Seit den Karolingern standen Juden unter dem alleinigen Schutz des Herrschers, der ihnen die Sicherheit von Person, Eigentum und Religion garantierte. ###>Since the time of the Carolingians, Jews were under the sole protection of the sovereign, who guaranteed their personal safety, that of their property and of their religion. In time, the right of patronage was also conferred on knights of the empire and on towns.