
 When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven by which the American people became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness to which it seems destined, with the deepest regret do I announce to you that during your recess some of the citizens of the United States have been found capable of insurrection. It is due, however, to the character of our Government and to its stability, which can not be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to unfold the course of this event.
 During the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to exercise the legislative power granted by the Constitution of the United States "to lay and collect excises". In a majority of the States scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four western counties of Pennsylvania a prejudice, fostered and imbittered by the artifice of men who labored for an ascendency over the will of others by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence.
 It is well known that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented, and to relieve them as far as justice dictated or general convenience would permit. But the impression which this moderation made on the discontented did not correspond with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals. The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws, and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief that by a more formal concert their operation might be defeated, certain self-created societies assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It is now perceived that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued was unavailing, and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the Government. Legal process was therefore delivered to the marshal against the rioters and delinquent distillers.
 No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for some time as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process on the west side of the Allegheny Mountain, and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of Government, it being avowed that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise and an alteration in the conduct of Government.
 Upon testimony of these facts an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me that "in the counties of Washington and Allegheny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district".
 On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighted what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes which reached the very existence of social order were perpetrated without control; the friends of Government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence or an apparent acquiescence; and to yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States would be to violate the fundamental principle of our Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted.
 I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the field, but I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince the malignant of their danger should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act before the season should be too far advanced.
 My proclamation of the 7th of August last [1794-08-07] was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appointment of commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit in stating the sensations which had been excited in the Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion; to represent, however, that, without submission, coercion must be the resort; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of Executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the Government of the United States and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws.
 Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults did not subscribe the mild form which was proposed as the atonement, and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general nor conclusive to recommend or warrant the further suspension of the march of the militia.
 Thus the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents in my proclamation of the 25th of September last [1794-09-25].
 It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the lowest degree of force competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to economy and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put into motion 15K men, as being an army which, according to all human calculation, would be prompt and adequate in every view, and might, perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion an opinion which justified a requisition to the other States.
 As commander in chief of the militia when called into the actual service of the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous to obtain more exact information and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance which they ought always to receive, and, I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and turbulent, I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and homes. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done, it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill conduct of the insurgents that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law, but that a spirit inimical to all order has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue as will redound to the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most proper to resume my duties at the seat of Government, leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia.
 Still, however, as it is probable that in a commotion like the present, whatsoever may be the pretense, the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside, the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable, whether we contemplate the situation of those who are connected with the execution of the laws or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them. Thirty days from the commencement of this session being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress can not be too early occupied with this subject.
 Among the discussions which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape their observation that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens who, though not under the ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the Constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be great, and on future emergencies the Government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example that he who incurs a loss in its defense shall find a recompense in its liberality.
 While there is cause to lament that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have diverted to a new application any portion of the public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated that our prosperity rests on solid foundations, by furnishing an additional that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty; that they feel their inseparable union; that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are not as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions as they were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle displaying to the highest advantage of republican government to behold the most and the least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers, preeminently distinguished by being the army of the Constitution - undeterred by a march of 300 miles over rugged mountains, by approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic cooperation which I have experienced from the chief magistrates of the States to which my requisitions have been addressed.
 To every description of citizens, let praise be given. but let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of American happiness, the Constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it, too, for the sake of those who, from every clime, are daily seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them determine whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men who, careless of consequences and disregarding the unerring truth that those who rouse can not always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an ignorance or perversion of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole Government.
 Having thus fulfilled the engagement which I took when I entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States", on you, gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I rely for support.
 In the arrangement to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention it ought not to be forgotten that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects as could not have been supplied by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt on its success.
 The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia would be a genuine source of legislative honor and a perfect title to public gratitude. I therefore entertain a hope that the present session will not pass without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and thus providing, in the language of the Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions.
 As auxiliary to the state of our defense, to which Congress can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to inquire whether the fortifications which have been already licensed by law be commensurate with our exigencies.
 The intelligence from the army under the command of General Wayne is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this late hour, when our power to punish them can not be questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood.
 Toward none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the imposition of the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six nations, a settlement mediated at Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, has been suspended, and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception into which they may have fallen. But I can not refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations the plan which I recommended at the last session for the improvement of harmony with all the Indians within our limits by the fixing and conducting of trading houses upon the principles then expressed.
 
 The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fiscal measures has developed our pecuniary resources so as to open the way for a definite plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed that the result is such as to encourage Congress to consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit can not be benefited by procrastination; and as far as may be practicable we ought to place that credit on grounds which can not be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments.
 An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to Congress.
 
 The Mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals, and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the Director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the institution will at no remote day realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility.
 In subsequent communications certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe the treaties with pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended and correct what may have been injurious to any nation, and having thus acquired the right, to lose no time in acquiring the ability to insist upon justice being done to ourselves.
 Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of Nations to spread his holy protection over these United States; to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our Constitution; to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition and put invasion to flight; to perpetuate to our country that prosperity which his goodness has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this Government being a safeguard of human rights.
When we call to mind the gracious indulgence of Heaven by which the American people became a nation; when we survey the general prosperity of our country, and look forward to the riches, power, and happiness to which it seems destined, with the deepest regret do I announce to you that during your recess some of the citizens of the United States have been found capable of insurrection. It is due, however, to the character of our Government and to its stability, which can not be shaken by the enemies of order, freely to unfold the course of this event. During the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to exercise the legislative power granted by the Constitution of the United States "to lay and collect excises". In a majority of the States scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation. In some, indeed, alarms were at first conceived, until they were banished by reason and patriotism. In the four western counties of Pennsylvania a prejudice, fostered and imbittered by the artifice of men who labored for an ascendency over the will of others by the guidance of their passions, produced symptoms of riot and violence. It is well known that Congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented, and to relieve them as far as justice dictated or general convenience would permit. But the impression which this moderation made on the discontented did not correspond with what it deserved. The arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals. The very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws, and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed. From a belief that by a more formal concert their operation might be defeated, certain self-created societies assumed the tone of condemnation. Hence, while the greater part of Pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise, a few counties were resolved to frustrate them. It is now perceived that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued was unavailing, and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the Government. Legal process was therefore delivered to the marshal against the rioters and delinquent distillers. No sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue. They fired upon the marshal, arrested him, and detained him for some time as a prisoner. He was obliged, by the jeopardy of his life, to renounce the service of other process on the west side of the Allegheny Mountain, and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served. A numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector, seized his papers of office, and finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they contained. Both of these officers, from a just regard to their safety, fled to the seat of Government, it being avowed that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector, to withstand by force of arms the authority of the United States, and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise and an alteration in the conduct of Government. Upon testimony of these facts an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States notified to me that "in the counties of Washington and Allegheny, in Pennsylvania, laws of the United States were opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district". On this call, momentous in the extreme, I sought and weighted what might best subdue the crisis. On the one hand the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws; crimes which reached the very existence of social order were perpetrated without control; the friends of Government were insulted, abused, and overawed into silence or an apparent acquiescence; and to yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the United States would be to violate the fundamental principle of our Constitution, which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail. On the other, to array citizen against citizen, to publish the dishonor of such excesses, to encounter the expense and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition, were steps too delicate, too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations, to be lightly adopted. I postponed, therefore, the summoning of the militia immediately into the field, but I required them to be held in readiness, that if my anxious endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince the malignant of their danger should be fruitless, military force might be prepared to act before the season should be too far advanced. My proclamation of the 7th of August last [1794-08-07] was accordingly issued, and accompanied by the appointment of commissioners, who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection. They were authorized to confer with any bodies of men or individuals. They were instructed to be candid and explicit in stating the sensations which had been excited in the Executive, and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion; to represent, however, that, without submission, coercion must be the resort; but to invite them, at the same time, to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens, by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of Executive power. Pardon, too, was tendered to them by the Government of the United States and that of Pennsylvania, upon no other condition than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws. Although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities, and must unite all virtuous men, by shewing that the means of conciliation have been exhausted, all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults did not subscribe the mild form which was proposed as the atonement, and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general nor conclusive to recommend or warrant the further suspension of the march of the militia. Thus the painful alternative could not be discarded. I ordered the militia to march, after once more admonishing the insurgents in my proclamation of the 25th of September last [1794-09-25]. It was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the lowest degree of force competent to the quelling of the insurrection. From a respect, indeed, to economy and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia, it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate. My very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition, had its extent been accurately seen, would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers. In this uncertainty, therefore, I put into motion 15K men, as being an army which, according to all human calculation, would be prompt and adequate in every view, and might, perhaps, by rendering resistance desperate, prevent the effusion of blood. Quotas had been assigned to the States of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the governor of Pennsylvania having declared on this occasion an opinion which justified a requisition to the other States. As commander in chief of the militia when called into the actual service of the United States, I have visited the places of general rendezvous to obtain more exact information and to direct a plan for ulterior movements. Had there been room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from obstruction; that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty, and may be deemed fit objects of example; that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance which they ought always to receive, and, I trust, ever will receive, against the vicious and turbulent, I should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and homes. But succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done, it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill conduct of the insurgents that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law, but that a spirit inimical to all order has actuated many of the offenders. If the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army, it would not have been withholden. But every appearance assuring such an issue as will redound to the reputation and strength of the United States, I have judged it most proper to resume my duties at the seat of Government, leaving the chief command with the governor of Virginia. Still, however, as it is probable that in a commotion like the present, whatsoever may be the pretense, the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside, the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of Pennsylvania will be indispensable, whether we contemplate the situation of those who are connected with the execution of the laws or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them. Thirty days from the commencement of this session being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia, Congress can not be too early occupied with this subject. Among the discussions which may arise from this aspect of our affairs, and from the documents which will be submitted to Congress, it will not escape their observation that not only the inspector of the revenue, but other officers of the United States in Pennsylvania have, from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions, sustained material injuries to their property. The obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious. It may also merit attention whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens who, though not under the ties of office, may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the Constitution and the laws. The amount, even if all the injured were included, would not be great, and on future emergencies the Government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example that he who incurs a loss in its defense shall find a recompense in its liberality. While there is because to lament that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community, or should have diverted to a new application any portion of the public resources, there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune. It has demonstrated that our prosperity rests on solid foundations, by furnishing an additional that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty; that they feel their inseparable union; that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty, they are not as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions as they were to defend their rights against usurpation. It has been a spectacle displaying to the highest advantage of republican government to behold the most and the least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers, preeminently distinguished by being the army of the Constitution - undeterred by a march of 300 miles over rugged mountains, by approach of an inclement season, or by any other discouragement. Nor ought I to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic cooperation which I have experienced from the chief magistrates of the States to which my requisitions have been addressed. To every description of citizens, let praise be given. but let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of American happiness, the Constitution of the United States. Let them cherish it, too, for the sake of those who, from every clime, are daily seeking a dwelling in our land. And when in the calm moments of reflection they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection, let them determine whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men who, careless of consequences and disregarding the unerring truth that those who rouse can not always appease a civil convulsion, have disseminated, from an ignorance or perversion of facts, suspicions, jealousies, and accusations of the whole Government. Having thus fulfilled the engagement which I took when I entered into office, "to the best of my ability to preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States", on you, gentlemen, and the people by whom you are deputed, I rely for support. In the arrangement to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention it ought not to be forgotten that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects as could not have been supplied by the zeal of our citizens. Besides the extraordinary expense and waste, which are not the least of the defects, every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt on its success. The devising and establishing of a well regulated militia would be a genuine source of legislative honor and a perfect title to public gratitude. I therefore entertain a hope that the present session will not pass without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and thus providing, in the language of the Constitution, for calling them forth to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. As auxiliary to the state of our defense, to which Congress can never too frequently recur, they will not omit to inquire whether the fortifications which have been already licensed by law be commensurate with our exigencies. The intelligence from the army under the command of General Wayne is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile Indians north of the Ohio. From the advices which have been forwarded, the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the United States. And yet, even at this late hour, when our power to punish them can not be questioned, we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace upon terms of candor, equity, and good neighborhood. Toward none of the Indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared. The Creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the imposition of the General Government and that of Georgia. From a desire also to remove the discontents of the Six nations, a settlement mediated at Presque Isle, on Lake Erie, has been suspended, and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception into which they may have fallen. But I can not refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations the plan which I recommended at the last session for the improvement of harmony with all the Indians within our limits by the fixing and conducting of trading houses upon the principles then expressed. The time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fiscal measures has developed our pecuniary resources so as to open the way for a definite plan for the redemption of the public debt. It is believed that the result is such as to encourage Congress to consummate this work without delay. Nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents. Indeed, whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit can not be benefited by procrastination; and as far as may be practicable we ought to place that credit on grounds which can not be disturbed, and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments. An estimate of the necessary appropriations, including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection, will be submitted to Congress. The Mint of the United States has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals, and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the Director by individuals. There is a pleasing prospect that the institution will at no remote day realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility. In subsequent communications certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations will be transmitted to Congress. However, it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been to cultivate peace with all the world; to observe the treaties with pure and absolute faith; to check every deviation from the line of impartiality; to explain what may have been misapprehended and correct what may have been injurious to any nation, and having thus acquired the right, to lose no time in acquiring the ability to insist upon justice being done to ourselves. Let us unite, therefore, in imploring the Supreme Ruler of Nations to spread his holy protection over these United States; to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our Constitution; to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition and put invasion to flight; to perpetuate to our country that prosperity which his goodness has already conferred, and to verify the anticipations of this Government being a safeguard of human rights.
when we call to mind the gracious indulgence of heaven by which the american people became a nation when we survey the general prosperity of our country and look forward to the riches power and happiness to which it seems destined with the deepest regret do i announce to you that during your recess some of the citizens of the united states have been found capable of insurrection it is due however to the character of our government and to its stability which can not be shaken by the enemies of order freely to unfold the course of this event during the session of the year 1790 it was expedient to exercise the legislative power granted by the constitution of the united states to lay and collect excises in a majority of the states scarcely an objection was heard to this mode of taxation in some indeed alarms were at first conceived until they were banished by reason and patriotism in the four western counties of pennsylvania a prejudice fostered and imbittered by the artifice of men who labored for an ascendency over the will of others by the guidance of their passions produced symptoms of riot and violence it is well known that congress did not hesitate to examine the complaints which were presented and to relieve them as far as justice dictated or general convenience would permit but the impression which this moderation made on the discontented did not correspond with what it deserved the arts of delusion were no longer confined to the efforts of designing individuals the very forbearance to press prosecutions was misinterpreted into a fear of urging the execution of the laws and associations of men began to denounce threats against the officers employed from a belief that by a more formal concert their operation might be defeated certain societies assumed the tone of condemnation hence while the greater part of pennsylvania itself were conforming themselves to the acts of excise a few counties were resolved to frustrate them it is now perceived that every expectation from the tenderness which had been hitherto pursued was unavailing and that further delay could only create an opinion of impotency or irresolution in the government legal process was therefore delivered to the marshal against the rioters and delinquent distillers no sooner was he understood to be engaged in this duty than the vengeance of armed men was aimed at his person and the person and property of the inspector of the revenue they fired upon the marshal arrested him and detained him for some time as a prisoner he was obliged by the jeopardy of his life to renounce the service of other process on the west side of the allegheny mountain and a deputation was afterwards sent to him to demand a surrender of that which he had served a numerous body repeatedly attacked the house of the inspector seized his papers of office and finally destroyed by fire his buildings and whatsoever they contained both of these officers from a just regard to their safety fled to the seat of government it being avowed that the motives to such outrages were to compel the resignation of the inspector to withstand by force of arms the authority of the united states and thereby to extort a repeal of the laws of excise and an alteration in the conduct of government upon testimony of these facts an associate justice of the supreme court of the united states notified to me that in the counties of washington and allegheny in pennsylvania laws of the united states were opposed and the execution thereof obstructed by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings or by the powers vested in the marshal of that district on this call momentous in the extreme i sought and weighted what might best subdue the crisis on the one hand the judiciary was pronounced to be stripped of its capacity to enforce the laws crimes which reached the very existence of social order were perpetrated without control the friends of government were insulted abused and overawed into silence or an apparent acquiescence and to yield to the treasonable fury of so small a portion of the united states would be to violate the fundamental principle of our constitution which enjoins that the will of the majority shall prevail on the other to array citizen against citizen to publish the dishonor of such excesses to encounter the expense and other embarrassments of so distant an expedition were steps too delicate too closely interwoven with many affecting considerations to be lightly adopted i postponed therefore the summoning of the militia immediately into the field but i required them to be held in readiness that if my anxious endeavors to reclaim the deluded and to convince the malignant of their danger should be fruitless military force might be prepared to act before the season should be too far advanced my proclamation of the 7th of august last was accordingly issued and accompanied by the appointment of commissioners who were charged to repair to the scene of insurrection they were authorized to confer with any bodies of men or individuals they were instructed to be candid and explicit in stating the sensations which had been excited in the executive and his earnest wish to avoid a resort to coercion to represent however that without submission coercion must be the resort but to invite them at the same time to return to the demeanor of faithful citizens by such accommodations as lay within the sphere of executive power pardon too was tendered to them by the government of the united states and that of pennsylvania upon no other condition than a satisfactory assurance of obedience to the laws although the report of the commissioners marks their firmness and abilities and must unite all virtuous men by shewing that the means of conciliation have been exhausted all of those who had committed or abetted the tumults did not subscribe the mild form which was proposed as the atonement and the indications of a peaceable temper were neither sufficiently general nor conclusive to recommend or warrant the further suspension of the march of the militia thus the painful alternative could not be discarded i ordered the militia to march after once more admonishing the insurgents in my proclamation of the 25th of september last it was a task too difficult to ascertain with precision the lowest degree of force competent to the quelling of the insurrection from a respect indeed to economy and the ease of my fellow citizens belonging to the militia it would have gratified me to accomplish such an estimate my very reluctance to ascribe too much importance to the opposition had its extent been accurately seen would have been a decided inducement to the smallest efficient numbers in this uncertainty therefore i put into motion 15k men as being an army which according to all human calculation would be prompt and adequate in every view and might perhaps by rendering resistance desperate prevent the effusion of blood quotas had been assigned to the states of new jersey pennsylvania maryland and virginia the governor of pennsylvania having declared on this occasion an opinion which justified a requisition to the other states as commander in chief of the militia when called into the actual service of the united states i have visited the places of general rendezvous to obtain more exact information and to direct a plan for ulterior movements had there been room for a persuasion that the laws were secure from obstruction that the civil magistrate was able to bring to justice such of the most culpable as have not embraced the proffered terms of amnesty and may be deemed fit objects of example that the friends to peace and good government were not in need of that aid and countenance which they ought always to receive and i trust ever will receive against the vicious and turbulent i should have caught with avidity the opportunity of restoring the militia to their families and homes but succeeding intelligence has tended to manifest the necessity of what has been done it being now confessed by those who were not inclined to exaggerate the ill conduct of the insurgents that their malevolence was not pointed merely to a particular law but that a spirit inimical to all order has actuated many of the offenders if the state of things had afforded reason for the continuance of my presence with the army it would not have been withholden but every appearance assuring such an issue as will redound to the reputation and strength of the united states i have judged it most proper to resume my duties at the seat of government leaving the chief command with the governor of virginia still however as it is probable that in a commotion like the present whatsoever may be the pretense the purposes of mischief and revenge may not be laid aside the stationing of a small force for a certain period in the four western counties of pennsylvania will be indispensable whether we contemplate the situation of those who are connected with the execution of the laws or of others who may have exposed themselves by an honorable attachment to them thirty days from the commencement of this session being the legal limitation of the employment of the militia congress can not be too early occupied with this subject among the discussions which may arise from this aspect of our affairs and from the documents which will be submitted to congress it will not escape their observation that not only the inspector of the revenue but other officers of the united states in pennsylvania have from their fidelity in the discharge of their functions sustained material injuries to their property the obligation and policy of indemnifying them are strong and obvious it may also merit attention whether policy will not enlarge this provision to the retribution of other citizens who though not under the ties of office may have suffered damage by their generous exertions for upholding the constitution and the laws the amount even if all the injured were included would not be great and on future emergencies the government would be amply repaid by the influence of an example that he who incurs a loss in its defense shall find a recompense in its liberality while there is because to lament that occurrences of this nature should have disgraced the name or interrupted the tranquillity of any part of our community or should have diverted to a new application any portion of the public resources there are not wanting real and substantial consolations for the misfortune it has demonstrated that our prosperity rests on solid foundations by furnishing an additional that my fellow citizens understand the true principles of government and liberty that they feel their inseparable union that notwithstanding all the devices which have been used to sway them from their interest and duty they are not as ready to maintain the authority of the laws against licentious invasions as they were to defend their rights against usurpation it has been a spectacle displaying to the highest advantage of republican government to behold the most and the least wealthy of our citizens standing in the same ranks as private soldiers preeminently distinguished by being the army of the constitution undeterred by a march of 300 miles over rugged mountains by approach of an inclement season or by any other discouragement nor ought i to omit to acknowledge the efficacious and patriotic cooperation which i have experienced from the chief magistrates of the states to which my requisitions have been addressed to every description of citizens let praise be given but let them persevere in their affectionate vigilance over that precious depository of american happiness the constitution of the united states let them cherish it too for the sake of those who from every clime are daily seeking a dwelling in our land and when in the calm moments of reflection they shall have retraced the origin and progress of the insurrection let them determine whether it has not been fomented by combinations of men who careless of consequences and disregarding the unerring truth that those who rouse can not always appease a civil convulsion have disseminated from an ignorance or perversion of facts suspicions jealousies and accusations of the whole government having thus fulfilled the engagement which i took when i entered into office to the best of my ability to preserve protect and defend the constitution of the united states on you gentlemen and the people by whom you are deputed i rely for support in the arrangement to which the possibility of a similar contingency will naturally draw your attention it ought not to be forgotten that the militia laws have exhibited such striking defects as could not have been supplied by the zeal of our citizens besides the extraordinary expense and waste which are not the least of the defects every appeal to those laws is attended with a doubt on its success the devising and establishing of a well regulated militia would be a genuine source of legislative honor and a perfect title to public gratitude i therefore entertain a hope that the present session will not pass without carrying to its full energy the power of organizing arming and disciplining the militia and thus providing in the language of the constitution for calling them forth to execute the laws of the union suppress insurrections and repel invasions as auxiliary to the state of our defense to which congress can never too frequently recur they will not omit to inquire whether the fortifications which have been already licensed by law be commensurate with our exigencies the intelligence from the army under the command of general wayne is a happy presage to our military operations against the hostile indians north of the ohio from the advices which have been forwarded the advance which he has made must have damped the ardor of the savages and weakened their obstinacy in waging war against the united states and yet even at this late hour when our power to punish them can not be questioned we shall not be unwilling to cement a lasting peace upon terms of candor equity and good neighborhood toward none of the indian tribes have overtures of friendship been spared the creeks in particular are covered from encroachment by the imposition of the general government and that of georgia from a desire also to remove the discontents of the six nations a settlement mediated at presque isle on lake erie has been suspended and an agent is now endeavoring to rectify any misconception into which they may have fallen but i can not refrain from again pressing upon your deliberations the plan which i recommended at the last session for the improvement of harmony with all the indians within our limits by the fixing and conducting of trading houses upon the principles then expressed the time which has elapsed since the commencement of our fiscal measures has developed our pecuniary resources so as to open the way for a definite plan for the redemption of the public debt it is believed that the result is such as to encourage congress to consummate this work without delay nothing can more promote the permanent welfare of the nation and nothing would be more grateful to our constituents indeed whatsoever is unfinished of our system of public credit can not be benefited by procrastination and as far as may be practicable we ought to place that credit on grounds which can not be disturbed and to prevent that progressive accumulation of debt which must ultimately endanger all governments an estimate of the necessary appropriations including the expenditures into which we have been driven by the insurrection will be submitted to congress the mint of the united states has entered upon the coinage of the precious metals and considerable sums of defective coins and bullion have been lodged with the director by individuals there is a pleasing prospect that the institution will at no remote day realize the expectation which was originally formed of its utility in subsequent communications certain circumstances of our intercourse with foreign nations will be transmitted to congress however it may not be unseasonable to announce that my policy in our foreign transactions has been to cultivate peace with all the world to observe the treaties with pure and absolute faith to check every deviation from the line of impartiality to explain what may have been misapprehended and correct what may have been injurious to any nation and having thus acquired the right to lose no time in acquiring the ability to insist upon justice being done to ourselves let us unite therefore in imploring the supreme ruler of nations to spread his holy protection over these united states to turn the machinations of the wicked to the confirming of our constitution to enable us at all times to root out internal sedition and put invasion to flight to perpetuate to our country that prosperity which his goodness has already conferred and to verify the anticipations of this government being a safeguard of human rights
call mind gracious indulgence heaven american people became nation survey general prosperity country look forward riches power happiness seems destined deepest regret announce recess citizens united states found capable insurrection due however character government stability shaken enemies order freely unfold course event session year 1790 expedient exercise legislative power granted constitution united states lay collect excises majority states scarcely objection heard mode taxation indeed alarms first conceived banished reason patriotism four western counties pennsylvania prejudice fostered imbittered artifice men labored ascendency others guidance passions produced symptoms riot violence well known congress hesitate examine complaints presented relieve far justice dictated general convenience would permit impression moderation made discontented correspond deserved arts delusion longer confined efforts designing individuals forbearance press prosecutions misinterpreted fear urging execution laws associations men began denounce threats officers employed belief formal concert operation might defeated certain societies assumed tone condemnation hence greater part pennsylvania conforming acts excise counties resolved frustrate perceived every expectation tenderness hitherto pursued unavailing delay could create opinion impotency irresolution government legal process therefore delivered marshal rioters delinquent distillers sooner understood engaged duty vengeance armed men aimed person person property inspector revenue fired upon marshal arrested detained time prisoner obliged jeopardy life renounce service process west side allegheny mountain deputation afterwards sent demand surrender served numerous body repeatedly attacked house inspector seized papers office finally destroyed fire buildings whatsoever contained officers regard safety fled seat government avowed motives outrages compel resignation inspector withstand force arms authority united states thereby extort repeal laws excise alteration conduct government upon testimony facts associate justice supreme court united states notified counties washington allegheny pennsylvania laws united states opposed execution thereof obstructed combinations powerful suppressed ordinary course judicial proceedings powers vested marshal district call momentous extreme sought weighted might best subdue crisis one hand judiciary pronounced stripped capacity enforce laws crimes reached existence social order perpetrated without control friends government insulted abused overawed silence apparent acquiescence yield treasonable fury small portion united states would violate fundamental principle constitution enjoins majority shall prevail array citizen citizen publish dishonor excesses encounter expense embarrassments distant expedition steps delicate closely interwoven many affecting considerations lightly adopted postponed therefore summoning militia immediately field required held readiness anxious endeavors reclaim deluded convince malignant danger fruitless military force might prepared act season far advanced proclamation 7th august last accordingly issued accompanied appointment commissioners charged repair scene insurrection authorized confer bodies men individuals instructed candid explicit stating sensations excited executive earnest wish avoid resort coercion represent however without submission coercion must resort invite time return demeanor faithful citizens accommodations lay within sphere executive power pardon tendered government united states pennsylvania upon condition satisfactory assurance obedience laws although report commissioners marks firmness abilities must unite virtuous men shewing means conciliation exhausted committed abetted tumults subscribe mild form proposed atonement indications peaceable temper neither sufficiently general conclusive recommend warrant suspension march militia thus painful alternative could discarded ordered militia march admonishing insurgents proclamation 25th september last task difficult ascertain precision lowest degree force competent quelling insurrection respect indeed economy ease fellow citizens belonging militia would gratified accomplish estimate reluctance ascribe much importance opposition extent accurately seen would decided inducement smallest efficient numbers uncertainty therefore put motion 15k men army according human calculation would prompt adequate every view might perhaps rendering resistance desperate prevent effusion blood quotas assigned states new jersey pennsylvania maryland virginia governor pennsylvania declared occasion opinion justified requisition states commander chief militia called actual service united states visited places general rendezvous obtain exact information direct plan ulterior movements room persuasion laws secure obstruction civil magistrate able bring justice culpable embraced proffered terms amnesty may deemed fit objects example friends peace good government need aid countenance ought always receive trust ever receive vicious turbulent caught avidity opportunity restoring militia families homes succeeding intelligence tended manifest necessity done confessed inclined exaggerate ill conduct insurgents malevolence pointed merely particular law spirit inimical order actuated many offenders state things afforded reason continuance presence army would withholden every appearance assuring issue redound reputation strength united states judged proper resume duties seat government leaving chief command governor virginia still however probable commotion like present whatsoever may pretense purposes mischief revenge may laid aside stationing small force certain period four western counties pennsylvania indispensable whether contemplate situation connected execution laws others may exposed honorable attachment thirty days commencement session legal limitation employment militia congress early occupied subject among discussions may arise aspect affairs documents submitted congress escape observation inspector revenue officers united states pennsylvania fidelity discharge functions sustained material injuries property obligation policy indemnifying strong obvious may also merit attention whether policy enlarge provision retribution citizens though ties office may suffered damage generous exertions upholding constitution laws amount even injured included would great future emergencies government would amply repaid influence example incurs loss defense shall find recompense liberality lament occurrences nature disgraced name interrupted tranquillity part community diverted new application portion public resources wanting real substantial consolations misfortune demonstrated prosperity rests solid foundations furnishing additional fellow citizens understand true principles government liberty feel inseparable union notwithstanding devices used sway interest duty ready maintain authority laws licentious invasions defend rights usurpation spectacle displaying highest advantage republican government behold least wealthy citizens standing ranks private soldiers preeminently distinguished army constitution undeterred march 300 miles rugged mountains approach inclement season discouragement ought omit acknowledge efficacious patriotic cooperation experienced chief magistrates states requisitions addressed every description citizens let praise given let persevere affectionate vigilance precious depository american happiness constitution united states let cherish sake every clime daily seeking dwelling land calm moments reflection shall retraced origin progress insurrection let determine whether fomented combinations men careless consequences disregarding unerring truth rouse always appease civil convulsion disseminated ignorance perversion facts suspicions jealousies accusations whole government thus fulfilled engagement took entered office best ability preserve protect defend constitution united states gentlemen people deputed rely support arrangement possibility similar contingency naturally draw attention ought forgotten militia laws exhibited striking defects could supplied zeal citizens besides extraordinary expense waste least defects every appeal laws attended doubt success devising establishing well regulated militia would genuine source legislative honor perfect title public gratitude therefore entertain hope present session pass without carrying full energy power organizing arming disciplining militia thus providing language constitution calling forth execute laws union suppress insurrections repel invasions auxiliary state defense congress never frequently recur omit inquire whether fortifications already licensed law commensurate exigencies intelligence army command general wayne happy presage military operations hostile indians north ohio advices forwarded advance made must damped ardor savages weakened obstinacy waging war united states yet even late hour power punish questioned shall unwilling cement lasting peace upon terms candor equity good neighborhood toward none indian tribes overtures friendship spared creeks particular covered encroachment imposition general government georgia desire also remove discontents six nations settlement mediated presque isle lake erie suspended agent endeavoring rectify misconception may fallen refrain pressing upon deliberations plan recommended last session improvement harmony indians within limits fixing conducting trading houses upon principles expressed time elapsed since commencement fiscal measures developed pecuniary resources open way definite plan redemption public debt believed result encourage congress consummate work without delay nothing promote permanent welfare nation nothing would grateful constituents indeed whatsoever unfinished system public credit benefited procrastination far may practicable ought place credit grounds disturbed prevent progressive accumulation debt must ultimately endanger governments estimate necessary appropriations including expenditures driven insurrection submitted congress mint united states entered upon coinage precious metals considerable sums defective coins bullion lodged director individuals pleasing prospect institution remote day realize expectation originally formed utility subsequent communications certain circumstances intercourse foreign nations transmitted congress however may unseasonable announce policy foreign transactions cultivate peace world observe treaties pure absolute faith check every deviation line impartiality explain may misapprehended correct may injurious nation thus acquired right lose time acquiring ability insist upon justice done let us unite therefore imploring supreme ruler nations spread holy protection united states turn machinations wicked confirming constitution enable us times root internal sedition put invasion flight perpetuate country prosperity goodness already conferred verify anticipations government safeguard human rights
call mind gracious indulgence heaven american people become nation survey general prosperity country look forward rich power happiness seem destine deep regret announce recess citizen united state find capable insurrection due however character government stability shake enemy order freely unfold course event session year 1790 expedient exercise legislative power grant constitution united state lay collect excise majority state scarcely objection heard mode taxation indeed alarm first conceive banished reason patriotism four western county pennsylvania prejudice foster imbittered artifice men labor ascendency others guidance passion produce symptom riot violence well know congress hesitate examine complaint present relieve far justice dictate general convenience would permit impression moderation make discontent correspond deserve art delusion longer confine effort design individual forbearance press prosecution misinterpret fear urging execution law association men begin denounce threat officer employ belief formal concert operation might defeat certain society assume tone condemnation hence great part pennsylvania conform act excise county resolve frustrate perceive every expectation tenderness hitherto pursue unavailing delay could create opinion impotency irresolution government legal process therefore deliver marshal rioter delinquent distiller sooner understand engage duty vengeance arm men aim person person property inspector revenue fire upon marshal arrest detained time prisoner oblige jeopardy life renounce service process west side allegheny mountain deputation afterwards send demand surrender serve numerous body repeatedly attack house inspector seize paper office finally destroy fire building whatsoever contain officer regard safety flee seat government avow motif outrage compel resignation inspector withstand force arm authority united state thereby extort repeal law excise alteration conduct government upon testimony fact associate justice supreme court unite state notified county washington allegheny pennsylvania law united state oppose execution thereof obstruct combination powerful suppressed ordinary course judicial proceeding power vest marshal district call momentous extreme seek weighted might best subdue crisis one hand judiciary pronounce stripped capacity enforce law crime reach existence social order perpetrate without control friends government insult abused overawe silence apparent acquiescence yield treasonable fury small portion united state would violate fundamental principle constitution enjoin majority shall prevail array citizen citizen publish dishonor excess encounter expense embarrassment distant expedition step delicate closely interwoven many affect consideration lightly adopt postpone therefore summon militia immediately field require held readiness anxious endeavor reclaim delude convince malignant danger fruitless military force might prepare act season far advanced proclamation 7th august last accordingly issue accompanied appointment commissioner charge repair scene insurrection authorize confer body men individual instruct candid explicit state sensation excite executive earnest wish avoid resort coercion represent however without submission coercion must resort invite time return demeanor faithful citizen accommodation lay within sphere executive power pardon tendered government unite state pennsylvania upon condition satisfactory assurance obedience law although report commissioner mark firmness ability must unite virtuous men shew mean conciliation exhaust committed abetted tumult subscribe mild form propose atonement indication peaceable temper neither sufficiently general conclusive recommend warrant suspension march militia thus painful alternative could discard ordered militia march admonish insurgent proclamation 25th september last task difficult ascertain precision low degree force competent quell insurrection respect indeed economy ease fellow citizen belong militia would gratify accomplish estimate reluctance ascribe much importance opposition extent accurately see would decide inducement small efficient number uncertainty therefore put motion 15k men army accord human calculation would prompt adequate every view might perhaps render resistance desperate prevent effusion blood quota assign state new jersey pennsylvania maryland virginia governor pennsylvania declare occasion opinion justify requisition state commander chief militia call actual service united state visit place general rendezvous obtain exact information direct plan ulterior movement room persuasion law secure obstruction civil magistrate able bring justice culpable embrace proffered term amnesty may deem fit object example friend peace good government need aid countenance ought always receive trust ever receive vicious turbulent caught avidity opportunity restore militia family home succeed intelligence tend manifest necessity do confess inclined exaggerate ill conduct insurgent malevolence point merely particular law spirit inimical order actuate many offender state thing afford reason continuance presence army would withholden every appearance assure issue redound reputation strength united state judge proper resume duty seat government leave chief command governor virginia still however probable commotion like present whatsoever may pretense purpose mischief revenge may lay aside station small force certain period four western county pennsylvania indispensable whether contemplate situation connect execution law others may expose honorable attachment thirty day commencement session legal limitation employment militia congress early occupy subject among discussion may arise aspect affair document submit congress escape observation inspector revenue officer united state pennsylvania fidelity discharge function sustain material injury property obligation policy indemnify strong obvious may also merit attention whether policy enlarge provision retribution citizen though tie office may suffer damage generous exertion uphold constitution law amount even injure include would great future emergency government would amply repaid influence example incurs loss defense shall find recompense liberality lament occurrence nature disgrace name interrupt tranquillity part community divert new application portion public resource want real substantial consolation misfortune demonstrate prosperity rest solid foundation furnish additional fellow citizen understand true principle government liberty feel inseparable union notwithstanding device use sway interest duty ready maintain authority law licentious invasion defend right usurpation spectacle display high advantage republican government behold least wealthy citizen stand rank private soldier preeminently distinguish army constitution undeterred march 300 mile rugged mountain approach inclement season discouragement ought omit acknowledge efficacious patriotic cooperation experience chief magistrate state requisition address every description citizens let praise give let persevere affectionate vigilance precious depository american happiness constitution united state let cherish sake every clime daily seek dwelling land calm moment reflection shall retrace origin progress insurrection let determine whether fomented combination men careless consequence disregard unerring truth rouse always appease civil convulsion disseminate ignorance perversion fact suspicion jealousy accusation whole government thus fulfil engagement take entered office best ability preserve protect defend constitution united state gentlemen people depute rely support arrangement possibility similar contingency naturally draw attention ought forget militia law exhibit striking defect could supply zeal citizen besides extraordinary expense waste least defect every appeal law attend doubt success devise establish well regulate militia would genuine source legislative honor perfect title public gratitude therefore entertain hope present session pas without carry full energy power organize arm discipline militia thus provide language constitution call forth execute law union suppress insurrection repel invasion auxiliary state defense congress never frequently recur omit inquire whether fortification already license law commensurate exigency intelligence army command general wayne happy presage military operation hostile indian north ohio advice forward advance make must damp ardor savage weaken obstinacy wag war united state yet even late hour power punish question shall unwilling cement last peace upon term candor equity good neighborhood toward none indian tribe overture friendship spared creek particular cover encroachment imposition general government georgia desire also remove discontent six nation settlement mediate presque isle lake erie suspend agent endeavor rectify misconception may fall refrain press upon deliberation plan recommend last session improvement harmony indian within limit fix conduct trading house upon principle express time elapse since commencement fiscal measure develop pecuniary resource open way definite plan redemption public debt believe result encourage congress consummate work without delay nothing promote permanent welfare nation nothing would grateful constituent indeed whatsoever unfinished system public credit benefit procrastination far may practicable ought place credit ground disturbed prevent progressive accumulation debt must ultimately endanger government estimate necessary appropriation include expenditure drive insurrection submit congress mint unite state enter upon coinage precious metal considerable sum defective coin bullion lodge director individual please prospect institution remote day realize expectation originally form utility subsequent communication certain circumstance intercourse foreign nation transmit congress however may unseasonable announce policy foreign transaction cultivate peace world observe treaty pure absolute faith check every deviation line impartiality explain may misapprehend correct may injurious nation thus acquire right lose time acquire ability insist upon justice do let u unite therefore implore supreme ruler nation spread holy protection united state turn machination wicked confirm constitution enable u time root internal sedition put invasion flight perpetuate country prosperity goodness already confer verify anticipation government safeguard human right