Jahrhundert entstand ein neuer Typus des Nationalstaats, der die Säkularisation durchsetzte, moderne Bildungssysteme etablierte und die Industrialisierung vorantrieb. ###>He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century.