Conflict view: Society is a collection of diverse groups and the creation of laws is unequal 
Consensus view: Implies consensus among citizens on what should and should not be illegal 
Corporal punishment: Physical punishment 
Cost-benefit evaluations: Seeks to determine if the costs of a policy are justified by the benefits accrued 
Crime control model: An efficient system with the most important function being to suppress and 
control crime to ensure that society is safe and there is public order 
Crime prevention: Any action designed to reduce the actual level of crime and/or the perceived fear of 
crime 
Crime: The violation of the laws of a society by a person or a group of people who are subject to the laws 
of that society 
Criminal justice system: A major social institution that is tasked with controlling crime in various ways 
Criminal wrongs: Act (or failure to act) that violates norms of a community that is prescribed by some 
penal law (statute, code, common law) and is punishable by some term of confinement; offense against the 
law of the state. 
Criminalized act: When a deviant act becomes criminal and law is written, with defined sanctions, that 
can be enforced by the criminal justice system 
Criminogenic needs: Are items that when changed, can lower an individual’s risk of offending. They 
include items like prior criminal history, antisocial attitudes, antisocial (pro-criminal) friends, a lack of 
education, family or marital problems, a lack of job stability, substance abuse, and personality characteristics 
(mental health and antisocial personality) 
Critical stages: Any step in the criminal justice process that is so important to a just outcome that the 
Supreme Court has attached to it specific due process rights 
Dark figure of crime: Crimes that the police are not aware of 
De novo review: A trial de novo is a complete retrial of a case, usually before a higher court, which 
negates the initial tribunal’s decision 
Delinquent: Term for “criminal” or “guilty” for juvenile proceedings 
Deterrence: A philosophical underpinning or punishment ideology that is “the reduction of offending 
(and future offending) through the sanction or threat of sanction.” It can be divided into general deterrence 
and specific deterrence. 
Deviance: Behavior that departs from the social norm 
Direct supervision: No barriers between the inmates and the staff 
Discretionary waiver: Allows a judge to transfer a juvenile from juvenile court to adult criminal court 
Disposition: Term for “sentence” for juvenile proceedings 
Disproportionate minority contact: Occurs when the proportion of youth of color who pass through 
the juvenile justice system exceeds the proportion of youth of color in the general population 
Diversion: Generally, a contract between the prosecutor and the defendant in which the defendant agrees 
to perform certain conditions, the successful completion of which results in a dismissal of the case or charges 
Due process model: Focuses on having a just and fair criminal justice system for all and a system that does 
not infringe upon constitutional rights 
Due process: Procedural rights established in the Constitution, especially in the Bill of Rights 
Enumerated power: Powers of Congress specifically named or designated in the Constitution 
Ethics: The understanding of what constitutes good or bad behavior and helps guide our behaviors 
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