recidivism 
4. Justice system–imposed financial penalties increase the likelihood of recidivism in a sample of 
adolescent offenders 
5 In particular, males, non-whites, and youth with prior dispositions and adjudicated 
with a drug or property offense were at an increased likelihood of recidivism associated with owing fines 
and fees (Piquero and Jennings, 2016). This is problematic as fees not only increase recidivism but also 
increase the likelihood of a “revolving door” juvenile justice system for minority youth. 
In the end, what is law is not always effective and what is effective is not always law. This is where evidence-
based practices come in. 
4. Piquero and Jennings, 2016, Piquero, A. and Jennings, W.G. (2015) 
5. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 15 (3) p. 325-340). 
ALISON S. BURKE, DAVID CARTER, BRIAN FEDOREK, TIFFANY MOREY, LORE RUTZ-BURRI, AND SHANELL
SANCHEZ
150