which is the belief that decisions are considered right or wrong depending on their effect. He believed a 
person’s expectation of the future was most predictive for deterrence. Therefore, the utility of punishment 
should be severe enough to deter people from crime. Punishment would promote happiness throughout 
society by maximizing social benefits. He helped popularize classical theory throughout Europe.
3 
 
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) 
3. Bentham, J. (1823). Introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 
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