Elmira Reformatory 
 
Other attempts at rehabilitation included more medical approaches. In the past, offenders were viewed 
as sick, and in need of medical cures. This medical approach, while greatly reduced, is still used in some 
areas today. For example, the chemical castration of certain offenders does still occur. For example HB 2543, 
in Oklahoma, in September of 2018, focuses on the mandated use of medroxyprogesterone acetate as a 
treatment, and is required before appropriate release of convicted sex offenders. 
Rehabilitation, as an ideology has had critics. This is in large part due to how it is perceived. Many 
have voiced an objection, as it is seen as being “soft” on offenders. This is also how it has been discounted 
when coupled with the fear of crime. Several examples are presented as to its ineffectiveness, and weakness 
to the problem of crime. Probably the most notable example of the ineffectiveness of rehabilitation came 
in the 1970s. In 1974, Robert Martinson provided support for many that were clambering to demonstrate 
that the ideas of rehabilitation were ineffective. In a review of over 230 programs, Martinson concluded 
that “With few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been undertaken so far have had 
no appreciative effect on recidivism” (Martinson, 1974, p. 25). 
1 This was the spark that many needed to 
turn toward the more punitive ideologies that we have so far discussed. However, it did help some to ask 
more detailed questions about why rehabilitation was not working. Additionally, it helped researchers to ask 
more critical questions about measurement, how to more properly evaluate rehabilitation and to understand 
the difference of what does not work versus what does work for offenders. These principles of effective 
intervention become the cornerstone of modern rehabilitation. 
Understanding Risk and Needs in Rehabilitation 
1. Martinson, R. (1974). What works? Questions and answers about prison reform. Public Interest 35, 22-54. 
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SANCHEZ
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