, the mother retains custody
of the children until they reach the age of seven years, so long as she does
not remarry, because of the report narrated by Ahmad (6707) and Abu Dawood (2276) from ‘Abdullah ibn
‘Amr (may Allah be pleased with him), according to
which a woman said: O Messenger of Allah, this is my son; my womb was a vessel
for him, and my breasts gave him to drink, and my lap was a protection for him.
His father has divorced me and he wants to take him away from me. The Messenger
of Allah (blessings and peace of Allah be upon him) said: “You have more right
to him so long as you do not remarry.”
This hadeeth
was classed as hasan by al-Albaani
in Saheeh Abi Dawood. 
When the child reaches the age of seven
years, in the case of a male, he is to be given the choice between his parents,
to choose which of them he prefers to stay with. With regard to the female
child, there was a difference of scholarly opinion concerning the matter.
Ash-Shaafa‘i
said: She should also be given the choice.
Abu Haneefah
said: The mother has more right to custody of her until she gets married or
starts to menstruate.
Maalik said: The
mother has more right to custody of her until she gets married and the husband
consummates the marriage with her.
Ahmad said: The father has more right to
custody of her, because it is more appropriate for the father to take care of
her and protect her.
See: al-Mawsoo‘ah
al-Fiqhiyyah,
17/314
This applies if both partners are fit to
have custody; if one of them is not fit to have custody because he is an
evildoer, for example, then custody is given to the other party.
This matter should be referred to a
trustworthy Islamic authority in your country, to examine the husband’s
situation and the age of the child, and determine who is more entitled to
custody of him.
And Allah knows best.