Uitvoerende instituten: Instituut voor Sociale Peda­gogiek en Andragogiek (ISPA), Katholieke Universi­teit Nijmegen en het Landesinstitut Sozialforschungs­stelle Dortmund (SFS). ###>Progress was halted in this century during the dictatorships of General Primo de Rivera (1923­31) and General Franco (1939­75), albeit vocational training was strongly promoted in the intervening period