Evidence-based practices: Utilize the scientific method to assess the effectiveness of interventions, 
policies, and programs 
Ex Parte Crouse
Ex Parte Crouse: Case where the court declared that failed parents lose their rights to raise their children 
Ex post facto laws: Laws that make an act criminal after it is committed. Article I Sec. 9 of the U.S. 
Constitution prohibits Congress from enacting criminal laws that apply retroactively. 
Fear of crime: The anxiety or fear that is produced by the perception that one will become a victim to 
crime or criminals 
Felony: Serious crime that is generally punishable by one year or more in prison or by capital punishment 
(death penalty) 
Folk devils: The people who are blamed for being allegedly responsible for the threat to society 
Folkways: Behaviors that are learned and shared by a social group 
Framing: A type of agenda setting in a prepackaged way 
Free will: The ability to make choices about their future actions, like choosing when to offend and not 
offend 
General deterrence: Deterrence (sanction or threat of a sanction) that is geared the general reduction of 
committing future crimes for all, not someone specifically. It is meant to teach all a lesson 
Grass eaters: Police officers who accept benefits 
Hedonism: The assumption that people will see maximum pleasure and avoid pain, or punishment 
Hedonistic calculus: The desire for pleasurable items or outcomes, over painful ones 
Homeland security era: Focused concentration of its resources into crime control enforcement of laws 
in order to expose potential threats and gather intelligence 
House of Refuge: An urban establishment used to corral youth who were roaming the street unsupervised 
or who have been referred by the courts 
Hulks: Large ships that would transport criminals (usually people that were banished) to a far away 
location 
Immigration: The internal migration of people and the external movement of people from other 
countries 
Impact evaluations: Focuses on what changes after the introduction of the crime policy 
Implied power: Authority not expressly conferred by a principal upon an agent, but arising out of the 
language or course of conduct of the principal toward the agent. 
Incapacitation: The removal of an individual (from society), for a set amount of time, so as they cannot 
commit crimes (in society) for an amount of time in the future 
Inchoate crimes: Parital crime, i.e: attempt 
Indirect supervision: A barrier of glass, or other separation, in a common area 
Industrialization: The shift in work from agricultural jobs to more manufacturing work 
Infractions: Minor criminal offense, which is generally punishable by only a monetary sanction 
Interactionist view: The definition of crime reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold 
social power in a particular legal jurisdiction 
Jail: A facility used for individuals who are in the custody of a legal arm of a state (or subsidiary) 
Judicial review: Review of a legislative, judicial, or executive branch action or law by the courts to see if 
it complies with the constitution 
Judicial waiver: Affords the juvenile court judge the authority to transfer a case to adult criminal court 
Introduction to the American Criminal Justice System
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