Notwithstanding the added burdens rendered necessary by the war, our people rejoice in a very satisfactory and steadily increasing degree of prosperity, evidenced by the largest volume of business ever recorded. Manufacture has been productive, agricultural pursuits have yielded abundant returns, labor in all fields of industry is better rewarded, revenue legislation passed by the present Congress has increased the Treasury's receipts to the amount estimated by its authors, the finances of the Government have been successfully administered and its credit advanced to the first rank, while its currency has been maintained at the world's highest standard. Military service under a common flag and for a righteous cause has strengthened the national spirit and served to cement more closely than ever the fraternal bonds between every section of the country. A review of the relation of the United States to other powers, always appropriate, is this year of primary importance in view of the momentous issues which have arisen, demanding in one instance the ultimate determination by arms and involving far-reaching consequences which will require the earnest attention of the Congress. In my last annual message very full consideration was given to the question of the duty of the Government of the United States toward Spain and the Cuban insurrection as being by far the most important problem with which we were then called upon to deal. The considerations then advanced and the exposition of the views therein expressed disclosed my sense of the extreme gravity of the situation. Setting aside as logically unfounded or practically inadmissible the recognition of the Cuban insurgents as belligerents, the recognition of the independence of Cuba, neutral intervention to end the war by imposing a rational compromise between the contestants, intervention in favor of one or the other party, and forcible annexation of the island, I concluded it was honestly due to our friendly relations with Spain that she should be given a reasonable chance to realize her expectations of reform to which she had become irrevocably committed. Within a few weeks previously she had announced comprehensive plans which it was confidently asserted would be efficacious to remedy the evils so deeply affecting our own country, so injurious to the true interests of the mother country as well as to those of Cuba, and so repugnant to the universal sentiment of humanity. The ensuing month brought little sign of real progress toward the pacification of Cuba. The autonomous administrations set up in the capital and some of the principal cities appeared not to gain the favor of the inhabitants nor to be able to extend their influence to the large extent of territory held by the insurgents, while the military arm, obviously unable to cope with the still active rebellion, continued many of the most objectionable and offensive policies of the government that had preceded it. No tangible relief was afforded the vast numbers of unhappy reconcentrados, despite the reiterated professions made in that regard and the amount appropriated by Spain to that end. The proffered expedient of zones of cultivation proved illusory. Indeed no less practical nor more delusive promises of succor could well have been tendered to the exhausted and destitute people, stripped of all that made life and home dear and herded in a strange region among unsympathetic strangers hardly less necessitous than themselves. By the end of December the mortality among them had frightfully increased. Conservative estimates from Spanish sources placed the deaths among these distressed people at over 40 per cent from the time General Weyler's decree of reconcentration was enforced. With the acquiescence of the Spanish authorities, a scheme was adopted for relief by charitable contributions raised in this country and distributed, under the direction of the consul-general and the several consuls, by noble and earnest individual effort through the organized agencies of the American Red Cross. Thousands of lives were thus saved, but many thousands more were inaccessible to such forms of aid. The war continued on the old footing, without comprehensive plan, developing only the same spasmodic encounters, barren of strategic result, that had marked the course of the earlier ten years' rebellion as well as the present insurrection from its start. No alternative save physical exhaustion of either combatant, and therewithal the practical ruin of the island, lay in sight, but how far distant no one could venture to conjecture. At this juncture, on the 15th of February last, occurred the destruction of the battle ship Maine while rightfully lying in the harbor of Havana on a mission of international courtesy and good will--a catastrophe the suspicious nature and horror of which stirred the nation's heart profoundly. It is a striking evidence of the poise and sturdy good sense distinguishing our national character that this shocking blow, falling upon a generous people already deeply touched by preceding events in Cuba, did not move them to an instant desperate resolve to tolerate no longer the existence of a condition of danger and disorder at our doors that made possible such a deed, by whomsoever wrought. Yet the instinct of justice prevailed, and the nation anxiously awaited the result of the searching investigation at once set on foot. The finding of the naval board of inquiry established that the origin of the explosion was external, by a submarine mine, and only halted through lack of positive testimony to fix the responsibility of its authorship. All these things carried conviction to the most thoughtful, even before the finding of the naval court, that a crisis in our relations with Spain and toward Cuba was at hand. So strong was this belief that it needed but a brief Executive suggestion to the Congress to receive immediate answer to the duty of making instant provision for the possible and perhaps speedily probable emergency of war, and the remarkable, almost unique, spectacle was presented of a unanimous vote of both Houses, on the 9th of March, appropriating $50,000,000 "for the national defense and for each and every purpose connected therewith, to be expended at the discretion of the President." That this act of prevision came none too soon was disclosed when the application of the fund was undertaken. Our coasts were practically undefended. Our Navy needed large provision for increased ammunition and supplies, and even numbers to cope with any sudden attack from the navy of Spain, which comprised modern vessels of the highest type of continental perfection. Our Army also required enlargement of men and munitions. The details of the hurried preparation for the dreaded contingency are told in the reports of the Secretaries of War and of the Navy, and need not be repeated here. It is sufficient to say that the outbreak of war when it did come found our nation not unprepared to meet the conflict. Nor was the apprehension of coming strife confined to our own country. It was felt by the continental powers, which on April 6, through their ambassadors and envoys, addressed to the Executive an expression of hope that humanity and moderation might mark the course of this Government and people, and that further negotiations would lead to an agreement which, while securing the maintenance of peace, would afford all necessary guaranties for the reestablishment of order in Cuba. In responding to that representation I said I shared the hope the envoys had expressed that peace might be preserved in a manner to terminate the chronic condition of disturbance in Cuba, so injurious and menacing to our interests and tranquillity, as well as shocking to our sentiments of humanity; and while appreciating the humanitarian and disinterested character of the communication they had made on behalf of the powers, I stated the confidence of this Government, for its part, that equal appreciation would be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavors to fulfill a duty to humanity by ending a situation the indefinite prolongation of which had become insufferable. Still animated by the hope of a peaceful solution and obeying the dictates of duty, no effort was relaxed to bring about a speedy ending of the Cuban struggle. Negotiations to this object continued actively with the Government of Spain, looking to the immediate conclusion of a six months' armistice in Cuba, with a view to effect the recognition of her people's right to independence. Besides this, the instant revocation of the order of reconcentration was asked, so that the sufferers, returning to their homes and aided by united American and Spanish effort, might be put in a way to support themselves and, by orderly resumption of the well-nigh destroyed productive energies of the island, contribute to the restoration of its tranquillity and well-being. Negotiations continued for some little time at Madrid, resulting in offers by the Spanish Government which could not but be regarded as inadequate. It was proposed to confide the preparation of peace to the insular parliament, yet to be convened under the autonomous decrees of November, 1897, but without impairment in any wise of the constitutional powers of the Madrid Government, which to that end would grant an armistice, if solicited by the insurgents, for such time as the general in chief might see fit to fix. How and with what scope of discretionary powers the insular parliament was expected to set about the "preparation" of peace did not appear. If it were to be by negotiation with the insurgents, the issue seemed to rest on the one side with a body chosen by a fraction of the electors in the districts under Spanish control, and on the other with the insurgent population holding the interior country, unrepresented in the so-called parliament and defiant at the suggestion of suing for peace. Grieved and disappointed at this barren outcome of my sincere endeavors to reach a practicable solution, I felt it my duty to remit the whole question to the Congress. In the message of April 11, 1898, I announced that with this last overture in the direction of immediate peace in Cuba and its disappointing reception by Spain the effort of the Executive was brought to an end. I again reviewed the alternative courses of action which had been proposed, concluding that the only one consonant with international policy and compatible with our firm-set historical traditions was intervention as a neutral to stop the war and check the hopeless sacrifice of life, even though that resort involved "hostile constraint upon both the parties to the contest, as well to enforce a truce as to guide the eventual settlement." The grounds justifying that step were the interests of humanity, the duty to protect the life and property of our citizens in Cuba, the right to check injury to our commerce and people through the devastation of the island, and, most important, the need of removing at once and forever the constant menace and the burdens entailed upon our Government by the uncertainties and perils of the situation caused by the unendurable disturbance in Cuba. I said: 
  The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war can not be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been and it is plain that it can not be extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop.
 In view of all this the Congress was asked to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between Spain and the people of Cuba and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquillity and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and for the accomplishment of those ends to use the military and naval forces of the United States as might be necessary, with added authority to continue generous relief to the starving people of Cuba. The response of the Congress, after nine days of earnest deliberation, during which the almost unanimous sentiment of your body was developed on every point save as to the expediency of coupling the proposed action with a formal recognition of the Republic of Cuba as the true and lawful government of that island--a proposition which failed of adoption--the Congress, after conference, on the 19th of April, by a vote of 42 to 35 in the Senate and 311 to 6 in the House of Representatives, passed the memorable joint resolution declaring-- 
  First. That the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect. Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the island to its people. This resolution was approved by the Executive on the next day, April 20. A copy was at once communicated to the Spanish minister at this capital, who forthwith announced that his continuance in Washington had thereby become impossible, and asked for his passports, which were given him. He thereupon withdrew from Washington, leaving the protection of Spanish interests in the United States to the French ambassador and the Austro-Hungarian minister. Simultaneously with its communication to the Spanish minister here, General Woodford, the American minister at Madrid, was telegraphed confirmation of the text of the joint resolution and directed to communicate it to the Government of Spain with the formal demand that it at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba and withdraw its forces therefrom, coupling this demand with announcement of the intentions of this Government as to the future of the island, in conformity with the fourth clause of the resolution, and giving Spain until noon of April 23 to reply. That demand, although, as above shown, officially made known to the Spanish envoy here, was not delivered at Madrid. After the instruction reached General Woodford on the morning of April 21, but before he could present it, the Spanish minister of state notified him that upon the President's approval of the joint resolution the Madrid Government, regarding the act as "equivalent to an evident declaration of war," had ordered its minister in Washington to withdraw, thereby breaking off diplomatic relations between the two countries and ceasing all official communication between their respective representatives. General Woodford thereupon demanded his passports and quitted Madrid the same day. Spain having thus denied the demand of the United States and initiated that complete form of rupture of relations which attends a state of war, the executive powers authorized by the resolution were at once used by me to meet the enlarged contingency of actual war between sovereign states. On April 22 I proclaimed a blockade of the north coast of Cuba, including ports on said coast between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast of Cuba, and on the 23d I called for volunteers to execute the purpose of the resolution. By my message of April 25 the Congress was informed of the situation, and I recommended formal declaration of the existence of a state of war between the United States and Spain. The Congress accordingly voted on the same day the act approved April 25, 1898, declaring the existence of such war from and including the 21st day of April, and reenacted the provision of the resolution of April 20 directing the President to use all the armed forces of the nation to carry that act into effect.|| Due notification of the existence of war as aforesaid was given April 25 by telegraph to all the governments with which the United States maintain relations, in order that their neutrality might be assured during the war. The various governments responded with proclamations of neutrality, each after its own methods. It is not among the least gratifying incidents of the struggle that the obligations of neutrality were impartially discharged by all, often under delicate and difficult circumstances. In further fulfillment of international duty I issued, April 26, 1893, a proclamation announcing the treatment proposed to be accorded to vessels and their cargoes as to blockade, contraband, the exercise of the right of search, and the immunity of neutral flags and neutral goods under enemy's flag. A similar proclamation was made by the Spanish Government. In the conduct of hostilities the rules of the Declaration of Paris, including abstention from resort to privateering, have accordingly been observed by both belligerents, although neither was a party to that declaration. Our country thus, after an interval of half a century of peace with all nations, found itself engaged in deadly conflict with a foreign enemy. Every nerve was strained to meet the emergency. The response to the initial call for 125,000 volunteers was instant and complete, as was also the result of the second call, of May 25, for 75,000 additional volunteers. The ranks of the Regular Army were increased to the limits provided by the act of April 26, 1898. The enlisted force of the Navy on the 15th day of August, when it reached its maximum, numbered 24,123 men and apprentices. One hundred and three vessels were added to the Navy by purchase, 1 was presented to the Government, 1 leased, and the 4 vessels of the International Navigation Company--the St. Paul, St. Louis, New York, and Paris--were chartered. In addition to these the revenue cutters and lighthouse tenders were turned over to the Navy Department and became temporarily a part of the auxiliary Navy. The maximum effective fighting force of the Navy during the war, separated into classes, was as follows: Four battle ships of the first class, 1 battle ship of the second class, 2 armored cruisers, 6 coast-defense monitors, 1 armored ram, 12 protected cruisers, 3 unprotected cruisers, 18 gunboats, 1 dynamite cruiser, 11 torpedo boats; vessels of the old Navy, including monitors, 14. Auxiliary Navy: 11 auxiliary cruisers, 28 converted yachts, 27 converted tugs, 19 converted colliers, 15 revenue cutters, 4 light-house tenders, and 19 miscellaneous vessels. Much alarm was felt along our entire Atlantic seaboard lest some attack might be made by the enemy. Every precaution was taken to prevent possible injury to our great cities lying along the coast. Temporary garrisons were provided, drawn from the State militia; infantry and light batteries were drawn from the volunteer force. About 12,000 troops were thus employed. The coast signal service was established for observing the approach of an enemy's ships to the coast of the United States, and the Life-Saving and Light-House services cooperated, which enabled the Navy Department to have all portions of the Atlantic coast, from Maine to Texas, under observation. The auxiliary Navy was created under the authority of Congress and was officered and manned by the Naval Militia of the several States. This organization patrolled the coast and performed the duty of a second line of defense. Under the direction of the Chief of Engineers submarine mines were placed at the most exposed points. Before the outbreak of the war permanent mining casemates and cable galleries had been constructed at nearly all important harbors. Most of the torpedo material was not to be found in the market, and had to be specially manufactured. Under date of April 19 district officers were directed to take all preliminary measures short of the actual attaching of the loaded mines to the cables, and on April 22 telegraphic orders were issued to place the loaded mines in position. The aggregate number of mines placed was 1,535, at the principal harbors from Maine to California. Preparations were also made for the planting of mines at certain other harbors, but owing to the early destruction of the Spanish fleet these mines were not placed. The Signal Corps was promptly organized, and performed service of the most difficult and important character. Its operations during the war covered the electrical connection of all coast fortifications, the establishment of telephonic and telegraphic facilities for the camps at Manila, Santiago, and in Puerto Rico. There were constructed 300 miles of line at ten great camps, thus facilitating military movements from those points in a manner heretofore unknown in military administration. Field telegraph lines were established and maintained under the enemy's fire at Manila, and later the Manila-Hongkong cable was reopened. In Puerto Rico cable communications were opened over a discontinued route, and on land the headquarters of the commanding officer was kept in telegraphic or telephonic communication with the division commanders on four different lines of operations. There was placed in Cuban waters a completely outfitted cable ship, with war cables and cable gear, suitable both for the destruction of communications belonging to the enemy and the establishment of our own. Two ocean cables were destroyed under the enemy's batteries at Santiago. The day previous to the landing of General Shafter's corps, at Caimanera, within 20 miles of the landing place, cable communications were established and a cable station opened giving direct communication with the Government at Washington. This service was invaluable to the Executive in directing the operations of the Army and Navy. With a total force of over 1,300, the loss was by disease in camp and field, officers and men included, only 5. The national-defense fund of $50,000,000 was expended in large part by the Army and Navy, and the objects for which it was used are fully shown in the reports of the several Secretaries. It was a most timely appropriation, enabling the Government to strengthen its defenses and make preparations greatly needed in case of war. This fund being inadequate to the requirements of equipment and for the conduct of the war, the patriotism of the Congress provided the means in the war-revenue act of June 13 by authorizing a 3 per cent popular loan not to exceed $400,000,000 and by levying additional imposts and taxes. Of the authorized loan $200,000,000 were offered and promptly taken the subscriptions so far exceeding the call as to cover it many times over, while, preference being given to the smaller bids, no single allotment exceeded $5,000. This was a most encouraging and significant result, showing the vast resources of the nation and the determination of the people to uphold their country's honor. It is not within the province of this message to narrate the history of the extraordinary war that followed the Spanish declaration of April 21, but a brief recital of its more salient features is appropriate. The first encounter of the war in point of date took place April 27, when a detachment of the blockading squadron made a reconnoissance in force at Matanzas, shelled the harbor forts, and demolished several new works in construction. The next engagement was destined to mark a memorable epoch in maritime warfare. The Pacific fleet, under Commodore George Dewey, had lain for some weeks at Hongkong. Upon the colonial proclamation of neutrality being issued and the customary twenty-four hours' notice being given, it repaired to Mirs Bay, near Hongkong, whence it proceeded to the Philippine Islands under telegraphed orders to capture or destroy the formidable Spanish fleet then assembled at Manila. At daybreak on the 1st of May the American force entered Manila Bay, and after a few hours' engagement effected the total destruction of the Spanish fleet, consisting of ten war ships and a transport, besides capturing the naval station and forts at Cavite, thus annihilating the Spanish naval power in the Pacific Ocean and completely controlling the bay of Manila, with the ability to take the city at will. Not a life was lost on our ships, the wounded only numbering seven, while not a vessel was materially injured. For this gallant achievement the Congress, upon my recommendation, fitly bestowed upon the actors preferment and substantial reward. The effect of this remarkable victory upon the spirit of our people and upon the fortunes of the war was instant. A prestige of invincibility thereby attached to our arms which continued throughout the struggle. Reenforcements were hurried to Manila under the command of Major-General Merritt and firmly established within sight of the capital, which lay helpless before our guns. On the 7th day of May the Government was advised officially of the victory at Manila, and at once inquired of the commander of our fleet what troops would be required. The information was received on the 15th day of May, and the first army expedition sailed May 25 and arrived off Manila June 30. Other expeditions soon followed, the total force consisting of 641 officers and 15,058 enlisted men. Only reluctance to cause needless loss of life and property prevented the early storming and capture of the city, and therewith the absolute military occupancy of the whole group. The insurgents meanwhile had resumed the active hostilities suspended by the uncompleted truce of December, 1897. Their forces invested Manila from the northern and eastern sides, but were constrained by Admiral Dewey and General Merrill from attempting an assault. It was fitting that whatever was to be done in the way of decisive operations in that quarter should be accomplished by the strong arm of the United States alone. Obeying the stern precept of war which enjoins the overcoming of the adversary and the extinction of his power wherever assailable as the speedy and sure means to win a peace, divided victory was not permissible, for no partition of the rights and responsibilities attending the enforcement of a just and advantageous peace could be thought of. Following the comprehensive scheme of general attack, powerful forces were assembled at various points on our coast to invade Cuba and Puerto Rico. Meanwhile naval demonstrations were made at several exposed points. On May 11 the cruiser Wilmington and torpedo boat Winslow were unsuccessful in an attempt to silence the batteries at Cardenas, a gallant ensign, Worth Bagley, and four seamen falling. These grievous fatalities were, strangely enough, among the very few which occurred during our naval operations in this extraordinary conflict. Meanwhile the Spanish naval preparations had been pushed with great vigor. A powerful squadron under Admiral Cervera, which had assembled at the Cape Verde Islands before the outbreak of hostilities, had crossed the ocean, and by its erratic movements in the Caribbean Sea delayed our military plans while baffling the pursuit of our fleets. For a time fears were felt lest the Oregon and Marietta, then nearing home after their long voyage from San Francisco of over 15,000 miles, might be surprised by Admiral Cervera's fleet, but their fortunate arrival dispelled these apprehensions and lent much-needed reenforcement. Not until Admiral Cervera took refuge in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, about May 19, was it practicable to plan a systematic naval and military attack upon the Antillean possessions of Spain. Several demonstrations occurred on the coasts of Cuba and Puerto Rico in preparation for the larger event. On May 13 the North Atlantic Squadron shelled San Juan de Puerto Rico. On May 30 Commodore Schley's squadron bombarded the forts guarding the mouth of Santiago Harbor. Neither attack had any material result. It was evident that well-ordered land operations were indispensable to achieve a decisive advantage. The next act in the war thrilled not alone the hearts of our countrymen but the world by its exceptional heroism. On the night of June 3 Lieutenant Hobson, aided by seven devoted volunteers, blocked the narrow outlet from Santiago Harbor by sinking the collier Merrimac in the channel, under a fierce fire from the shore batteries, escaping with their lives as by a miracle, but falling into the hands of the Spaniards. It is a most gratifying incident of the war that the bravery of this little band of heroes was cordially appreciated by the Spanish admiral, who sent a flag of truce to notify Admiral Sampson of their safety and to compliment them on their daring act. They were subsequently exchanged July 7. By June 7 the cutting of the last Cuban cable isolated the island. Thereafter the invasion was vigorously prosecuted. On June 10, under a heavy protecting fire, a landing of 600 marines from the Oregon, Marblehead, and Yankee was effected in Guantanamo Bay, where it had been determined to establish a naval station. This important and essential port was taken from the enemy, after severe fighting, by the marines, who were the first organized force of the United States to land in Cuba. The position so won was held despite desperate attempts to dislodge our forces. By June 16 additional forces were landed and strongly in-trenched. On June 22 the advance of the invading army under Major-General Shafter landed at Daiquiri, about 15 miles east of Santiago. This was accomplished under great difficulties, but with marvelous dispatch. On June 23 the movement against Santiago was begun. On the 24th the first serious engagement took place, in which the First and Tenth Cavalry and the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, General Young's brigade of General Wheeler's division, participated, losing heavily. By nightfall, however, ground within 5 miles of Santiago was won. The advantage was steadily increased. On July 1 a severe battle took place, our forces gaining the outworks of Santiago; on the 2d El Caney and San Juan were taken after a desperate charge, and the investment of the city was completed. The Navy cooperated by shelling the town and the coast forts. On the day following this brilliant achievement of our land forces, the 3d of July, occurred the decisive naval combat of the war. The Spanish fleet, attempting to leave the harbor, was met by the American squadron under command of Commodore Sampson. In less than three hours all the Spanish ships were destroyed, the two torpedo boats being sunk and the Maria Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristobal Colon driven ashore. The Spanish admiral and over 1,300 men were taken prisoners. While the enemy's loss of life was deplorably large, some 600 perishing, on our side but one man was killed, on the Brooklyn, and one man seriously wounded. Although our ships were repeatedly struck, not one was seriously injured. Where all so conspicuously distinguished themselves, from the commanders to the gunners and the unnamed heroes in the boiler rooms, each and all contributing toward the achievement of this astounding victory, for which neither ancient nor modern history affords a parallel in the completeness of the event and the marvelous disproportion of casualties, it would be invidious to single out any for especial honor. Deserved promotion has rewarded the more conspicuous actors. The nation's profoundest gratitude is due to all of these brave men who by their skill and devotion in a few short hours crushed the sea power of Spain and wrought a triumph whose decisiveness and far-reaching consequences can scarcely be measured. Nor can we be unmindful of the achievements of our builders, mechanics, and artisans for their skill in the construction of our war ships. With the catastrophe of Santiago Spain's effort upon the ocean virtually ceased. A spasmodic effort toward the end of June to send her Mediterranean fleet, under Admiral Camara, to relieve Manila was abandoned, the expedition being recalled after it had passed through the Suez Canal. The capitulation of Santiago followed. The city was closely besieged by land, while the entrance of our ships into the harbor cut off all relief on that side. After a truce to allow of the removal of noncombatants protracted negotiations continued from July 3 until July 15, when, under menace of immediate assault, the preliminaries of surrender were agreed upon. On the 17th General Shafter occupied the city. The capitulation embraced the entire eastern end of Cuba. The number of Spanish soldiers surrendering was 22,000, all of whom were subsequently conveyed to Spain at the charge of the United States. The story of this successful campaign is told in the report of the Secretary of War, which will be laid before you. The individual valor of officers and soldiers was never more strikingly shown than in the several engagements leading to the surrender of Santiago, while the prompt movements and successive victories won instant and universal applause. To those who gained this complete triumph, which established the ascendency of the United States upon land as the fight off Santiago had fixed our supremacy on the seas, the earnest and lasting gratitude of the nation is unsparingly due. Nor should we alone remember the gallantry of the living; the dead claim our tears, and our losses by battle and disease must cloud any exultation at the result and teach us to weigh the awful cost of war, however rightful the cause or signal the victory. With the fall of Santiago the occupation of Puerto Rico became the next strategic necessity. General Miles had previously been assigned to organize an expedition for that purpose. Fortunately he was already at Santiago, where he had arrived on the 11th of July with reenforcements for General Shafter's army. With these troops, consisting of 3,415 infantry and artillery, two companies of engineers, and one company of the Signal Corps, General Miles left Guantanamo on July 21, having nine transports convoyed by the fleet under Captain Higginson with the Massachusetts (flagship), Dixie, Gloucester, Columbia, and Yale, the two latter carrying troops. The expedition landed at Guanica July 25, which port was entered with little opposition. Here the fleet was joined by the Annapolis and the Wasp, while the Puritan and Amphitrite went to San Juan and joined the New Orleans, which was engaged in blockading that port. The Major-General Commanding was subsequently reenforced by General Schwan's brigade of the Third Army Corps, by General Wilson with a part of his division, and also by General Brooke with a part of his corps, numbering in all 16,973 officers and men. On July 27 he entered Ponce, one of the most important ports in the island, from which he thereafter directed operations for the capture of the island. With the exception of encounters with the enemy at Guayama, Hormigueros, Coamo, and Yauco and an attack on a force landed at Cape San Juan, there was no serious resistance. The campaign was prosecuted with great vigor, and by the 12th of August much of the island was in our possession and the acquisition of the remainder was only a matter of a short time. At most of the points in the island our troops were enthusiastically welcomed. Protestations of loyalty to the flag and gratitude for delivery from Spanish rule met our commanders at every stage. As a potent influence toward peace the outcome of the Puerto Rican expedition was of great consequence, and generous commendation is due to those who participated in it. The last scene of the war was enacted at Manila, its starting place. On August 15, after a brief assault upon the works by the land forces, in which the squadron assisted, the capital surrendered unconditionally. The casualties were comparatively few. By this the conquest of the Philippine Islands, virtually accomplished when the Spanish capacity for resistance was destroyed by Admiral Dewey's victory of the 1st of May, was formally sealed. To General Merrill, his officers and men, for their uncomplaining and devoted service and for their gallantry in action, the nation is sincerely grateful. Their long voyage was made with singular success, and the soldierly conduct of the men, most of whom were without previous experience in the military service, deserves unmeasured praise. The total casualties in killed and wounded in the Army during the war with Spain were: Officers killed, 23; enlisted men killed, 257; total, 280; officers wounded, 113; enlisted men wounded, 1,464; total, 1,577. Of the Navy: Killed, 17; wounded, 67; died as result of wounds, 1; invalided from service, 6; total, 91. It will be observed that while our Navy was engaged in two great battles and in numerous perilous undertakings in blockade and bombardment, and more than 50,000 of our troops were transported to distant lands and were engaged in assault and siege and battle and many skirmishes in unfamiliar territory, we lost in both arms of the service a total of 1,668 killed and wounded; and in the entire campaign by land and sea we did not lose a gun or a flag or a transport or a ship, and, with the exception of the crew of the Merrimac, not a soldier or sailor was taken prisoner. On August 7, forty-six days from the date of the landing of General Shafter's army in Cuba and twenty-one days from the surrender of Santiago, the United States troops commenced embarkation for home, and our entire force was returned to the United States as early as August 24. They were absent from the United States only two months. It is fitting that I should bear testimony to the patriotism and devotion of that large portion of our Army which, although eager to be ordered to the post of greatest exposure, fortunately was not required outside of the United States. They did their whole duty, and, like their comrades at the front, have earned the gratitude of the nation. In like manner, the officers and men of the Army and of the Navy who remained in their departments and stations faithfully performing most important duties connected with the war, and whose requests for assignment in the field and at sea I was compelled to refuse because their services were indispensable here, are entitled to the highest commendation. It is my regret that there seems to be no provision for their suitable recognition. In this connection it is a pleasure for me to mention in terms of cordial appreciation the timely and useful work of the American National Red Cross, both in relief measures preparatory to the campaigns, in sanitary assistance at several of the camps of assemblage, and later, under the able and experienced leadership of the president of the society, Miss Clara Barton, on the fields of battle and in the hospitals at the front in Cuba. Working in conjunction with the governmental authorities and under their sanction and approval, and with the enthusiastic cooperation of many patriotic women and societies in the various States, the Red Cross has fully maintained its already high reputation for intense earnestness and ability to exercise the noble purposes of its international organization, thus justifying the confidence and support which it has received at the hands of the American people. To the members and officers of this society and all who aided them in their philanthropic work the sincere and lasting gratitude of the soldiers and the public is due and is freely accorded. In tracing these events we are constantly reminded of our obligations to the Divine Master for His watchful care over us and His safe guidance, for which the nation makes reverent acknowledgment and offers humble prayer for the continuance of His favor. The annihilation of Admiral Cervera's fleet, followed by the capitulation of Santiago, having brought to the Spanish Government a realizing sense of the hopelessness of continuing a struggle now become wholly unequal, it made overtures of peace through the French ambassador, who, with the assent of his Government, had acted as the friendly representative of Spanish interests during the war. On the 26th of July M. Cambon presented a communication signed by the Duke of Almodovar, the Spanish minister of state, inviting the United States to state the terms upon which it would be willing to make peace. On the 30th of July, by a communication addressed to the Duke of Almodovar and handed to M. Cambon, the terms of this Government were announced substantially as in the protocol afterwards signed. On the 10th of August the Spanish reply, dated August 7, was handed by M. Cambon to the Secretary of State. It accepted unconditionally the terms imposed as to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and an island of the Ladrones group, but appeared to seek to introduce inadmissible reservations in regard to our demand as to the Philippine Islands. Conceiving that discussion on this point could neither be practical nor profitable, I directed that in order to avoid misunderstanding the matter should be forthwith closed by proposing the embodiment in a formal protocol of the terms upon which the negotiations for peace were to be undertaken. The vague and inexplicit suggestions of the Spanish note could not be accepted, the only reply being to present as a virtual ultimatum a draft of protocol embodying the precise terms tendered to Spain in our note of July 30, with added stipulations of detail as to the appointment of commissioners to arrange for the evacuation of the Spanish Antilles. On August 12 M. Cambon announced his receipt of full powers to sign the protocol so submitted. Accordingly, on the afternoon of August 12, M. Cambon, as the plenipotentiary of Spain, and the Secretary of State, as the plenipotentiary of the United States, signed a protocol providing-- 
  ARTICLE I. Spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. ART. II. Spain will cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones to be selected by the United States. ART. III. The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines. The fourth article provided for the appointment of joint commissions on the part of the United States and Spain, to meet in Havana and San Juan, respectively, for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the stipulated evacuation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Spanish islands in the West Indies. The fifth article provided for the appointment of not more than five commissioners on each side, to meet at Paris not later than October 1 and to proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries. The sixth and last article provided that upon the signature of the protocol hostilities between the two countries should be suspended and that notice to that effect should be given as soon as possible by each Government to the commanders of its military and naval forces. Immediately upon the conclusion of the protocol I issued a proclamation, of August 12 , suspending hostilities on the part of the United States. The necessary orders to that end were at once given by telegraph. The blockade of the ports of Cuba and San Juan de Puerto Rico was in like manner raised. On the 18th of August the muster out of 100,000 volunteers, or as near that number as was found to be practicable, was ordered. On the 1st of December 101,165 officers and men had been mustered out and discharged from the service, and 9,002 more will be mustered out by the 10th of this month; also a corresponding number of general and general staff officers have been honorably discharged the service. The military commissions to superintend the evacuation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the adjacent islands were forthwith appointed--for Cuba, Major-General James F. Wade, Rear-Admiral William T. Sampson, Major-General Matthew C. Butler; for Puerto Rico, Major--General John R. Brooke, Rear-Admiral Winfield S. Schley, Brigadier-General William W. Gordon--who soon afterwards met the Spanish commissioners at Havana and San Juan, respectively. The Puerto Rican Joint Commission speedily accomplished its task, and by the 18th of October the evacuation of the island was completed. The United States flag was raised over the island at noon on that day. The administration of its affairs has been provisionally intrusted to a military governor until the Congress shall otherwise provide. The Cuban Joint Commission has not yet terminated its labors. Owing to the difficulties in the way of removing the large numbers of Spanish troops still in Cuba, the evacuation can not be completed before the 1st of January next. Pursuant to the fifth article of the protocol, I appointed William R. Day, lately Secretary of State; Cushman K. Davis, William P. Frye, and George Gray, Senators of the United States, and Whitelaw Reid to be the peace commissioners on the part of the United States. Proceeding in due season to Paris, they there met on the 1st of October five commissioners similarly appointed on the part of Spain. Their negotiations have made hopeful progress, so that I trust soon to be able to lay a definitive treaty of peace before the Senate, with a review of the steps leading to its signature. I do not discuss at this time the government or the future of the new possessions which will come to us as the result of the war with Spain. Such discussion will be appropriate after the treaty of peace shall be ratified. In the meantime and until the Congress has legislated otherwise it will be my duty to continue the military governments which have existed since our occupation and give to the people security in life and property and encouragement under a just and beneficent rule. As soon as we are in possession of Cuba and have pacified the island it will be necessary to give aid and direction to its people to form a government for themselves. This should be undertaken at the earliest moment consistent with safety and assured success. It is important that our relations with this people shall be of the most friendly character and our commercial relations close and reciprocal. It should be our duty to assist in every proper way to build up the waste places of the island, encourage the industry of the people, and assist them to form a government which shall be free and independent, thus realizing the best aspirations of the Cuban people. Spanish rule must be replaced by a just, benevolent, and humane government, created by the people of Cuba, capable of performing all international obligations, and which shall encourage thrift, industry, and prosperity and promote peace and good will among all of the inhabitants, whatever may have been their relations in the past. Neither revenge nor passion should have a place in the new government. Until there is complete tranquillity in the island and a stable government inaugurated military occupation will be continued. With the one exception of the rupture with Spain, the intercourse of the United States with the great family of nations has been marked with cordiality, and the close of the eventful year finds most of the issues that necessarily arise in the complex relations of sovereign states adjusted or presenting no serious obstacle to a just and honorable solution by amicable agreement. A long unsettled dispute as to the extended boundary between the Argentine Republic and Chile, stretching along the Andean crests from the southern border of the Atacama Desert to Magellan Straits, nearly a third of the length of the South American continent, assumed an acute stage in the early part of the year, and afforded to this Government occasion to express the hope that the resort to arbitration, already contemplated by existing conventions between the parties, might prevail despite the grave difficulties arising in its application. I am happy to say that arrangements to this end have been perfected, the questions of fact upon which the respective commissioners were unable to agree being in course of reference to Her Britannic Majesty for determination. A residual difference touching the northern boundary line across the Atacama Desert, for which existing treaties provided no adequate adjustment, bids fair to be settled in like manner by a joint commission, upon which the United States minister at Buenos Ayres has been invited to serve as umpire in the last resort. I have found occasion to approach the Argentine Government with a view to removing differences of rate charges imposed upon the cables of an American corporation in the transmission between Buenos Ayres and the cities of Uruguay and Brazil of through messages passing from and to the United States. Although the matter is complicated by exclusive concessions by Uruguay and Brazil to foreign companies, there is strong hope that a good understanding will be reached and that the important channels of commercial communication between the United States and the Atlantic cities of South America may be freed from an almost prohibitory discrimination. In this relation I may be permitted to express my sense of the fitness of an international agreement whereby the interchange of messages over connecting cables may be regulated on a fair basis of uniformity. The world has seen the postal system developed from a congeries of independent and exclusive services into a well-ordered union, of which all countries enjoy the manifold benefits. It would be strange were the nations not in time brought to realize that modern civilization, which owes so much of its progress to the annihilation of space by the electric force, demands that this all-important means of communication be a heritage of all peoples, to be administered and regulated in their common behoof. A step in this direction was taken when the international convention of 1884 for the protection of submarine cables was signed, and the day is, I trust, not far distant when this medium for the transmission of thought from land to land may be brought within the domain of international concert as completely as is the material carriage of commerce and correspondence upon the face of the waters that divide them. The claim of Thomas Jefferson Page against Argentina, which has been pending many years, has been adjusted. The sum awarded by the Congress of Argentina was $4,242.35. The sympathy of the American people has justly been offered to the ruler and the people of Austria-Hungary by reason of the affliction that has lately befallen them in the assassination of the Empress-Queen of that historic realm. On the 10th of September, 1897, a conflict took place at Lattimer, Pa., between a body of striking miners and the sheriff of Luzerne County and his deputies, in which 22 miners were killed and 44 wounded, of whom 10 of the killed and 12 of the wounded were Austrian and Hungarian subjects. This deplorable event naturally aroused the solicitude of the Austro-Hungarian Government, which, on the assumption that the killing and wounding involved the unjustifiable misuse of authority, claimed reparation for the sufferers. Apart from the searching investigation and peremptory action of the authorities of Pennsylvania, the Federal Executive took appropriate steps to learn the merits of the case, in order to be in a position to meet the urgent complaint of a friendly power. The sheriff and his deputies, having been indicted for murder, were tried, and acquitted, after protracted proceedings and the hearing of hundreds of witnesses, on the ground that the killing was in the line of their official duty to uphold law and preserve public order in the State. A representative of the Department of Justice attended the trial and reported its course fully. With all the facts in its possession, this Government expects to reach a harmonious understanding on the subject with that of Austria-Hungary, notwithstanding the renewed claim of the latter, after learning the result of the trial, for indemnity for its injured subjects. Despite the brief time allotted for preparation, the exhibits of this country at the Universal Exposition at Brussels in 1897 enjoyed the singular distinction of a larger proportion of awards, having regard to the number and classes of articles entered than those of other countries. The worth of such a result in making known our national capacity to supply the world's markets is obvious. Exhibitions of this international character are becoming more frequent as the exchanges of commercial countries grow more intimate and varied. Hardly a year passes that this Government is not invited to national participation at some important foreign center, but often on too short notice to permit of recourse to Congress for the power and means to do so. My predecessors have suggested the advisability of providing by a general enactment and a standing appropriation for accepting such invitations and for representation of this country by a commission. This plan has my cordial approval. I trust that the Belgian restrictions on the importation of cattle from the United States, originally adopted as a sanitary precaution, will at an early day be relaxed as to their present features of hardship and discrimination, so as to admit live cattle under due regulation of their slaughter after landing. I am hopeful, too, of favorable change in the Belgian treatment of our preserved and salted meats. The growth of direct trade between the two countries, not alone for Belgian consumption and Belgian products, but by way of transit from and to other continental states, has been both encouraging and beneficial. No effort will be spared to enlarge its advantages by seeking the removal of needless impediments and by arrangements for increased commercial exchanges. The year's events in Central America deserve more than passing mention. A menacing rupture between Costa Rica and Nicaragua was happily composed by the signature of a convention between the parties, with the concurrence of the Guatemalan representative as a mediator, the act being negotiated and signed on board the United States steamer Alert, then lying in Central American waters. It is believed that the good offices of our envoy and of the commander of that vessel contributed toward this gratifying outcome. In my last annual message the situation was presented with respect to the diplomatic representation of this Government in Central America created by the association of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador under the title of the Greater Republic of Central America, and the delegation of their international functions to the Diet thereof. While the representative character of the Diet was recognized by my predecessor and has been confirmed during my Administration by receiving its accredited envoy and granting exequaturs to consuls commissioned under its authority, that recognition was qualified by the distinct understanding that the responsibility of each of the component sovereign Republics toward the United States remained wholly unaffected. This proviso was needful inasmuch as the compact of the three Republics was at the outset an association whereby certain representative functions were delegated to a tripartite commission rather than a federation possessing centralized powers of government and administration. In this view of their relation and of the relation of the United States to the several Republics, a change in the representation of this country in Central America was neither recommended by the Executive nor initiated by Congress, thus leaving one of our envoys accredited, as heretofore, separately to two States of the Greater Republic, Nicaragua and Salvador, and to a third State, Costa Rica, which was not a party to the compact, while our other envoy was similarly accredited to a union State, Honduras, and a nonunion State, Guatemala. The result has been that the one has presented credentials only to the President of Costa Rica, the other having been received only by the Government of Guatemala. Subsequently the three associated Republics entered into negotiations for taking the steps forecast in the original compact. A convention of their delegates framed for them a federal constitution under the name of the United States of Central America, and provided for a central federal government and legislature. Upon ratification by the constituent States, the 1st of November last was fixed for the new system to go into operation. Within a few weeks thereafter the plan was severely tested by revolutionary movements arising, with a consequent demand for unity of action on the part of the military power of the federal States to suppress them. Under this strain the new union seems to have been weakened through the withdrawal of its more important members. This Government was not officially advised of the installation of the federation and has maintained an attitude of friendly expectancy, while in no wise relinquishing the position held from the outset that the responsibilities of the several States toward us remained unaltered by their tentative relations among themselves. The Nicaragua Canal Commission, under the chairmanship of Rear-Admiral John G. Walker, appointed July 24, 1897, under the authority of a provision in the sundry civil act of June 4 of that year, has nearly completed its labors, and the results of its exhaustive inquiry into the proper route, the feasibility, and the cost of construction of an interoceanic canal by a Nicaraguan route will be laid before you. In the performance of its task the commission received all possible courtesy and assistance from the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which thus testified their appreciation of the importance of giving a speedy and practical outcome to the great project that has for so many years engrossed the attention of the respective countries. As the scope of the recent inquiry embraced the whole subject, with the aim of making plans and surveys for a canal by the most convenient route, it necessarily included a review of the results of previous surveys and plans, and in particular those adopted by the Maritime Canal Company under its existing concessions from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, so that to this extent those grants necessarily hold as essential a part in the deliberations and conclusions of the Canal Commission as they have held and must needs hold in the discussion of the matter by the Congress. Under these circumstances and in view of overtures made to the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica by other parties for a new canal concession predicated on the assumed approaching lapse of the contracts of the Maritime Canal Company with those States, I have not hesitated to express my conviction that considerations of expediency and international policy as between the several governments interested in the construction and control of an interoceanic canal by this route require the maintenance of the status quo until the Canal Commission shall have reported and the United States Congress shall have had the opportunity to pass finally upon the whole matter during the present session, without prejudice by reason of any change in the existing conditions. Nevertheless, it appears that the Government of Nicaragua, as one of its last sovereign acts before merging its powers in those of the newly formed United States of Central America, has granted an optional concession to another association, to become effective on the expiration of the present grant. It does not appear what surveys have been made or what route is proposed under this contingent grant, so that an examination of the feasibility of its plans is necessarily not embraced in the report of the Canal Commission. All these circumstances suggest the urgency of some definite action by the Congress at this session if the labors of the past are to be utilized and the linking of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a practical waterway is to be realized. That the construction of such a maritime highway is now more than ever indispensable to that intimate and ready intercommunication between our eastern and western seaboards demanded by the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands and the prospective expansion of our influence and commerce in the Pacific, and that our national policy now more imperatively than ever calls for its control by this Government, are propositions which I doubt not the Congress will duly appreciate and wisely act upon. A convention providing for the revival of the late United States and Chilean Claims Commission and the consideration of claims which were duly presented to the late commission, but not considered because of the expiration of the time limited for the duration of the commission, was signed May 24, 1897, and has remained unacted upon by the Senate. The term therein fixed for effecting the exchange of ratifications having elapsed, the convention falls unless the time be extended by amendment, which I am endeavoring to bring about, with the friendly concurrence of the Chilean Government. The United States has not been an indifferent spectator of the extraordinary events transpiring in the Chinese Empire, whereby portions of its maritime provinces are passing under the control of various European powers; but the prospect that the vast commerce which the energy of our citizens and the necessity of our staple productions for Chinese uses has built up in those regions may not be prejudiced through any exclusive treatment by the new occupants has obviated the need of our country becoming an actor in the scene. Our position among nations, having a large Pacific coast and a constantly expanding direct trade with the farther Orient, gives us the equitable claim to consideration and friendly treatment in this regard, and it will be my aim to subserve our large interests in that quarter by all means appropriate to the constant policy of our Government. The territories of Kiao-chow, of Wei-hai-wei, and of Port Arthur and Talienwan, leased to Germany, Great Britain, and Russia, respectively, for terms of years, will, it is announced, be open to international commerce during such alien occupation; and if no discriminating treatment of American citizens and their trade be found to exist or be hereafter developed, the desire of this Government would appear to be realized. In this relation, as showing the volume and value of our exchanges with China and the peculiarly favorable conditions which exist for their expansion in the normal course of trade, I refer to the communication addressed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives by the Secretary of the Treasury on the 14th of last June, with its accompanying letter of the Secretary of State, recommending an appropriation for a commission to study the commercial and industrial conditions in the Chinese Empire and report as to the opportunities for and obstacles to the enlargement of markets in China for the raw products and manufactures of the United States. Action was not taken thereon during the late session. I cordially urge that the recommendation receive at your hands the consideration which its importance and timeliness merit. Meanwhile there may be just ground for disquietude in view of the unrest and revival of the old sentiment of opposition and prejudice to alien people which pervades certain of the Chinese provinces. As in the case of the attacks upon our citizens in Szechuen and at Kutien in 1895, the United States minister has been instructed to secure the fullest measure of protection, both local and imperial, for any menaced American interests, and to demand, in case of lawless injury to person or property, instant reparation appropriate to the case. War ships have been stationed at Tientsin for more ready observation of the disorders which have invaded even the Chinese capital, so as to be in a position to act should need arise, while a guard of marines has been sent to Peking to afford the minister the same measure of authoritative protection as the representatives of other nations have been constrained to employ. Following close upon the rendition of the award of my predecessor as arbitrator of the claim of the Italian subject Cerruti against the Republic of Colombia, differences arose between the parties to the arbitration in regard to the scope and extension of the award, of which certain articles were contested by Colombia, while Italy claimed their literal fulfillment. The award having been made by the President of the United States, as an act of friendly consideration and with the sole view to an impartial composition of the matter in dispute, I could not but feel deep concern at such a miscarriage, and while unable to accept the Colombian theory that I, in my official capacity, possessed continuing functions as arbitrator, with power to interpret or revise the terms of the award, my best efforts were lent to bring the parties to a harmonious agreement as to the execution of its provisions. A naval demonstration by Italy resulted in an engagement to pay the liabilities claimed upon their ascertainment; but this apparent disposition of the controversy was followed by a rupture of diplomatic intercourse between Colombia and Italy, which still continues, although, fortunately, without acute symptoms having supervened. Notwithstanding this, efforts are reported to be continuing for the ascertainment of Colombia's contingent liability on account of Cerruti's debts under the fifth article of the award. A claim of an American citizen against the Dominican Republic for a public bridge over the Ozama River, which has been in diplomatic controversy for several years, has been settled by expert arbitration and an award in favor of the claimant amounting to about $90,000. It, however, remains unpaid, despite urgent demands for its settlement according to the terms of the compact. There is now every prospect that the participation of the United States in the Universal Exposition to be held in Paris in 1900 will be on a scale commensurate with the advanced position held by our products and industries in the world's chief marts. The preliminary report of Mr. Moses P. Handy, who, under the act approved July 19, 1897, was appointed special commissioner with a view to securing all attainable information necessary to a full and complete understanding by Congress in regard to the participation of this Government in the Paris Exposition, was laid before you by my message of December 6, 1897, and showed the large opportunities opened to make known our national progress in arts, science, and manufactures, as well as the urgent need of immediate and adequate provision to enable due advantage thereof to be taken. Mr. Handy's death soon afterwards rendered it necessary for another to take up and complete his unfinished work, and on January 11 last Mr. Thomas W. Cridler, Third Assistant Secretary of State, was designated to fulfill that task. His report was laid before you by my message of June 14, 1898, with the gratifying result of awakening renewed interest in the projected display. By a provision in the sundry civil appropriation act of July 1, 1898, a sum not to exceed $650,000 was allotted for the organization of a commission to care for the proper preparation and installation of American exhibits and for the display of suitable exhibits by the several Executive Departments, particularly by the Department of Agriculture, the Fish Commission, and the Smithsonian Institution, in representation of the Government of the United States. Pursuant to that enactment I appointed Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck, of Chicago, commissioner-general, with an assistant commissioner-general and a secretary. Mr. Peck at once proceeded to Paris, where his success in enlarging the scope and variety of the United States exhibit has been most gratifying. Notwithstanding the comparatively limited area of the exposition site--less than one-half that of the World's Fair at Chicago--the space assigned to the United States has been increased from the absolute allotment of 157,403 square feet reported by Mr. Handy to some 202,000 square feet, with corresponding augmentation of the field for a truly characteristic representation of the various important branches of our country's development. Mr. Peck's report will be laid before you. In my judgment its recommendations will call for your early consideration, especially as regards an increase of the appropriation to at least one million dollars in all, so that not only may the assigned space be fully taken up by the best possible exhibits in every class, but the preparation and installation be on so perfect a scale as to rank among the first in that unparalleled competition of artistic and inventive production, and thus counterbalance the disadvantage with which we start as compared with other countries whose appropriations are on a more generous scale and whose preparations are in a state of much greater forwardness than our Where our artisans have the admitted capacity to excel, where our inventive genius has initiated many of the grandest discoveries of these later days of the century, and where the native resources of our land are as limitless as they are valuable to supply the world's needs, it is our province, as it should be our earnest care, to lead in the march of human progress, and not rest content with any secondary place. Moreover, if this be due to ourselves, it is no less due to the great French nation whose guests we become, and which has in so many ways testified its wish and hope that our participation shall befit the place the two peoples have won in the field of universal development. The commercial arrangement made with France on the 28th of May, 1898, under the provisions of section 3 of the tariff act of 1897, went into effect on the 1st day of June following. It has relieved a portion of our export trade from serious embarrassment. Further negotiations are now pending under section 4 of the same act with a view to the increase of trade between the two countries to their mutual advantage. Negotiations with other governments, in part interrupted by the war with Spain, are in progress under both sections of the tariff act. I hope to be able to announce some of the results of these negotiations during the present session of Congress. Negotiations to the same end with Germany have been set on foot. Meanwhile no effort has been relaxed to convince the Imperial Government of the thoroughness of our inspection of pork products for exportation, and it is trusted that the efficient administration of this measure by the Department of Agriculture will be recognized as a guaranty of the healthfulness of the food staples we send abroad to countries where their use is large and necessary. I transmitted to the Senate on the 10th of February last information touching the prohibition against the importation of fresh fruits from this country, which had then recently been decreed by Germany on the ground of danger of disseminating the San Jose scale insect. This precautionary measure was justified by Germany on the score of the drastic steps taken in several States of the Union against the spread of the pest, the elaborate reports of the Department of Agriculture being put in evidence to show the danger to German fruit-growing interests should the scale obtain a lodgment in that country. Temporary relief was afforded in the case of large consignments of fruit then on the way by inspection and admission when found noninfected. Later the prohibition was extended to dried fruits of every kind, but was relaxed so as to apply only to unpeeled fruit and fruit waste. As was to be expected, the alarm reached to other countries, and Switzerland has adopted a similar inhibition. Efforts are in progress to induce the German and Swiss Governments to relax the prohibition in favor of dried fruits shown to have been cured under circumstances rendering the existence of animal life impossible. Our relations with Great Britain have continued on the most friendly footing. Assenting to our request, the protection of Americans and their interests in Spanish jurisdiction was assumed by the diplomatic and consular representatives of Great Britain, who fulfilled their delicate and arduous trust with tact and zeal, eliciting high commendation. I may be allowed to make fitting allusion to the instance of Mr. Ramsden, Her Majesty's consul at Santiago de Cuba, whose untimely death after distinguished service and untiring effort during the siege of that city was sincerely lamented. In the early part of April last, pursuant to a request made at the instance of the Secretary of State by the British ambassador at this capital, the Canadian government granted facilities for the passage of four United States revenue cutters from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast by way of the Canadian canals and the St. Lawrence River. The vessels had reached Lake Ontario and were there awaiting the opening of navigation when war was declared between the United States and Spain. Her Majesty's Government thereupon, by a communication of the latter part of April, stated that the permission granted before the outbreak of hostilities would not be withdrawn provided the United States Government gave assurance that the vessels in question would proceed direct to a United States port without engaging in any hostile operation. This Government promptly agreed to the stipulated condition, it being understood that the vessels would not be prohibited from resisting any hostile attack. It will give me especial satisfaction if I shall be authorized to communicate to you a favorable conclusion of the pending negotiations with Great Britain in respect to the Dominion of Canada. It is the earnest wish of this Government to remove all sources of discord and irritation in our relations with the neighboring Dominion. The trade between the two countries is constantly increasing, and it is important to both countries that all reasonable facilities should be granted for its development. The Government of Greece strongly urges the onerousness of the duty here imposed upon the currants of that country, amounting to 100 per cent or more of their market value. This fruit is stated to be exclusively a Greek product, not coming into competition with any domestic product. The question of reciprocal commercial relations with Greece, including the restoration of currants to the free list, is under consideration. The long-standing claim of Bernard Campbell for damages for injuries sustained from a violent assault committed against him by military authorities in the island of Haiti has been settled by the agreement of that Republic to pay him $10,000 in American gold. Of this sum $5,000 has already been paid. It is hoped that other pending claims of American citizens against that Republic may be amicably adjusted. Pending the consideration by the Senate of the treaty signed June 1897, by the plenipotentiaries of the United States and of the Republic of Hawaii, providing for the annexation of the islands, a joint resolution to accomplish the same purpose by accepting the offered cession and incorporating the ceded territory into the Union was adopted by the Congress and approved July 7, 1898. I thereupon directed the United States steamship Philadelphia to convey Rear-Admiral Miller to Honolulu, and intrusted to his hands this important legislative act, to be delivered to the President of the Republic of Hawaii, with whom the Admiral and the United States minister were authorized to make appropriate arrangements for transferring the sovereignty of the islands to the United States. This was simply but impressively accomplished on the 12th of August last by the delivery of a certified copy of the resolution to President Dole, who thereupon yielded up to the representative of the Government of the United States the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands. Pursuant to the terms of the joint resolution and in exercise of the authority thereby conferred upon me, I directed that the civil, judicial, and military powers theretofore exercised by the officers of the Government of the Republic of Hawaii should continue to be exercised by those officers until Congress shall provide a government for the incorporated territory, subject to my power to remove such officers and to fill vacancies. The President, officers, and troops of the Republic thereupon took the oath of allegiance to the United States, thus providing for the uninterrupted continuance of all the administrative and municipal functions of the annexed territory until Congress shall otherwise enact. Following the further provision of the joint resolution, I appointed the Hons. Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois, John T. Morgan, of Alabama, Robert R. Hitt, of Illinois, Sanford B. Dole, of Hawaii, and Walter F. Frear, of Hawaii, as commissioners to confer and recommend to Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as they should deem necessary or proper. The commissioners having fulfilled the mission confided to them, their report will be laid before you at an early day. It is believed that their recommendations will have the earnest consideration due to the magnitude of the responsibility resting upon you to give such shape to the relationship of those mid-Pacific lands to our home Union as will benefit both in the highest degree, realizing the aspirations of the community that has cast its lot with us and elected to share our political heritage, while at the same time justifying the foresight of those who for three-quarters of a century have looked to the assimilation of Hawaii as a natural and inevitable consummation, in harmony with our needs and in fulfillment of our cherished traditions. The questions heretofore pending between Hawaii and Japan growing out of the alleged mistreatment of Japanese treaty immigrants were, I am pleased to say, adjusted before the act of transfer by the payment of a reasonable indemnity to the Government of Japan. Under the provisions of the joint resolution, the existing customs relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the United States and with other countries remain unchanged until legislation shall otherwise provide. The consuls of Hawaii here and in foreign countries continue to fulfill their commercial agencies, while the United States consulate at Honolulu is maintained for all appropriate services pertaining to trade and the revenue. It would be desirable that all foreign consuls in the Hawaiian Islands should receive new exequaturs from this Government. The attention of Congress is called to the fact that, our consular offices having ceased to exist in Hawaii and being about to cease in other countries coming under the sovereignty of the United States, the provisions for the relief and transportation of destitute American seamen in these countries under our consular regulations will in consequence terminate. It is proper, therefore, that new legislation should be enacted upon this subject in order to meet the changed conditions. The interpretation of certain provisions of the extradition convention of December 11, 1861, has been at various times the occasion of controversy with the Government of Mexico. An acute difference arose in the case of the Mexican demand for the delivery of Jesus Guerra, who, having led a marauding expedition near the border with the proclaimed purpose of initiating an insurrection against President Diaz, escaped into Texas. Extradition was refused on the ground that the alleged offense was political in its character, and therefore came within the treaty proviso of nonsurrender. The Mexican contention was that the exception only related to purely political offenses, and that as Guerra's acts were admixed with the common crime of murder, arson, kidnaping, and robbery, the option of nondelivery became void, a position which this Government was unable to admit in view of the received international doctrine and practice in the matter. The Mexican Government, in view of this, gave notice January 24, 1898, of the termination of the convention, to take effect twelve months from that date, at the same time inviting the conclusion of a new convention, toward which negotiations are on foot. In this relation I may refer to the necessity of some amendment of our existing extradition statute. It is a common stipulation of such treaties that neither party shall be bound to give up its own citizens, with the added proviso in one of our treaties, that with Japan, that it may surrender if it see fit. It is held in this country by an almost uniform course of decisions that where a treaty negatives the obligation to surrender the President is not invested with legal authority to act. The conferment of such authority would be in the line of that sound morality which shrinks from affording secure asylum to the author of a heinous crime. Again, statutory provision might well be made for what is styled extradition by way of transit, whereby a fugitive surrendered by one foreign government to another may be conveyed across the territory of the United States to the jurisdiction of the demanding state. A recommendation in this behalf made in the President's message of 1886 was not acted upon. The matter is presented for your consideration. The problem of the Mexican free zone has been often discussed with regard to its inconvenience as a provocative of smuggling into the United States along an extensive and thinly guarded land border. The effort made by the joint resolution of March 1, 1895, to remedy the abuse charged by suspending the privilege of free transportation in bond across the territory of the United States to Mexico failed of good result, as is stated in Report No. 702 of the House of Representatives, submitted in the last session, March 11, 1898. As the question is one to be conveniently met by wise concurrent legislation of the two countries looking to the protection of the revenues by harmonious measures operating equally on either side of the boundary, rather than by conventional arrangements, I suggest that Congress consider the advisability of authorizing and inviting a conference of representatives of the Treasury Departments of the United States and Mexico to consider the subject in all its complex bearings, and make report with pertinent recommendations to the respective Governments for the information and consideration of their Congresses. The Mexican Water Boundary Commission has adjusted all matters submitted to it to the satisfaction of both Governments save in three important cases--that of the "Chamizal" at El Paso, Tex., where the two commissioners failed to agree, and wherein, for this case only, this Government has proposed to Mexico the addition of a third member; the proposed elimination of what are known as "Bancos," small isolated islands formed by the cutting off of bends in the Rio Grande, from the operation of the treaties of 1884 and 1889, recommended by the commissioners and approved by this Government, but still under consideration by Mexico; and the subject of the "Equitable distribution of the waters of the Rio Grande," for which the commissioners recommended an international dam and reservoir, approved by Mexico, but still under consideration by this Government. Pending these questions it is necessary to extend the life of the commission, which expires December 23 next. The coronation of the young Queen of the Netherlands was made the occasion of fitting congratulations. The claim of Victor H. McCord against Peru, which for a number of years has been pressed by this Government and has on several occasions attracted the attention of the Congress, has been satisfactorily adjusted. A protocol was signed May 17, 1898, whereby, the fact of liability being admitted, the question of the amount to be awarded was submitted to the chief justice of Canada as sole arbitrator. His award sets the indemnity due the claimant at $40,000. The Government of Peru has given the prescribed notification of its intention to abrogate the treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation concluded with this country August 31, 1887. As that treaty contains many important provisions necessary to the maintenance of commerce and good relations, which could with difficulty be replaced by the negotiation of renewed provisions within the brief twelve months intervening before the treaty terminates, I have invited suggestions by Peru as to the particular provisions it is desired to annul, in the hope of reaching an arrangement whereby the remaining articles may be provisionally saved. His Majesty the Czar having announced his purpose to raise the Imperial Russian mission at this capital to the rank of an embassy, I responded, under the authority conferred by the act of March 3, 1893, by commissioning and accrediting the actual representative at St. Petersburg in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The Russian ambassador to this country has since presented his credentials. The proposal of the Czar for a general reduction of the vast military establishments that weigh so heavily upon many peoples in time of peace was communicated to this Government with an earnest invitation to be represented in the conference which it is contemplated to assemble with a view to discussing the means of accomplishing so desirable a result. His Majesty was at once informed of the cordial sympathy of this Government with the principle involved in his exalted proposal and of the readiness of the United States to take part in the conference. The active military force of the United States, as measured by our population, territorial area, and taxable wealth, is, and under any conceivable prospective conditions must continue to be, in time of peace so conspicuously less than that of the armed powers to whom the Czar's appeal is especially addressed that the question can have for us no practical importance save as marking an auspicious step toward the betterment of the condition of the modern peoples and the cultivation of peace and good will among them; but in this view it behooves us as a nation to lend countenance and aid to the beneficent project. The claims of owners of American sealing vessels for seizure by Russian cruisers in Bering Sea are being pressed to a settlement. The equities of the cases justify the expectation that a measure of reparation will eventually be accorded in harmony with precedent and in the light of the proven facts. The recommendation made in my special message of April 27 last is renewed, that appropriation be made to reimburse the master and owners of the Russian bark Hans for wrongful arrest of the master and detention of the vessel in February, 1896, by officers of the United States district court for the southern district of Mississippi. The papers accompanying my said message make out a most meritorious claim and justify the urgency with which it has been presented by the Government of Russia. Malietoa Laupepa, King of Samoa, died on August 22 last. According to Article I of the general act of Berlin, "his successor shall be duly elected according to the laws and customs of Samoa." Arrangements having been agreed upon between the signatories of the general act for the return of Mataafa and the other exiled Samoan chiefs, they were brought from Jaluit by a German war vessel and landed at Apia on September 18 last. Whether the death of Malietoa and the return of his old-time rival Mataafa will add to the undesirable complications which the execution of the tripartite general act has heretofore developed remains to be seen. The efforts of this Government will, as heretofore, be addressed toward a harmonious and exact fulfillment of the terms of the international engagement to which the United States became a party in 1889. The Cheek claim against Siam, after some five years of controversy, has been adjusted by arbitration under an agreement signed July 6, 1897, an award of 706,721 ticals (about $187,987.78 ), with release of the Cheek estate from mortgage claims, having been rendered March 21, 1898, in favor of the claimant by the arbitrator, Sir Nicholas John Hannen, British chief justice for China and Japan. An envoy from Siam has been accredited to this Government and has presented his credentials. Immediately upon the outbreak of the war with Spain the Swiss Government, fulfilling the high mission it has deservedly assumed as the patron of the International Red Cross, proposed to the United States and Spain that they should severally recognize and carry into execution, as a modus vivendi, during the continuance of hostilities, the additional articles proposed by the international conference of Geneva, October 20, 1868, extending the effects of the existing Red Cross convention of 1864 to the conduct of naval war. Following the example set by France and Germany in 1870 in adopting such a modus vivendi, and in view of the accession of the United States to those additional articles in 1882, although the exchange of ratifications thereof still remained uneffected, the Swiss proposal was promptly and cordially accepted by us, and simultaneously by Spain. This Government feels a keen satisfaction in having thus been enabled to testify its adherence to the broadest principles of humanity even amidst the clash of war, and it is to be hoped that the extension of the Red Cross compact to hostilities by sea as well as on land may soon become an accomplished fact through the general promulgation of the additional naval Red Cross articles by the maritime powers now parties to the convention of 1864. The important question of the claim of Switzerland to the perpetual cantonal allegiance of American citizens of Swiss origin has not made hopeful progress toward a solution, and controversies in this regard still continue. The newly accredited envoy of the United States to the Ottoman Porte carries instructions looking to the disposal of matters in controversy with Turkey for a number of years. He is especially charged to press for a just settlement of our claims for indemnity by reason of the destruction of the property of American missionaries resident in that country during the Armenian troubles of 1895, as well as for the recognition of older claims of equal justness. He is also instructed to seek an adjustment of the dispute growing out of the refusal of Turkey to recognize the acquired citizenship of Ottoman-born persons naturalized in the United States since 1869 without prior imperial consent, and in the same general relation he is directed to endeavor to bring about a solution of the question which has more or less acutely existed since 1869 concerning the jurisdictional rights of the United States in matters of criminal procedure and punishment under Article IV of the treaty of 1830. This latter difficulty grows out of a verbal difference, claimed by Turkey to be essential, between the original Turkish text and the promulgated translation. After more than two years from the appointment of a consul of this country to Erzerum, he has received his exequatur. The arbitral tribunal appointed under the treaty of February 2, 1897, between Great Britain and Venezuela, to determine the boundary line between the latter and the colony of British Guiana, is to convene at Paris during the present month. It is a source of much gratification to this Government to see the friendly resort of arbitration applied to the settlement of this controversy, not alone because of the earnest part we have had in bringing about the result, but also because the two members named on behalf of Venezuela, Mr. Chief Justice Fuller and Mr. Justice Brewer, chosen from our highest court, appropriately testify the continuing interest we feel in the definitive adjustment of the question according to the strictest rules of justice. The British members, Lord Herschell and Sir Richard Collins, are jurists of no less exalted repute, while the fifth member and president of the tribunal, M. F. De Martens, has earned a world-wide reputation as an authority upon international law. The claim of Felipe Scandella against Venezuela for arbitrary expulsion and injury to his business has been adjusted by the revocation of the order of expulsion and by the payment of the sum of $16,000. I have the satisfaction of being able to state that the Bureau of the American Republics, created in 1890 as the organ for promoting commercial intercourse and fraternal relations among the countries of the Western Hemisphere, has become a more efficient instrument of the wise purposes of its founders, and is receiving the cordial support of the contributing members of the international union which are actually represented in its board of management. A commercial directory, in two volumes, containing a mass of statistical matter descriptive of the industrial and commercial interests of the various countries, has been printed in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and a monthly bulletin published in these four languages and distributed in the Latin-American countries as well as in the United States has proved to be a valuable medium for disseminating information and furthering the varied interests of the international union. During the past year the important work of collecting information of practical benefit to American industries and trade through the agency of the diplomatic and consular officers has been steadily advanced, and in order to lay such data before the public with the least delay the practice was begun in January, 1898, of issuing the commercial reports from day to day as they are received by the Department of State. It is believed that for promptitude as well as fullness of information the service thus supplied to our merchants and manufacturers will be found to show sensible improvement and to merit the liberal support of Congress. The experiences of the last year bring forcibly home to us a sense of the burdens and the waste of war. We desire, in common with most civilized nations, to reduce to the lowest possible point the damage sustained in time of war by peaceable trade and commerce. It is true we may suffer in such cases less than other communities, but all nations are damaged more or less by the state of uneasiness and apprehension into which an outbreak of hostilities throws the entire commercial world. It should be our object, therefore, to minimize, so far as practicable, this inevitable loss and disturbance. This purpose can probably best be accomplished by an international agreement to regard all private property at sea as exempt from capture or destruction by the forces of belligerent powers. The United States Government has for many years advocated this humane and beneficent principle, and is now in position to recommend it to other powers without the imputation of selfish motives. I therefore suggest for your consideration that the Executive be authorized to correspond with the governments of the principal maritime powers with a view of incorporating into the permanent law of civilized nations the principle of the exemption of all private property at sea, not contraband of war, from capture or destruction by belligerent powers. The Secretary of the Treasury reports that the receipts of the Government from all sources during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1898, including $64,751,223 received from sale of Pacific railroads, amounted to $405,321,335, and its expenditures to $443,168,582. There was collected from customs $149,575,062 and from internal revenue $170,900,641. Our dutiable imports amounted to $324,635,479, a decrease of $58,156,690 over the preceding year, and importations free of duty amounted to $291,414,175, a decrease from the preceding year of $90,524,068. Internal-revenue receipts exceeded those of the preceding year by $24,212,067. The total tax collected on distilled spirits was $92,546,999; on manufactured tobacco, $36,230,522, and on fermented liquors, $39,515,421. We exported merchandise during the year amounting to $1,231,482,330, an increase of $180,488,774 from the preceding year. It is estimated upon the basis of present revenue laws that the receipts of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1899, will be $577,874,647, and its expenditures $689,874,647, resulting in a deficiency of $112,000,000. On the 1st of December, 1898, there was held in the Treasury gold coin amounting to $138,441,547, gold bullion amounting to $138,502,545, silver bullion amounting to $93,359,250, and other forms of money amounting to $451,963,981. On the same date the amount of money of all kinds in circulation, or not included in Treasury holdings, was $1,886,879,504, an increase for the year of $165,794,966. Estimating our population at 75,194,000 at the time mentioned, the per capita circulation was $25.09. On the same date there was in the Treasury gold bullion amounting to $138,502,545. The provisions made for strengthening the resources of the Treasury in connection with the war have given increased confidence in the purpose and power of the Government to maintain the present standard, and have established more firmly than ever the national credit at home and abroad. A marked evidence of this is found in the inflow of gold to the Treasury. Its net gold holdings on November 1, 1898, were $239,885,162 as compared with $153,573,147 on November 1, 1897, and an increase of net cash of $207,756,100, November 1, 1897, to $300,238,275, November 1, 1898. The present ratio of net Treasury gold to outstanding Government liabilities, including United States notes, Treasury notes of 1890, silver certificates, currency certificates, standard silver dollars, and fractional silver coin, November 1, 1898, was 25.35 per cent, as compared with 16.96 per cent, November 1, 1897. I renew so much of my recommendation of December, 1897, as follows: 
  That when any of the United States notes are presented for redemption in gold and are redeemed in gold, such notes shall be kept and set apart and only paid out in exchange for gold. This is an obvious duty. If the holder of the United States note prefers the gold and gets it from the Government, he should not receive back from the Government a United States note without paying gold in exchange for it. The reason for this is made all the more apparent when the Government issues an interest-bearing debt to provide gold for the redemption of United States notes--a non-interest-bearing debt. Surely it should not pay them out again except on demand and for gold. If they are put out in any other way, they may return again, to he followed by another bond issue to redeem them--another interest-bearing debt to redeem a non-interest-bearing debt.
 This recommendation was made in the belief that such provisions of law would insure to a greater degree the safety of the present standard, and better protect our currency from the dangers to which it is subjected from a disturbance in the general business conditions of the country. In my judgment the present condition of the Treasury amply justifies the immediate enactment of the legislation recommended one year ago, under which a portion of the gold holdings should be placed in a trust fund from which greenbacks should be redeemed upon presentation, but when once redeemed should not thereafter be paid out except for gold. It is not to be inferred that other legislation relating to our currency is not required; on the contrary, there is an obvious demand for it. The importance of adequate provision which will insure to our future a money standard related as our money standard now is to that of our commercial rivals is generally recognized. The companion proposition that our domestic paper currency shall be kept safe and yet be so related to the needs of our industries and internal commerce as to be adequate and responsive to such needs is a proposition scarcely less important. The subject, in all its parts, is commended to the wise consideration of the Congress. The annexation of Hawaii and the changed relations of the United States to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines resulting from the war, compel the prompt adoption of a maritime policy by the United States. There should be established regular and frequent steamship communication, encouraged by the United States, under the American flag, with the newly acquired islands. Spain furnished to its colonies, at an annual cost of about $2,000,000, steamship lines communicating with a portion of the world's markets, as well as with trade centers of the home Government. The United States will not undertake to do less. It is our duty to furnish the people of Hawaii with facilities, under national control, for their export and import trade. It will be conceded that the present situation calls for legislation which shall be prompt, durable, and liberal. The part which American merchant vessels and their seamen performed in the war with Spain demonstrates that this service, furnishing both pickets and the second line of defense, is a national necessity, and should be encouraged in every constitutional way. Details and methods for the accomplishment of this purpose are discussed in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, to which the attention of Congress is respectfully invited. In my last annual message I recommended that Congress authorize the appointment of a commission for the purpose of making systematic investigations with reference to the cause and prevention of yellow fever. This matter has acquired an increased importance as a result of the military occupation of the island of Cuba and the commercial intercourse between this island and the United States which we have every reason to expect. The sanitary problems connected with our new relations with the island of Cuba and the acquisition of Puerto Rico are no less important than those relating to finance, commerce, and administration. It is my earnest desire that these problems may be considered by competent experts and that everything may be done which the most recent advances in sanitary science can offer for the protection of the health of our soldiers in those islands and of our citizens who are exposed to the dangers of infection from the importation of yellow fever. I therefore renew my recommendation that the authority of Congress may be given and a suitable appropriation made to provide for a commission of experts to be appointed for the purpose indicated. Under the act of Congress approved April 26, 1898, authorizing the President in his discretion, "upon a declaration of war by Congress, or a declaration by Congress that war exists," I directed the increase of the Regular Army to the maximum of 62,000, authorized in said act. There are now in the Regular Army 57,862 officers and men. In said act it was provided-- 
  That at the end of any war in which the United States may become involved the Army shall be reduced to a peace basis by the transfer in the same arm of the service or absorption by promotion or honorable discharge, under such regulations as the Secretary of War may establish, of supernumerary commissioned officers and the honorable discharge or transfer of supernumerary enlisted men; and nothing contained in this act shall be construed as authorizing the permanent increase of the commissioned or enlisted force of the Regular Army beyond that now provided by the law in force prior to the passage of this act, except as to the increase of twenty-five majors provided for in section 1 hereof.
 The importance of legislation for the permanent increase of the Army is therefore manifest, and the recommendation of the Secretary of War for that purpose has my unqualified approval. There can be no question that at this time, and probably for some time in the future, 100,000 men will be none too many to meet the necessities of the situation. At all events, whether that number shall be required permanently or not, the power should be given to the President to enlist that force if in his discretion it should be necessary; and the further discretion should be given him to recruit for the Army within the above limit from the inhabitants of the islands with the government of which we are charged. It is my purpose to muster out the entire Volunteer Army as soon as the Congress shall provide for the increase of the regular establishment. This will be only an act of justice and will be much appreciated by the brave men who left their homes and employments to help the country in its emergency. In my last annual message I stated: 
  The Union Pacific Railway, main line, was sold under the decree of the United States court for the district of Nebraska on the 1st and 2d of November of this year. The amount due the Government consisted of the principal of the subsidy bonds, $27,236,512, and the accrued interest thereon, $31,211,711.75, making the total indebtedness $58,448,223.75. The bid at the sale covered the first-mortgage lien and the entire mortgage claim of the Government, principal and interest.
 This left the Kansas Pacific case unconcluded. By a decree of the court in that case an upset price for the property was fixed at a sum which would yield to the Government only $2,500,000 upon its lien. The sale, at the instance of the Government, was postponed first to December 15, 1897, and later, upon the application of the United States, was postponed to the 16th day of February, 1898. Having satisfied myself that the interests of the Government required that an effort should be made to obtain a larger sum, I directed the Secretary of the Treasury, under the act passed March 3, 1887, to pay out of the Treasury to the persons entitled to receive the same the amounts due upon all prior mortgages upon the Eastern and Middle divisions of said railroad out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, whereupon the Attorney-General prepared a petition to be presented to the court, offering to redeem said prior liens in such manner as the court might direct, and praying that thereupon the United States might be held to be subrogated to all the rights of said prior lien holders and that a receiver might be appointed to take possession of the mortgaged premises and maintain and operate the same until the court or Congress otherwise directed. Thereupon the reorganization committee agreed that if said petition was withdrawn and the sale allowed to proceed on the 16th of February, 1898, they would bid a sum at the sale which would realize to the Government the entire principal of its debt, $6,303,000. Believing that no better price could be obtained and appreciating the difficulties under which the Government would labor if it should become the purchaser of the road at the sale, in the absence of any authority by Congress to take charge of and operate the road I directed that upon the guaranty of a minimum bid which should give the Government the principal of its debt the sale should proceed. By this transaction the Government secured an advance of $3,803,000 over and above the sum which the court had fixed as the upset price, and which the reorganization committee had declared was the maximum which they would pay for the property. It is a gratifying fact that the result of these proceedings against the Union Pacific system and the Kansas Pacific line is that the Government has received on account of its subsidy claim the sum of $64,751,223.75, an increase of $18,997,163.76 over the sum which the reorganization committee originally agreed to bid for the joint property, the Government receiving its whole claim, principal and interest, on the Union Pacific, and the principal of its debt on the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Steps had been taken to foreclose the Government's lien upon the Central Pacific Railroad Company, but before action was commenced Congress passed an act, approved July 7, 1898, creating a commission consisting of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney-General, and the Secretary of the Interior, and their successors in office, with full power to settle the indebtedness to the Government growing out of the issue of bonds in aid of the construction of the Central Pacific and Western Pacific bond-aided railroads, subject to the approval of the President. No report has yet been made to me by the commission thus created. Whatever action is had looking to a settlement of the indebtedness in accordance with the act referred to will be duly submitted to the Congress. I deem it my duty to call to the attention of Congress the condition of the present building occupied by the Department of Justice. The business of that Department has increased very greatly since it was established in its present quarters. The building now occupied by it is neither large enough nor of suitable arrangement for the proper accommodation of the business of the Department. The Supervising Architect has pronounced it unsafe and unsuited for the use to which it is put. The Attorney-General in his report states that the library of the Department is upon the fourth floor, and that all the space allotted to it is so crowded with books as to dangerously overload the structure. The first floor is occupied by the Court of Claims. The building is of an old and dilapidated appearance, unsuited to the dignity which should attach to this important Department. A proper regard for the safety, comfort, and convenience of the officers and employees would justify the expenditure of a liberal sum of money in the erection of a new building of commodious proportions and handsome appearance upon the very advantageous site already secured for that purpose, including the ground occupied by the present structure and adjoining vacant lot, comprising in all a frontage of 201 feet on Pennsylvania avenue and a depth of 136 feet. In this connection I may likewise refer to the inadequate accommodations provided for the Supreme Court in the Capitol, and suggest the wisdom of making provision for the erection of a separate building for the court and its officers and library upon available ground near the Capitol. The postal service of the country advances with extraordinary growth. Within twenty years both the revenues and the expenditures of the Post-Office Department have multiplied threefold. In the last ten years they have nearly doubled. Our postal business grows much more rapidly than our population. It now involves an expenditure of $100,000,000 a year, numbers 73,000 post-offices, and enrolls 200,000 employees. This remarkable extension of a service which is an accurate index of the public conditions presents gratifying evidence of the advancement of education, of the increase of communication and business activity, and of the improvement of mail facilities leading to their constantly augmenting use. The war with Spain laid new and exceptional labors on the Post-Office Department. The mustering of the military and naval forces of the United States required special mail arrangements for every camp and every campaign. The communication between home and camp was naturally eager and expectant. In some of the larger places of rendezvous as many as 50,000 letters a day required handling. This necessity was met by the prompt detail and dispatch of experienced men from the established force and by directing all the instrumentalities of the railway mail and post-office service, so far as necessary, to this new need. Congress passed an act empowering the postmaster-General to establish offices or branches at every military camp or station, and under this authority the postal machinery was speedily put into effective operation. Under the same authority, when our forces moved upon Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines they were attended and followed by the postal service. Though the act of Congress authorized the appointment of postmasters where necessary, it was early determined that the public interests would best be subserved, not by new designations, but by the detail of experienced men familiar with every branch of the service, and this policy was steadily followed. When the territory which was the theater of conflict came into our possession, it became necessary to reestablish mail facilities for the resident population as well as to provide them for our forces of occupation, and the former requirement was met through the extension and application of the latter obligation. I gave the requisite authority, and the same general principle was applied to this as to other branches of civil administration under military occupation. The details are more particularly given in the report of the postmaster-General, and, while the work is only just begun, it is pleasing to be able to say that the service in the territory which has come under our control is already materially improved. The following recommendations of the Secretary of the Navy relative to the increase of the Navy have my earnest approval: 1. Three seagoing sheathed and coppered battle ships of about 13,500 tons trial displacement, carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class, and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $3,600,000 each. 2. Three sheathed and coppered armored cruisers of about 12,000 tons trial displacement, carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class, and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $4,000,000 each. 3. Three sheathed and coppered protected cruisers of about 6,000 tons trial displacement, to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action, and to carry the most powerful ordnance suitable for vessels of their class. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $2,150,000 each. 4. Six sheathed and coppered cruisers of about 2,500 tons trial dis. placement, to have the highest speed compatible with good cruising qualities, great radius of action, and to carry the most powerful ordnance suited to vessels of their class. Estimated cost, exclusive of armament, $1,141,800 each. I join with the Secretary of the Navy in recommending that grades of admiral and vice-admiral be temporarily revived, to be filled by officers who have specially distinguished themselves in the war with Spain. I earnestly urge upon Congress the importance of early legislation providing for the taking of the Twelfth Census. This is necessary in view of the large amount of work which must be performed in the preparation of the schedules preparatory to the enumeration of the population. There were on the pension rolls on June 30, 1898, 993,714 names, an increase of nearly 18,000 over the number on the rolls on the same day of the preceding year. The amount appropriated by the act of December 22, 1896, for the payment of pensions for the fiscal year of 1898 was $140,000,000. Eight million seventy thousand eight hundred and seventy-two dollars and forty-six cents was appropriated by the act of March 31, 1898, to cover deficiencies in army pensions, and repayments in the sum of $12,020.33, making a total of $148,082,892.79 available for the payment of pensions during the fiscal year 1898. The amount disbursed from that sum was $144,651,879.80, leaving a balance of $3,431,012.99 unexpended on the 30th of June, 1898, which was covered into the Treasury. There were 389 names added to the rolls during the year by special acts passed at the second session of the Fifty-fifth Congress, making a total of 6,486 pensioners by Congressional enactments since 1861. The total receipts of the Patent Office during the past year were $1,253,948.44. The expenditures were $1,081,633.79, leaving a surplus of $172,314.65. The public lands disposed of by the Government during the year reached 8,453,896.92 acres, an increase of 614,780.26 acres over the previous year. The total receipts from public lands during the fiscal year amounted to $2,277,995.18, an increase of $190,063.90 over the preceding year. The lands embraced in the eleven forest reservations which were suspended by the act of June 4, 1897, again became subject to the operations of the proclamations of February 22, 1897, creating them, which added an estimated amount of 19,951,360 acres to the area embraced in the reserves previously created. In addition thereto two new reserves were created during the year--the Pine Mountain and Zaca Lake Reserve, in California, embracing 1,644,594 acres, and the Prescott Reserve, in Arizona, embracing 10,240 acres--while the Pecos River Reserve, in New Mexico, has been changed and enlarged to include 120,000 additional acres. At the close of the year thirty forest reservations, not including those of the Afognak Forest and the Fish-Culture Reserve, in Alaska, had been created by Executive proclamations under section 24 of the act of March 3, 1891, embracing an estimated area of 40,719,474 acres. The Department of the Interior has inaugurated a forest system, made possible by the act of July, 1898, for a graded force of officers in control of the reserves. This system has only been in full operation since August, but good results have already been secured in many sections. The reports received indicate that the system of patrol has not only prevented destructive fires from gaining headway, but has diminished the number of fires. The special attention of the Congress is called to that part of the report of the Secretary of the Interior in relation to the Five Civilized Tribes. It is noteworthy that the general condition of the Indians shows marked progress. But one outbreak of a serious character occurred during the year, and that among the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, which happily has been suppressed. While it has not yet been practicable to enforce all the provisions of the act of June 28, 1898, "for the protection of the people of the Indian Territory, and for other purposes," it is having a salutary effect upon the nations composing the five tribes. The Dawes Commission reports that the most gratifying results and greater advance toward the attainment of the objects of the Government have been secured in the past year than in any previous year. I can not too strongly indorse the recommendation of the commission and of the Secretary of the Interior for the necessity of providing for the education of the 30,000 white children resident in the Indian Territory. The Department of Agriculture has been active in the past year. Explorers have been sent to many of the countries of the Eastern and Western hemispheres for seeds and plants that may be useful to the United States, and with the further view of opening up markets for our surplus products. The Forestry Division of the Department is giving special attention to the treeless regions of our country and is introducing species specially adapted to semiarid regions. Forest fires, which seriously interfere with production, especially in irrigated regions, are being studied, that losses from this cause may be avoided. The Department is inquiring into the use and abuse of water in many States of the West, and collating information regarding the laws of the States, the decisions of the courts, and the customs of the people in this regard, so that uniformity may be secured. Experiment stations are becoming more effective every year. The annual appropriation of $720,000 by Congress is supplemented by $400,000 from the States. Nation-wide experiments have been conducted to ascertain the suitableness as to soil and climate and States for growing sugar beets. The number of sugar factories has been doubled in the past two years, and the ability of the United States to produce its own sugar from this source has been clearly demonstrated. The Weather Bureau forecast and observation stations have been extended around the Caribbean Sea, to give early warning of the approach of hurricanes from the south seas to our fleets and merchant marine. In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington for the permanent capital of the Government of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time and assumed exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This interesting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the circumstances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the capital in honor of the Father of his Country, and the interest taken by him in the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale. These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have foreseen. The people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive beauty and government of the capital and of the rare instruments of science and education which here find their natural home. A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniversary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including, perhaps, the establishment of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor on the part of the public. I recommend to the Congress the granting of an appropriation for this purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies. It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a committee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans for an appropriate national celebration. The alien contract law is shown by experience to need some amendment; a measure providing better protection for seamen is proposed; the rightful application of the eight-hour law for the benefit of labor and of the principle of arbitration are suggested for consideration; and I commend these subjects to the careful attention of the Congress. The several departmental reports will be laid before you. They give in great detail the conduct of the affairs of the Government during the past year and discuss many questions upon which the Congress may feel called upon to act.
Notwithstanding the added burdens rendered necessary by the war, our people rejoice in a very satisfactory and steadily increasing degree of prosperity, evidenced by the largest volume of business ever recorded. Manufacture has been productive, agricultural pursuits have yielded abundant returns, labor in all fields of industry is better rewarded, revenue legislation passed by the present Congress has increased the Treasury's receipts to the amount estimated by its authors, the finances of the Government have been successfully administered and its credit advanced to the first rank, while its currency has been maintained at the world's highest standard. Military service under a common flag and for a righteous because has strengthened the national spirit and served to cement more closely than ever the fraternal bonds between every section of the country. A review of the relation of the United States to other powers, always appropriate, is this year of primary importance in view of the momentous issues which have arisen, demanding in one instance the ultimate determination by arms and involving far-reaching consequences which will require the earnest attention of the Congress. In my last annual message very full consideration was given to the question of the duty of the Government of the United States toward Spain and the Cuban insurrection as being by far the most important problem with which we were then called upon to deal. The considerations then advanced and the exposition of the views therein expressed disclosed my sense of the extreme gravity of the situation. Setting aside as logically unfounded or practically inadmissible the recognition of the Cuban insurgents as belligerents, the recognition of the independence of Cuba, neutral intervention to end the war by imposing a rational compromise between the contestants, intervention in favor of one or the other party, and forcible annexation of the island, I concluded it was honestly due to our friendly relations with Spain that she should be given a reasonable chance to realize her expectations of reform to which she had become irrevocably committed. Within a few weeks previously she had announced comprehensive plans which it was confidently asserted would be efficacious to remedy the evils so deeply affecting our own country, so injurious to the true interests of the mother country as well as to those of Cuba, and so repugnant to the universal sentiment of humanity. The ensuing month brought little sign of real progress toward the pacification of Cuba. The autonomous administrations set up in the capital and some of the principal cities appeared not to gain the favor of the inhabitants nor to be able to extend their influence to the large extent of territory held by the insurgents, while the military arm, obviously unable to cope with the still active rebellion, continued many of the most objectionable and offensive policies of the government that had preceded it. No tangible relief was afforded the vast numbers of unhappy reconcentrados, despite the reiterated professions made in that regard and the amount appropriated by Spain to that end. The proffered expedient of zones of cultivation proved illusory. Indeed no less practical nor more delusive promises of succor could well have been tendered to the exhausted and destitute people, stripped of all that made life and home dear and herded in a strange region among unsympathetic strangers hardly less necessitous than themselves. By the end of December the mortality among them had frightfully increased. Conservative estimates from Spanish sources placed the deaths among these distressed people at over 40 per cent from the time General Weyler's decree of reconcentration was enforced. With the acquiescence of the Spanish authorities, a scheme was adopted for relief by charitable contributions raised in this country and distributed, under the direction of the consul-general and the several consuls, by noble and earnest individual effort through the organized agencies of the American Red Cross. Thousands of lives were thus saved, but many thousands more were inaccessible to such forms of aid. The war continued on the old footing, without comprehensive plan, developing only the same spasmodic encounters, barren of strategic result, that had marked the course of the earlier ten years' rebellion as well as the present insurrection from its start. No alternative save physical exhaustion of either combatant, and therewithal the practical ruin of the island, lay in sight, but how far distant no one could venture to conjecture. At this juncture, on the 15th of February last, occurred the destruction of the battle ship Maine while rightfully lying in the harbor of Havana on a mission of international courtesy and good will--a catastrophe the suspicious nature and horror of which stirred the nation's heart profoundly. It is a striking evidence of the poise and sturdy good sense distinguishing our national character that this shocking blow, falling upon a generous people already deeply touched by preceding events in Cuba, did not move them to an instant desperate resolve to tolerate no longer the existence of a condition of danger and disorder at our doors that made possible such a deed, by whomsoever wrought. Yet the instinct of justice prevailed, and the nation anxiously awaited the result of the searching investigation at once set on foot. The finding of the naval board of inquiry established that the origin of the explosion was external, by a submarine mine, and only halted through lack of positive testimony to fix the responsibility of its authorship. All these things carried conviction to the most thoughtful, even before the finding of the naval court, that a crisis in our relations with Spain and toward Cuba was at hand. So strong was this belief that it needed but a brief Executive suggestion to the Congress to receive immediate answer to the duty of making instant provision for the possible and perhaps speedily probable emergency of war, and the remarkable, almost unique, spectacle was presented of a unanimous vote of both Houses, on the 9th of March, appropriating $50,000,000 "for the national defense and for each and every purpose connected therewith, to be expended at the discretion of the President." That this act of prevision came none too soon was disclosed when the application of the fund was undertaken. Our coasts were practically undefended. Our Navy needed large provision for increased ammunition and supplies, and even numbers to cope with any sudden attack from the navy of Spain, which comprised modern vessels of the highest type of continental perfection. Our Army also required enlargement of men and munitions. The details of the hurried preparation for the dreaded contingency are told in the reports of the Secretaries of War and of the Navy, and need not be repeated here. It is sufficient to say that the outbreak of war when it did come found our nation not unprepared to meet the conflict. Nor was the apprehension of coming strife confined to our own country. It was felt by the continental powers, which on April 6, through their ambassadors and envoys, addressed to the Executive an expression of hope that humanity and moderation might mark the course of this Government and people, and that further negotiations would lead to an agreement which, while securing the maintenance of peace, would afford all necessary guaranties for the reestablishment of order in Cuba. In responding to that representation I said I shared the hope the envoys had expressed that peace might be preserved in a manner to terminate the chronic condition of disturbance in Cuba, so injurious and menacing to our interests and tranquillity, as well as shocking to our sentiments of humanity; and while appreciating the humanitarian and disinterested character of the communication they had made on behalf of the powers, I stated the confidence of this Government, for its part, that equal appreciation would be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavors to fulfill a duty to humanity by ending a situation the indefinite prolongation of which had become insufferable. Still animated by the hope of a peaceful solution and obeying the dictates of duty, no effort was relaxed to bring about a speedy ending of the Cuban struggle. Negotiations to this object continued actively with the Government of Spain, looking to the immediate conclusion of a six months' armistice in Cuba, with a view to effect the recognition of her people's right to independence. Besides this, the instant revocation of the order of reconcentration was asked, so that the sufferers, returning to their homes and aided by united American and Spanish effort, might be put in a way to support themselves and, by orderly resumption of the well-nigh destroyed productive energies of the island, contribute to the restoration of its tranquillity and well-being. Negotiations continued for some little time at Madrid, resulting in offers by the Spanish Government which could not but be regarded as inadequate. It was proposed to confide the preparation of peace to the insular parliament, yet to be convened under the autonomous decrees of November, 1897, but without impairment in any wise of the constitutional powers of the Madrid Government, which to that end would grant an armistice, if solicited by the insurgents, for such time as the general in chief might see fit to fix. How and with what scope of discretionary powers the insular parliament was expected to set about the "preparation" of peace did not appear. If it were to be by negotiation with the insurgents, the issue seemed to rest on the one side with a body chosen by a fraction of the electors in the districts under Spanish control, and on the other with the insurgent population holding the interior country, unrepresented in the so-called parliament and defiant at the suggestion of suing for peace. Grieved and disappointed at this barren outcome of my sincere endeavors to reach a practicable solution, I felt it my duty to remit the whole question to the Congress. In the message of April 11, 1898, I announced that with this last overture in the direction of immediate peace in Cuba and its disappointing reception by Spain the effort of the Executive was brought to an end. I again reviewed the alternative courses of action which had been proposed, concluding that the only one consonant with international policy and compatible with our firm-set historical traditions was intervention as a neutral to stop the war and check the hopeless sacrifice of life, even though that resort involved "hostile constraint upon both the parties to the contest, as well to enforce a truce as to guide the eventual settlement." The grounds justifying that step were the interests of humanity, the duty to protect the life and property of our citizens in Cuba, the right to check injury to our commerce and people through the devastation of the island, and, most important, the need of removing at once and forever the constant menace and the burdens entailed upon our Government by the uncertainties and perils of the situation caused by the unendurable disturbance in Cuba. I said: The long trial has proved that the object for which Spain has waged the war can not be attained. The fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons, but it has not been and it is plain that it can not be extinguished by present methods. The only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of Cuba. In the name of humanity, in the name of civilization, in behalf of endangered American interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the war in Cuba must stop. In view of all this the Congress was asked to authorize and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between Spain and the people of Cuba and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government, capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tranquillity and the security of its citizens as well as our own, and for the accomplishment of those ends to use the military and naval forces of the United States as might be necessary, with added authority to continue generous relief to the starving people of Cuba. The response of the Congress, after nine days of earnest deliberation, during which the almost unanimous sentiment of your body was developed on every point save as to the expediency of coupling the proposed action with a formal recognition of the Republic of Cuba as the true and lawful government of that island--a proposition which failed of adoption--the Congress, after conference, on the 19th of April, by a vote of 42 to 35 in the Senate and 311 to 6 in the House of Representatives, passed the memorable joint resolution declaring-- First. That the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be, free and independent. Second. That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the Government of the United States does hereby demand, that the Government of Spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters. Third. That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is, directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States and to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several States to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect. Fourth. That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island except for the pacification thereof, and asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the island to its people. This resolution was approved by the Executive on the next day, April 20. A copy was at once communicated to the Spanish minister at this capital, who forthwith announced that his continuance in Washington had thereby become impossible, and asked for his passports, which were given him. He thereupon withdrew from Washington, leaving the protection of Spanish interests in the United States to the French ambassador and the Austro-Hungarian minister. Simultaneously with its communication to the Spanish minister here, General Woodford, the American minister at Madrid, was telegraphed confirmation of the text of the joint resolution and directed to communicate it to the Government of Spain with the formal demand that it at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba and withdraw its forces therefrom, coupling this demand with announcement of the intentions of this Government as to the future of the island, in conformity with the fourth clause of the resolution, and giving Spain until noon of April 23 to reply. That demand, although, as above shown, officially made known to the Spanish envoy here, was not delivered at Madrid. After the instruction reached General Woodford on the morning of April 21, but before he could present it, the Spanish minister of state notified him that upon the President's approval of the joint resolution the Madrid Government, regarding the act as "equivalent to an evident declaration of war," had ordered its minister in Washington to withdraw, thereby breaking off diplomatic relations between the two countries and ceasing all official communication between their respective representatives. General Woodford thereupon demanded his passports and quitted Madrid the same day. Spain having thus denied the demand of the United States and initiated that complete form of rupture of relations which attends a state of war, the executive powers authorized by the resolution were at once used by me to meet the enlarged contingency of actual war between sovereign states. On April 22 I proclaimed a blockade of the north coast of Cuba, including ports on said coast between Cardenas and Bahia Honda, and the port of Cienfuegos, on the south coast of Cuba, and on the 23d I called for volunteers to execute the purpose of the resolution. By my message of April 25 the Congress was informed of the situation, and I recommended formal declaration of the existence of a state of war between the United States and Spain. The Congress accordingly voted on the same day the act approved April 25, 1898, declaring the existence of such war from and including the 21st day of April, and reenacted the provision of the resolution of April 20 directing the President to use all the armed forces of the nation to carry that act into effect.|| Due notification of the existence of war as aforesaid was given April 25 by telegraph to all the governments with which the United States maintain relations, in order that their neutrality might be assured during the war. The various governments responded with proclamations of neutrality, each after its own methods. It is not among the least gratifying incidents of the struggle that the obligations of neutrality were impartially discharged by all, often under delicate and difficult circumstances. In further fulfillment of international duty I issued, April 26, 1893, a proclamation announcing the treatment proposed to be accorded to vessels and their cargoes as to blockade, contraband, the exercise of the right of search, and the immunity of neutral flags and neutral goods under enemy's flag. A similar proclamation was made by the Spanish Government. In the conduct of hostilities the rules of the Declaration of Paris, including abstention from resort to privateering, have accordingly been observed by both belligerents, although neither was a party to that declaration. Our country thus, after an interval of half a century of peace with all nations, found itself engaged in deadly conflict with a foreign enemy. Every nerve was strained to meet the emergency. The response to the initial call for 125,000 volunteers was instant and complete, as was also the result of the second call, of May 25, for 75,000 additional volunteers. The ranks of the Regular Army were increased to the limits provided by the act of April 26, 1898. The enlisted force of the Navy on the 15th day of August, when it reached its maximum, numbered 24,123 men and apprentices. One hundred and three vessels were added to the Navy by purchase, 1 was presented to the Government, 1 leased, and the 4 vessels of the International Navigation Company--the St. Paul, St. Louis, New York, and Paris--were chartered. In addition to these the revenue cutters and lighthouse tenders were turned over to the Navy Department and became temporarily a part of the auxiliary Navy. The maximum effective fighting force of the Navy during the war, separated into classes, was as follows: Four battle ships of the first class, 1 battle ship of the second class, 2 armored cruisers, 6 coast-defense monitors, 1 armored ram, 12 protected cruisers, 3 unprotected cruisers, 18 gunboats, 1 dynamite cruiser, 11 torpedo boats; vessels of the old Navy, including monitors, 14. Auxiliary Navy: 11 auxiliary cruisers, 28 converted yachts, 27 converted tugs, 19 converted colliers, 15 revenue cutters, 4 light-house tenders, and 19 miscellaneous vessels. Much alarm was felt along our entire Atlantic seaboard lest some attack might be made by the enemy. Every precaution was taken to prevent possible injury to our great cities lying along the coast. Temporary garrisons were provided, drawn from the State militia; infantry and light batteries were drawn from the volunteer force. About 12,000 troops were thus employed. The coast signal service was established for observing the approach of an enemy's ships to the coast of the United States, and the Life-Saving and Light-House services cooperated, which enabled the Navy Department to have all portions of the Atlantic coast, from Maine to Texas, under observation. The auxiliary Navy was created under the authority of Congress and was officered and manned by the Naval Militia of the several States. This organization patrolled the coast and performed the duty of a second line of defense. Under the direction of the Chief of Engineers submarine mines were placed at the most exposed points. Before the outbreak of the war permanent mining casemates and cable galleries had been constructed at nearly all important harbors. Most of the torpedo material was not to be found in the market, and had to be specially manufactured. Under date of April 19 district officers were directed to take all preliminary measures short of the actual attaching of the loaded mines to the cables, and on April 22 telegraphic orders were issued to place the loaded mines in position. The aggregate number of mines placed was 1,535, at the principal harbors from Maine to California. Preparations were also made for the planting of mines at certain other harbors, but owing to the early destruction of the Spanish fleet these mines were not placed. The Signal Corps was promptly organized, and performed service of the most difficult and important character. Its operations during the war covered the electrical connection of all coast fortifications, the establishment of telephonic and telegraphic facilities for the camps at Manila, Santiago, and in Puerto Rico. There were constructed 300 miles of line at ten great camps, thus facilitating military movements from those points in a manner heretofore unknown in military administration. Field telegraph lines were established and maintained under the enemy's fire at Manila, and later the Manila-Hongkong cable was reopened. In Puerto Rico cable communications were opened over a discontinued route, and on land the headquarters of the commanding officer was kept in telegraphic or telephonic communication with the division commanders on four different lines of operations. There was placed in Cuban waters a completely outfitted cable ship, with war cables and cable gear, suitable both for the destruction of communications belonging to the enemy and the establishment of our own. Two ocean cables were destroyed under the enemy's batteries at Santiago. The day previous to the landing of General Shafter's corps, at Caimanera, within 20 miles of the landing place, cable communications were established and a cable station opened giving direct communication with the Government at Washington. This service was invaluable to the Executive in directing the operations of the Army and Navy. With a total force of over 1,300, the loss was by disease in camp and field, officers and men included, only 5. The national-defense fund of $50,000,000 was expended in large part by the Army and Navy, and the objects for which it was used are fully shown in the reports of the several Secretaries. It was a most timely appropriation, enabling the Government to strengthen its defenses and make preparations greatly needed in case of war. This fund being inadequate to the requirements of equipment and for the conduct of the war, the patriotism of the Congress provided the means in the war-revenue act of June 13 by authorizing a 3 per cent popular loan not to exceed $400,000,000 and by levying additional imposts and taxes. Of the authorized loan $200,000,000 were offered and promptly taken the subscriptions so far exceeding the call as to cover it many times over, while, preference being given to the smaller bids, no single allotment exceeded $5,000. This was a most encouraging and significant result, showing the vast resources of the nation and the determination of the people to uphold their country's honor. It is not within the province of this message to narrate the history of the extraordinary war that followed the Spanish declaration of April 21, but a brief recital of its more salient features is appropriate. The first encounter of the war in point of date took place April 27, when a detachment of the blockading squadron made a reconnoissance in force at Matanzas, shelled the harbor forts, and demolished several new works in construction. The next engagement was destined to mark a memorable epoch in maritime warfare. The Pacific fleet, under Commodore George Dewey, had lain for some weeks at Hongkong. Upon the colonial proclamation of neutrality being issued and the customary twenty-four hours' notice being given, it repaired to Mirs Bay, near Hongkong, whence it proceeded to the Philippine Islands under telegraphed orders to capture or destroy the formidable Spanish fleet then assembled at Manila. At daybreak on the 1st of May the American force entered Manila Bay, and after a few hours' engagement effected the total destruction of the Spanish fleet, consisting of ten war ships and a transport, besides capturing the naval station and forts at Cavite, thus annihilating the Spanish naval power in the Pacific Ocean and completely controlling the bay of Manila, with the ability to take the city at will. Not a life was lost on our ships, the wounded only numbering seven, while not a vessel was materially injured. For this gallant achievement the Congress, upon my recommendation, fitly bestowed upon the actors preferment and substantial reward. The effect of this remarkable victory upon the spirit of our people and upon the fortunes of the war was instant. A prestige of invincibility thereby attached to our arms which continued throughout the struggle. Reenforcements were hurried to Manila under the command of Major-General Merritt and firmly established within sight of the capital, which lay helpless before our guns. On the 7th day of May the Government was advised officially of the victory at Manila, and at once inquired of the commander of our fleet what troops would be required. The information was received on the 15th day of May, and the first army expedition sailed May 25 and arrived off Manila June 30. Other expeditions soon followed, the total force consisting of 641 officers and 15,058 enlisted men. Only reluctance to because needless loss of life and property prevented the early storming and capture of the city, and therewith the absolute military occupancy of the whole group. The insurgents meanwhile had resumed the active hostilities suspended by the uncompleted truce of December, 1897. Their forces invested Manila from the northern and eastern sides, but were constrained by Admiral Dewey and General Merrill from attempting an assault. It was fitting that whatever was to be done in the way of decisive operations in that quarter should be accomplished by the strong arm of the United States alone. Obeying the stern precept of war which enjoins the overcoming of the adversary and the extinction of his power wherever assailable as the speedy and sure means to win a peace, divided victory was not permissible, for no partition of the rights and responsibilities attending the enforcement of a just and advantageous peace could be thought of. Following the comprehensive scheme of general attack, powerful forces were assembled at various points on our coast to invade Cuba and Puerto Rico. Meanwhile naval demonstrations were made at several exposed points. On May 11 the cruiser Wilmington and torpedo boat Winslow were unsuccessful in an attempt to silence the batteries at Cardenas, a gallant ensign, Worth Bagley, and four seamen falling. These grievous fatalities were, strangely enough, among the very few which occurred during our naval operations in this extraordinary conflict. Meanwhile the Spanish naval preparations had been pushed with great vigor. A powerful squadron under Admiral Cervera, which had assembled at the Cape Verde Islands before the outbreak of hostilities, had crossed the ocean, and by its erratic movements in the Caribbean Sea delayed our military plans while baffling the pursuit of our fleets. For a time fears were felt lest the Oregon and Marietta, then nearing home after their long voyage from San Francisco of over 15,000 miles, might be surprised by Admiral Cervera's fleet, but their fortunate arrival dispelled these apprehensions and lent much-needed reenforcement. Not until Admiral Cervera took refuge in the harbor of Santiago de Cuba, about May 19, was it practicable to plan a systematic naval and military attack upon the Antillean possessions of Spain. Several demonstrations occurred on the coasts of Cuba and Puerto Rico in preparation for the larger event. On May 13 the North Atlantic Squadron shelled San Juan de Puerto Rico. On May 30 Commodore Schley's squadron bombarded the forts guarding the mouth of Santiago Harbor. Neither attack had any material result. It was evident that well-ordered land operations were indispensable to achieve a decisive advantage. The next act in the war thrilled not alone the hearts of our countrymen but the world by its exceptional heroism. On the night of June 3 Lieutenant Hobson, aided by seven devoted volunteers, blocked the narrow outlet from Santiago Harbor by sinking the collier Merrimac in the channel, under a fierce fire from the shore batteries, escaping with their lives as by a miracle, but falling into the hands of the Spaniards. It is a most gratifying incident of the war that the bravery of this little band of heroes was cordially appreciated by the Spanish admiral, who sent a flag of truce to notify Admiral Sampson of their safety and to compliment them on their daring act. They were subsequently exchanged July 7. By June 7 the cutting of the last Cuban cable isolated the island. Thereafter the invasion was vigorously prosecuted. On June 10, under a heavy protecting fire, a landing of 600 marines from the Oregon, Marblehead, and Yankee was effected in Guantanamo Bay, where it had been determined to establish a naval station. This important and essential port was taken from the enemy, after severe fighting, by the marines, who were the first organized force of the United States to land in Cuba. The position so won was held despite desperate attempts to dislodge our forces. By June 16 additional forces were landed and strongly in-trenched. On June 22 the advance of the invading army under Major-General Shafter landed at Daiquiri, about 15 miles east of Santiago. This was accomplished under great difficulties, but with marvelous dispatch. On June 23 the movement against Santiago was begun. On the 24th the first serious engagement took place, in which the First and Tenth Cavalry and the First United States Volunteer Cavalry, General Young's brigade of General Wheeler's division, participated, losing heavily. By nightfall, however, ground within 5 miles of Santiago was won. The advantage was steadily increased. On July 1 a severe battle took place, our forces gaining the outworks of Santiago; on the 2d El Caney and San Juan were taken after a desperate charge, and the investment of the city was completed. The Navy cooperated by shelling the town and the coast forts. On the day following this brilliant achievement of our land forces, the 3d of July, occurred the decisive naval combat of the war. The Spanish fleet, attempting to leave the harbor, was met by the American squadron under command of Commodore Sampson. In less than three hours all the Spanish ships were destroyed, the two torpedo boats being sunk and the Maria Teresa, Almirante Oquendo, Vizcaya, and Cristobal Colon driven ashore. The Spanish admiral and over 1,300 men were taken prisoners. While the enemy's loss of life was deplorably large, some 600 perishing, on our side but one man was killed, on the Brooklyn, and one man seriously wounded. Although our ships were repeatedly struck, not one was seriously injured. Where all so conspicuously distinguished themselves, from the commanders to the gunners and the unnamed heroes in the boiler rooms, each and all contributing toward the achievement of this astounding victory, for which neither ancient nor modern history affords a parallel in the completeness of the event and the marvelous disproportion of casualties, it would be invidious to single out any for especial honor. Deserved promotion has rewarded the more conspicuous actors. The nation's profoundest gratitude is due to all of these brave men who by their skill and devotion in a few short hours crushed the sea power of Spain and wrought a triumph whose decisiveness and far-reaching consequences can scarcely be measured. Nor can we be unmindful of the achievements of our builders, mechanics, and artisans for their skill in the construction of our war ships. With the catastrophe of Santiago Spain's effort upon the ocean virtually ceased. A spasmodic effort toward the end of June to send her Mediterranean fleet, under Admiral Camara, to relieve Manila was abandoned, the expedition being recalled after it had passed through the Suez Canal. The capitulation of Santiago followed. The city was closely besieged by land, while the entrance of our ships into the harbor cut off all relief on that side. After a truce to allow of the removal of noncombatants protracted negotiations continued from July 3 until July 15, when, under menace of immediate assault, the preliminaries of surrender were agreed upon. On the 17th General Shafter occupied the city. The capitulation embraced the entire eastern end of Cuba. The number of Spanish soldiers surrendering was 22,000, all of whom were subsequently conveyed to Spain at the charge of the United States. The story of this successful campaign is told in the report of the Secretary of War, which will be laid before you. The individual valor of officers and soldiers was never more strikingly shown than in the several engagements leading to the surrender of Santiago, while the prompt movements and successive victories won instant and universal applause. To those who gained this complete triumph, which established the ascendency of the United States upon land as the fight off Santiago had fixed our supremacy on the seas, the earnest and lasting gratitude of the nation is unsparingly due. Nor should we alone remember the gallantry of the living; the dead claim our tears, and our losses by battle and disease must cloud any exultation at the result and teach us to weigh the awful cost of war, however rightful the because or signal the victory. With the fall of Santiago the occupation of Puerto Rico became the next strategic necessity. General Miles had previously been assigned to organize an expedition for that purpose. Fortunately he was already at Santiago, where he had arrived on the 11th of July with reenforcements for General Shafter's army. With these troops, consisting of 3,415 infantry and artillery, two companies of engineers, and one company of the Signal Corps, General Miles left Guantanamo on July 21, having nine transports convoyed by the fleet under Captain Higginson with the Massachusetts (flagship), Dixie, Gloucester, Columbia, and Yale, the two latter carrying troops. The expedition landed at Guanica July 25, which port was entered with little opposition. Here the fleet was joined by the Annapolis and the Wasp, while the Puritan and Amphitrite went to San Juan and joined the New Orleans, which was engaged in blockading that port. The Major-General Commanding was subsequently reenforced by General Schwan's brigade of the Third Army Corps, by General Wilson with a part of his division, and also by General Brooke with a part of his corps, numbering in all 16,973 officers and men. On July 27 he entered Ponce, one of the most important ports in the island, from which he thereafter directed operations for the capture of the island. With the exception of encounters with the enemy at Guayama, Hormigueros, Coamo, and Yauco and an attack on a force landed at Cape San Juan, there was no serious resistance. The campaign was prosecuted with great vigor, and by the 12th of August much of the island was in our possession and the acquisition of the remainder was only a matter of a short time. At most of the points in the island our troops were enthusiastically welcomed. Protestations of loyalty to the flag and gratitude for delivery from Spanish rule met our commanders at every stage. As a potent influence toward peace the outcome of the Puerto Rican expedition was of great consequence, and generous commendation is due to those who participated in it. The last scene of the war was enacted at Manila, its starting place. On August 15, after a brief assault upon the works by the land forces, in which the squadron assisted, the capital surrendered unconditionally. The casualties were comparatively few. By this the conquest of the Philippine Islands, virtually accomplished when the Spanish capacity for resistance was destroyed by Admiral Dewey's victory of the 1st of May, was formally sealed. To General Merrill, his officers and men, for their uncomplaining and devoted service and for their gallantry in action, the nation is sincerely grateful. Their long voyage was made with singular success, and the soldierly conduct of the men, most of whom were without previous experience in the military service, deserves unmeasured praise. The total casualties in killed and wounded in the Army during the war with Spain were: Officers killed, 23; enlisted men killed, 257; total, 280; officers wounded, 113; enlisted men wounded, 1,464; total, 1,577. Of the Navy: Killed, 17; wounded, 67; died as result of wounds, 1; invalided from service, 6; total, 91. It will be observed that while our Navy was engaged in two great battles and in numerous perilous undertakings in blockade and bombardment, and more than 50,000 of our troops were transported to distant lands and were engaged in assault and siege and battle and many skirmishes in unfamiliar territory, we lost in both arms of the service a total of 1,668 killed and wounded; and in the entire campaign by land and sea we did not lose a gun or a flag or a transport or a ship, and, with the exception of the crew of the Merrimac, not a soldier or sailor was taken prisoner. On August 7, forty-six days from the date of the landing of General Shafter's army in Cuba and twenty-one days from the surrender of Santiago, the United States troops commenced embarkation for home, and our entire force was returned to the United States as early as August 24. They were absent from the United States only two months. It is fitting that I should bear testimony to the patriotism and devotion of that large portion of our Army which, although eager to be ordered to the post of greatest exposure, fortunately was not required outside of the United States. They did their whole duty, and, like their comrades at the front, have earned the gratitude of the nation. In like manner, the officers and men of the Army and of the Navy who remained in their departments and stations faithfully performing most important duties connected with the war, and whose requests for assignment in the field and at sea I was compelled to refuse because their services were indispensable here, are entitled to the highest commendation. It is my regret that there seems to be no provision for their suitable recognition. In this connection it is a pleasure for me to mention in terms of cordial appreciation the timely and useful work of the American National Red Cross, both in relief measures preparatory to the campaigns, in sanitary assistance at several of the camps of assemblage, and later, under the able and experienced leadership of the president of the society, Miss Clara Barton, on the fields of battle and in the hospitals at the front in Cuba. Working in conjunction with the governmental authorities and under their sanction and approval, and with the enthusiastic cooperation of many patriotic women and societies in the various States, the Red Cross has fully maintained its already high reputation for intense earnestness and ability to exercise the noble purposes of its international organization, thus justifying the confidence and support which it has received at the hands of the American people. To the members and officers of this society and all who aided them in their philanthropic work the sincere and lasting gratitude of the soldiers and the public is due and is freely accorded. In tracing these events we are constantly reminded of our obligations to the Divine Master for His watchful care over us and His safe guidance, for which the nation makes reverent acknowledgment and offers humble prayer for the continuance of His favor. The annihilation of Admiral Cervera's fleet, followed by the capitulation of Santiago, having brought to the Spanish Government a realizing sense of the hopelessness of continuing a struggle now become wholly unequal, it made overtures of peace through the French ambassador, who, with the assent of his Government, had acted as the friendly representative of Spanish interests during the war. On the 26th of July M. Cambon presented a communication signed by the Duke of Almodovar, the Spanish minister of state, inviting the United States to state the terms upon which it would be willing to make peace. On the 30th of July, by a communication addressed to the Duke of Almodovar and handed to M. Cambon, the terms of this Government were announced substantially as in the protocol afterwards signed. On the 10th of August the Spanish reply, dated August 7, was handed by M. Cambon to the Secretary of State. It accepted unconditionally the terms imposed as to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and an island of the Ladrones group, but appeared to seek to introduce inadmissible reservations in regard to our demand as to the Philippine Islands. Conceiving that discussion on this point could neither be practical nor profitable, I directed that in order to avoid misunderstanding the matter should be forthwith closed by proposing the embodiment in a formal protocol of the terms upon which the negotiations for peace were to be undertaken. The vague and inexplicit suggestions of the Spanish note could not be accepted, the only reply being to present as a virtual ultimatum a draft of protocol embodying the precise terms tendered to Spain in our note of July 30, with added stipulations of detail as to the appointment of commissioners to arrange for the evacuation of the Spanish Antilles. On August 12 M. Cambon announced his receipt of full powers to sign the protocol so submitted. Accordingly, on the afternoon of August 12, M. Cambon, as the plenipotentiary of Spain, and the Secretary of State, as the plenipotentiary of the United States, signed a protocol providing-- ARTICLE I. Spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to Cuba. ART. II. Spain will cede to the United States the island of Puerto Rico and other islands now under Spanish sovereignty in the West Indies, and also an island in the Ladrones to be selected by the United States. ART. III. The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines. The fourth article provided for the appointment of joint commissions on the part of the United States and Spain, to meet in Havana and San Juan, respectively, for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the stipulated evacuation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and other Spanish islands in the West Indies. The fifth article provided for the appointment of not more than five commissioners on each side, to meet at Paris not later than October 1 and to proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace, subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries. The sixth and last article provided that upon the signature of the protocol hostilities between the two countries should be suspended and that notice to that effect should be given as soon as possible by each Government to the commanders of its military and naval forces. Immediately upon the conclusion of the protocol I issued a proclamation, of August 12 , suspending hostilities on the part of the United States. The necessary orders to that end were at once given by telegraph. The blockade of the ports of Cuba and San Juan de Puerto Rico was in like manner raised. On the 18th of August the muster out of 100,000 volunteers, or as near that number as was found to be practicable, was ordered. On the 1st of December 101,165 officers and men had been mustered out and discharged from the service, and 9,002 more will be mustered out by the 10th of this month; also a corresponding number of general and general staff officers have been honorably discharged the service. The military commissions to superintend the evacuation of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the adjacent islands were forthwith appointed--for Cuba, Major-General James F. Wade, Rear-Admiral William T. Sampson, Major-General Matthew C. Butler; for Puerto Rico, Major--General John R. Brooke, Rear-Admiral Winfield S. Schley, Brigadier-General William W. Gordon--who soon afterwards met the Spanish commissioners at Havana and San Juan, respectively. The Puerto Rican Joint Commission speedily accomplished its task, and by the 18th of October the evacuation of the island was completed. The United States flag was raised over the island at noon on that day. The administration of its affairs has been provisionally intrusted to a military governor until the Congress shall otherwise provide. The Cuban Joint Commission has not yet terminated its labors. Owing to the difficulties in the way of removing the large numbers of Spanish troops still in Cuba, the evacuation can not be completed before the 1st of January next. Pursuant to the fifth article of the protocol, I appointed William R. Day, lately Secretary of State; Cushman K. Davis, William P. Frye, and George Gray, Senators of the United States, and Whitelaw Reid to be the peace commissioners on the part of the United States. Proceeding in due season to Paris, they there met on the 1st of October five commissioners similarly appointed on the part of Spain. Their negotiations have made hopeful progress, so that I trust soon to be able to lay a definitive treaty of peace before the Senate, with a review of the steps leading to its signature. I do not discuss at this time the government or the future of the new possessions which will come to us as the result of the war with Spain. Such discussion will be appropriate after the treaty of peace shall be ratified. In the meantime and until the Congress has legislated otherwise it will be my duty to continue the military governments which have existed since our occupation and give to the people security in life and property and encouragement under a just and beneficent rule. As soon as we are in possession of Cuba and have pacified the island it will be necessary to give aid and direction to its people to form a government for themselves. This should be undertaken at the earliest moment consistent with safety and assured success. It is important that our relations with this people shall be of the most friendly character and our commercial relations close and reciprocal. It should be our duty to assist in every proper way to build up the waste places of the island, encourage the industry of the people, and assist them to form a government which shall be free and independent, thus realizing the best aspirations of the Cuban people. Spanish rule must be replaced by a just, benevolent, and humane government, created by the people of Cuba, capable of performing all international obligations, and which shall encourage thrift, industry, and prosperity and promote peace and good will among all of the inhabitants, whatever may have been their relations in the past. Neither revenge nor passion should have a place in the new government. Until there is complete tranquillity in the island and a stable government inaugurated military occupation will be continued. With the one exception of the rupture with Spain, the intercourse of the United States with the great family of nations has been marked with cordiality, and the close of the eventful year finds most of the issues that necessarily arise in the complex relations of sovereign states adjusted or presenting no serious obstacle to a just and honorable solution by amicable agreement. A long unsettled dispute as to the extended boundary between the Argentine Republic and Chile, stretching along the Andean crests from the southern border of the Atacama Desert to Magellan Straits, nearly a third of the length of the South American continent, assumed an acute stage in the early part of the year, and afforded to this Government occasion to express the hope that the resort to arbitration, already contemplated by existing conventions between the parties, might prevail despite the grave difficulties arising in its application. I am happy to say that arrangements to this end have been perfected, the questions of fact upon which the respective commissioners were unable to agree being in course of reference to Her Britannic Majesty for determination. A residual difference touching the northern boundary line across the Atacama Desert, for which existing treaties provided no adequate adjustment, bids fair to be settled in like manner by a joint commission, upon which the United States minister at Buenos Ayres has been invited to serve as umpire in the last resort. I have found occasion to approach the Argentine Government with a view to removing differences of rate charges imposed upon the cables of an American corporation in the transmission between Buenos Ayres and the cities of Uruguay and Brazil of through messages passing from and to the United States. Although the matter is complicated by exclusive concessions by Uruguay and Brazil to foreign companies, there is strong hope that a good understanding will be reached and that the important channels of commercial communication between the United States and the Atlantic cities of South America may be freed from an almost prohibitory discrimination. In this relation I may be permitted to express my sense of the fitness of an international agreement whereby the interchange of messages over connecting cables may be regulated on a fair basis of uniformity. The world has seen the postal system developed from a congeries of independent and exclusive services into a well-ordered union, of which all countries enjoy the manifold benefits. It would be strange were the nations not in time brought to realize that modern civilization, which owes so much of its progress to the annihilation of space by the electric force, demands that this all-important means of communication be a heritage of all peoples, to be administered and regulated in their common behoof. A step in this direction was taken when the international convention of 1884 for the protection of submarine cables was signed, and the day is, I trust, not far distant when this medium for the transmission of thought from land to land may be brought within the domain of international concert as completely as is the material carriage of commerce and correspondence upon the face of the waters that divide them. The claim of Thomas Jefferson Page against Argentina, which has been pending many years, has been adjusted. The sum awarded by the Congress of Argentina was $4,242.35. The sympathy of the American people has justly been offered to the ruler and the people of Austria-Hungary by reason of the affliction that has lately befallen them in the assassination of the Empress-Queen of that historic realm. On the 10th of September, 1897, a conflict took place at Lattimer, Pa., between a body of striking miners and the sheriff of Luzerne County and his deputies, in which 22 miners were killed and 44 wounded, of whom 10 of the killed and 12 of the wounded were Austrian and Hungarian subjects. This deplorable event naturally aroused the solicitude of the Austro-Hungarian Government, which, on the assumption that the killing and wounding involved the unjustifiable misuse of authority, claimed reparation for the sufferers. Apart from the searching investigation and peremptory action of the authorities of Pennsylvania, the Federal Executive took appropriate steps to learn the merits of the case, in order to be in a position to meet the urgent complaint of a friendly power. The sheriff and his deputies, having been indicted for murder, were tried, and acquitted, after protracted proceedings and the hearing of hundreds of witnesses, on the ground that the killing was in the line of their official duty to uphold law and preserve public order in the State. A representative of the Department of Justice attended the trial and reported its course fully. With all the facts in its possession, this Government expects to reach a harmonious understanding on the subject with that of Austria-Hungary, notwithstanding the renewed claim of the latter, after learning the result of the trial, for indemnity for its injured subjects. Despite the brief time allotted for preparation, the exhibits of this country at the Universal Exposition at Brussels in 1897 enjoyed the singular distinction of a larger proportion of awards, having regard to the number and classes of articles entered than those of other countries. The worth of such a result in making known our national capacity to supply the world's markets is obvious. Exhibitions of this international character are becoming more frequent as the exchanges of commercial countries grow more intimate and varied. Hardly a year passes that this Government is not invited to national participation at some important foreign center, but often on too short notice to permit of recourse to Congress for the power and means to do so. My predecessors have suggested the advisability of providing by a general enactment and a standing appropriation for accepting such invitations and for representation of this country by a commission. This plan has my cordial approval. I trust that the Belgian restrictions on the importation of cattle from the United States, originally adopted as a sanitary precaution, will at an early day be relaxed as to their present features of hardship and discrimination, so as to admit live cattle under due regulation of their slaughter after landing. I am hopeful, too, of favorable change in the Belgian treatment of our preserved and salted meats. The growth of direct trade between the two countries, not alone for Belgian consumption and Belgian products, but by way of transit from and to other continental states, has been both encouraging and beneficial. No effort will be spared to enlarge its advantages by seeking the removal of needless impediments and by arrangements for increased commercial exchanges. The year's events in Central America deserve more than passing mention. A menacing rupture between Costa Rica and Nicaragua was happily composed by the signature of a convention between the parties, with the concurrence of the Guatemalan representative as a mediator, the act being negotiated and signed on board the United States steamer Alert, then lying in Central American waters. It is believed that the good offices of our envoy and of the commander of that vessel contributed toward this gratifying outcome. In my last annual message the situation was presented with respect to the diplomatic representation of this Government in Central America created by the association of Nicaragua, Honduras, and Salvador under the title of the Greater Republic of Central America, and the delegation of their international functions to the Diet thereof. While the representative character of the Diet was recognized by my predecessor and has been confirmed during my Administration by receiving its accredited envoy and granting exequaturs to consuls commissioned under its authority, that recognition was qualified by the distinct understanding that the responsibility of each of the component sovereign Republics toward the United States remained wholly unaffected. This proviso was needful inasmuch as the compact of the three Republics was at the outset an association whereby certain representative functions were delegated to a tripartite commission rather than a federation possessing centralized powers of government and administration. In this view of their relation and of the relation of the United States to the several Republics, a change in the representation of this country in Central America was neither recommended by the Executive nor initiated by Congress, thus leaving one of our envoys accredited, as heretofore, separately to two States of the Greater Republic, Nicaragua and Salvador, and to a third State, Costa Rica, which was not a party to the compact, while our other envoy was similarly accredited to a union State, Honduras, and a nonunion State, Guatemala. The result has been that the one has presented credentials only to the President of Costa Rica, the other having been received only by the Government of Guatemala. Subsequently the three associated Republics entered into negotiations for taking the steps forecast in the original compact. A convention of their delegates framed for them a federal constitution under the name of the United States of Central America, and provided for a central federal government and legislature. Upon ratification by the constituent States, the 1st of November last was fixed for the new system to go into operation. Within a few weeks thereafter the plan was severely tested by revolutionary movements arising, with a consequent demand for unity of action on the part of the military power of the federal States to suppress them. Under this strain the new union seems to have been weakened through the withdrawal of its more important members. This Government was not officially advised of the installation of the federation and has maintained an attitude of friendly expectancy, while in no wise relinquishing the position held from the outset that the responsibilities of the several States toward us remained unaltered by their tentative relations among themselves. The Nicaragua Canal Commission, under the chairmanship of Rear-Admiral John G. Walker, appointed July 24, 1897, under the authority of a provision in the sundry civil act of June 4 of that year, has nearly completed its labors, and the results of its exhaustive inquiry into the proper route, the feasibility, and the cost of construction of an interoceanic canal by a Nicaraguan route will be laid before you. In the performance of its task the commission received all possible courtesy and assistance from the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica, which thus testified their appreciation of the importance of giving a speedy and practical outcome to the great project that has for so many years engrossed the attention of the respective countries. As the scope of the recent inquiry embraced the whole subject, with the aim of making plans and surveys for a canal by the most convenient route, it necessarily included a review of the results of previous surveys and plans, and in particular those adopted by the Maritime Canal Company under its existing concessions from Nicaragua and Costa Rica, so that to this extent those grants necessarily hold as essential a part in the deliberations and conclusions of the Canal Commission as they have held and must needs hold in the discussion of the matter by the Congress. Under these circumstances and in view of overtures made to the Governments of Nicaragua and Costa Rica by other parties for a new canal concession predicated on the assumed approaching lapse of the contracts of the Maritime Canal Company with those States, I have not hesitated to express my conviction that considerations of expediency and international policy as between the several governments interested in the construction and control of an interoceanic canal by this route require the maintenance of the status quo until the Canal Commission shall have reported and the United States Congress shall have had the opportunity to pass finally upon the whole matter during the present session, without prejudice by reason of any change in the existing conditions. Nevertheless, it appears that the Government of Nicaragua, as one of its last sovereign acts before merging its powers in those of the newly formed United States of Central America, has granted an optional concession to another association, to become effective on the expiration of the present grant. It does not appear what surveys have been made or what route is proposed under this contingent grant, so that an examination of the feasibility of its plans is necessarily not embraced in the report of the Canal Commission. All these circumstances suggest the urgency of some definite action by the Congress at this session if the labors of the past are to be utilized and the linking of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a practical waterway is to be realized. That the construction of such a maritime highway is now more than ever indispensable to that intimate and ready intercommunication between our eastern and western seaboards demanded by the annexation of the Hawaiian Islands and the prospective expansion of our influence and commerce in the Pacific, and that our national policy now more imperatively than ever calls for its control by this Government, are propositions which I doubt not the Congress will duly appreciate and wisely act upon. A convention providing for the revival of the late United States and Chilean Claims Commission and the consideration of claims which were duly presented to the late commission, but not considered because of the expiration of the time limited for the duration of the commission, was signed May 24, 1897, and has remained unacted upon by the Senate. The term therein fixed for effecting the exchange of ratifications having elapsed, the convention falls unless the time be extended by amendment, which I am endeavoring to bring about, with the friendly concurrence of the Chilean Government. The United States has not been an indifferent spectator of the extraordinary events transpiring in the Chinese Empire, whereby portions of its maritime provinces are passing under the control of various European powers; but the prospect that the vast commerce which the energy of our citizens and the necessity of our staple productions for Chinese uses has built up in those regions may not be prejudiced through any exclusive treatment by the new occupants has obviated the need of our country becoming an actor in the scene. Our position among nations, having a large Pacific coast and a constantly expanding direct trade with the farther Orient, gives us the equitable claim to consideration and friendly treatment in this regard, and it will be my aim to subserve our large interests in that quarter by all means appropriate to the constant policy of our Government. The territories of Kiao-chow, of Wei-hai-wei, and of Port Arthur and Talienwan, leased to Germany, Great Britain, and Russia, respectively, for terms of years, will, it is announced, be open to international commerce during such alien occupation; and if no discriminating treatment of American citizens and their trade be found to exist or be hereafter developed, the desire of this Government would appear to be realized. In this relation, as showing the volume and value of our exchanges with China and the peculiarly favorable conditions which exist for their expansion in the normal course of trade, I refer to the communication addressed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives by the Secretary of the Treasury on the 14th of last June, with its accompanying letter of the Secretary of State, recommending an appropriation for a commission to study the commercial and industrial conditions in the Chinese Empire and report as to the opportunities for and obstacles to the enlargement of markets in China for the raw products and manufactures of the United States. Action was not taken thereon during the late session. I cordially urge that the recommendation receive at your hands the consideration which its importance and timeliness merit. Meanwhile there may be just ground for disquietude in view of the unrest and revival of the old sentiment of opposition and prejudice to alien people which pervades certain of the Chinese provinces. As in the case of the attacks upon our citizens in Szechuen and at Kutien in 1895, the United States minister has been instructed to secure the fullest measure of protection, both local and imperial, for any menaced American interests, and to demand, in case of lawless injury to person or property, instant reparation appropriate to the case. War ships have been stationed at Tientsin for more ready observation of the disorders which have invaded even the Chinese capital, so as to be in a position to act should need arise, while a guard of marines has been sent to Peking to afford the minister the same measure of authoritative protection as the representatives of other nations have been constrained to employ. Following close upon the rendition of the award of my predecessor as arbitrator of the claim of the Italian subject Cerruti against the Republic of Colombia, differences arose between the parties to the arbitration in regard to the scope and extension of the award, of which certain articles were contested by Colombia, while Italy claimed their literal fulfillment. The award having been made by the President of the United States, as an act of friendly consideration and with the sole view to an impartial composition of the matter in dispute, I could not but feel deep concern at such a miscarriage, and while unable to accept the Colombian theory that I, in my official capacity, possessed continuing functions as arbitrator, with power to interpret or revise the terms of the award, my best efforts were lent to bring the parties to a harmonious agreement as to the execution of its provisions. A naval demonstration by Italy resulted in an engagement to pay the liabilities claimed upon their ascertainment; but this apparent disposition of the controversy was followed by a rupture of diplomatic intercourse between Colombia and Italy, which still continues, although, fortunately, without acute symptoms having supervened. Notwithstanding this, efforts are reported to be continuing for the ascertainment of Colombia's contingent liability on account of Cerruti's debts under the fifth article of the award. A claim of an American citizen against the Dominican Republic for a public bridge over the Ozama River, which has been in diplomatic controversy for several years, has been settled by expert arbitration and an award in favor of the claimant amounting to about $90,000. It, however, remains unpaid, despite urgent demands for its settlement according to the terms of the compact. There is now every prospect that the participation of the United States in the Universal Exposition to be held in Paris in 1900 will be on a scale commensurate with the advanced position held by our products and industries in the world's chief marts. The preliminary report of Mr. Moses P. Handy, who, under the act approved July 19, 1897, was appointed special commissioner with a view to securing all attainable information necessary to a full and complete understanding by Congress in regard to the participation of this Government in the Paris Exposition, was laid before you by my message of December 6, 1897, and showed the large opportunities opened to make known our national progress in arts, science, and manufactures, as well as the urgent need of immediate and adequate provision to enable due advantage thereof to be taken. Mr. Handy's death soon afterwards rendered it necessary for another to take up and complete his unfinished work, and on January 11 last Mr. Thomas W. Cridler, Third Assistant Secretary of State, was designated to fulfill that task. His report was laid before you by my message of June 14, 1898, with the gratifying result of awakening renewed interest in the projected display. By a provision in the sundry civil appropriation act of July 1, 1898, a sum not to exceed $650,000 was allotted for the organization of a commission to care for the proper preparation and installation of American exhibits and for the display of suitable exhibits by the several Executive Departments, particularly by the Department of Agriculture, the Fish Commission, and the Smithsonian Institution, in representation of the Government of the United States. Pursuant to that enactment I appointed Mr. Ferdinand W. Peck, of Chicago, commissioner-general, with an assistant commissioner-general and a secretary. Mr. Peck at once proceeded to Paris, where his success in enlarging the scope and variety of the United States exhibit has been most gratifying. Notwithstanding the comparatively limited area of the exposition site--less than one-half that of the World's Fair at Chicago--the space assigned to the United States has been increased from the absolute allotment of 157,403 square feet reported by Mr. Handy to some 202,000 square feet, with corresponding augmentation of the field for a truly characteristic representation of the various important branches of our country's development. Mr. Peck's report will be laid before you. In my judgment its recommendations will call for your early consideration, especially as regards an increase of the appropriation to at least one million dollars in all, so that not only may the assigned space be fully taken up by the best possible exhibits in every class, but the preparation and installation be on so perfect a scale as to rank among the first in that unparalleled competition of artistic and inventive production, and thus counterbalance the disadvantage with which we start as compared with other countries whose appropriations are on a more generous scale and whose preparations are in a state of much greater forwardness than our Where our artisans have the admitted capacity to excel, where our inventive genius has initiated many of the grandest discoveries of these later days of the century, and where the native resources of our land are as limitless as they are valuable to supply the world's needs, it is our province, as it should be our earnest care, to lead in the march of human progress, and not rest content with any secondary place. Moreover, if this be due to ourselves, it is no less due to the great French nation whose guests we become, and which has in so many ways testified its wish and hope that our participation shall befit the place the two peoples have won in the field of universal development. The commercial arrangement made with France on the 28th of May, 1898, under the provisions of section 3 of the tariff act of 1897, went into effect on the 1st day of June following. It has relieved a portion of our export trade from serious embarrassment. Further negotiations are now pending under section 4 of the same act with a view to the increase of trade between the two countries to their mutual advantage. Negotiations with other governments, in part interrupted by the war with Spain, are in progress under both sections of the tariff act. I hope to be able to announce some of the results of these negotiations during the present session of Congress. Negotiations to the same end with Germany have been set on foot. Meanwhile no effort has been relaxed to convince the Imperial Government of the thoroughness of our inspection of pork products for exportation, and it is trusted that the efficient administration of this measure by the Department of Agriculture will be recognized as a guaranty of the healthfulness of the food staples we send abroad to countries where their use is large and necessary. I transmitted to the Senate on the 10th of February last information touching the prohibition against the importation of fresh fruits from this country, which had then recently been decreed by Germany on the ground of danger of disseminating the San Jose scale insect. This precautionary measure was justified by Germany on the score of the drastic steps taken in several States of the Union against the spread of the pest, the elaborate reports of the Department of Agriculture being put in evidence to show the danger to German fruit-growing interests should the scale obtain a lodgment in that country. Temporary relief was afforded in the case of large consignments of fruit then on the way by inspection and admission when found noninfected. Later the prohibition was extended to dried fruits of every kind, but was relaxed so as to apply only to unpeeled fruit and fruit waste. As was to be expected, the alarm reached to other countries, and Switzerland has adopted a similar inhibition. Efforts are in progress to induce the German and Swiss Governments to relax the prohibition in favor of dried fruits shown to have been cured under circumstances rendering the existence of animal life impossible. Our relations with Great Britain have continued on the most friendly footing. Assenting to our request, the protection of Americans and their interests in Spanish jurisdiction was assumed by the diplomatic and consular representatives of Great Britain, who fulfilled their delicate and arduous trust with tact and zeal, eliciting high commendation. I may be allowed to make fitting allusion to the instance of Mr. Ramsden, Her Majesty's consul at Santiago de Cuba, whose untimely death after distinguished service and untiring effort during the siege of that city was sincerely lamented. In the early part of April last, pursuant to a request made at the instance of the Secretary of State by the British ambassador at this capital, the Canadian government granted facilities for the passage of four United States revenue cutters from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic coast by way of the Canadian canals and the St. Lawrence River. The vessels had reached Lake Ontario and were there awaiting the opening of navigation when war was declared between the United States and Spain. Her Majesty's Government thereupon, by a communication of the latter part of April, stated that the permission granted before the outbreak of hostilities would not be withdrawn provided the United States Government gave assurance that the vessels in question would proceed direct to a United States port without engaging in any hostile operation. This Government promptly agreed to the stipulated condition, it being understood that the vessels would not be prohibited from resisting any hostile attack. It will give me especial satisfaction if I shall be authorized to communicate to you a favorable conclusion of the pending negotiations with Great Britain in respect to the Dominion of Canada. It is the earnest wish of this Government to remove all sources of discord and irritation in our relations with the neighboring Dominion. The trade between the two countries is constantly increasing, and it is important to both countries that all reasonable facilities should be granted for its development. The Government of Greece strongly urges the onerousness of the duty here imposed upon the currants of that country, amounting to 100 per cent or more of their market value. This fruit is stated to be exclusively a Greek product, not coming into competition with any domestic product. The question of reciprocal commercial relations with Greece, including the restoration of currants to the free list, is under consideration. The long-standing claim of Bernard Campbell for damages for injuries sustained from a violent assault committed against him by military authorities in the island of Haiti has been settled by the agreement of that Republic to pay him $10,000 in American gold. Of this sum $5,000 has already been paid. It is hoped that other pending claims of American citizens against that Republic may be amicably adjusted. Pending the consideration by the Senate of the treaty signed June 1897, by the plenipotentiaries of the United States and of the Republic of Hawaii, providing for the annexation of the islands, a joint resolution to accomplish the same purpose by accepting the offered cession and incorporating the ceded territory into the Union was adopted by the Congress and approved July 7, 1898. I thereupon directed the United States steamship Philadelphia to convey Rear-Admiral Miller to Honolulu, and intrusted to his hands this important legislative act, to be delivered to the President of the Republic of Hawaii, with whom the Admiral and the United States minister were authorized to make appropriate arrangements for transferring the sovereignty of the islands to the United States. This was simply but impressively accomplished on the 12th of August last by the delivery of a certified copy of the resolution to President Dole, who thereupon yielded up to the representative of the Government of the United States the sovereignty and public property of the Hawaiian Islands. Pursuant to the terms of the joint resolution and in exercise of the authority thereby conferred upon me, I directed that the civil, judicial, and military powers theretofore exercised by the officers of the Government of the Republic of Hawaii should continue to be exercised by those officers until Congress shall provide a government for the incorporated territory, subject to my power to remove such officers and to fill vacancies. The President, officers, and troops of the Republic thereupon took the oath of allegiance to the United States, thus providing for the uninterrupted continuance of all the administrative and municipal functions of the annexed territory until Congress shall otherwise enact. Following the further provision of the joint resolution, I appointed the Hons. Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois, John T. Morgan, of Alabama, Robert R. Hitt, of Illinois, Sanford B. Dole, of Hawaii, and Walter F. Frear, of Hawaii, as commissioners to confer and recommend to Congress such legislation concerning the Hawaiian Islands as they should deem necessary or proper. The commissioners having fulfilled the mission confided to them, their report will be laid before you at an early day. It is believed that their recommendations will have the earnest consideration due to the magnitude of the responsibility resting upon you to give such shape to the relationship of those mid-Pacific lands to our home Union as will benefit both in the highest degree, realizing the aspirations of the community that has cast its lot with us and elected to share our political heritage, while at the same time justifying the foresight of those who for three-quarters of a century have looked to the assimilation of Hawaii as a natural and inevitable consummation, in harmony with our needs and in fulfillment of our cherished traditions. The questions heretofore pending between Hawaii and Japan growing out of the alleged mistreatment of Japanese treaty immigrants were, I am pleased to say, adjusted before the act of transfer by the payment of a reasonable indemnity to the Government of Japan. Under the provisions of the joint resolution, the existing customs relations of the Hawaiian Islands with the United States and with other countries remain unchanged until legislation shall otherwise provide. The consuls of Hawaii here and in foreign countries continue to fulfill their commercial agencies, while the United States consulate at Honolulu is maintained for all appropriate services pertaining to trade and the revenue. It would be desirable that all foreign consuls in the Hawaiian Islands should receive new exequaturs from this Government. The attention of Congress is called to the fact that, our consular offices having ceased to exist in Hawaii and being about to cease in other countries coming under the sovereignty of the United States, the provisions for the relief and transportation of destitute American seamen in these countries under our consular regulations will in consequence terminate. It is proper, therefore, that new legislation should be enacted upon this subject in order to meet the changed conditions. The interpretation of certain provisions of the extradition convention of December 11, 1861, has been at various times the occasion of controversy with the Government of Mexico. An acute difference arose in the case of the Mexican demand for the delivery of Jesus Guerra, who, having led a marauding expedition near the border with the proclaimed purpose of initiating an insurrection against President Diaz, escaped into Texas. Extradition was refused on the ground that the alleged offense was political in its character, and therefore came within the treaty proviso of nonsurrender. The Mexican contention was that the exception only related to purely political offenses, and that as Guerra's acts were admixed with the common crime of murder, arson, kidnaping, and robbery, the option of nondelivery became void, a position which this Government was unable to admit in view of the received international doctrine and practice in the matter. The Mexican Government, in view of this, gave notice January 24, 1898, of the termination of the convention, to take effect twelve months from that date, at the same time inviting the conclusion of a new convention, toward which negotiations are on foot. In this relation I may refer to the necessity of some amendment of our existing extradition statute. It is a common stipulation of such treaties that neither party shall be bound to give up its own citizens, with the added proviso in one of our treaties, that with Japan, that it may surrender if it see fit. It is held in this country by an almost uniform course of decisions that where a treaty negatives the obligation to surrender the President is not invested with legal authority to act. The conferment of such authority would be in the line of that sound morality which shrinks from affording secure asylum to the author of a heinous crime. Again, statutory provision might well be made for what is styled extradition by way of transit, whereby a fugitive surrendered by one foreign government to another may be conveyed across the territory of the United States to the jurisdiction of the demanding state. A recommendation in this behalf made in the President's message of 1886 was not acted upon. The matter is presented for your consideration. The problem of the Mexican free zone has been often discussed with regard to its inconvenience as a provocative of smuggling into the United States along an extensive and thinly guarded land border. The effort made by the joint resolution of March 1, 1895, to remedy the abuse charged by suspending the privilege of free transportation in bond across the territory of the United States to Mexico failed of good result, as is stated in Report No. 702 of the House of Representatives, submitted in the last session, March 11, 1898. As the question is one to be conveniently met by wise concurrent legislation of the two countries looking to the protection of the revenues by harmonious measures operating equally on either side of the boundary, rather than by conventional arrangements, I suggest that Congress consider the advisability of authorizing and inviting a conference of representatives of the Treasury Departments of the United States and Mexico to consider the subject in all its complex bearings, and make report with pertinent recommendations to the respective Governments for the information and consideration of their Congresses. The Mexican Water Boundary Commission has adjusted all matters submitted to it to the satisfaction of both Governments save in three important cases--that of the "Chamizal" at El Paso, Tex., where the two commissioners failed to agree, and wherein, for this case only, this Government has proposed to Mexico the addition of a third member; the proposed elimination of what are known as "Bancos," small isolated islands formed by the cutting off of bends in the Rio Grande, from the operation of the treaties of 1884 and 1889, recommended by the commissioners and approved by this Government, but still under consideration by Mexico; and the subject of the "Equitable distribution of the waters of the Rio Grande," for which the commissioners recommended an international dam and reservoir, approved by Mexico, but still under consideration by this Government. Pending these questions it is necessary to extend the life of the commission, which expires December 23 next. The coronation of the young Queen of the Netherlands was made the occasion of fitting congratulations. The claim of Victor H. McCord against Peru, which for a number of years has been pressed by this Government and has on several occasions attracted the attention of the Congress, has been satisfactorily adjusted. A protocol was signed May 17, 1898, whereby, the fact of liability being admitted, the question of the amount to be awarded was submitted to the chief justice of Canada as sole arbitrator. His award sets the indemnity due the claimant at $40,000. The Government of Peru has given the prescribed notification of its intention to abrogate the treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation concluded with this country August 31, 1887. As that treaty contains many important provisions necessary to the maintenance of commerce and good relations, which could with difficulty be replaced by the negotiation of renewed provisions within the brief twelve months intervening before the treaty terminates, I have invited suggestions by Peru as to the particular provisions it is desired to annul, in the hope of reaching an arrangement whereby the remaining articles may be provisionally saved. His Majesty the Czar having announced his purpose to raise the Imperial Russian mission at this capital to the rank of an embassy, I responded, under the authority conferred by the act of March 3, 1893, by commissioning and accrediting the actual representative at St. Petersburg in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. The Russian ambassador to this country has since presented his credentials. The proposal of the Czar for a general reduction of the vast military establishments that weigh so heavily upon many peoples in time of peace was communicated to this Government with an earnest invitation to be represented in the conference which it is contemplated to assemble with a view to discussing the means of accomplishing so desirable a result. His Majesty was at once informed of the cordial sympathy of this Government with the principle involved in his exalted proposal and of the readiness of the United States to take part in the conference. The active military force of the United States, as measured by our population, territorial area, and taxable wealth, is, and under any conceivable prospective conditions must continue to be, in time of peace so conspicuously less than that of the armed powers to whom the Czar's appeal is especially addressed that the question can have for us no practical importance save as marking an auspicious step toward the betterment of the condition of the modern peoples and the cultivation of peace and good will among them; but in this view it behooves us as a nation to lend countenance and aid to the beneficent project. The claims of owners of American sealing vessels for seizure by Russian cruisers in Bering Sea are being pressed to a settlement. The equities of the cases justify the expectation that a measure of reparation will eventually be accorded in harmony with precedent and in the light of the proven facts. The recommendation made in my special message of April 27 last is renewed, that appropriation be made to reimburse the master and owners of the Russian bark Hans for wrongful arrest of the master and detention of the vessel in February, 1896, by officers of the United States district court for the southern district of Mississippi. The papers accompanying my said message make out a most meritorious claim and justify the urgency with which it has been presented by the Government of Russia. Malietoa Laupepa, King of Samoa, died on August 22 last. According to Article I of the general act of Berlin, "his successor shall be duly elected according to the laws and customs of Samoa." Arrangements having been agreed upon between the signatories of the general act for the return of Mataafa and the other exiled Samoan chiefs, they were brought from Jaluit by a German war vessel and landed at Apia on September 18 last. Whether the death of Malietoa and the return of his old-time rival Mataafa will add to the undesirable complications which the execution of the tripartite general act has heretofore developed remains to be seen. The efforts of this Government will, as heretofore, be addressed toward a harmonious and exact fulfillment of the terms of the international engagement to which the United States became a party in 1889. The Cheek claim against Siam, after some five years of controversy, has been adjusted by arbitration under an agreement signed July 6, 1897, an award of 706,721 ticals (about $187,987.78 ), with release of the Cheek estate from mortgage claims, having been rendered March 21, 1898, in favor of the claimant by the arbitrator, Sir Nicholas John Hannen, British chief justice for China and Japan. An envoy from Siam has been accredited to this Government and has presented his credentials. Immediately upon the outbreak of the war with Spain the Swiss Government, fulfilling the high mission it has deservedly assumed as the patron of the International Red Cross, proposed to the United States and Spain that they should severally recognize and carry into execution, as a modus vivendi, during the continuance of hostilities, the additional articles proposed by the international conference of Geneva, October 20, 1868, extending the effects of the existing Red Cross convention of 1864 to the conduct of naval war. Following the example set by France and Germany in 1870 in adopting such a modus vivendi, and in view of the accession of the United States to those additional articles in 1882, although the exchange of ratifications thereof still remained uneffected, the Swiss proposal was promptly and cordially accepted by us, and simultaneously by Spain. This Government feels a keen satisfaction in having thus been enabled to testify its adherence to the broadest principles of humanity even amidst the clash of war, and it is to be hoped that the extension of the Red Cross compact to hostilities by sea as well as on land may soon become an accomplished fact through the general promulgation of the additional naval Red Cross articles by the maritime powers now parties to the convention of 1864. The important question of the claim of Switzerland to the perpetual cantonal allegiance of American citizens of Swiss origin has not made hopeful progress toward a solution, and controversies in this regard still continue. The newly accredited envoy of the United States to the Ottoman Porte carries instructions looking to the disposal of matters in controversy with Turkey for a number of years. He is especially charged to press for a just settlement of our claims for indemnity by reason of the destruction of the property of American missionaries resident in that country during the Armenian troubles of 1895, as well as for the recognition of older claims of equal justness. He is also instructed to seek an adjustment of the dispute growing out of the refusal of Turkey to recognize the acquired citizenship of Ottoman-born persons naturalized in the United States since 1869 without prior imperial consent, and in the same general relation he is directed to endeavor to bring about a solution of the question which has more or less acutely existed since 1869 concerning the jurisdictional rights of the United States in matters of criminal procedure and punishment under Article IV of the treaty of 1830. This latter difficulty grows out of a verbal difference, claimed by Turkey to be essential, between the original Turkish text and the promulgated translation. After more than two years from the appointment of a consul of this country to Erzerum, he has received his exequatur. The arbitral tribunal appointed under the treaty of February 2, 1897, between Great Britain and Venezuela, to determine the boundary line between the latter and the colony of British Guiana, is to convene at Paris during the present month. It is a source of much gratification to this Government to see the friendly resort of arbitration applied to the settlement of this controversy, not alone because of the earnest part we have had in bringing about the result, but also because the two members named on behalf of Venezuela, Mr. Chief Justice Fuller and Mr. Justice Brewer, chosen from our highest court, appropriately testify the continuing interest we feel in the definitive adjustment of the question according to the strictest rules of justice. The British members, Lord Herschell and Sir Richard Collins, are jurists of no less exalted repute, while the fifth member and president of the tribunal, M. F. De Martens, has earned a world-wide reputation as an authority upon international law. The claim of Felipe Scandella against Venezuela for arbitrary expulsion and injury to his business has been adjusted by the revocation of the order of expulsion and by the payment of the sum of $16,000. I have the satisfaction of being able to state that the Bureau of the American Republics, created in 1890 as the organ for promoting commercial intercourse and fraternal relations among the countries of the Western Hemisphere, has become a more efficient instrument of the wise purposes of its founders, and is receiving the cordial support of the contributing members of the international union which are actually represented in its board of management. A commercial directory, in two volumes, containing a mass of statistical matter descriptive of the industrial and commercial interests of the various countries, has been printed in English, Spanish, Portuguese, and French, and a monthly bulletin published in these four languages and distributed in the Latin-American countries as well as in the United States has proved to be a valuable medium for disseminating information and furthering the varied interests of the international union. During the past year the important work of collecting information of practical benefit to American industries and trade through the agency of the diplomatic and consular officers has been steadily advanced, and in order to lay such data before the public with the least delay the practice was begun in January, 1898, of issuing the commercial reports from day to day as they are received by the Department of State. It is believed that for promptitude as well as fullness of information the service thus supplied to our merchants and manufacturers will be found to show sensible improvement and to merit the liberal support of Congress. The experiences of the last year bring forcibly home to us a sense of the burdens and the waste of war. We desire, in common with most civilized nations, to reduce to the lowest possible point the damage sustained in time of war by peaceable trade and commerce. It is true we may suffer in such cases less than other communities, but all nations are damaged more or less by the state of uneasiness and apprehension into which an outbreak of hostilities throws the entire commercial world. It should be our object, therefore, to minimize, so far as practicable, this inevitable loss and disturbance. This purpose can probably best be accomplished by an international agreement to regard all private property at sea as exempt from capture or destruction by the forces of belligerent powers. The United States Government has for many years advocated this humane and beneficent principle, and is now in position to recommend it to other powers without the imputation of selfish motives. I therefore suggest for your consideration that the Executive be authorized to correspond with the governments of the principal maritime powers with a view of incorporating into the permanent law of civilized nations the principle of the exemption of all private property at sea, not contraband of war, from capture or destruction by belligerent powers. The Secretary of the Treasury reports that the receipts of the Government from all sources during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1898, including $64,751,223 received from sale of Pacific railroads, amounted to $405,321,335, and its expenditures to $443,168,582. There was collected from customs $149,575,062 and from internal revenue $170,900,641. Our dutiable imports amounted to $324,635,479, a decrease of $58,156,690 over the preceding year, and importations free of duty amounted to $291,414,175, a decrease from the preceding year of $90,524,068. Internal-revenue receipts exceeded those of the preceding year by $24,212,067. The total tax collected on distilled spirits was $92,546,999; on manufactured tobacco, $36,230,522, and on fermented liquors, $39,515,421. We exported merchandise during the year amounting to $1,231,482,330, an increase of $180,488,774 from the preceding year. It is estimated upon the basis of present revenue laws that the receipts of the Government for the year ending June 30, 1899, will be $577,874,647, and its expenditures $689,874,647, resulting in a deficiency of $112,000,000. On the 1st of December, 1898, there was held in the Treasury gold coin amounting to $138,441,547, gold bullion amounting to $138,502,545, silver bullion amounting to $93,359,250, and other forms of money amounting to $451,963,981. On the same date the amount of money of all kinds in circulation, or not included in Treasury holdings, was $1,886,879,504, an increase for the year of $165,794,966. Estimating our population at 75,194,000 at the time mentioned, the per capita circulation was $25.09. On the same date there was in the Treasury gold bullion amounting to $138,502,545. The provisions made for strengthening the resources of the Treasury in connection with the war have given increased confidence in the purpose and power of the Government to maintain the present standard, and have established more firmly than ever the national credit at home and abroad. A marked evidence of this is found in the inflow of gold to the Treasury. Its net gold holdings on November 1, 1898, were $239,885,162 as compared with $153,573,147 on November 1, 1897, and an increase of net cash of $207,756,100, November 1, 1897, to $300,238,275, November 1, 1898. The present ratio of net Treasury gold to outstanding Government liabilities, including United States notes, Treasury notes of 1890, silver certificates, currency certificates, standard silver dollars, and fractional silver coin, November 1, 1898, was 25.35 per cent, as compared with 16.96 per cent, November 1, 1897. I renew so much of my recommendation of December, 1897, as follows: That when any of the United States notes are presented for redemption in gold and are redeemed in gold, such notes shall be kept and set apart and only paid out in exchange for gold. This is an obvious duty. If the holder of the United States note prefers the gold and gets it from the Government, he should not receive back from the Government a United States note without paying gold in exchange for it. The reason for this is made all the more apparent when the Government issues an interest-bearing debt to provide gold for the redemption of United States notes--a non-interest-bearing debt. Surely it should not pay them out again except on demand and for gold. If they are put out in any other way, they may return again, to he followed by another bond issue to redeem them--another interest-bearing debt to redeem a non-interest-bearing debt. This recommendation was made in the belief that such provisions of law would insure to a greater degree the safety of the present standard, and better protect our currency from the dangers to which it is subjected from a disturbance in the general business conditions of the country. In my judgment the present condition of the Treasury amply justifies the immediate enactment of the legislation recommended one year ago, under which a portion of the gold holdings should be placed in a trust fund from which greenbacks should be redeemed upon presentation, but when once redeemed should not thereafter be paid out except for gold. It is not to be inferred that other legislation relating to our currency is not required; on the contrary, there is an obvious demand for it. The importance of adequate provision which will insure to our future a money standard related as our money standard now is to that of our commercial rivals is generally recognized. The companion proposition that our domestic paper currency shall be kept safe and yet be so related to the needs of our industries and internal commerce as to be adequate and responsive to such needs is a proposition scarcely less important. The subject, in all its parts, is commended to the wise consideration of the Congress. The annexation of Hawaii and the changed relations of the United States to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines resulting from the war, compel the prompt adoption of a maritime policy by the United States. There should be established regular and frequent steamship communication, encouraged by the United States, under the American flag, with the newly acquired islands. Spain furnished to its colonies, at an annual cost of about $2,000,000, steamship lines communicating with a portion of the world's markets, as well as with trade centers of the home Government. The United States will not undertake to do less. It is our duty to furnish the people of Hawaii with facilities, under national control, for their export and import trade. It will be conceded that the present situation calls for legislation which shall be prompt, durable, and liberal. The part which American merchant vessels and their seamen performed in the war with Spain demonstrates that this service, furnishing both pickets and the second line of defense, is a national necessity, and should be encouraged in every constitutional way. Details and methods for the accomplishment of this purpose are discussed in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury, to which the attention of Congress is respectfully invited. In my last annual message I recommended that Congress authorize the appointment of a commission for the purpose of making systematic investigations with reference to the because and prevention of yellow fever. This matter has acquired an increased importance as a result of the military occupation of the island of Cuba and the commercial intercourse between this island and the United States which we have every reason to expect. The sanitary problems connected with our new relations with the island of Cuba and the acquisition of Puerto Rico are no less important than those relating to finance, commerce, and administration. It is my earnest desire that these problems may be considered by competent experts and that everything may be done which the most recent advances in sanitary science can offer for the protection of the health of our soldiers in those islands and of our citizens who are exposed to the dangers of infection from the importation of yellow fever. I therefore renew my recommendation that the authority of Congress may be given and a suitable appropriation made to provide for a commission of experts to be appointed for the purpose indicated. Under the act of Congress approved April 26, 1898, authorizing the President in his discretion, "upon a declaration of war by Congress, or a declaration by Congress that war exists," I directed the increase of the Regular Army to the maximum of 62,000, authorized in said act. There are now in the Regular Army 57,862 officers and men. In said act it was provided-- That at the end of any war in which the United States may become involved the Army shall be reduced to a peace basis by the transfer in the same arm of the service or absorption by promotion or honorable discharge, under such regulations as the Secretary of War may establish, of supernumerary commissioned officers and the honorable discharge or transfer of supernumerary enlisted men; and nothing contained in this act shall be construed as authorizing the permanent increase of the commissioned or enlisted force of the Regular Army beyond that now provided by the law in force prior to the passage of this act, except as to the increase of twenty-five majors provided for in section 1 hereof. The importance of legislation for the permanent increase of the Army is therefore manifest, and the recommendation of the Secretary of War for that purpose has my unqualified approval. There can be no question that at this time, and probably for some time in the future, 100,000 men will be none too many to meet the necessities of the situation. At all events, whether that number shall be required permanently or not, the power should be given to the President to enlist that force if in his discretion it should be necessary; and the further discretion should be given him to recruit for the Army within the above limit from the inhabitants of the islands with the government of which we are charged. It is my purpose to muster out the entire Volunteer Army as soon as the Congress shall provide for the increase of the regular establishment. This will be only an act of justice and will be much appreciated by the brave men who left their homes and employments to help the country in its emergency. In my last annual message I stated: The Union Pacific Railway, main line, was sold under the decree of the United States court for the district of Nebraska on the 1st and 2d of November of this year. The amount due the Government consisted of the principal of the subsidy bonds, $27,236,512, and the accrued interest thereon, $31,211,711.75, making the total indebtedness $58,448,223.75. The bid at the sale covered the first-mortgage lien and the entire mortgage claim of the Government, principal and interest. This left the Kansas Pacific case unconcluded. By a decree of the court in that case an upset price for the property was fixed at a sum which would yield to the Government only $2,500,000 upon its lien. The sale, at the instance of the Government, was postponed first to December 15, 1897, and later, upon the application of the United States, was postponed to the 16th day of February, 1898. Having satisfied myself that the interests of the Government required that an effort should be made to obtain a larger sum, I directed the Secretary of the Treasury, under the act passed March 3, 1887, to pay out of the Treasury to the persons entitled to receive the same the amounts due upon all prior mortgages upon the Eastern and Middle divisions of said railroad out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, whereupon the Attorney-General prepared a petition to be presented to the court, offering to redeem said prior liens in such manner as the court might direct, and praying that thereupon the United States might be held to be subrogated to all the rights of said prior lien holders and that a receiver might be appointed to take possession of the mortgaged premises and maintain and operate the same until the court or Congress otherwise directed. Thereupon the reorganization committee agreed that if said petition was withdrawn and the sale allowed to proceed on the 16th of February, 1898, they would bid a sum at the sale which would realize to the Government the entire principal of its debt, $6,303,000. Believing that no better price could be obtained and appreciating the difficulties under which the Government would labor if it should become the purchaser of the road at the sale, in the absence of any authority by Congress to take charge of and operate the road I directed that upon the guaranty of a minimum bid which should give the Government the principal of its debt the sale should proceed. By this transaction the Government secured an advance of $3,803,000 over and above the sum which the court had fixed as the upset price, and which the reorganization committee had declared was the maximum which they would pay for the property. It is a gratifying fact that the result of these proceedings against the Union Pacific system and the Kansas Pacific line is that the Government has received on account of its subsidy claim the sum of $64,751,223.75, an increase of $18,997,163.76 over the sum which the reorganization committee originally agreed to bid for the joint property, the Government receiving its whole claim, principal and interest, on the Union Pacific, and the principal of its debt on the Kansas Pacific Railroad. Steps had been taken to foreclose the Government's lien upon the Central Pacific Railroad Company, but before action was commenced Congress passed an act, approved July 7, 1898, creating a commission consisting of the Secretary of the Treasury, the Attorney-General, and the Secretary of the Interior, and their successors in office, with full power to settle the indebtedness to the Government growing out of the issue of bonds in aid of the construction of the Central Pacific and Western Pacific bond-aided railroads, subject to the approval of the President. No report has yet been made to me by the commission thus created. Whatever action is had looking to a settlement of the indebtedness in accordance with the act referred to will be duly submitted to the Congress. I deem it my duty to call to the attention of Congress the condition of the present building occupied by the Department of Justice. The business of that Department has increased very greatly since it was established in its present quarters. The building now occupied by it is neither large enough nor of suitable arrangement for the proper accommodation of the business of the Department. The Supervising Architect has pronounced it unsafe and unsuited for the use to which it is put. The Attorney-General in his report states that the library of the Department is upon the fourth floor, and that all the space allotted to it is so crowded with books as to dangerously overload the structure. The first floor is occupied by the Court of Claims. The building is of an old and dilapidated appearance, unsuited to the dignity which should attach to this important Department. A proper regard for the safety, comfort, and convenience of the officers and employees would justify the expenditure of a liberal sum of money in the erection of a new building of commodious proportions and handsome appearance upon the very advantageous site already secured for that purpose, including the ground occupied by the present structure and adjoining vacant lot, comprising in all a frontage of 201 feet on Pennsylvania avenue and a depth of 136 feet. In this connection I may likewise refer to the inadequate accommodations provided for the Supreme Court in the Capitol, and suggest the wisdom of making provision for the erection of a separate building for the court and its officers and library upon available ground near the Capitol. The postal service of the country advances with extraordinary growth. Within twenty years both the revenues and the expenditures of the Post-Office Department have multiplied threefold. In the last ten years they have nearly doubled. Our postal business grows much more rapidly than our population. It now involves an expenditure of $100,000,000 a year, numbers 73,000 post-offices, and enrolls 200,000 employees. This remarkable extension of a service which is an accurate index of the public conditions presents gratifying evidence of the advancement of education, of the increase of communication and business activity, and of the improvement of mail facilities leading to their constantly augmenting use. The war with Spain laid new and exceptional labors on the Post-Office Department. The mustering of the military and naval forces of the United States required special mail arrangements for every camp and every campaign. The communication between home and camp was naturally eager and expectant. In some of the larger places of rendezvous as many as 50,000 letters a day required handling. This necessity was met by the prompt detail and dispatch of experienced men from the established force and by directing all the instrumentalities of the railway mail and post-office service, so far as necessary, to this new need. Congress passed an act empowering the postmaster-General to establish offices or branches at every military camp or station, and under this authority the postal machinery was speedily put into effective operation. Under the same authority, when our forces moved upon Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines they were attended and followed by the postal service. Though the act of Congress authorized the appointment of postmasters where necessary, it was early determined that the public interests would best be subserved, not by new designations, but by the detail of experienced men familiar with every branch of the service, and this policy was steadily followed. When the territory which was the theater of conflict came into our possession, it became necessary to reestablish mail facilities for the resident population as well as to provide them for our forces of occupation, and the former requirement was met through the extension and application of the latter obligation. I gave the requisite authority, and the same general principle was applied to this as to other branches of civil administration under military occupation. The details are more particularly given in the report of the postmaster-General, and, while the work is only just begun, it is pleasing to be able to say that the service in the territory which has come under our control is already materially improved. The following recommendations of the Secretary of the Navy relative to the increase of the Navy have my earnest approval: 1. Three seagoing sheathed and coppered battle ships of about 13,500 tons trial displacement, carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class, and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $3,600,000 each. 2. Three sheathed and coppered armored cruisers of about 12,000 tons trial displacement, carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class, and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $4,000,000 each. 3. Three sheathed and coppered protected cruisers of about 6,000 tons trial displacement, to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action, and to carry the most powerful ordnance suitable for vessels of their class. Estimated cost, exclusive of armor and armament, $2,150,000 each. 4. Six sheathed and coppered cruisers of about 2,500 tons trial dis. placement, to have the highest speed compatible with good cruising qualities, great radius of action, and to carry the most powerful ordnance suited to vessels of their class. Estimated cost, exclusive of armament, $1,141,800 each. I join with the Secretary of the Navy in recommending that grades of admiral and vice-admiral be temporarily revived, to be filled by officers who have specially distinguished themselves in the war with Spain. I earnestly urge upon Congress the importance of early legislation providing for the taking of the Twelfth Census. This is necessary in view of the large amount of work which must be performed in the preparation of the schedules preparatory to the enumeration of the population. There were on the pension rolls on June 30, 1898, 993,714 names, an increase of nearly 18,000 over the number on the rolls on the same day of the preceding year. The amount appropriated by the act of December 22, 1896, for the payment of pensions for the fiscal year of 1898 was $140,000,000. Eight million seventy thousand eight hundred and seventy-two dollars and forty-six cents was appropriated by the act of March 31, 1898, to cover deficiencies in army pensions, and repayments in the sum of $12,020.33, making a total of $148,082,892.79 available for the payment of pensions during the fiscal year 1898. The amount disbursed from that sum was $144,651,879.80, leaving a balance of $3,431,012.99 unexpended on the 30th of June, 1898, which was covered into the Treasury. There were 389 names added to the rolls during the year by special acts passed at the second session of the Fifty-fifth Congress, making a total of 6,486 pensioners by Congressional enactments since 1861. The total receipts of the Patent Office during the past year were $1,253,948.44. The expenditures were $1,081,633.79, leaving a surplus of $172,314.65. The public lands disposed of by the Government during the year reached 8,453,896.92 acres, an increase of 614,780.26 acres over the previous year. The total receipts from public lands during the fiscal year amounted to $2,277,995.18, an increase of $190,063.90 over the preceding year. The lands embraced in the eleven forest reservations which were suspended by the act of June 4, 1897, again became subject to the operations of the proclamations of February 22, 1897, creating them, which added an estimated amount of 19,951,360 acres to the area embraced in the reserves previously created. In addition thereto two new reserves were created during the year--the Pine Mountain and Zaca Lake Reserve, in California, embracing 1,644,594 acres, and the Prescott Reserve, in Arizona, embracing 10,240 acres--while the Pecos River Reserve, in New Mexico, has been changed and enlarged to include 120,000 additional acres. At the close of the year thirty forest reservations, not including those of the Afognak Forest and the Fish-Culture Reserve, in Alaska, had been created by Executive proclamations under section 24 of the act of March 3, 1891, embracing an estimated area of 40,719,474 acres. The Department of the Interior has inaugurated a forest system, made possible by the act of July, 1898, for a graded force of officers in control of the reserves. This system has only been in full operation since August, but good results have already been secured in many sections. The reports received indicate that the system of patrol has not only prevented destructive fires from gaining headway, but has diminished the number of fires. The special attention of the Congress is called to that part of the report of the Secretary of the Interior in relation to the Five Civilized Tribes. It is noteworthy that the general condition of the Indians shows marked progress. But one outbreak of a serious character occurred during the year, and that among the Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, which happily has been suppressed. While it has not yet been practicable to enforce all the provisions of the act of June 28, 1898, "for the protection of the people of the Indian Territory, and for other purposes," it is having a salutary effect upon the nations composing the five tribes. The Dawes Commission reports that the most gratifying results and greater advance toward the attainment of the objects of the Government have been secured in the past year than in any previous year. I can not too strongly indorse the recommendation of the commission and of the Secretary of the Interior for the necessity of providing for the education of the 30,000 white children resident in the Indian Territory. The Department of Agriculture has been active in the past year. Explorers have been sent to many of the countries of the Eastern and Western hemispheres for seeds and plants that may be useful to the United States, and with the further view of opening up markets for our surplus products. The Forestry Division of the Department is giving special attention to the treeless regions of our country and is introducing species specially adapted to semiarid regions. Forest fires, which seriously interfere with production, especially in irrigated regions, are being studied, that losses from this because may be avoided. The Department is inquiring into the use and abuse of water in many States of the West, and collating information regarding the laws of the States, the decisions of the courts, and the customs of the people in this regard, so that uniformity may be secured. Experiment stations are becoming more effective every year. The annual appropriation of $720,000 by Congress is supplemented by $400,000 from the States. Nation-wide experiments have been conducted to ascertain the suitableness as to soil and climate and States for growing sugar beets. The number of sugar factories has been doubled in the past two years, and the ability of the United States to produce its own sugar from this source has been clearly demonstrated. The Weather Bureau forecast and observation stations have been extended around the Caribbean Sea, to give early warning of the approach of hurricanes from the south seas to our fleets and merchant marine. In the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of Washington for the permanent capital of the Government of the United States by authority of an act of Congress approved July 16, 1790. In May, 1800, the archives and general offices of the Federal Government were removed to this place. On the 17th of November, 1800, the National Congress met here for the first time and assumed exclusive control of the Federal district and city. This interesting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the circumstances attending the choosing of the site, the naming of the capital in honor of the Father of his Country, and the interest taken by him in the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale. These original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have foreseen. The people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive beauty and government of the capital and of the rare instruments of science and education which here find their natural home. A movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniversary celebrated with fitting ceremonies, including, perhaps, the establishment of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion and to give it more than local recognition, has met with general favor on the part of the public. I recommend to the Congress the granting of an appropriation for this purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies. It might also be advisable to authorize the President to appoint a committee from the country at large, which, acting with the Congressional and District of Columbia committees, can complete the plans for an appropriate national celebration. The alien contract law is shown by experience to need some amendment; a measure providing better protection for seamen is proposed; the rightful application of the eight-hour law for the benefit of labor and of the principle of arbitration are suggested for consideration; and I commend these subjects to the careful attention of the Congress. The several departmental reports will be laid before you. They give in great detail the conduct of the affairs of the Government during the past year and discuss many questions upon which the Congress may feel called upon to act.
notwithstanding the added burdens rendered necessary by the war our people rejoice in a very satisfactory and steadily increasing degree of prosperity evidenced by the largest volume of business ever recorded manufacture has been productive agricultural pursuits have yielded abundant returns labor in all fields of industry is better rewarded revenue legislation passed by the present congress has increased the treasury receipts to the amount estimated by its authors the finances of the government have been successfully administered and its credit advanced to the first rank while its currency has been maintained at the world highest standard military service under a common flag and for a righteous because has strengthened the national spirit and served to cement more closely than ever the fraternal bonds between every section of the country a review of the relation of the united states to other powers always appropriate is this year of primary importance in view of the momentous issues which have arisen demanding in one instance the ultimate determination by arms and involving consequences which will require the earnest attention of the congress in my last annual message very full consideration was given to the question of the duty of the government of the united states toward spain and the cuban insurrection as being by far the most important problem with which we were then called upon to deal the considerations then advanced and the exposition of the views therein expressed disclosed my sense of the extreme gravity of the situation setting aside as logically unfounded or practically inadmissible the recognition of the cuban insurgents as belligerents the recognition of the independence of cuba neutral intervention to end the war by imposing a rational compromise between the contestants intervention in favor of one or the other party and forcible annexation of the island i concluded it was honestly due to our friendly relations with spain that she should be given a reasonable chance to realize her expectations of reform to which she had become irrevocably committed within a few weeks previously she had announced comprehensive plans which it was confidently asserted would be efficacious to remedy the evils so deeply affecting our own country so injurious to the true interests of the mother country as well as to those of cuba and so repugnant to the universal sentiment of humanity the ensuing month brought little sign of real progress toward the pacification of cuba the autonomous administrations set up in the capital and some of the principal cities appeared not to gain the favor of the inhabitants nor to be able to extend their influence to the large extent of territory held by the insurgents while the military arm obviously unable to cope with the still active rebellion continued many of the most objectionable and offensive policies of the government that had preceded it no tangible relief was afforded the vast numbers of unhappy reconcentrados despite the reiterated professions made in that regard and the amount appropriated by spain to that end the proffered expedient of zones of cultivation proved illusory indeed no less practical nor more delusive promises of succor could well have been tendered to the exhausted and destitute people stripped of all that made life and home dear and herded in a strange region among unsympathetic strangers hardly less necessitous than themselves by the end of december the mortality among them had frightfully increased conservative estimates from spanish sources placed the deaths among these distressed people at over 40 per cent from the time general weyler decree of reconcentration was enforced with the acquiescence of the spanish authorities a scheme was adopted for relief by charitable contributions raised in this country and distributed under the direction of the and the several consuls by noble and earnest individual effort through the organized agencies of the american red cross thousands of lives were thus saved but many thousands more were inaccessible to such forms of aid the war continued on the old footing without comprehensive plan developing only the same spasmodic encounters barren of strategic result that had marked the course of the earlier ten years rebellion as well as the present insurrection from its start no alternative save physical exhaustion of either combatant and therewithal the practical ruin of the island lay in sight but how far distant no one could venture to conjecture at this juncture on the 15th of february last occurred the destruction of the battle ship maine while rightfully lying in the harbor of havana on a mission of international courtesy and good will a catastrophe the suspicious nature and horror of which stirred the nation heart profoundly it is a striking evidence of the poise and sturdy good sense distinguishing our national character that this shocking blow falling upon a generous people already deeply touched by preceding events in cuba did not move them to an instant desperate resolve to tolerate no longer the existence of a condition of danger and disorder at our doors that made possible such a deed by whomsoever wrought yet the instinct of justice prevailed and the nation anxiously awaited the result of the searching investigation at once set on foot the finding of the naval board of inquiry established that the origin of the explosion was external by a submarine mine and only halted through lack of positive testimony to fix the responsibility of its authorship all these things carried conviction to the most thoughtful even before the finding of the naval court that a crisis in our relations with spain and toward cuba was at hand so strong was this belief that it needed but a brief executive suggestion to the congress to receive immediate answer to the duty of making instant provision for the possible and perhaps speedily probable emergency of war and the remarkable almost unique spectacle was presented of a unanimous vote of both houses on the 9th of march appropriating for the national defense and for each and every purpose connected therewith to be expended at the discretion of the president that this act of prevision came none too soon was disclosed when the application of the fund was undertaken our coasts were practically undefended our navy needed large provision for increased ammunition and supplies and even numbers to cope with any sudden attack from the navy of spain which comprised modern vessels of the highest type of continental perfection our army also required enlargement of men and munitions the details of the hurried preparation for the dreaded contingency are told in the reports of the secretaries of war and of the navy and need not be repeated here it is sufficient to say that the outbreak of war when it did come found our nation not unprepared to meet the conflict nor was the apprehension of coming strife confined to our own country it was felt by the continental powers which on april 6 through their ambassadors and envoys addressed to the executive an expression of hope that humanity and moderation might mark the course of this government and people and that further negotiations would lead to an agreement which while securing the maintenance of peace would afford all necessary guaranties for the reestablishment of order in cuba in responding to that representation i said i shared the hope the envoys had expressed that peace might be preserved in a manner to terminate the chronic condition of disturbance in cuba so injurious and menacing to our interests and tranquillity as well as shocking to our sentiments of humanity and while appreciating the humanitarian and disinterested character of the communication they had made on behalf of the powers i stated the confidence of this government for its part that equal appreciation would be shown for its own earnest and unselfish endeavors to fulfill a duty to humanity by ending a situation the indefinite prolongation of which had become insufferable still animated by the hope of a peaceful solution and obeying the dictates of duty no effort was relaxed to bring about a speedy ending of the cuban struggle negotiations to this object continued actively with the government of spain looking to the immediate conclusion of a six months armistice in cuba with a view to effect the recognition of her people right to independence besides this the instant revocation of the order of reconcentration was asked so that the sufferers returning to their homes and aided by united american and spanish effort might be put in a way to support themselves and by orderly resumption of the destroyed productive energies of the island contribute to the restoration of its tranquillity and negotiations continued for some little time at madrid resulting in offers by the spanish government which could not but be regarded as inadequate it was proposed to confide the preparation of peace to the insular parliament yet to be convened under the autonomous decrees of november 1897 but without impairment in any wise of the constitutional powers of the madrid government which to that end would grant an armistice if solicited by the insurgents for such time as the general in chief might see fit to fix how and with what scope of discretionary powers the insular parliament was expected to set about the preparation of peace did not appear if it were to be by negotiation with the insurgents the issue seemed to rest on the one side with a body chosen by a fraction of the electors in the districts under spanish control and on the other with the insurgent population holding the interior country unrepresented in the parliament and defiant at the suggestion of suing for peace grieved and disappointed at this barren outcome of my sincere endeavors to reach a practicable solution i felt it my duty to remit the whole question to the congress in the message of april 11 1898 i announced that with this last overture in the direction of immediate peace in cuba and its disappointing reception by spain the effort of the executive was brought to an end i again reviewed the alternative courses of action which had been proposed concluding that the only one consonant with international policy and compatible with our historical traditions was intervention as a neutral to stop the war and check the hopeless sacrifice of life even though that resort involved hostile constraint upon both the parties to the contest as well to enforce a truce as to guide the eventual settlement the grounds justifying that step were the interests of humanity the duty to protect the life and property of our citizens in cuba the right to check injury to our commerce and people through the devastation of the island and most important the need of removing at once and forever the constant menace and the burdens entailed upon our government by the uncertainties and perils of the situation caused by the unendurable disturbance in cuba i said the long trial has proved that the object for which spain has waged the war can not be attained the fire of insurrection may flame or may smolder with varying seasons but it has not been and it is plain that it can not be extinguished by present methods the only hope of relief and repose from a condition which can no longer be endured is the enforced pacification of cuba in the name of humanity in the name of civilization in behalf of endangered american interests which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act the war in cuba must stop in view of all this the congress was asked to authorize and empower the president to take measures to secure a full and final termination of hostilities between spain and the people of cuba and to secure in the island the establishment of a stable government capable of maintaining order and observing its international obligations insuring peace and tranquillity and the security of its citizens as well as our own and for the accomplishment of those ends to use the military and naval forces of the united states as might be necessary with added authority to continue generous relief to the starving people of cuba the response of the congress after nine days of earnest deliberation during which the almost unanimous sentiment of your body was developed on every point save as to the expediency of coupling the proposed action with a formal recognition of the republic of cuba as the true and lawful government of that island a proposition which failed of adoption the congress after conference on the 19th of april by a vote of 42 to 35 in the senate and 311 to 6 in the house of representatives passed the memorable joint resolution declaring first that the people of the island of cuba are and of right ought to be free and independent second that it is the duty of the united states to demand and the government of the united states does hereby demand that the government of spain at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of cuba and withdraw its land and naval forces from cuba and cuban waters third that the president of the united states be and he hereby is directed and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the united states and to call into the actual service of the united states the militia of the several states to such extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect fourth that the united states hereby disclaims any disposition or intention to exercise sovereignty jurisdiction or control over said island except for the pacification thereof and asserts its determination when that is accomplished to leave the government and control of the island to its people this resolution was approved by the executive on the next day april 20 a copy was at once communicated to the spanish minister at this capital who forthwith announced that his continuance in washington had thereby become impossible and asked for his passports which were given him he thereupon withdrew from washington leaving the protection of spanish interests in the united states to the french ambassador and the minister simultaneously with its communication to the spanish minister here general woodford the american minister at madrid was telegraphed confirmation of the text of the joint resolution and directed to communicate it to the government of spain with the formal demand that it at once relinquish its authority and government in the island of cuba and withdraw its forces therefrom coupling this demand with announcement of the intentions of this government as to the future of the island in conformity with the fourth clause of the resolution and giving spain until noon of april 23 to reply that demand although as above shown officially made known to the spanish envoy here was not delivered at madrid after the instruction reached general woodford on the morning of april 21 but before he could present it the spanish minister of state notified him that upon the president approval of the joint resolution the madrid government regarding the act as equivalent to an evident declaration of war had ordered its minister in washington to withdraw thereby breaking off diplomatic relations between the two countries and ceasing all official communication between their respective representatives general woodford thereupon demanded his passports and quitted madrid the same day spain having thus denied the demand of the united states and initiated that complete form of rupture of relations which attends a state of war the executive powers authorized by the resolution were at once used by me to meet the enlarged contingency of actual war between sovereign states on april 22 i proclaimed a blockade of the north coast of cuba including ports on said coast between cardenas and bahia honda and the port of cienfuegos on the south coast of cuba and on the 23d i called for volunteers to execute the purpose of the resolution by my message of april 25 the congress was informed of the situation and i recommended formal declaration of the existence of a state of war between the united states and spain the congress accordingly voted on the same day the act approved april 25 1898 declaring the existence of such war from and including the 21st day of april and reenacted the provision of the resolution of april 20 directing the president to use all the armed forces of the nation to carry that act into due notification of the existence of war as aforesaid was given april 25 by telegraph to all the governments with which the united states maintain relations in order that their neutrality might be assured during the war the various governments responded with proclamations of neutrality each after its own methods it is not among the least gratifying incidents of the struggle that the obligations of neutrality were impartially discharged by all often under delicate and difficult circumstances in further fulfillment of international duty i issued april 26 1893 a proclamation announcing the treatment proposed to be accorded to vessels and their cargoes as to blockade contraband the exercise of the right of search and the immunity of neutral flags and neutral goods under enemy flag a similar proclamation was made by the spanish government in the conduct of hostilities the rules of the declaration of paris including abstention from resort to privateering have accordingly been observed by both belligerents although neither was a party to that declaration our country thus after an interval of half a century of peace with all nations found itself engaged in deadly conflict with a foreign enemy every nerve was strained to meet the emergency the response to the initial call for volunteers was instant and complete as was also the result of the second call of may 25 for additional volunteers the ranks of the regular army were increased to the limits provided by the act of april 26 1898 the enlisted force of the navy on the 15th day of august when it reached its maximum numbered men and apprentices one hundred and three vessels were added to the navy by purchase 1 was presented to the government 1 leased and the 4 vessels of the international navigation company the paul louis new york and paris were chartered in addition to these the revenue cutters and lighthouse tenders were turned over to the navy department and became temporarily a part of the auxiliary navy the maximum effective fighting force of the navy during the war separated into classes was as follows four battle ships of the first class 1 battle ship of the second class 2 armored cruisers 6 monitors 1 armored ram 12 protected cruisers 3 unprotected cruisers 18 gunboats 1 dynamite cruiser 11 torpedo boats vessels of the old navy including monitors 14 auxiliary navy 11 auxiliary cruisers 28 converted yachts 27 converted tugs 19 converted colliers 15 revenue cutters 4 tenders and 19 miscellaneous vessels much alarm was felt along our entire atlantic seaboard lest some attack might be made by the enemy every precaution was taken to prevent possible injury to our great cities lying along the coast temporary garrisons were provided drawn from the state militia infantry and light batteries were drawn from the volunteer force about troops were thus employed the coast signal service was established for observing the approach of an enemy ships to the coast of the united states and the and services cooperated which enabled the navy department to have all portions of the atlantic coast from maine to texas under observation the auxiliary navy was created under the authority of congress and was officered and manned by the naval militia of the several states this organization patrolled the coast and performed the duty of a second line of defense under the direction of the chief of engineers submarine mines were placed at the most exposed points before the outbreak of the war permanent mining casemates and cable galleries had been constructed at nearly all important harbors most of the torpedo material was not to be found in the market and had to be specially manufactured under date of april 19 district officers were directed to take all preliminary measures short of the actual attaching of the loaded mines to the cables and on april 22 telegraphic orders were issued to place the loaded mines in position the aggregate number of mines placed was at the principal harbors from maine to california preparations were also made for the planting of mines at certain other harbors but owing to the early destruction of the spanish fleet these mines were not placed the signal corps was promptly organized and performed service of the most difficult and important character its operations during the war covered the electrical connection of all coast fortifications the establishment of telephonic and telegraphic facilities for the camps at manila santiago and in puerto rico there were constructed 300 miles of line at ten great camps thus facilitating military movements from those points in a manner heretofore unknown in military administration field telegraph lines were established and maintained under the enemy fire at manila and later the cable was reopened in puerto rico cable communications were opened over a discontinued route and on land the headquarters of the commanding officer was kept in telegraphic or telephonic communication with the division commanders on four different lines of operations there was placed in cuban waters a completely outfitted cable ship with war cables and cable gear suitable both for the destruction of communications belonging to the enemy and the establishment of our own two ocean cables were destroyed under the enemy batteries at santiago the day previous to the landing of general shafter corps at caimanera within 20 miles of the landing place cable communications were established and a cable station opened giving direct communication with the government at washington this service was invaluable to the executive in directing the operations of the army and navy with a total force of over the loss was by disease in camp and field officers and men included only 5 the fund of was expended in large part by the army and navy and the objects for which it was used are fully shown in the reports of the several secretaries it was a most timely appropriation enabling the government to strengthen its defenses and make preparations greatly needed in case of war this fund being inadequate to the requirements of equipment and for the conduct of the war the patriotism of the congress provided the means in the act of june 13 by authorizing a 3 per cent popular loan not to exceed and by levying additional imposts and taxes of the authorized loan were offered and promptly taken the subscriptions so far exceeding the call as to cover it many times over while preference being given to the smaller bids no single allotment exceeded this was a most encouraging and significant result showing the vast resources of the nation and the determination of the people to uphold their country honor it is not within the province of this message to narrate the history of the extraordinary war that followed the spanish declaration of april 21 but a brief recital of its more salient features is appropriate the first encounter of the war in point of date took place april 27 when a detachment of the blockading squadron made a reconnoissance in force at matanzas shelled the harbor forts and demolished several new works in construction the next engagement was destined to mark a memorable epoch in maritime warfare the pacific fleet under commodore george dewey had lain for some weeks at hongkong upon the colonial proclamation of neutrality being issued and the customary hours notice being given it repaired to mirs bay near hongkong whence it proceeded to the philippine islands under telegraphed orders to capture or destroy the formidable spanish fleet then assembled at manila at daybreak on the 1st of may the american force entered manila bay and after a few hours engagement effected the total destruction of the spanish fleet consisting of ten war ships and a transport besides capturing the naval station and forts at cavite thus annihilating the spanish naval power in the pacific ocean and completely controlling the bay of manila with the ability to take the city at will not a life was lost on our ships the wounded only numbering seven while not a vessel was materially injured for this gallant achievement the congress upon my recommendation fitly bestowed upon the actors preferment and substantial reward the effect of this remarkable victory upon the spirit of our people and upon the fortunes of the war was instant a prestige of invincibility thereby attached to our arms which continued throughout the struggle reenforcements were hurried to manila under the command of merritt and firmly established within sight of the capital which lay helpless before our guns on the 7th day of may the government was advised officially of the victory at manila and at once inquired of the commander of our fleet what troops would be required the information was received on the 15th day of may and the first army expedition sailed may 25 and arrived off manila june 30 other expeditions soon followed the total force consisting of 641 officers and enlisted men only reluctance to because needless loss of life and property prevented the early storming and capture of the city and therewith the absolute military occupancy of the whole group the insurgents meanwhile had resumed the active hostilities suspended by the uncompleted truce of december 1897 their forces invested manila from the northern and eastern sides but were constrained by admiral dewey and general merrill from attempting an assault it was fitting that whatever was to be done in the way of decisive operations in that quarter should be accomplished by the strong arm of the united states alone obeying the stern precept of war which enjoins the overcoming of the adversary and the extinction of his power wherever assailable as the speedy and sure means to win a peace divided victory was not permissible for no partition of the rights and responsibilities attending the enforcement of a just and advantageous peace could be thought of following the comprehensive scheme of general attack powerful forces were assembled at various points on our coast to invade cuba and puerto rico meanwhile naval demonstrations were made at several exposed points on may 11 the cruiser wilmington and torpedo boat winslow were unsuccessful in an attempt to silence the batteries at cardenas a gallant ensign worth bagley and four seamen falling these grievous fatalities were strangely enough among the very few which occurred during our naval operations in this extraordinary conflict meanwhile the spanish naval preparations had been pushed with great vigor a powerful squadron under admiral cervera which had assembled at the cape verde islands before the outbreak of hostilities had crossed the ocean and by its erratic movements in the caribbean sea delayed our military plans while baffling the pursuit of our fleets for a time fears were felt lest the oregon and marietta then nearing home after their long voyage from san francisco of over miles might be surprised by admiral cervera fleet but their fortunate arrival dispelled these apprehensions and lent reenforcement not until admiral cervera took refuge in the harbor of santiago de cuba about may 19 was it practicable to plan a systematic naval and military attack upon the antillean possessions of spain several demonstrations occurred on the coasts of cuba and puerto rico in preparation for the larger event on may 13 the north atlantic squadron shelled san juan de puerto rico on may 30 commodore schley squadron bombarded the forts guarding the mouth of santiago harbor neither attack had any material result it was evident that land operations were indispensable to achieve a decisive advantage the next act in the war thrilled not alone the hearts of our countrymen but the world by its exceptional heroism on the night of june 3 lieutenant hobson aided by seven devoted volunteers blocked the narrow outlet from santiago harbor by sinking the collier merrimac in the channel under a fierce fire from the shore batteries escaping with their lives as by a miracle but falling into the hands of the spaniards it is a most gratifying incident of the war that the bravery of this little band of heroes was cordially appreciated by the spanish admiral who sent a flag of truce to notify admiral sampson of their safety and to compliment them on their daring act they were subsequently exchanged july 7 by june 7 the cutting of the last cuban cable isolated the island thereafter the invasion was vigorously prosecuted on june 10 under a heavy protecting fire a landing of 600 marines from the oregon marblehead and yankee was effected in guantanamo bay where it had been determined to establish a naval station this important and essential port was taken from the enemy after severe fighting by the marines who were the first organized force of the united states to land in cuba the position so won was held despite desperate attempts to dislodge our forces by june 16 additional forces were landed and strongly on june 22 the advance of the invading army under shafter landed at daiquiri about 15 miles east of santiago this was accomplished under great difficulties but with marvelous dispatch on june 23 the movement against santiago was begun on the 24th the first serious engagement took place in which the first and tenth cavalry and the first united states volunteer cavalry general young brigade of general wheeler division participated losing heavily by nightfall however ground within 5 miles of santiago was won the advantage was steadily increased on july 1 a severe battle took place our forces gaining the outworks of santiago on the 2d el caney and san juan were taken after a desperate charge and the investment of the city was completed the navy cooperated by shelling the town and the coast forts on the day following this brilliant achievement of our land forces the 3d of july occurred the decisive naval combat of the war the spanish fleet attempting to leave the harbor was met by the american squadron under command of commodore sampson in less than three hours all the spanish ships were destroyed the two torpedo boats being sunk and the maria teresa almirante oquendo vizcaya and cristobal colon driven ashore the spanish admiral and over men were taken prisoners while the enemy loss of life was deplorably large some 600 perishing on our side but one man was killed on the brooklyn and one man seriously wounded although our ships were repeatedly struck not one was seriously injured where all so conspicuously distinguished themselves from the commanders to the gunners and the unnamed heroes in the boiler rooms each and all contributing toward the achievement of this astounding victory for which neither ancient nor modern history affords a parallel in the completeness of the event and the marvelous disproportion of casualties it would be invidious to single out any for especial honor deserved promotion has rewarded the more conspicuous actors the nation profoundest gratitude is due to all of these brave men who by their skill and devotion in a few short hours crushed the sea power of spain and wrought a triumph whose decisiveness and consequences can scarcely be measured nor can we be unmindful of the achievements of our builders mechanics and artisans for their skill in the construction of our war ships with the catastrophe of santiago spain effort upon the ocean virtually ceased a spasmodic effort toward the end of june to send her mediterranean fleet under admiral camara to relieve manila was abandoned the expedition being recalled after it had passed through the suez canal the capitulation of santiago followed the city was closely besieged by land while the entrance of our ships into the harbor cut off all relief on that side after a truce to allow of the removal of noncombatants protracted negotiations continued from july 3 until july 15 when under menace of immediate assault the preliminaries of surrender were agreed upon on the 17th general shafter occupied the city the capitulation embraced the entire eastern end of cuba the number of spanish soldiers surrendering was all of whom were subsequently conveyed to spain at the charge of the united states the story of this successful campaign is told in the report of the secretary of war which will be laid before you the individual valor of officers and soldiers was never more strikingly shown than in the several engagements leading to the surrender of santiago while the prompt movements and successive victories won instant and universal applause to those who gained this complete triumph which established the ascendency of the united states upon land as the fight off santiago had fixed our supremacy on the seas the earnest and lasting gratitude of the nation is unsparingly due nor should we alone remember the gallantry of the living the dead claim our tears and our losses by battle and disease must cloud any exultation at the result and teach us to weigh the awful cost of war however rightful the because or signal the victory with the fall of santiago the occupation of puerto rico became the next strategic necessity general miles had previously been assigned to organize an expedition for that purpose fortunately he was already at santiago where he had arrived on the 11th of july with reenforcements for general shafter army with these troops consisting of infantry and artillery two companies of engineers and one company of the signal corps general miles left guantanamo on july 21 having nine transports convoyed by the fleet under captain higginson with the massachusetts flagship dixie gloucester columbia and yale the two latter carrying troops the expedition landed at guanica july 25 which port was entered with little opposition here the fleet was joined by the annapolis and the wasp while the puritan and amphitrite went to san juan and joined the new orleans which was engaged in blockading that port the commanding was subsequently reenforced by general schwan brigade of the third army corps by general wilson with a part of his division and also by general brooke with a part of his corps numbering in all officers and men on july 27 he entered ponce one of the most important ports in the island from which he thereafter directed operations for the capture of the island with the exception of encounters with the enemy at guayama hormigueros coamo and yauco and an attack on a force landed at cape san juan there was no serious resistance the campaign was prosecuted with great vigor and by the 12th of august much of the island was in our possession and the acquisition of the remainder was only a matter of a short time at most of the points in the island our troops were enthusiastically welcomed protestations of loyalty to the flag and gratitude for delivery from spanish rule met our commanders at every stage as a potent influence toward peace the outcome of the puerto rican expedition was of great consequence and generous commendation is due to those who participated in it the last scene of the war was enacted at manila its starting place on august 15 after a brief assault upon the works by the land forces in which the squadron assisted the capital surrendered unconditionally the casualties were comparatively few by this the conquest of the philippine islands virtually accomplished when the spanish capacity for resistance was destroyed by admiral dewey victory of the 1st of may was formally sealed to general merrill his officers and men for their uncomplaining and devoted service and for their gallantry in action the nation is sincerely grateful their long voyage was made with singular success and the soldierly conduct of the men most of whom were without previous experience in the military service deserves unmeasured praise the total casualties in killed and wounded in the army during the war with spain were officers killed 23 enlisted men killed 257 total 280 officers wounded 113 enlisted men wounded total of the navy killed 17 wounded 67 died as result of wounds 1 invalided from service 6 total 91 it will be observed that while our navy was engaged in two great battles and in numerous perilous undertakings in blockade and bombardment and more than of our troops were transported to distant lands and were engaged in assault and siege and battle and many skirmishes in unfamiliar territory we lost in both arms of the service a total of killed and wounded and in the entire campaign by land and sea we did not lose a gun or a flag or a transport or a ship and with the exception of the crew of the merrimac not a soldier or sailor was taken prisoner on august 7 days from the date of the landing of general shafter army in cuba and days from the surrender of santiago the united states troops commenced embarkation for home and our entire force was returned to the united states as early as august 24 they were absent from the united states only two months it is fitting that i should bear testimony to the patriotism and devotion of that large portion of our army which although eager to be ordered to the post of greatest exposure fortunately was not required outside of the united states they did their whole duty and like their comrades at the front have earned the gratitude of the nation in like manner the officers and men of the army and of the navy who remained in their departments and stations faithfully performing most important duties connected with the war and whose requests for assignment in the field and at sea i was compelled to refuse because their services were indispensable here are entitled to the highest commendation it is my regret that there seems to be no provision for their suitable recognition in this connection it is a pleasure for me to mention in terms of cordial appreciation the timely and useful work of the american national red cross both in relief measures preparatory to the campaigns in sanitary assistance at several of the camps of assemblage and later under the able and experienced leadership of the president of the society miss clara barton on the fields of battle and in the hospitals at the front in cuba working in conjunction with the governmental authorities and under their sanction and approval and with the enthusiastic cooperation of many patriotic women and societies in the various states the red cross has fully maintained its already high reputation for intense earnestness and ability to exercise the noble purposes of its international organization thus justifying the confidence and support which it has received at the hands of the american people to the members and officers of this society and all who aided them in their philanthropic work the sincere and lasting gratitude of the soldiers and the public is due and is freely accorded in tracing these events we are constantly reminded of our obligations to the divine master for his watchful care over us and his safe guidance for which the nation makes reverent acknowledgment and offers humble prayer for the continuance of his favor the annihilation of admiral cervera fleet followed by the capitulation of santiago having brought to the spanish government a realizing sense of the hopelessness of continuing a struggle now become wholly unequal it made overtures of peace through the french ambassador who with the assent of his government had acted as the friendly representative of spanish interests during the war on the 26th of july cambon presented a communication signed by the duke of almodovar the spanish minister of state inviting the united states to state the terms upon which it would be willing to make peace on the 30th of july by a communication addressed to the duke of almodovar and handed to cambon the terms of this government were announced substantially as in the protocol afterwards signed on the 10th of august the spanish reply dated august 7 was handed by cambon to the secretary of state it accepted unconditionally the terms imposed as to cuba puerto rico and an island of the ladrones group but appeared to seek to introduce inadmissible reservations in regard to our demand as to the philippine islands conceiving that discussion on this point could neither be practical nor profitable i directed that in order to avoid misunderstanding the matter should be forthwith closed by proposing the embodiment in a formal protocol of the terms upon which the negotiations for peace were to be undertaken the vague and inexplicit suggestions of the spanish note could not be accepted the only reply being to present as a virtual ultimatum a draft of protocol embodying the precise terms tendered to spain in our note of july 30 with added stipulations of detail as to the appointment of commissioners to arrange for the evacuation of the spanish antilles on august 12 cambon announced his receipt of full powers to sign the protocol so submitted accordingly on the afternoon of august 12 cambon as the plenipotentiary of spain and the secretary of state as the plenipotentiary of the united states signed a protocol providing article spain will relinquish all claim of sovereignty over and title to cuba art ii spain will cede to the united states the island of puerto rico and other islands now under spanish sovereignty in the west indies and also an island in the ladrones to be selected by the united states art iii the united states will occupy and hold the city bay and harbor of manila pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control disposition and government of the philippines the fourth article provided for the appointment of joint commissions on the part of the united states and spain to meet in havana and san juan respectively for the purpose of arranging and carrying out the details of the stipulated evacuation of cuba puerto rico and other spanish islands in the west indies the fifth article provided for the appointment of not more than five commissioners on each side to meet at paris not later than october 1 and to proceed to the negotiation and conclusion of a treaty of peace subject to ratification according to the respective constitutional forms of the two countries the sixth and last article provided that upon the signature of the protocol hostilities between the two countries should be suspended and that notice to that effect should be given as soon as possible by each government to the commanders of its military and naval forces immediately upon the conclusion of the protocol i issued a proclamation of august 12 suspending hostilities on the part of the united states the necessary orders to that end were at once given by telegraph the blockade of the ports of cuba and san juan de puerto rico was in like manner raised on the 18th of august the muster out of volunteers or as near that number as was found to be practicable was ordered on the 1st of december officers and men had been mustered out and discharged from the service and more will be mustered out by the 10th of this month also a corresponding number of general and general staff officers have been honorably discharged the service the military commissions to superintend the evacuation of cuba puerto rico and the adjacent islands were forthwith appointed for cuba james wade william sampson matthew butler for puerto rico major general john brooke winfield schley william gordon who soon afterwards met the spanish commissioners at havana and san juan respectively the puerto rican joint commission speedily accomplished its task and by the 18th of october the evacuation of the island was completed the united states flag was raised over the island at noon on that day the administration of its affairs has been provisionally intrusted to a military governor until the congress shall otherwise provide the cuban joint commission has not yet terminated its labors owing to the difficulties in the way of removing the large numbers of spanish troops still in cuba the evacuation can not be completed before the 1st of january next pursuant to the fifth article of the protocol i appointed william day lately secretary of state cushman davis william frye and george gray senators of the united states and whitelaw reid to be the peace commissioners on the part of the united states proceeding in due season to paris they there met on the 1st of october five commissioners similarly appointed on the part of spain their negotiations have made hopeful progress so that i trust soon to be able to lay a definitive treaty of peace before the senate with a review of the steps leading to its signature i do not discuss at this time the government or the future of the new possessions which will come to us as the result of the war with spain such discussion will be appropriate after the treaty of peace shall be ratified in the meantime and until the congress has legislated otherwise it will be my duty to continue the military governments which have existed since our occupation and give to the people security in life and property and encouragement under a just and beneficent rule as soon as we are in possession of cuba and have pacified the island it will be necessary to give aid and direction to its people to form a government for themselves this should be undertaken at the earliest moment consistent with safety and assured success it is important that our relations with this people shall be of the most friendly character and our commercial relations close and reciprocal it should be our duty to assist in every proper way to build up the waste places of the island encourage the industry of the people and assist them to form a government which shall be free and independent thus realizing the best aspirations of the cuban people spanish rule must be replaced by a just benevolent and humane government created by the people of cuba capable of performing all international obligations and which shall encourage thrift industry and prosperity and promote peace and good will among all of the inhabitants whatever may have been their relations in the past neither revenge nor passion should have a place in the new government until there is complete tranquillity in the island and a stable government inaugurated military occupation will be continued with the one exception of the rupture with spain the intercourse of the united states with the great family of nations has been marked with cordiality and the close of the eventful year finds most of the issues that necessarily arise in the complex relations of sovereign states adjusted or presenting no serious obstacle to a just and honorable solution by amicable agreement a long unsettled dispute as to the extended boundary between the argentine republic and chile stretching along the andean crests from the southern border of the atacama desert to magellan straits nearly a third of the length of the south american continent assumed an acute stage in the early part of the year and afforded to this government occasion to express the hope that the resort to arbitration already contemplated by existing conventions between the parties might prevail despite the grave difficulties arising in its application i am happy to say that arrangements to this end have been perfected the questions of fact upon which the respective commissioners were unable to agree being in course of reference to her britannic majesty for determination a residual difference touching the northern boundary line across the atacama desert for which existing treaties provided no adequate adjustment bids fair to be settled in like manner by a joint commission upon which the united states minister at buenos ayres has been invited to serve as umpire in the last resort i have found occasion to approach the argentine government with a view to removing differences of rate charges imposed upon the cables of an american corporation in the transmission between buenos ayres and the cities of uruguay and brazil of through messages passing from and to the united states although the matter is complicated by exclusive concessions by uruguay and brazil to foreign companies there is strong hope that a good understanding will be reached and that the important channels of commercial communication between the united states and the atlantic cities of south america may be freed from an almost prohibitory discrimination in this relation i may be permitted to express my sense of the fitness of an international agreement whereby the interchange of messages over connecting cables may be regulated on a fair basis of uniformity the world has seen the postal system developed from a congeries of independent and exclusive services into a union of which all countries enjoy the manifold benefits it would be strange were the nations not in time brought to realize that modern civilization which owes so much of its progress to the annihilation of space by the electric force demands that this means of communication be a heritage of all peoples to be administered and regulated in their common behoof a step in this direction was taken when the international convention of 1884 for the protection of submarine cables was signed and the day is i trust not far distant when this medium for the transmission of thought from land to land may be brought within the domain of international concert as completely as is the material carriage of commerce and correspondence upon the face of the waters that divide them the claim of thomas jefferson page against argentina which has been pending many years has been adjusted the sum awarded by the congress of argentina was the sympathy of the american people has justly been offered to the ruler and the people of by reason of the affliction that has lately befallen them in the assassination of the of that historic realm on the 10th of september 1897 a conflict took place at lattimer between a body of striking miners and the sheriff of luzerne county and his deputies in which 22 miners were killed and 44 wounded of whom 10 of the killed and 12 of the wounded were austrian and hungarian subjects this deplorable event naturally aroused the solicitude of the government which on the assumption that the killing and wounding involved the unjustifiable misuse of authority claimed reparation for the sufferers apart from the searching investigation and peremptory action of the authorities of pennsylvania the federal executive took appropriate steps to learn the merits of the case in order to be in a position to meet the urgent complaint of a friendly power the sheriff and his deputies having been indicted for murder were tried and acquitted after protracted proceedings and the hearing of hundreds of witnesses on the ground that the killing was in the line of their official duty to uphold law and preserve public order in the state a representative of the department of justice attended the trial and reported its course fully with all the facts in its possession this government expects to reach a harmonious understanding on the subject with that of notwithstanding the renewed claim of the latter after learning the result of the trial for indemnity for its injured subjects despite the brief time allotted for preparation the exhibits of this country at the universal exposition at brussels in 1897 enjoyed the singular distinction of a larger proportion of awards having regard to the number and classes of articles entered than those of other countries the worth of such a result in making known our national capacity to supply the world markets is obvious exhibitions of this international character are becoming more frequent as the exchanges of commercial countries grow more intimate and varied hardly a year passes that this government is not invited to national participation at some important foreign center but often on too short notice to permit of recourse to congress for the power and means to do so my predecessors have suggested the advisability of providing by a general enactment and a standing appropriation for accepting such invitations and for representation of this country by a commission this plan has my cordial approval i trust that the belgian restrictions on the importation of cattle from the united states originally adopted as a sanitary precaution will at an early day be relaxed as to their present features of hardship and discrimination so as to admit live cattle under due regulation of their slaughter after landing i am hopeful too of favorable change in the belgian treatment of our preserved and salted meats the growth of direct trade between the two countries not alone for belgian consumption and belgian products but by way of transit from and to other continental states has been both encouraging and beneficial no effort will be spared to enlarge its advantages by seeking the removal of needless impediments and by arrangements for increased commercial exchanges the year events in central america deserve more than passing mention a menacing rupture between costa rica and nicaragua was happily composed by the signature of a convention between the parties with the concurrence of the guatemalan representative as a mediator the act being negotiated and signed on board the united states steamer alert then lying in central american waters it is believed that the good offices of our envoy and of the commander of that vessel contributed toward this gratifying outcome in my last annual message the situation was presented with respect to the diplomatic representation of this government in central america created by the association of nicaragua honduras and salvador under the title of the greater republic of central america and the delegation of their international functions to the diet thereof while the representative character of the diet was recognized by my predecessor and has been confirmed during my administration by receiving its accredited envoy and granting exequaturs to consuls commissioned under its authority that recognition was qualified by the distinct understanding that the responsibility of each of the component sovereign republics toward the united states remained wholly unaffected this proviso was needful inasmuch as the compact of the three republics was at the outset an association whereby certain representative functions were delegated to a tripartite commission rather than a federation possessing centralized powers of government and administration in this view of their relation and of the relation of the united states to the several republics a change in the representation of this country in central america was neither recommended by the executive nor initiated by congress thus leaving one of our envoys accredited as heretofore separately to two states of the greater republic nicaragua and salvador and to a third state costa rica which was not a party to the compact while our other envoy was similarly accredited to a union state honduras and a nonunion state guatemala the result has been that the one has presented credentials only to the president of costa rica the other having been received only by the government of guatemala subsequently the three associated republics entered into negotiations for taking the steps forecast in the original compact a convention of their delegates framed for them a federal constitution under the name of the united states of central america and provided for a central federal government and legislature upon ratification by the constituent states the 1st of november last was fixed for the new system to go into operation within a few weeks thereafter the plan was severely tested by revolutionary movements arising with a consequent demand for unity of action on the part of the military power of the federal states to suppress them under this strain the new union seems to have been weakened through the withdrawal of its more important members this government was not officially advised of the installation of the federation and has maintained an attitude of friendly expectancy while in no wise relinquishing the position held from the outset that the responsibilities of the several states toward us remained unaltered by their tentative relations among themselves the nicaragua canal commission under the chairmanship of john walker appointed july 24 1897 under the authority of a provision in the sundry civil act of june 4 of that year has nearly completed its labors and the results of its exhaustive inquiry into the proper route the feasibility and the cost of construction of an interoceanic canal by a nicaraguan route will be laid before you in the performance of its task the commission received all possible courtesy and assistance from the governments of nicaragua and costa rica which thus testified their appreciation of the importance of giving a speedy and practical outcome to the great project that has for so many years engrossed the attention of the respective countries as the scope of the recent inquiry embraced the whole subject with the aim of making plans and surveys for a canal by the most convenient route it necessarily included a review of the results of previous surveys and plans and in particular those adopted by the maritime canal company under its existing concessions from nicaragua and costa rica so that to this extent those grants necessarily hold as essential a part in the deliberations and conclusions of the canal commission as they have held and must needs hold in the discussion of the matter by the congress under these circumstances and in view of overtures made to the governments of nicaragua and costa rica by other parties for a new canal concession predicated on the assumed approaching lapse of the contracts of the maritime canal company with those states i have not hesitated to express my conviction that considerations of expediency and international policy as between the several governments interested in the construction and control of an interoceanic canal by this route require the maintenance of the status quo until the canal commission shall have reported and the united states congress shall have had the opportunity to pass finally upon the whole matter during the present session without prejudice by reason of any change in the existing conditions nevertheless it appears that the government of nicaragua as one of its last sovereign acts before merging its powers in those of the newly formed united states of central america has granted an optional concession to another association to become effective on the expiration of the present grant it does not appear what surveys have been made or what route is proposed under this contingent grant so that an examination of the feasibility of its plans is necessarily not embraced in the report of the canal commission all these circumstances suggest the urgency of some definite action by the congress at this session if the labors of the past are to be utilized and the linking of the atlantic and pacific oceans by a practical waterway is to be realized that the construction of such a maritime highway is now more than ever indispensable to that intimate and ready intercommunication between our eastern and western seaboards demanded by the annexation of the hawaiian islands and the prospective expansion of our influence and commerce in the pacific and that our national policy now more imperatively than ever calls for its control by this government are propositions which i doubt not the congress will duly appreciate and wisely act upon a convention providing for the revival of the late united states and chilean claims commission and the consideration of claims which were duly presented to the late commission but not considered because of the expiration of the time limited for the duration of the commission was signed may 24 1897 and has remained unacted upon by the senate the term therein fixed for effecting the exchange of ratifications having elapsed the convention falls unless the time be extended by amendment which i am endeavoring to bring about with the friendly concurrence of the chilean government the united states has not been an indifferent spectator of the extraordinary events transpiring in the chinese empire whereby portions of its maritime provinces are passing under the control of various european powers but the prospect that the vast commerce which the energy of our citizens and the necessity of our staple productions for chinese uses has built up in those regions may not be prejudiced through any exclusive treatment by the new occupants has obviated the need of our country becoming an actor in the scene our position among nations having a large pacific coast and a constantly expanding direct trade with the farther orient gives us the equitable claim to consideration and friendly treatment in this regard and it will be my aim to subserve our large interests in that quarter by all means appropriate to the constant policy of our government the territories of of and of port arthur and talienwan leased to germany great britain and russia respectively for terms of years will it is announced be open to international commerce during such alien occupation and if no discriminating treatment of american citizens and their trade be found to exist or be hereafter developed the desire of this government would appear to be realized in this relation as showing the volume and value of our exchanges with china and the peculiarly favorable conditions which exist for their expansion in the normal course of trade i refer to the communication addressed to the speaker of the house of representatives by the secretary of the treasury on the 14th of last june with its accompanying letter of the secretary of state recommending an appropriation for a commission to study the commercial and industrial conditions in the chinese empire and report as to the opportunities for and obstacles to the enlargement of markets in china for the raw products and manufactures of the united states action was not taken thereon during the late session i cordially urge that the recommendation receive at your hands the consideration which its importance and timeliness merit meanwhile there may be just ground for disquietude in view of the unrest and revival of the old sentiment of opposition and prejudice to alien people which pervades certain of the chinese provinces as in the case of the attacks upon our citizens in szechuen and at kutien in 1895 the united states minister has been instructed to secure the fullest measure of protection both local and imperial for any menaced american interests and to demand in case of lawless injury to person or property instant reparation appropriate to the case war ships have been stationed at tientsin for more ready observation of the disorders which have invaded even the chinese capital so as to be in a position to act should need arise while a guard of marines has been sent to peking to afford the minister the same measure of authoritative protection as the representatives of other nations have been constrained to employ following close upon the rendition of the award of my predecessor as arbitrator of the claim of the italian subject cerruti against the republic of colombia differences arose between the parties to the arbitration in regard to the scope and extension of the award of which certain articles were contested by colombia while italy claimed their literal fulfillment the award having been made by the president of the united states as an act of friendly consideration and with the sole view to an impartial composition of the matter in dispute i could not but feel deep concern at such a miscarriage and while unable to accept the colombian theory that i in my official capacity possessed continuing functions as arbitrator with power to interpret or revise the terms of the award my best efforts were lent to bring the parties to a harmonious agreement as to the execution of its provisions a naval demonstration by italy resulted in an engagement to pay the liabilities claimed upon their ascertainment but this apparent disposition of the controversy was followed by a rupture of diplomatic intercourse between colombia and italy which still continues although fortunately without acute symptoms having supervened notwithstanding this efforts are reported to be continuing for the ascertainment of colombia contingent liability on account of cerruti debts under the fifth article of the award a claim of an american citizen against the dominican republic for a public bridge over the ozama river which has been in diplomatic controversy for several years has been settled by expert arbitration and an award in favor of the claimant amounting to about it however remains unpaid despite urgent demands for its settlement according to the terms of the compact there is now every prospect that the participation of the united states in the universal exposition to be held in paris in 1900 will be on a scale commensurate with the advanced position held by our products and industries in the world chief marts the preliminary report of moses handy who under the act approved july 19 1897 was appointed special commissioner with a view to securing all attainable information necessary to a full and complete understanding by congress in regard to the participation of this government in the paris exposition was laid before you by my message of december 6 1897 and showed the large opportunities opened to make known our national progress in arts science and manufactures as well as the urgent need of immediate and adequate provision to enable due advantage thereof to be taken mr handy death soon afterwards rendered it necessary for another to take up and complete his unfinished work and on january 11 last thomas cridler third assistant secretary of state was designated to fulfill that task his report was laid before you by my message of june 14 1898 with the gratifying result of awakening renewed interest in the projected display by a provision in the sundry civil appropriation act of july 1 1898 a sum not to exceed was allotted for the organization of a commission to care for the proper preparation and installation of american exhibits and for the display of suitable exhibits by the several executive departments particularly by the department of agriculture the fish commission and the smithsonian institution in representation of the government of the united states pursuant to that enactment i appointed ferdinand peck of chicago with an assistant and a secretary peck at once proceeded to paris where his success in enlarging the scope and variety of the united states exhibit has been most gratifying notwithstanding the comparatively limited area of the exposition site less than that of the world fair at chicago the space assigned to the united states has been increased from the absolute allotment of square feet reported by mr handy to some square feet with corresponding augmentation of the field for a truly characteristic representation of the various important branches of our country development peck report will be laid before you in my judgment its recommendations will call for your early consideration especially as regards an increase of the appropriation to at least one million dollars in all so that not only may the assigned space be fully taken up by the best possible exhibits in every class but the preparation and installation be on so perfect a scale as to rank among the first in that unparalleled competition of artistic and inventive production and thus counterbalance the disadvantage with which we start as compared with other countries whose appropriations are on a more generous scale and whose preparations are in a state of much greater forwardness than our where our artisans have the admitted capacity to excel where our inventive genius has initiated many of the grandest discoveries of these later days of the century and where the native resources of our land are as limitless as they are valuable to supply the world needs it is our province as it should be our earnest care to lead in the march of human progress and not rest content with any secondary place moreover if this be due to ourselves it is no less due to the great french nation whose guests we become and which has in so many ways testified its wish and hope that our participation shall befit the place the two peoples have won in the field of universal development the commercial arrangement made with france on the 28th of may 1898 under the provisions of section 3 of the tariff act of 1897 went into effect on the 1st day of june following it has relieved a portion of our export trade from serious embarrassment further negotiations are now pending under section 4 of the same act with a view to the increase of trade between the two countries to their mutual advantage negotiations with other governments in part interrupted by the war with spain are in progress under both sections of the tariff act i hope to be able to announce some of the results of these negotiations during the present session of congress negotiations to the same end with germany have been set on foot meanwhile no effort has been relaxed to convince the imperial government of the thoroughness of our inspection of pork products for exportation and it is trusted that the efficient administration of this measure by the department of agriculture will be recognized as a guaranty of the healthfulness of the food staples we send abroad to countries where their use is large and necessary i transmitted to the senate on the 10th of february last information touching the prohibition against the importation of fresh fruits from this country which had then recently been decreed by germany on the ground of danger of disseminating the san jose scale insect this precautionary measure was justified by germany on the score of the drastic steps taken in several states of the union against the spread of the pest the elaborate reports of the department of agriculture being put in evidence to show the danger to german interests should the scale obtain a lodgment in that country temporary relief was afforded in the case of large consignments of fruit then on the way by inspection and admission when found noninfected later the prohibition was extended to dried fruits of every kind but was relaxed so as to apply only to unpeeled fruit and fruit waste as was to be expected the alarm reached to other countries and switzerland has adopted a similar inhibition efforts are in progress to induce the german and swiss governments to relax the prohibition in favor of dried fruits shown to have been cured under circumstances rendering the existence of animal life impossible our relations with great britain have continued on the most friendly footing assenting to our request the protection of americans and their interests in spanish jurisdiction was assumed by the diplomatic and consular representatives of great britain who fulfilled their delicate and arduous trust with tact and zeal eliciting high commendation i may be allowed to make fitting allusion to the instance of ramsden her majesty consul at santiago de cuba whose untimely death after distinguished service and untiring effort during the siege of that city was sincerely lamented in the early part of april last pursuant to a request made at the instance of the secretary of state by the british ambassador at this capital the canadian government granted facilities for the passage of four united states revenue cutters from the great lakes to the atlantic coast by way of the canadian canals and the lawrence river the vessels had reached lake ontario and were there awaiting the opening of navigation when war was declared between the united states and spain her majesty government thereupon by a communication of the latter part of april stated that the permission granted before the outbreak of hostilities would not be withdrawn provided the united states government gave assurance that the vessels in question would proceed direct to a united states port without engaging in any hostile operation this government promptly agreed to the stipulated condition it being understood that the vessels would not be prohibited from resisting any hostile attack it will give me especial satisfaction if i shall be authorized to communicate to you a favorable conclusion of the pending negotiations with great britain in respect to the dominion of canada it is the earnest wish of this government to remove all sources of discord and irritation in our relations with the neighboring dominion the trade between the two countries is constantly increasing and it is important to both countries that all reasonable facilities should be granted for its development the government of greece strongly urges the onerousness of the duty here imposed upon the currants of that country amounting to 100 per cent or more of their market value this fruit is stated to be exclusively a greek product not coming into competition with any domestic product the question of reciprocal commercial relations with greece including the restoration of currants to the free list is under consideration the claim of bernard campbell for damages for injuries sustained from a violent assault committed against him by military authorities in the island of haiti has been settled by the agreement of that republic to pay him in american gold of this sum has already been paid it is hoped that other pending claims of american citizens against that republic may be amicably adjusted pending the consideration by the senate of the treaty signed june 1897 by the plenipotentiaries of the united states and of the republic of hawaii providing for the annexation of the islands a joint resolution to accomplish the same purpose by accepting the offered cession and incorporating the ceded territory into the union was adopted by the congress and approved july 7 1898 i thereupon directed the united states steamship philadelphia to convey miller to honolulu and intrusted to his hands this important legislative act to be delivered to the president of the republic of hawaii with whom the admiral and the united states minister were authorized to make appropriate arrangements for transferring the sovereignty of the islands to the united states this was simply but impressively accomplished on the 12th of august last by the delivery of a certified copy of the resolution to president dole who thereupon yielded up to the representative of the government of the united states the sovereignty and public property of the hawaiian islands pursuant to the terms of the joint resolution and in exercise of the authority thereby conferred upon me i directed that the civil judicial and military powers theretofore exercised by the officers of the government of the republic of hawaii should continue to be exercised by those officers until congress shall provide a government for the incorporated territory subject to my power to remove such officers and to fill vacancies the president officers and troops of the republic thereupon took the oath of allegiance to the united states thus providing for the uninterrupted continuance of all the administrative and municipal functions of the annexed territory until congress shall otherwise enact following the further provision of the joint resolution i appointed the hons shelby cullom of illinois john morgan of alabama robert hitt of illinois sanford dole of hawaii and walter frear of hawaii as commissioners to confer and recommend to congress such legislation concerning the hawaiian islands as they should deem necessary or proper the commissioners having fulfilled the mission confided to them their report will be laid before you at an early day it is believed that their recommendations will have the earnest consideration due to the magnitude of the responsibility resting upon you to give such shape to the relationship of those lands to our home union as will benefit both in the highest degree realizing the aspirations of the community that has cast its lot with us and elected to share our political heritage while at the same time justifying the foresight of those who for of a century have looked to the assimilation of hawaii as a natural and inevitable consummation in harmony with our needs and in fulfillment of our cherished traditions the questions heretofore pending between hawaii and japan growing out of the alleged mistreatment of japanese treaty immigrants were i am pleased to say adjusted before the act of transfer by the payment of a reasonable indemnity to the government of japan under the provisions of the joint resolution the existing customs relations of the hawaiian islands with the united states and with other countries remain unchanged until legislation shall otherwise provide the consuls of hawaii here and in foreign countries continue to fulfill their commercial agencies while the united states consulate at honolulu is maintained for all appropriate services pertaining to trade and the revenue it would be desirable that all foreign consuls in the hawaiian islands should receive new exequaturs from this government the attention of congress is called to the fact that our consular offices having ceased to exist in hawaii and being about to cease in other countries coming under the sovereignty of the united states the provisions for the relief and transportation of destitute american seamen in these countries under our consular regulations will in consequence terminate it is proper therefore that new legislation should be enacted upon this subject in order to meet the changed conditions the interpretation of certain provisions of the extradition convention of december 11 1861 has been at various times the occasion of controversy with the government of mexico an acute difference arose in the case of the mexican demand for the delivery of jesus guerra who having led a marauding expedition near the border with the proclaimed purpose of initiating an insurrection against president diaz escaped into texas extradition was refused on the ground that the alleged offense was political in its character and therefore came within the treaty proviso of nonsurrender the mexican contention was that the exception only related to purely political offenses and that as guerra acts were admixed with the common crime of murder arson kidnaping and robbery the option of nondelivery became void a position which this government was unable to admit in view of the received international doctrine and practice in the matter the mexican government in view of this gave notice january 24 1898 of the termination of the convention to take effect twelve months from that date at the same time inviting the conclusion of a new convention toward which negotiations are on foot in this relation i may refer to the necessity of some amendment of our existing extradition statute it is a common stipulation of such treaties that neither party shall be bound to give up its own citizens with the added proviso in one of our treaties that with japan that it may surrender if it see fit it is held in this country by an almost uniform course of decisions that where a treaty negatives the obligation to surrender the president is not invested with legal authority to act the conferment of such authority would be in the line of that sound morality which shrinks from affording secure asylum to the author of a heinous crime again statutory provision might well be made for what is styled extradition by way of transit whereby a fugitive surrendered by one foreign government to another may be conveyed across the territory of the united states to the jurisdiction of the demanding state a recommendation in this behalf made in the president message of 1886 was not acted upon the matter is presented for your consideration the problem of the mexican free zone has been often discussed with regard to its inconvenience as a provocative of smuggling into the united states along an extensive and thinly guarded land border the effort made by the joint resolution of march 1 1895 to remedy the abuse charged by suspending the privilege of free transportation in bond across the territory of the united states to mexico failed of good result as is stated in report no 702 of the house of representatives submitted in the last session march 11 1898 as the question is one to be conveniently met by wise concurrent legislation of the two countries looking to the protection of the revenues by harmonious measures operating equally on either side of the boundary rather than by conventional arrangements i suggest that congress consider the advisability of authorizing and inviting a conference of representatives of the treasury departments of the united states and mexico to consider the subject in all its complex bearings and make report with pertinent recommendations to the respective governments for the information and consideration of their congresses the mexican water boundary commission has adjusted all matters submitted to it to the satisfaction of both governments save in three important cases that of the chamizal at el paso where the two commissioners failed to agree and wherein for this case only this government has proposed to mexico the addition of a third member the proposed elimination of what are known as bancos small isolated islands formed by the cutting off of bends in the rio grande from the operation of the treaties of 1884 and 1889 recommended by the commissioners and approved by this government but still under consideration by mexico and the subject of the equitable distribution of the waters of the rio grande for which the commissioners recommended an international dam and reservoir approved by mexico but still under consideration by this government pending these questions it is necessary to extend the life of the commission which expires december 23 next the coronation of the young queen of the netherlands was made the occasion of fitting congratulations the claim of victor mccord against peru which for a number of years has been pressed by this government and has on several occasions attracted the attention of the congress has been satisfactorily adjusted a protocol was signed may 17 1898 whereby the fact of liability being admitted the question of the amount to be awarded was submitted to the chief justice of canada as sole arbitrator his award sets the indemnity due the claimant at the government of peru has given the prescribed notification of its intention to abrogate the treaty of friendship commerce and navigation concluded with this country august 31 1887 as that treaty contains many important provisions necessary to the maintenance of commerce and good relations which could with difficulty be replaced by the negotiation of renewed provisions within the brief twelve months intervening before the treaty terminates i have invited suggestions by peru as to the particular provisions it is desired to annul in the hope of reaching an arrangement whereby the remaining articles may be provisionally saved his majesty the czar having announced his purpose to raise the imperial russian mission at this capital to the rank of an embassy i responded under the authority conferred by the act of march 3 1893 by commissioning and accrediting the actual representative at petersburg in the capacity of ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary the russian ambassador to this country has since presented his credentials the proposal of the czar for a general reduction of the vast military establishments that weigh so heavily upon many peoples in time of peace was communicated to this government with an earnest invitation to be represented in the conference which it is contemplated to assemble with a view to discussing the means of accomplishing so desirable a result his majesty was at once informed of the cordial sympathy of this government with the principle involved in his exalted proposal and of the readiness of the united states to take part in the conference the active military force of the united states as measured by our population territorial area and taxable wealth is and under any conceivable prospective conditions must continue to be in time of peace so conspicuously less than that of the armed powers to whom the czar appeal is especially addressed that the question can have for us no practical importance save as marking an auspicious step toward the betterment of the condition of the modern peoples and the cultivation of peace and good will among them but in this view it behooves us as a nation to lend countenance and aid to the beneficent project the claims of owners of american sealing vessels for seizure by russian cruisers in bering sea are being pressed to a settlement the equities of the cases justify the expectation that a measure of reparation will eventually be accorded in harmony with precedent and in the light of the proven facts the recommendation made in my special message of april 27 last is renewed that appropriation be made to reimburse the master and owners of the russian bark hans for wrongful arrest of the master and detention of the vessel in february 1896 by officers of the united states district court for the southern district of mississippi the papers accompanying my said message make out a most meritorious claim and justify the urgency with which it has been presented by the government of russia malietoa laupepa king of samoa died on august 22 last according to article i of the general act of berlin his successor shall be duly elected according to the laws and customs of samoa arrangements having been agreed upon between the signatories of the general act for the return of mataafa and the other exiled samoan chiefs they were brought from jaluit by a german war vessel and landed at apia on september 18 last whether the death of malietoa and the return of his rival mataafa will add to the undesirable complications which the execution of the tripartite general act has heretofore developed remains to be seen the efforts of this government will as heretofore be addressed toward a harmonious and exact fulfillment of the terms of the international engagement to which the united states became a party in 1889 the cheek claim against siam after some five years of controversy has been adjusted by arbitration under an agreement signed july 6 1897 an award of ticals about with release of the cheek estate from mortgage claims having been rendered march 21 1898 in favor of the claimant by the arbitrator sir nicholas john hannen british chief justice for china and japan an envoy from siam has been accredited to this government and has presented his credentials immediately upon the outbreak of the war with spain the swiss government fulfilling the high mission it has deservedly assumed as the patron of the international red cross proposed to the united states and spain that they should severally recognize and carry into execution as a modus vivendi during the continuance of hostilities the additional articles proposed by the international conference of geneva october 20 1868 extending the effects of the existing red cross convention of 1864 to the conduct of naval war following the example set by france and germany in 1870 in adopting such a modus vivendi and in view of the accession of the united states to those additional articles in 1882 although the exchange of ratifications thereof still remained uneffected the swiss proposal was promptly and cordially accepted by us and simultaneously by spain this government feels a keen satisfaction in having thus been enabled to testify its adherence to the broadest principles of humanity even amidst the clash of war and it is to be hoped that the extension of the red cross compact to hostilities by sea as well as on land may soon become an accomplished fact through the general promulgation of the additional naval red cross articles by the maritime powers now parties to the convention of 1864 the important question of the claim of switzerland to the perpetual cantonal allegiance of american citizens of swiss origin has not made hopeful progress toward a solution and controversies in this regard still continue the newly accredited envoy of the united states to the ottoman porte carries instructions looking to the disposal of matters in controversy with turkey for a number of years he is especially charged to press for a just settlement of our claims for indemnity by reason of the destruction of the property of american missionaries resident in that country during the armenian troubles of 1895 as well as for the recognition of older claims of equal justness he is also instructed to seek an adjustment of the dispute growing out of the refusal of turkey to recognize the acquired citizenship of persons naturalized in the united states since 1869 without prior imperial consent and in the same general relation he is directed to endeavor to bring about a solution of the question which has more or less acutely existed since 1869 concerning the jurisdictional rights of the united states in matters of criminal procedure and punishment under article iv of the treaty of 1830 this latter difficulty grows out of a verbal difference claimed by turkey to be essential between the original turkish text and the promulgated translation after more than two years from the appointment of a consul of this country to erzerum he has received his exequatur the arbitral tribunal appointed under the treaty of february 2 1897 between great britain and venezuela to determine the boundary line between the latter and the colony of british guiana is to convene at paris during the present month it is a source of much gratification to this government to see the friendly resort of arbitration applied to the settlement of this controversy not alone because of the earnest part we have had in bringing about the result but also because the two members named on behalf of venezuela chief justice fuller and justice brewer chosen from our highest court appropriately testify the continuing interest we feel in the definitive adjustment of the question according to the strictest rules of justice the british members lord herschell and sir richard collins are jurists of no less exalted repute while the fifth member and president of the tribunal de martens has earned a reputation as an authority upon international law the claim of felipe scandella against venezuela for arbitrary expulsion and injury to his business has been adjusted by the revocation of the order of expulsion and by the payment of the sum of i have the satisfaction of being able to state that the bureau of the american republics created in 1890 as the organ for promoting commercial intercourse and fraternal relations among the countries of the western hemisphere has become a more efficient instrument of the wise purposes of its founders and is receiving the cordial support of the contributing members of the international union which are actually represented in its board of management a commercial directory in two volumes containing a mass of statistical matter descriptive of the industrial and commercial interests of the various countries has been printed in english spanish portuguese and french and a monthly bulletin published in these four languages and distributed in the countries as well as in the united states has proved to be a valuable medium for disseminating information and furthering the varied interests of the international union during the past year the important work of collecting information of practical benefit to american industries and trade through the agency of the diplomatic and consular officers has been steadily advanced and in order to lay such data before the public with the least delay the practice was begun in january 1898 of issuing the commercial reports from day to day as they are received by the department of state it is believed that for promptitude as well as fullness of information the service thus supplied to our merchants and manufacturers will be found to show sensible improvement and to merit the liberal support of congress the experiences of the last year bring forcibly home to us a sense of the burdens and the waste of war we desire in common with most civilized nations to reduce to the lowest possible point the damage sustained in time of war by peaceable trade and commerce it is true we may suffer in such cases less than other communities but all nations are damaged more or less by the state of uneasiness and apprehension into which an outbreak of hostilities throws the entire commercial world it should be our object therefore to minimize so far as practicable this inevitable loss and disturbance this purpose can probably best be accomplished by an international agreement to regard all private property at sea as exempt from capture or destruction by the forces of belligerent powers the united states government has for many years advocated this humane and beneficent principle and is now in position to recommend it to other powers without the imputation of selfish motives i therefore suggest for your consideration that the executive be authorized to correspond with the governments of the principal maritime powers with a view of incorporating into the permanent law of civilized nations the principle of the exemption of all private property at sea not contraband of war from capture or destruction by belligerent powers the secretary of the treasury reports that the receipts of the government from all sources during the fiscal year ended june 30 1898 including received from sale of pacific railroads amounted to and its expenditures to there was collected from customs and from internal revenue our dutiable imports amounted to a decrease of over the preceding year and importations free of duty amounted to a decrease from the preceding year of receipts exceeded those of the preceding year by the total tax collected on distilled spirits was on manufactured tobacco and on fermented liquors we exported merchandise during the year amounting to an increase of from the preceding year it is estimated upon the basis of present revenue laws that the receipts of the government for the year ending june 30 1899 will be and its expenditures resulting in a deficiency of on the 1st of december 1898 there was held in the treasury gold coin amounting to gold bullion amounting to silver bullion amounting to and other forms of money amounting to on the same date the amount of money of all kinds in circulation or not included in treasury holdings was an increase for the year of estimating our population at at the time mentioned the per capita circulation was on the same date there was in the treasury gold bullion amounting to the provisions made for strengthening the resources of the treasury in connection with the war have given increased confidence in the purpose and power of the government to maintain the present standard and have established more firmly than ever the national credit at home and abroad a marked evidence of this is found in the inflow of gold to the treasury its net gold holdings on november 1 1898 were as compared with on november 1 1897 and an increase of net cash of november 1 1897 to november 1 1898 the present ratio of net treasury gold to outstanding government liabilities including united states notes treasury notes of 1890 silver certificates currency certificates standard silver dollars and fractional silver coin november 1 1898 was per cent as compared with per cent november 1 1897 i renew so much of my recommendation of december 1897 as follows that when any of the united states notes are presented for redemption in gold and are redeemed in gold such notes shall be kept and set apart and only paid out in exchange for gold this is an obvious duty if the holder of the united states note prefers the gold and gets it from the government he should not receive back from the government a united states note without paying gold in exchange for it the reason for this is made all the more apparent when the government issues an debt to provide gold for the redemption of united states notes a debt surely it should not pay them out again except on demand and for gold if they are put out in any other way they may return again to he followed by another bond issue to redeem them another debt to redeem a debt this recommendation was made in the belief that such provisions of law would insure to a greater degree the safety of the present standard and better protect our currency from the dangers to which it is subjected from a disturbance in the general business conditions of the country in my judgment the present condition of the treasury amply justifies the immediate enactment of the legislation recommended one year ago under which a portion of the gold holdings should be placed in a trust fund from which greenbacks should be redeemed upon presentation but when once redeemed should not thereafter be paid out except for gold it is not to be inferred that other legislation relating to our currency is not required on the contrary there is an obvious demand for it the importance of adequate provision which will insure to our future a money standard related as our money standard now is to that of our commercial rivals is generally recognized the companion proposition that our domestic paper currency shall be kept safe and yet be so related to the needs of our industries and internal commerce as to be adequate and responsive to such needs is a proposition scarcely less important the subject in all its parts is commended to the wise consideration of the congress the annexation of hawaii and the changed relations of the united states to cuba puerto rico and the philippines resulting from the war compel the prompt adoption of a maritime policy by the united states there should be established regular and frequent steamship communication encouraged by the united states under the american flag with the newly acquired islands spain furnished to its colonies at an annual cost of about steamship lines communicating with a portion of the world markets as well as with trade centers of the home government the united states will not undertake to do less it is our duty to furnish the people of hawaii with facilities under national control for their export and import trade it will be conceded that the present situation calls for legislation which shall be prompt durable and liberal the part which american merchant vessels and their seamen performed in the war with spain demonstrates that this service furnishing both pickets and the second line of defense is a national necessity and should be encouraged in every constitutional way details and methods for the accomplishment of this purpose are discussed in the report of the secretary of the treasury to which the attention of congress is respectfully invited in my last annual message i recommended that congress authorize the appointment of a commission for the purpose of making systematic investigations with reference to the because and prevention of yellow fever this matter has acquired an increased importance as a result of the military occupation of the island of cuba and the commercial intercourse between this island and the united states which we have every reason to expect the sanitary problems connected with our new relations with the island of cuba and the acquisition of puerto rico are no less important than those relating to finance commerce and administration it is my earnest desire that these problems may be considered by competent experts and that everything may be done which the most recent advances in sanitary science can offer for the protection of the health of our soldiers in those islands and of our citizens who are exposed to the dangers of infection from the importation of yellow fever i therefore renew my recommendation that the authority of congress may be given and a suitable appropriation made to provide for a commission of experts to be appointed for the purpose indicated under the act of congress approved april 26 1898 authorizing the president in his discretion upon a declaration of war by congress or a declaration by congress that war exists i directed the increase of the regular army to the maximum of authorized in said act there are now in the regular army officers and men in said act it was provided that at the end of any war in which the united states may become involved the army shall be reduced to a peace basis by the transfer in the same arm of the service or absorption by promotion or honorable discharge under such regulations as the secretary of war may establish of supernumerary commissioned officers and the honorable discharge or transfer of supernumerary enlisted men and nothing contained in this act shall be construed as authorizing the permanent increase of the commissioned or enlisted force of the regular army beyond that now provided by the law in force prior to the passage of this act except as to the increase of majors provided for in section 1 hereof the importance of legislation for the permanent increase of the army is therefore manifest and the recommendation of the secretary of war for that purpose has my unqualified approval there can be no question that at this time and probably for some time in the future men will be none too many to meet the necessities of the situation at all events whether that number shall be required permanently or not the power should be given to the president to enlist that force if in his discretion it should be necessary and the further discretion should be given him to recruit for the army within the above limit from the inhabitants of the islands with the government of which we are charged it is my purpose to muster out the entire volunteer army as soon as the congress shall provide for the increase of the regular establishment this will be only an act of justice and will be much appreciated by the brave men who left their homes and employments to help the country in its emergency in my last annual message i stated the union pacific railway main line was sold under the decree of the united states court for the district of nebraska on the 1st and 2d of november of this year the amount due the government consisted of the principal of the subsidy bonds and the accrued interest thereon making the total indebtedness the bid at the sale covered the lien and the entire mortgage claim of the government principal and interest this left the kansas pacific case unconcluded by a decree of the court in that case an upset price for the property was fixed at a sum which would yield to the government only upon its lien the sale at the instance of the government was postponed first to december 15 1897 and later upon the application of the united states was postponed to the 16th day of february 1898 having satisfied myself that the interests of the government required that an effort should be made to obtain a larger sum i directed the secretary of the treasury under the act passed march 3 1887 to pay out of the treasury to the persons entitled to receive the same the amounts due upon all prior mortgages upon the eastern and middle divisions of said railroad out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated whereupon the prepared a petition to be presented to the court offering to redeem said prior liens in such manner as the court might direct and praying that thereupon the united states might be held to be subrogated to all the rights of said prior lien holders and that a receiver might be appointed to take possession of the mortgaged premises and maintain and operate the same until the court or congress otherwise directed thereupon the reorganization committee agreed that if said petition was withdrawn and the sale allowed to proceed on the 16th of february 1898 they would bid a sum at the sale which would realize to the government the entire principal of its debt believing that no better price could be obtained and appreciating the difficulties under which the government would labor if it should become the purchaser of the road at the sale in the absence of any authority by congress to take charge of and operate the road i directed that upon the guaranty of a minimum bid which should give the government the principal of its debt the sale should proceed by this transaction the government secured an advance of over and above the sum which the court had fixed as the upset price and which the reorganization committee had declared was the maximum which they would pay for the property it is a gratifying fact that the result of these proceedings against the union pacific system and the kansas pacific line is that the government has received on account of its subsidy claim the sum of an increase of over the sum which the reorganization committee originally agreed to bid for the joint property the government receiving its whole claim principal and interest on the union pacific and the principal of its debt on the kansas pacific railroad steps had been taken to foreclose the government lien upon the central pacific railroad company but before action was commenced congress passed an act approved july 7 1898 creating a commission consisting of the secretary of the treasury the and the secretary of the interior and their successors in office with full power to settle the indebtedness to the government growing out of the issue of bonds in aid of the construction of the central pacific and western pacific railroads subject to the approval of the president no report has yet been made to me by the commission thus created whatever action is had looking to a settlement of the indebtedness in accordance with the act referred to will be duly submitted to the congress i deem it my duty to call to the attention of congress the condition of the present building occupied by the department of justice the business of that department has increased very greatly since it was established in its present quarters the building now occupied by it is neither large enough nor of suitable arrangement for the proper accommodation of the business of the department the supervising architect has pronounced it unsafe and unsuited for the use to which it is put the in his report states that the library of the department is upon the fourth floor and that all the space allotted to it is so crowded with books as to dangerously overload the structure the first floor is occupied by the court of claims the building is of an old and dilapidated appearance unsuited to the dignity which should attach to this important department a proper regard for the safety comfort and convenience of the officers and employees would justify the expenditure of a liberal sum of money in the erection of a new building of commodious proportions and handsome appearance upon the very advantageous site already secured for that purpose including the ground occupied by the present structure and adjoining vacant lot comprising in all a frontage of 201 feet on pennsylvania avenue and a depth of 136 feet in this connection i may likewise refer to the inadequate accommodations provided for the supreme court in the capitol and suggest the wisdom of making provision for the erection of a separate building for the court and its officers and library upon available ground near the capitol the postal service of the country advances with extraordinary growth within twenty years both the revenues and the expenditures of the department have multiplied threefold in the last ten years they have nearly doubled our postal business grows much more rapidly than our population it now involves an expenditure of a year numbers and enrolls employees this remarkable extension of a service which is an accurate index of the public conditions presents gratifying evidence of the advancement of education of the increase of communication and business activity and of the improvement of mail facilities leading to their constantly augmenting use the war with spain laid new and exceptional labors on the department the mustering of the military and naval forces of the united states required special mail arrangements for every camp and every campaign the communication between home and camp was naturally eager and expectant in some of the larger places of rendezvous as many as letters a day required handling this necessity was met by the prompt detail and dispatch of experienced men from the established force and by directing all the instrumentalities of the railway mail and service so far as necessary to this new need congress passed an act empowering the to establish offices or branches at every military camp or station and under this authority the postal machinery was speedily put into effective operation under the same authority when our forces moved upon cuba puerto rico and the philippines they were attended and followed by the postal service though the act of congress authorized the appointment of postmasters where necessary it was early determined that the public interests would best be subserved not by new designations but by the detail of experienced men familiar with every branch of the service and this policy was steadily followed when the territory which was the theater of conflict came into our possession it became necessary to reestablish mail facilities for the resident population as well as to provide them for our forces of occupation and the former requirement was met through the extension and application of the latter obligation i gave the requisite authority and the same general principle was applied to this as to other branches of civil administration under military occupation the details are more particularly given in the report of the and while the work is only just begun it is pleasing to be able to say that the service in the territory which has come under our control is already materially improved the following recommendations of the secretary of the navy relative to the increase of the navy have my earnest approval 1 three seagoing sheathed and coppered battle ships of about tons trial displacement carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action estimated cost exclusive of armor and armament each 2 three sheathed and coppered armored cruisers of about tons trial displacement carrying the heaviest armor and most powerful ordnance for vessels of their class and to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action estimated cost exclusive of armor and armament each 3 three sheathed and coppered protected cruisers of about tons trial displacement to have the highest practicable speed and great radius of action and to carry the most powerful ordnance suitable for vessels of their class estimated cost exclusive of armor and armament each 4 six sheathed and coppered cruisers of about tons trial dis placement to have the highest speed compatible with good cruising qualities great radius of action and to carry the most powerful ordnance suited to vessels of their class estimated cost exclusive of armament each i join with the secretary of the navy in recommending that grades of admiral and be temporarily revived to be filled by officers who have specially distinguished themselves in the war with spain i earnestly urge upon congress the importance of early legislation providing for the taking of the twelfth census this is necessary in view of the large amount of work which must be performed in the preparation of the schedules preparatory to the enumeration of the population there were on the pension rolls on june 30 1898 names an increase of nearly over the number on the rolls on the same day of the preceding year the amount appropriated by the act of december 22 1896 for the payment of pensions for the fiscal year of 1898 was eight million seventy thousand eight hundred and dollars and cents was appropriated by the act of march 31 1898 to cover deficiencies in army pensions and repayments in the sum of making a total of available for the payment of pensions during the fiscal year 1898 the amount disbursed from that sum was leaving a balance of unexpended on the 30th of june 1898 which was covered into the treasury there were 389 names added to the rolls during the year by special acts passed at the second session of the congress making a total of pensioners by congressional enactments since 1861 the total receipts of the patent office during the past year were the expenditures were leaving a surplus of the public lands disposed of by the government during the year reached acres an increase of acres over the previous year the total receipts from public lands during the fiscal year amounted to an increase of over the preceding year the lands embraced in the eleven forest reservations which were suspended by the act of june 4 1897 again became subject to the operations of the proclamations of february 22 1897 creating them which added an estimated amount of acres to the area embraced in the reserves previously created in addition thereto two new reserves were created during the year the pine mountain and zaca lake reserve in california embracing acres and the prescott reserve in arizona embracing acres while the pecos river reserve in new mexico has been changed and enlarged to include additional acres at the close of the year thirty forest reservations not including those of the afognak forest and the reserve in alaska had been created by executive proclamations under section 24 of the act of march 3 1891 embracing an estimated area of acres the department of the interior has inaugurated a forest system made possible by the act of july 1898 for a graded force of officers in control of the reserves this system has only been in full operation since august but good results have already been secured in many sections the reports received indicate that the system of patrol has not only prevented destructive fires from gaining headway but has diminished the number of fires the special attention of the congress is called to that part of the report of the secretary of the interior in relation to the five civilized tribes it is noteworthy that the general condition of the indians shows marked progress but one outbreak of a serious character occurred during the year and that among the chippewa indians of minnesota which happily has been suppressed while it has not yet been practicable to enforce all the provisions of the act of june 28 1898 for the protection of the people of the indian territory and for other purposes it is having a salutary effect upon the nations composing the five tribes the dawes commission reports that the most gratifying results and greater advance toward the attainment of the objects of the government have been secured in the past year than in any previous year i can not too strongly indorse the recommendation of the commission and of the secretary of the interior for the necessity of providing for the education of the white children resident in the indian territory the department of agriculture has been active in the past year explorers have been sent to many of the countries of the eastern and western hemispheres for seeds and plants that may be useful to the united states and with the further view of opening up markets for our surplus products the forestry division of the department is giving special attention to the treeless regions of our country and is introducing species specially adapted to semiarid regions forest fires which seriously interfere with production especially in irrigated regions are being studied that losses from this because may be avoided the department is inquiring into the use and abuse of water in many states of the west and collating information regarding the laws of the states the decisions of the courts and the customs of the people in this regard so that uniformity may be secured experiment stations are becoming more effective every year the annual appropriation of by congress is supplemented by from the states experiments have been conducted to ascertain the suitableness as to soil and climate and states for growing sugar beets the number of sugar factories has been doubled in the past two years and the ability of the united states to produce its own sugar from this source has been clearly demonstrated the weather bureau forecast and observation stations have been extended around the caribbean sea to give early warning of the approach of hurricanes from the south seas to our fleets and merchant marine in the year 1900 will occur the centennial anniversary of the founding of the city of washington for the permanent capital of the government of the united states by authority of an act of congress approved july 16 1790 in may 1800 the archives and general offices of the federal government were removed to this place on the 17th of november 1800 the national congress met here for the first time and assumed exclusive control of the federal district and city this interesting event assumes all the more significance when we recall the circumstances attending the choosing of the site the naming of the capital in honor of the father of his country and the interest taken by him in the adoption of plans for its future development on a magnificent scale these original plans have been wrought out with a constant progress and a signal success even beyond anything their framers could have foreseen the people of the country are justly proud of the distinctive beauty and government of the capital and of the rare instruments of science and education which here find their natural home a movement lately inaugurated by the citizens to have the anniversary celebrated with fitting ceremonies including perhaps the establishment of a handsome permanent memorial to mark so historical an occasion and to give it more than local recognition has met with general favor on the part of the public i recommend to the congress the granting of an appropriation for this purpose and the appointment of a committee from its respective bodies it might also be advisable to authorize the president to appoint a committee from the country at large which acting with the congressional and district of columbia committees can complete the plans for an appropriate national celebration the alien contract law is shown by experience to need some amendment a measure providing better protection for seamen is proposed the rightful application of the law for the benefit of labor and of the principle of arbitration are suggested for consideration and i commend these subjects to the careful attention of the congress the several departmental reports will be laid before you they give in great detail the conduct of the affairs of the government during the past year and discuss many questions upon which the congress may feel called upon to act
notwithstanding added burdens rendered necessary war people rejoice satisfactory steadily increasing degree prosperity evidenced largest volume business ever recorded manufacture productive agricultural pursuits yielded abundant returns labor fields industry better rewarded revenue legislation passed present congress increased treasury receipts amount estimated authors finances government successfully administered credit advanced first rank currency maintained world highest standard military service common flag righteous strengthened national spirit served cement closely ever fraternal bonds every section country review relation united states powers always appropriate year primary importance view momentous issues arisen demanding one instance ultimate determination arms involving consequences require earnest attention congress last annual message full consideration given question duty government united states toward spain cuban insurrection far important problem called upon deal considerations advanced exposition views therein expressed disclosed sense extreme gravity situation setting aside logically unfounded practically inadmissible recognition cuban insurgents belligerents recognition independence cuba neutral intervention end war imposing rational compromise contestants intervention favor one party forcible annexation island concluded honestly due friendly relations spain given reasonable chance realize expectations reform become irrevocably committed within weeks previously announced comprehensive plans confidently asserted would efficacious remedy evils deeply affecting country injurious true interests mother country well cuba repugnant universal sentiment humanity ensuing month brought little sign real progress toward pacification cuba autonomous administrations set capital principal cities appeared gain favor inhabitants able extend influence large extent territory held insurgents military arm obviously unable cope still active rebellion continued many objectionable offensive policies government preceded tangible relief afforded vast numbers unhappy reconcentrados despite reiterated professions made regard amount appropriated spain end proffered expedient zones cultivation proved illusory indeed less practical delusive promises succor could well tendered exhausted destitute people stripped made life home dear herded strange region among unsympathetic strangers hardly less necessitous end december mortality among frightfully increased conservative estimates spanish sources placed deaths among distressed people 40 per cent time general weyler decree reconcentration enforced acquiescence spanish authorities scheme adopted relief charitable contributions raised country distributed direction several consuls noble earnest individual effort organized agencies american red cross thousands lives thus saved many thousands inaccessible forms aid war continued old footing without comprehensive plan developing spasmodic encounters barren strategic result marked course earlier ten years rebellion well present insurrection start alternative save physical exhaustion either combatant therewithal practical ruin island lay sight far distant one could venture conjecture juncture 15th february last occurred destruction battle ship maine rightfully lying harbor havana mission international courtesy good catastrophe suspicious nature horror stirred nation heart profoundly striking evidence poise sturdy good sense distinguishing national character shocking blow falling upon generous people already deeply touched preceding events cuba move instant desperate resolve tolerate longer existence condition danger disorder doors made possible deed whomsoever wrought yet instinct justice prevailed nation anxiously awaited result searching investigation set foot finding naval board inquiry established origin explosion external submarine mine halted lack positive testimony fix responsibility authorship things carried conviction thoughtful even finding naval court crisis relations spain toward cuba hand strong belief needed brief executive suggestion congress receive immediate answer duty making instant provision possible perhaps speedily probable emergency war remarkable almost unique spectacle presented unanimous vote houses 9th march appropriating national defense every purpose connected therewith expended discretion president act prevision came none soon disclosed application fund undertaken coasts practically undefended navy needed large provision increased ammunition supplies even numbers cope sudden attack navy spain comprised modern vessels highest type continental perfection army also required enlargement men munitions details hurried preparation dreaded contingency told reports secretaries war navy need repeated sufficient say outbreak war come found nation unprepared meet conflict apprehension coming strife confined country felt continental powers april 6 ambassadors envoys addressed executive expression hope humanity moderation might mark course government people negotiations would lead agreement securing maintenance peace would afford necessary guaranties reestablishment order cuba responding representation said shared hope envoys expressed peace might preserved manner terminate chronic condition disturbance cuba injurious menacing interests tranquillity well shocking sentiments humanity appreciating humanitarian disinterested character communication made behalf powers stated confidence government part equal appreciation would shown earnest unselfish endeavors fulfill duty humanity ending situation indefinite prolongation become insufferable still animated hope peaceful solution obeying dictates duty effort relaxed bring speedy ending cuban struggle negotiations object continued actively government spain looking immediate conclusion six months armistice cuba view effect recognition people right independence besides instant revocation order reconcentration asked sufferers returning homes aided united american spanish effort might put way support orderly resumption destroyed productive energies island contribute restoration tranquillity negotiations continued little time madrid resulting offers spanish government could regarded inadequate proposed confide preparation peace insular parliament yet convened autonomous decrees november 1897 without impairment wise constitutional powers madrid government end would grant armistice solicited insurgents time general chief might see fit fix scope discretionary powers insular parliament expected set preparation peace appear negotiation insurgents issue seemed rest one side body chosen fraction electors districts spanish control insurgent population holding interior country unrepresented parliament defiant suggestion suing peace grieved disappointed barren outcome sincere endeavors reach practicable solution felt duty remit whole question congress message april 11 1898 announced last overture direction immediate peace cuba disappointing reception spain effort executive brought end reviewed alternative courses action proposed concluding one consonant international policy compatible historical traditions intervention neutral stop war check hopeless sacrifice life even though resort involved hostile constraint upon parties contest well enforce truce guide eventual settlement grounds justifying step interests humanity duty protect life property citizens cuba right check injury commerce people devastation island important need removing forever constant menace burdens entailed upon government uncertainties perils situation caused unendurable disturbance cuba said long trial proved object spain waged war attained fire insurrection may flame may smolder varying seasons plain extinguished present methods hope relief repose condition longer endured enforced pacification cuba name humanity name civilization behalf endangered american interests give us right duty speak act war cuba must stop view congress asked authorize empower president take measures secure full final termination hostilities spain people cuba secure island establishment stable government capable maintaining order observing international obligations insuring peace tranquillity security citizens well accomplishment ends use military naval forces united states might necessary added authority continue generous relief starving people cuba response congress nine days earnest deliberation almost unanimous sentiment body developed every point save expediency coupling proposed action formal recognition republic cuba true lawful government island proposition failed adoption congress conference 19th april vote 42 35 senate 311 6 house representatives passed memorable joint resolution declaring first people island cuba right ought free independent second duty united states demand government united states hereby demand government spain relinquish authority government island cuba withdraw land naval forces cuba cuban waters third president united states hereby directed empowered use entire land naval forces united states call actual service united states militia several states extent may necessary carry resolutions effect fourth united states hereby disclaims disposition intention exercise sovereignty jurisdiction control said island except pacification thereof asserts determination accomplished leave government control island people resolution approved executive next day april 20 copy communicated spanish minister capital forthwith announced continuance washington thereby become impossible asked passports given thereupon withdrew washington leaving protection spanish interests united states french ambassador minister simultaneously communication spanish minister general woodford american minister madrid telegraphed confirmation text joint resolution directed communicate government spain formal demand relinquish authority government island cuba withdraw forces therefrom coupling demand announcement intentions government future island conformity fourth clause resolution giving spain noon april 23 reply demand although shown officially made known spanish envoy delivered madrid instruction reached general woodford morning april 21 could present spanish minister state notified upon president approval joint resolution madrid government regarding act equivalent evident declaration war ordered minister washington withdraw thereby breaking diplomatic relations two countries ceasing official communication respective representatives general woodford thereupon demanded passports quitted madrid day spain thus denied demand united states initiated complete form rupture relations attends state war executive powers authorized resolution used meet enlarged contingency actual war sovereign states april 22 proclaimed blockade north coast cuba including ports said coast cardenas bahia honda port cienfuegos south coast cuba 23d called volunteers execute purpose resolution message april 25 congress informed situation recommended formal declaration existence state war united states spain congress accordingly voted day act approved april 25 1898 declaring existence war including 21st day april reenacted provision resolution april 20 directing president use armed forces nation carry act due notification existence war aforesaid given april 25 telegraph governments united states maintain relations order neutrality might assured war various governments responded proclamations neutrality methods among least gratifying incidents struggle obligations neutrality impartially discharged often delicate difficult circumstances fulfillment international duty issued april 26 1893 proclamation announcing treatment proposed accorded vessels cargoes blockade contraband exercise right search immunity neutral flags neutral goods enemy flag similar proclamation made spanish government conduct hostilities rules declaration paris including abstention resort privateering accordingly observed belligerents although neither party declaration country thus interval half century peace nations found engaged deadly conflict foreign enemy every nerve strained meet emergency response initial call volunteers instant complete also result second call may 25 additional volunteers ranks regular army increased limits provided act april 26 1898 enlisted force navy 15th day august reached maximum numbered men apprentices one hundred three vessels added navy purchase 1 presented government 1 leased 4 vessels international navigation company paul louis new york paris chartered addition revenue cutters lighthouse tenders turned navy department became temporarily part auxiliary navy maximum effective fighting force navy war separated classes follows four battle ships first class 1 battle ship second class 2 armored cruisers 6 monitors 1 armored ram 12 protected cruisers 3 unprotected cruisers 18 gunboats 1 dynamite cruiser 11 torpedo boats vessels old navy including monitors 14 auxiliary navy 11 auxiliary cruisers 28 converted yachts 27 converted tugs 19 converted colliers 15 revenue cutters 4 tenders 19 miscellaneous vessels much alarm felt along entire atlantic seaboard lest attack might made enemy every precaution taken prevent possible injury great cities lying along coast temporary garrisons provided drawn state militia infantry light batteries drawn volunteer force troops thus employed coast signal service established observing approach enemy ships coast united states services cooperated enabled navy department portions atlantic coast maine texas observation auxiliary navy created authority congress officered manned naval militia several states organization patrolled coast performed duty second line defense direction chief engineers submarine mines placed exposed points outbreak war permanent mining casemates cable galleries constructed nearly important harbors torpedo material found market specially manufactured date april 19 district officers directed take preliminary measures short actual attaching loaded mines cables april 22 telegraphic orders issued place loaded mines position aggregate number mines placed principal harbors maine california preparations also made planting mines certain harbors owing early destruction spanish fleet mines placed signal corps promptly organized performed service difficult important character operations war covered electrical connection coast fortifications establishment telephonic telegraphic facilities camps manila santiago puerto rico constructed 300 miles line ten great camps thus facilitating military movements points manner heretofore unknown military administration field telegraph lines established maintained enemy fire manila later cable reopened puerto rico cable communications opened discontinued route land headquarters commanding officer kept telegraphic telephonic communication division commanders four different lines operations placed cuban waters completely outfitted cable ship war cables cable gear suitable destruction communications belonging enemy establishment two ocean cables destroyed enemy batteries santiago day previous landing general shafter corps caimanera within 20 miles landing place cable communications established cable station opened giving direct communication government washington service invaluable executive directing operations army navy total force loss disease camp field officers men included 5 fund expended large part army navy objects used fully shown reports several secretaries timely appropriation enabling government strengthen defenses make preparations greatly needed case war fund inadequate requirements equipment conduct war patriotism congress provided means act june 13 authorizing 3 per cent popular loan exceed levying additional imposts taxes authorized loan offered promptly taken subscriptions far exceeding call cover many times preference given smaller bids single allotment exceeded encouraging significant result showing vast resources nation determination people uphold country honor within province message narrate history extraordinary war followed spanish declaration april 21 brief recital salient features appropriate first encounter war point date took place april 27 detachment blockading squadron made reconnoissance force matanzas shelled harbor forts demolished several new works construction next engagement destined mark memorable epoch maritime warfare pacific fleet commodore george dewey lain weeks hongkong upon colonial proclamation neutrality issued customary hours notice given repaired mirs bay near hongkong whence proceeded philippine islands telegraphed orders capture destroy formidable spanish fleet assembled manila daybreak 1st may american force entered manila bay hours engagement effected total destruction spanish fleet consisting ten war ships transport besides capturing naval station forts cavite thus annihilating spanish naval power pacific ocean completely controlling bay manila ability take city life lost ships wounded numbering seven vessel materially injured gallant achievement congress upon recommendation fitly bestowed upon actors preferment substantial reward effect remarkable victory upon spirit people upon fortunes war instant prestige invincibility thereby attached arms continued throughout struggle reenforcements hurried manila command merritt firmly established within sight capital lay helpless guns 7th day may government advised officially victory manila inquired commander fleet troops would required information received 15th day may first army expedition sailed may 25 arrived manila june 30 expeditions soon followed total force consisting 641 officers enlisted men reluctance needless loss life property prevented early storming capture city therewith absolute military occupancy whole group insurgents meanwhile resumed active hostilities suspended uncompleted truce december 1897 forces invested manila northern eastern sides constrained admiral dewey general merrill attempting assault fitting whatever done way decisive operations quarter accomplished strong arm united states alone obeying stern precept war enjoins overcoming adversary extinction power wherever assailable speedy sure means win peace divided victory permissible partition rights responsibilities attending enforcement advantageous peace could thought following comprehensive scheme general attack powerful forces assembled various points coast invade cuba puerto rico meanwhile naval demonstrations made several exposed points may 11 cruiser wilmington torpedo boat winslow unsuccessful attempt silence batteries cardenas gallant ensign worth bagley four seamen falling grievous fatalities strangely enough among occurred naval operations extraordinary conflict meanwhile spanish naval preparations pushed great vigor powerful squadron admiral cervera assembled cape verde islands outbreak hostilities crossed ocean erratic movements caribbean sea delayed military plans baffling pursuit fleets time fears felt lest oregon marietta nearing home long voyage san francisco miles might surprised admiral cervera fleet fortunate arrival dispelled apprehensions lent reenforcement admiral cervera took refuge harbor santiago de cuba may 19 practicable plan systematic naval military attack upon antillean possessions spain several demonstrations occurred coasts cuba puerto rico preparation larger event may 13 north atlantic squadron shelled san juan de puerto rico may 30 commodore schley squadron bombarded forts guarding mouth santiago harbor neither attack material result evident land operations indispensable achieve decisive advantage next act war thrilled alone hearts countrymen world exceptional heroism night june 3 lieutenant hobson aided seven devoted volunteers blocked narrow outlet santiago harbor sinking collier merrimac channel fierce fire shore batteries escaping lives miracle falling hands spaniards gratifying incident war bravery little band heroes cordially appreciated spanish admiral sent flag truce notify admiral sampson safety compliment daring act subsequently exchanged july 7 june 7 cutting last cuban cable isolated island thereafter invasion vigorously prosecuted june 10 heavy protecting fire landing 600 marines oregon marblehead yankee effected guantanamo bay determined establish naval station important essential port taken enemy severe fighting marines first organized force united states land cuba position held despite desperate attempts dislodge forces june 16 additional forces landed strongly june 22 advance invading army shafter landed daiquiri 15 miles east santiago accomplished great difficulties marvelous dispatch june 23 movement santiago begun 24th first serious engagement took place first tenth cavalry first united states volunteer cavalry general young brigade general wheeler division participated losing heavily nightfall however ground within 5 miles santiago advantage steadily increased july 1 severe battle took place forces gaining outworks santiago 2d el caney san juan taken desperate charge investment city completed navy cooperated shelling town coast forts day following brilliant achievement land forces 3d july occurred decisive naval combat war spanish fleet attempting leave harbor met american squadron command commodore sampson less three hours spanish ships destroyed two torpedo boats sunk maria teresa almirante oquendo vizcaya cristobal colon driven ashore spanish admiral men taken prisoners enemy loss life deplorably large 600 perishing side one man killed brooklyn one man seriously wounded although ships repeatedly struck one seriously injured conspicuously distinguished commanders gunners unnamed heroes boiler rooms contributing toward achievement astounding victory neither ancient modern history affords parallel completeness event marvelous disproportion casualties would invidious single especial honor deserved promotion rewarded conspicuous actors nation profoundest gratitude due brave men skill devotion short hours crushed sea power spain wrought triumph whose decisiveness consequences scarcely measured unmindful achievements builders mechanics artisans skill construction war ships catastrophe santiago spain effort upon ocean virtually ceased spasmodic effort toward end june send mediterranean fleet admiral camara relieve manila abandoned expedition recalled passed suez canal capitulation santiago followed city closely besieged land entrance ships harbor cut relief side truce allow removal noncombatants protracted negotiations continued july 3 july 15 menace immediate assault preliminaries surrender agreed upon 17th general shafter occupied city capitulation embraced entire eastern end cuba number spanish soldiers surrendering subsequently conveyed spain charge united states story successful campaign told report secretary war laid individual valor officers soldiers never strikingly shown several engagements leading surrender santiago prompt movements successive victories instant universal applause gained complete triumph established ascendency united states upon land fight santiago fixed supremacy seas earnest lasting gratitude nation unsparingly due alone remember gallantry living dead claim tears losses battle disease must cloud exultation result teach us weigh awful cost war however rightful signal victory fall santiago occupation puerto rico became next strategic necessity general miles previously assigned organize expedition purpose fortunately already santiago arrived 11th july reenforcements general shafter army troops consisting infantry artillery two companies engineers one company signal corps general miles left guantanamo july 21 nine transports convoyed fleet captain higginson massachusetts flagship dixie gloucester columbia yale two latter carrying troops expedition landed guanica july 25 port entered little opposition fleet joined annapolis wasp puritan amphitrite went san juan joined new orleans engaged blockading port commanding subsequently reenforced general schwan brigade third army corps general wilson part division also general brooke part corps numbering officers men july 27 entered ponce one important ports island thereafter directed operations capture island exception encounters enemy guayama hormigueros coamo yauco attack force landed cape san juan serious resistance campaign prosecuted great vigor 12th august much island possession acquisition remainder matter short time points island troops enthusiastically welcomed protestations loyalty flag gratitude delivery spanish rule met commanders every stage potent influence toward peace outcome puerto rican expedition great consequence generous commendation due participated last scene war enacted manila starting place august 15 brief assault upon works land forces squadron assisted capital surrendered unconditionally casualties comparatively conquest philippine islands virtually accomplished spanish capacity resistance destroyed admiral dewey victory 1st may formally sealed general merrill officers men uncomplaining devoted service gallantry action nation sincerely grateful long voyage made singular success soldierly conduct men without previous experience military service deserves unmeasured praise total casualties killed wounded army war spain officers killed 23 enlisted men killed 257 total 280 officers wounded 113 enlisted men wounded total navy killed 17 wounded 67 died result wounds 1 invalided service 6 total 91 observed navy engaged two great battles numerous perilous undertakings blockade bombardment troops transported distant lands engaged assault siege battle many skirmishes unfamiliar territory lost arms service total killed wounded entire campaign land sea lose gun flag transport ship exception crew merrimac soldier sailor taken prisoner august 7 days date landing general shafter army cuba days surrender santiago united states troops commenced embarkation home entire force returned united states early august 24 absent united states two months fitting bear testimony patriotism devotion large portion army although eager ordered post greatest exposure fortunately required outside united states whole duty like comrades front earned gratitude nation like manner officers men army navy remained departments stations faithfully performing important duties connected war whose requests assignment field sea compelled refuse services indispensable entitled highest commendation regret seems provision suitable recognition connection pleasure mention terms cordial appreciation timely useful work american national red cross relief measures preparatory campaigns sanitary assistance several camps assemblage later able experienced leadership president society miss clara barton fields battle hospitals front cuba working conjunction governmental authorities sanction approval enthusiastic cooperation many patriotic women societies various states red cross fully maintained already high reputation intense earnestness ability exercise noble purposes international organization thus justifying confidence support received hands american people members officers society aided philanthropic work sincere lasting gratitude soldiers public due freely accorded tracing events constantly reminded obligations divine master watchful care us safe guidance nation makes reverent acknowledgment offers humble prayer continuance favor annihilation admiral cervera fleet followed capitulation santiago brought spanish government realizing sense hopelessness continuing struggle become wholly unequal made overtures peace french ambassador assent government acted friendly representative spanish interests war 26th july cambon presented communication signed duke almodovar spanish minister state inviting united states state terms upon would willing make peace 30th july communication addressed duke almodovar handed cambon terms government announced substantially protocol afterwards signed 10th august spanish reply dated august 7 handed cambon secretary state accepted unconditionally terms imposed cuba puerto rico island ladrones group appeared seek introduce inadmissible reservations regard demand philippine islands conceiving discussion point could neither practical profitable directed order avoid misunderstanding matter forthwith closed proposing embodiment formal protocol terms upon negotiations peace undertaken vague inexplicit suggestions spanish note could accepted reply present virtual ultimatum draft protocol embodying precise terms tendered spain note july 30 added stipulations detail appointment commissioners arrange evacuation spanish antilles august 12 cambon announced receipt full powers sign protocol submitted accordingly afternoon august 12 cambon plenipotentiary spain secretary state plenipotentiary united states signed protocol providing article spain relinquish claim sovereignty title cuba art ii spain cede united states island puerto rico islands spanish sovereignty west indies also island ladrones selected united states art iii united states occupy hold city bay harbor manila pending conclusion treaty peace shall determine control disposition government philippines fourth article provided appointment joint commissions part united states spain meet havana san juan respectively purpose arranging carrying details stipulated evacuation cuba puerto rico spanish islands west indies fifth article provided appointment five commissioners side meet paris later october 1 proceed negotiation conclusion treaty peace subject ratification according respective constitutional forms two countries sixth last article provided upon signature protocol hostilities two countries suspended notice effect given soon possible government commanders military naval forces immediately upon conclusion protocol issued proclamation august 12 suspending hostilities part united states necessary orders end given telegraph blockade ports cuba san juan de puerto rico like manner raised 18th august muster volunteers near number found practicable ordered 1st december officers men mustered discharged service mustered 10th month also corresponding number general general staff officers honorably discharged service military commissions superintend evacuation cuba puerto rico adjacent islands forthwith appointed cuba james wade william sampson matthew butler puerto rico major general john brooke winfield schley william gordon soon afterwards met spanish commissioners havana san juan respectively puerto rican joint commission speedily accomplished task 18th october evacuation island completed united states flag raised island noon day administration affairs provisionally intrusted military governor congress shall otherwise provide cuban joint commission yet terminated labors owing difficulties way removing large numbers spanish troops still cuba evacuation completed 1st january next pursuant fifth article protocol appointed william day lately secretary state cushman davis william frye george gray senators united states whitelaw reid peace commissioners part united states proceeding due season paris met 1st october five commissioners similarly appointed part spain negotiations made hopeful progress trust soon able lay definitive treaty peace senate review steps leading signature discuss time government future new possessions come us result war spain discussion appropriate treaty peace shall ratified meantime congress legislated otherwise duty continue military governments existed since occupation give people security life property encouragement beneficent rule soon possession cuba pacified island necessary give aid direction people form government undertaken earliest moment consistent safety assured success important relations people shall friendly character commercial relations close reciprocal duty assist every proper way build waste places island encourage industry people assist form government shall free independent thus realizing best aspirations cuban people spanish rule must replaced benevolent humane government created people cuba capable performing international obligations shall encourage thrift industry prosperity promote peace good among inhabitants whatever may relations past neither revenge passion place new government complete tranquillity island stable government inaugurated military occupation continued one exception rupture spain intercourse united states great family nations marked cordiality close eventful year finds issues necessarily arise complex relations sovereign states adjusted presenting serious obstacle honorable solution amicable agreement long unsettled dispute extended boundary argentine republic chile stretching along andean crests southern border atacama desert magellan straits nearly third length south american continent assumed acute stage early part year afforded government occasion express hope resort arbitration already contemplated existing conventions parties might prevail despite grave difficulties arising application happy say arrangements end perfected questions fact upon respective commissioners unable agree course reference britannic majesty determination residual difference touching northern boundary line across atacama desert existing treaties provided adequate adjustment bids fair settled like manner joint commission upon united states minister buenos ayres invited serve umpire last resort found occasion approach argentine government view removing differences rate charges imposed upon cables american corporation transmission buenos ayres cities uruguay brazil messages passing united states although matter complicated exclusive concessions uruguay brazil foreign companies strong hope good understanding reached important channels commercial communication united states atlantic cities south america may freed almost prohibitory discrimination relation may permitted express sense fitness international agreement whereby interchange messages connecting cables may regulated fair basis uniformity world seen postal system developed congeries independent exclusive services union countries enjoy manifold benefits would strange nations time brought realize modern civilization owes much progress annihilation space electric force demands means communication heritage peoples administered regulated common behoof step direction taken international convention 1884 protection submarine cables signed day trust far distant medium transmission thought land land may brought within domain international concert completely material carriage commerce correspondence upon face waters divide claim thomas jefferson page argentina pending many years adjusted sum awarded congress argentina sympathy american people justly offered ruler people reason affliction lately befallen assassination historic realm 10th september 1897 conflict took place lattimer body striking miners sheriff luzerne county deputies 22 miners killed 44 wounded 10 killed 12 wounded austrian hungarian subjects deplorable event naturally aroused solicitude government assumption killing wounding involved unjustifiable misuse authority claimed reparation sufferers apart searching investigation peremptory action authorities pennsylvania federal executive took appropriate steps learn merits case order position meet urgent complaint friendly power sheriff deputies indicted murder tried acquitted protracted proceedings hearing hundreds witnesses ground killing line official duty uphold law preserve public order state representative department justice attended trial reported course fully facts possession government expects reach harmonious understanding subject notwithstanding renewed claim latter learning result trial indemnity injured subjects despite brief time allotted preparation exhibits country universal exposition brussels 1897 enjoyed singular distinction larger proportion awards regard number classes articles entered countries worth result making known national capacity supply world markets obvious exhibitions international character becoming frequent exchanges commercial countries grow intimate varied hardly year passes government invited national participation important foreign center often short notice permit recourse congress power means predecessors suggested advisability providing general enactment standing appropriation accepting invitations representation country commission plan cordial approval trust belgian restrictions importation cattle united states originally adopted sanitary precaution early day relaxed present features hardship discrimination admit live cattle due regulation slaughter landing hopeful favorable change belgian treatment preserved salted meats growth direct trade two countries alone belgian consumption belgian products way transit continental states encouraging beneficial effort spared enlarge advantages seeking removal needless impediments arrangements increased commercial exchanges year events central america deserve passing mention menacing rupture costa rica nicaragua happily composed signature convention parties concurrence guatemalan representative mediator act negotiated signed board united states steamer alert lying central american waters believed good offices envoy commander vessel contributed toward gratifying outcome last annual message situation presented respect diplomatic representation government central america created association nicaragua honduras salvador title greater republic central america delegation international functions diet thereof representative character diet recognized predecessor confirmed administration receiving accredited envoy granting exequaturs consuls commissioned authority recognition qualified distinct understanding responsibility component sovereign republics toward united states remained wholly unaffected proviso needful inasmuch compact three republics outset association whereby certain representative functions delegated tripartite commission rather federation possessing centralized powers government administration view relation relation united states several republics change representation country central america neither recommended executive initiated congress thus leaving one envoys accredited heretofore separately two states greater republic nicaragua salvador third state costa rica party compact envoy similarly accredited union state honduras nonunion state guatemala result one presented credentials president costa rica received government guatemala subsequently three associated republics entered negotiations taking steps forecast original compact convention delegates framed federal constitution name united states central america provided central federal government legislature upon ratification constituent states 1st november last fixed new system go operation within weeks thereafter plan severely tested revolutionary movements arising consequent demand unity action part military power federal states suppress strain new union seems weakened withdrawal important members government officially advised installation federation maintained attitude friendly expectancy wise relinquishing position held outset responsibilities several states toward us remained unaltered tentative relations among nicaragua canal commission chairmanship john walker appointed july 24 1897 authority provision sundry civil act june 4 year nearly completed labors results exhaustive inquiry proper route feasibility cost construction interoceanic canal nicaraguan route laid performance task commission received possible courtesy assistance governments nicaragua costa rica thus testified appreciation importance giving speedy practical outcome great project many years engrossed attention respective countries scope recent inquiry embraced whole subject aim making plans surveys canal convenient route necessarily included review results previous surveys plans particular adopted maritime canal company existing concessions nicaragua costa rica extent grants necessarily hold essential part deliberations conclusions canal commission held must needs hold discussion matter congress circumstances view overtures made governments nicaragua costa rica parties new canal concession predicated assumed approaching lapse contracts maritime canal company states hesitated express conviction considerations expediency international policy several governments interested construction control interoceanic canal route require maintenance status quo canal commission shall reported united states congress shall opportunity pass finally upon whole matter present session without prejudice reason change existing conditions nevertheless appears government nicaragua one last sovereign acts merging powers newly formed united states central america granted optional concession another association become effective expiration present grant appear surveys made route proposed contingent grant examination feasibility plans necessarily embraced report canal commission circumstances suggest urgency definite action congress session labors past utilized linking atlantic pacific oceans practical waterway realized construction maritime highway ever indispensable intimate ready intercommunication eastern western seaboards demanded annexation hawaiian islands prospective expansion influence commerce pacific national policy imperatively ever calls control government propositions doubt congress duly appreciate wisely act upon convention providing revival late united states chilean claims commission consideration claims duly presented late commission considered expiration time limited duration commission signed may 24 1897 remained unacted upon senate term therein fixed effecting exchange ratifications elapsed convention falls unless time extended amendment endeavoring bring friendly concurrence chilean government united states indifferent spectator extraordinary events transpiring chinese empire whereby portions maritime provinces passing control various european powers prospect vast commerce energy citizens necessity staple productions chinese uses built regions may prejudiced exclusive treatment new occupants obviated need country becoming actor scene position among nations large pacific coast constantly expanding direct trade farther orient gives us equitable claim consideration friendly treatment regard aim subserve large interests quarter means appropriate constant policy government territories port arthur talienwan leased germany great britain russia respectively terms years announced open international commerce alien occupation discriminating treatment american citizens trade found exist hereafter developed desire government would appear realized relation showing volume value exchanges china peculiarly favorable conditions exist expansion normal course trade refer communication addressed speaker house representatives secretary treasury 14th last june accompanying letter secretary state recommending appropriation commission study commercial industrial conditions chinese empire report opportunities obstacles enlargement markets china raw products manufactures united states action taken thereon late session cordially urge recommendation receive hands consideration importance timeliness merit meanwhile may ground disquietude view unrest revival old sentiment opposition prejudice alien people pervades certain chinese provinces case attacks upon citizens szechuen kutien 1895 united states minister instructed secure fullest measure protection local imperial menaced american interests demand case lawless injury person property instant reparation appropriate case war ships stationed tientsin ready observation disorders invaded even chinese capital position act need arise guard marines sent peking afford minister measure authoritative protection representatives nations constrained employ following close upon rendition award predecessor arbitrator claim italian subject cerruti republic colombia differences arose parties arbitration regard scope extension award certain articles contested colombia italy claimed literal fulfillment award made president united states act friendly consideration sole view impartial composition matter dispute could feel deep concern miscarriage unable accept colombian theory official capacity possessed continuing functions arbitrator power interpret revise terms award best efforts lent bring parties harmonious agreement execution provisions naval demonstration italy resulted engagement pay liabilities claimed upon ascertainment apparent disposition controversy followed rupture diplomatic intercourse colombia italy still continues although fortunately without acute symptoms supervened notwithstanding efforts reported continuing ascertainment colombia contingent liability account cerruti debts fifth article award claim american citizen dominican republic public bridge ozama river diplomatic controversy several years settled expert arbitration award favor claimant amounting however remains unpaid despite urgent demands settlement according terms compact every prospect participation united states universal exposition held paris 1900 scale commensurate advanced position held products industries world chief marts preliminary report moses handy act approved july 19 1897 appointed special commissioner view securing attainable information necessary full complete understanding congress regard participation government paris exposition laid message december 6 1897 showed large opportunities opened make known national progress arts science manufactures well urgent need immediate adequate provision enable due advantage thereof taken mr handy death soon afterwards rendered necessary another take complete unfinished work january 11 last thomas cridler third assistant secretary state designated fulfill task report laid message june 14 1898 gratifying result awakening renewed interest projected display provision sundry civil appropriation act july 1 1898 sum exceed allotted organization commission care proper preparation installation american exhibits display suitable exhibits several executive departments particularly department agriculture fish commission smithsonian institution representation government united states pursuant enactment appointed ferdinand peck chicago assistant secretary peck proceeded paris success enlarging scope variety united states exhibit gratifying notwithstanding comparatively limited area exposition site less world fair chicago space assigned united states increased absolute allotment square feet reported mr handy square feet corresponding augmentation field truly characteristic representation various important branches country development peck report laid judgment recommendations call early consideration especially regards increase appropriation least one million dollars may assigned space fully taken best possible exhibits every class preparation installation perfect scale rank among first unparalleled competition artistic inventive production thus counterbalance disadvantage start compared countries whose appropriations generous scale whose preparations state much greater forwardness artisans admitted capacity excel inventive genius initiated many grandest discoveries later days century native resources land limitless valuable supply world needs province earnest care lead march human progress rest content secondary place moreover due less due great french nation whose guests become many ways testified wish hope participation shall befit place two peoples field universal development commercial arrangement made france 28th may 1898 provisions section 3 tariff act 1897 went effect 1st day june following relieved portion export trade serious embarrassment negotiations pending section 4 act view increase trade two countries mutual advantage negotiations governments part interrupted war spain progress sections tariff act hope able announce results negotiations present session congress negotiations end germany set foot meanwhile effort relaxed convince imperial government thoroughness inspection pork products exportation trusted efficient administration measure department agriculture recognized guaranty healthfulness food staples send abroad countries use large necessary transmitted senate 10th february last information touching prohibition importation fresh fruits country recently decreed germany ground danger disseminating san jose scale insect precautionary measure justified germany score drastic steps taken several states union spread pest elaborate reports department agriculture put evidence show danger german interests scale obtain lodgment country temporary relief afforded case large consignments fruit way inspection admission found noninfected later prohibition extended dried fruits every kind relaxed apply unpeeled fruit fruit waste expected alarm reached countries switzerland adopted similar inhibition efforts progress induce german swiss governments relax prohibition favor dried fruits shown cured circumstances rendering existence animal life impossible relations great britain continued friendly footing assenting request protection americans interests spanish jurisdiction assumed diplomatic consular representatives great britain fulfilled delicate arduous trust tact zeal eliciting high commendation may allowed make fitting allusion instance ramsden majesty consul santiago de cuba whose untimely death distinguished service untiring effort siege city sincerely lamented early part april last pursuant request made instance secretary state british ambassador capital canadian government granted facilities passage four united states revenue cutters great lakes atlantic coast way canadian canals lawrence river vessels reached lake ontario awaiting opening navigation war declared united states spain majesty government thereupon communication latter part april stated permission granted outbreak hostilities would withdrawn provided united states government gave assurance vessels question would proceed direct united states port without engaging hostile operation government promptly agreed stipulated condition understood vessels would prohibited resisting hostile attack give especial satisfaction shall authorized communicate favorable conclusion pending negotiations great britain respect dominion canada earnest wish government remove sources discord irritation relations neighboring dominion trade two countries constantly increasing important countries reasonable facilities granted development government greece strongly urges onerousness duty imposed upon currants country amounting 100 per cent market value fruit stated exclusively greek product coming competition domestic product question reciprocal commercial relations greece including restoration currants free list consideration claim bernard campbell damages injuries sustained violent assault committed military authorities island haiti settled agreement republic pay american gold sum already paid hoped pending claims american citizens republic may amicably adjusted pending consideration senate treaty signed june 1897 plenipotentiaries united states republic hawaii providing annexation islands joint resolution accomplish purpose accepting offered cession incorporating ceded territory union adopted congress approved july 7 1898 thereupon directed united states steamship philadelphia convey miller honolulu intrusted hands important legislative act delivered president republic hawaii admiral united states minister authorized make appropriate arrangements transferring sovereignty islands united states simply impressively accomplished 12th august last delivery certified copy resolution president dole thereupon yielded representative government united states sovereignty public property hawaiian islands pursuant terms joint resolution exercise authority thereby conferred upon directed civil judicial military powers theretofore exercised officers government republic hawaii continue exercised officers congress shall provide government incorporated territory subject power remove officers fill vacancies president officers troops republic thereupon took oath allegiance united states thus providing uninterrupted continuance administrative municipal functions annexed territory congress shall otherwise enact following provision joint resolution appointed hons shelby cullom illinois john morgan alabama robert hitt illinois sanford dole hawaii walter frear hawaii commissioners confer recommend congress legislation concerning hawaiian islands deem necessary proper commissioners fulfilled mission confided report laid early day believed recommendations earnest consideration due magnitude responsibility resting upon give shape relationship lands home union benefit highest degree realizing aspirations community cast lot us elected share political heritage time justifying foresight century looked assimilation hawaii natural inevitable consummation harmony needs fulfillment cherished traditions questions heretofore pending hawaii japan growing alleged mistreatment japanese treaty immigrants pleased say adjusted act transfer payment reasonable indemnity government japan provisions joint resolution existing customs relations hawaiian islands united states countries remain unchanged legislation shall otherwise provide consuls hawaii foreign countries continue fulfill commercial agencies united states consulate honolulu maintained appropriate services pertaining trade revenue would desirable foreign consuls hawaiian islands receive new exequaturs government attention congress called fact consular offices ceased exist hawaii cease countries coming sovereignty united states provisions relief transportation destitute american seamen countries consular regulations consequence terminate proper therefore new legislation enacted upon subject order meet changed conditions interpretation certain provisions extradition convention december 11 1861 various times occasion controversy government mexico acute difference arose case mexican demand delivery jesus guerra led marauding expedition near border proclaimed purpose initiating insurrection president diaz escaped texas extradition refused ground alleged offense political character therefore came within treaty proviso nonsurrender mexican contention exception related purely political offenses guerra acts admixed common crime murder arson kidnaping robbery option nondelivery became void position government unable admit view received international doctrine practice matter mexican government view gave notice january 24 1898 termination convention take effect twelve months date time inviting conclusion new convention toward negotiations foot relation may refer necessity amendment existing extradition statute common stipulation treaties neither party shall bound give citizens added proviso one treaties japan may surrender see fit held country almost uniform course decisions treaty negatives obligation surrender president invested legal authority act conferment authority would line sound morality shrinks affording secure asylum author heinous crime statutory provision might well made styled extradition way transit whereby fugitive surrendered one foreign government another may conveyed across territory united states jurisdiction demanding state recommendation behalf made president message 1886 acted upon matter presented consideration problem mexican free zone often discussed regard inconvenience provocative smuggling united states along extensive thinly guarded land border effort made joint resolution march 1 1895 remedy abuse charged suspending privilege free transportation bond across territory united states mexico failed good result stated report 702 house representatives submitted last session march 11 1898 question one conveniently met wise concurrent legislation two countries looking protection revenues harmonious measures operating equally either side boundary rather conventional arrangements suggest congress consider advisability authorizing inviting conference representatives treasury departments united states mexico consider subject complex bearings make report pertinent recommendations respective governments information consideration congresses mexican water boundary commission adjusted matters submitted satisfaction governments save three important cases chamizal el paso two commissioners failed agree wherein case government proposed mexico addition third member proposed elimination known bancos small isolated islands formed cutting bends rio grande operation treaties 1884 1889 recommended commissioners approved government still consideration mexico subject equitable distribution waters rio grande commissioners recommended international dam reservoir approved mexico still consideration government pending questions necessary extend life commission expires december 23 next coronation young queen netherlands made occasion fitting congratulations claim victor mccord peru number years pressed government several occasions attracted attention congress satisfactorily adjusted protocol signed may 17 1898 whereby fact liability admitted question amount awarded submitted chief justice canada sole arbitrator award sets indemnity due claimant government peru given prescribed notification intention abrogate treaty friendship commerce navigation concluded country august 31 1887 treaty contains many important provisions necessary maintenance commerce good relations could difficulty replaced negotiation renewed provisions within brief twelve months intervening treaty terminates invited suggestions peru particular provisions desired annul hope reaching arrangement whereby remaining articles may provisionally saved majesty czar announced purpose raise imperial russian mission capital rank embassy responded authority conferred act march 3 1893 commissioning accrediting actual representative petersburg capacity ambassador extraordinary plenipotentiary russian ambassador country since presented credentials proposal czar general reduction vast military establishments weigh heavily upon many peoples time peace communicated government earnest invitation represented conference contemplated assemble view discussing means accomplishing desirable result majesty informed cordial sympathy government principle involved exalted proposal readiness united states take part conference active military force united states measured population territorial area taxable wealth conceivable prospective conditions must continue time peace conspicuously less armed powers czar appeal especially addressed question us practical importance save marking auspicious step toward betterment condition modern peoples cultivation peace good among view behooves us nation lend countenance aid beneficent project claims owners american sealing vessels seizure russian cruisers bering sea pressed settlement equities cases justify expectation measure reparation eventually accorded harmony precedent light proven facts recommendation made special message april 27 last renewed appropriation made reimburse master owners russian bark hans wrongful arrest master detention vessel february 1896 officers united states district court southern district mississippi papers accompanying said message make meritorious claim justify urgency presented government russia malietoa laupepa king samoa died august 22 last according article general act berlin successor shall duly elected according laws customs samoa arrangements agreed upon signatories general act return mataafa exiled samoan chiefs brought jaluit german war vessel landed apia september 18 last whether death malietoa return rival mataafa add undesirable complications execution tripartite general act heretofore developed remains seen efforts government heretofore addressed toward harmonious exact fulfillment terms international engagement united states became party 1889 cheek claim siam five years controversy adjusted arbitration agreement signed july 6 1897 award ticals release cheek estate mortgage claims rendered march 21 1898 favor claimant arbitrator sir nicholas john hannen british chief justice china japan envoy siam accredited government presented credentials immediately upon outbreak war spain swiss government fulfilling high mission deservedly assumed patron international red cross proposed united states spain severally recognize carry execution modus vivendi continuance hostilities additional articles proposed international conference geneva october 20 1868 extending effects existing red cross convention 1864 conduct naval war following example set france germany 1870 adopting modus vivendi view accession united states additional articles 1882 although exchange ratifications thereof still remained uneffected swiss proposal promptly cordially accepted us simultaneously spain government feels keen satisfaction thus enabled testify adherence broadest principles humanity even amidst clash war hoped extension red cross compact hostilities sea well land may soon become accomplished fact general promulgation additional naval red cross articles maritime powers parties convention 1864 important question claim switzerland perpetual cantonal allegiance american citizens swiss origin made hopeful progress toward solution controversies regard still continue newly accredited envoy united states ottoman porte carries instructions looking disposal matters controversy turkey number years especially charged press settlement claims indemnity reason destruction property american missionaries resident country armenian troubles 1895 well recognition older claims equal justness also instructed seek adjustment dispute growing refusal turkey recognize acquired citizenship persons naturalized united states since 1869 without prior imperial consent general relation directed endeavor bring solution question less acutely existed since 1869 concerning jurisdictional rights united states matters criminal procedure punishment article iv treaty 1830 latter difficulty grows verbal difference claimed turkey essential original turkish text promulgated translation two years appointment consul country erzerum received exequatur arbitral tribunal appointed treaty february 2 1897 great britain venezuela determine boundary line latter colony british guiana convene paris present month source much gratification government see friendly resort arbitration applied settlement controversy alone earnest part bringing result also two members named behalf venezuela chief justice fuller justice brewer chosen highest court appropriately testify continuing interest feel definitive adjustment question according strictest rules justice british members lord herschell sir richard collins jurists less exalted repute fifth member president tribunal de martens earned reputation authority upon international law claim felipe scandella venezuela arbitrary expulsion injury business adjusted revocation order expulsion payment sum satisfaction able state bureau american republics created 1890 organ promoting commercial intercourse fraternal relations among countries western hemisphere become efficient instrument wise purposes founders receiving cordial support contributing members international union actually represented board management commercial directory two volumes containing mass statistical matter descriptive industrial commercial interests various countries printed english spanish portuguese french monthly bulletin published four languages distributed countries well united states proved valuable medium disseminating information furthering varied interests international union past year important work collecting information practical benefit american industries trade agency diplomatic consular officers steadily advanced order lay data public least delay practice begun january 1898 issuing commercial reports day day received department state believed promptitude well fullness information service thus supplied merchants manufacturers found show sensible improvement merit liberal support congress experiences last year bring forcibly home us sense burdens waste war desire common civilized nations reduce lowest possible point damage sustained time war peaceable trade commerce true may suffer cases less communities nations damaged less state uneasiness apprehension outbreak hostilities throws entire commercial world object therefore minimize far practicable inevitable loss disturbance purpose probably best accomplished international agreement regard private property sea exempt capture destruction forces belligerent powers united states government many years advocated humane beneficent principle position recommend powers without imputation selfish motives therefore suggest consideration executive authorized correspond governments principal maritime powers view incorporating permanent law civilized nations principle exemption private property sea contraband war capture destruction belligerent powers secretary treasury reports receipts government sources fiscal year ended june 30 1898 including received sale pacific railroads amounted expenditures collected customs internal revenue dutiable imports amounted decrease preceding year importations free duty amounted decrease preceding year receipts exceeded preceding year total tax collected distilled spirits manufactured tobacco fermented liquors exported merchandise year amounting increase preceding year estimated upon basis present revenue laws receipts government year ending june 30 1899 expenditures resulting deficiency 1st december 1898 held treasury gold coin amounting gold bullion amounting silver bullion amounting forms money amounting date amount money kinds circulation included treasury holdings increase year estimating population time mentioned per capita circulation date treasury gold bullion amounting provisions made strengthening resources treasury connection war given increased confidence purpose power government maintain present standard established firmly ever national credit home abroad marked evidence found inflow gold treasury net gold holdings november 1 1898 compared november 1 1897 increase net cash november 1 1897 november 1 1898 present ratio net treasury gold outstanding government liabilities including united states notes treasury notes 1890 silver certificates currency certificates standard silver dollars fractional silver coin november 1 1898 per cent compared per cent november 1 1897 renew much recommendation december 1897 follows united states notes presented redemption gold redeemed gold notes shall kept set apart paid exchange gold obvious duty holder united states note prefers gold gets government receive back government united states note without paying gold exchange reason made apparent government issues debt provide gold redemption united states notes debt surely pay except demand gold put way may return followed another bond issue redeem another debt redeem debt recommendation made belief provisions law would insure greater degree safety present standard better protect currency dangers subjected disturbance general business conditions country judgment present condition treasury amply justifies immediate enactment legislation recommended one year ago portion gold holdings placed trust fund greenbacks redeemed upon presentation redeemed thereafter paid except gold inferred legislation relating currency required contrary obvious demand importance adequate provision insure future money standard related money standard commercial rivals generally recognized companion proposition domestic paper currency shall kept safe yet related needs industries internal commerce adequate responsive needs proposition scarcely less important subject parts commended wise consideration congress annexation hawaii changed relations united states cuba puerto rico philippines resulting war compel prompt adoption maritime policy united states established regular frequent steamship communication encouraged united states american flag newly acquired islands spain furnished colonies annual cost steamship lines communicating portion world markets well trade centers home government united states undertake less duty furnish people hawaii facilities national control export import trade conceded present situation calls legislation shall prompt durable liberal part american merchant vessels seamen performed war spain demonstrates service furnishing pickets second line defense national necessity encouraged every constitutional way details methods accomplishment purpose discussed report secretary treasury attention congress respectfully invited last annual message recommended congress authorize appointment commission purpose making systematic investigations reference prevention yellow fever matter acquired increased importance result military occupation island cuba commercial intercourse island united states every reason expect sanitary problems connected new relations island cuba acquisition puerto rico less important relating finance commerce administration earnest desire problems may considered competent experts everything may done recent advances sanitary science offer protection health soldiers islands citizens exposed dangers infection importation yellow fever therefore renew recommendation authority congress may given suitable appropriation made provide commission experts appointed purpose indicated act congress approved april 26 1898 authorizing president discretion upon declaration war congress declaration congress war exists directed increase regular army maximum authorized said act regular army officers men said act provided end war united states may become involved army shall reduced peace basis transfer arm service absorption promotion honorable discharge regulations secretary war may establish supernumerary commissioned officers honorable discharge transfer supernumerary enlisted men nothing contained act shall construed authorizing permanent increase commissioned enlisted force regular army beyond provided law force prior passage act except increase majors provided section 1 hereof importance legislation permanent increase army therefore manifest recommendation secretary war purpose unqualified approval question time probably time future men none many meet necessities situation events whether number shall required permanently power given president enlist force discretion necessary discretion given recruit army within limit inhabitants islands government charged purpose muster entire volunteer army soon congress shall provide increase regular establishment act justice much appreciated brave men left homes employments help country emergency last annual message stated union pacific railway main line sold decree united states court district nebraska 1st 2d november year amount due government consisted principal subsidy bonds accrued interest thereon making total indebtedness bid sale covered lien entire mortgage claim government principal interest left kansas pacific case unconcluded decree court case upset price property fixed sum would yield government upon lien sale instance government postponed first december 15 1897 later upon application united states postponed 16th day february 1898 satisfied interests government required effort made obtain larger sum directed secretary treasury act passed march 3 1887 pay treasury persons entitled receive amounts due upon prior mortgages upon eastern middle divisions said railroad money treasury otherwise appropriated whereupon prepared petition presented court offering redeem said prior liens manner court might direct praying thereupon united states might held subrogated rights said prior lien holders receiver might appointed take possession mortgaged premises maintain operate court congress otherwise directed thereupon reorganization committee agreed said petition withdrawn sale allowed proceed 16th february 1898 would bid sum sale would realize government entire principal debt believing better price could obtained appreciating difficulties government would labor become purchaser road sale absence authority congress take charge operate road directed upon guaranty minimum bid give government principal debt sale proceed transaction government secured advance sum court fixed upset price reorganization committee declared maximum would pay property gratifying fact result proceedings union pacific system kansas pacific line government received account subsidy claim sum increase sum reorganization committee originally agreed bid joint property government receiving whole claim principal interest union pacific principal debt kansas pacific railroad steps taken foreclose government lien upon central pacific railroad company action commenced congress passed act approved july 7 1898 creating commission consisting secretary treasury secretary interior successors office full power settle indebtedness government growing issue bonds aid construction central pacific western pacific railroads subject approval president report yet made commission thus created whatever action looking settlement indebtedness accordance act referred duly submitted congress deem duty call attention congress condition present building occupied department justice business department increased greatly since established present quarters building occupied neither large enough suitable arrangement proper accommodation business department supervising architect pronounced unsafe unsuited use put report states library department upon fourth floor space allotted crowded books dangerously overload structure first floor occupied court claims building old dilapidated appearance unsuited dignity attach important department proper regard safety comfort convenience officers employees would justify expenditure liberal sum money erection new building commodious proportions handsome appearance upon advantageous site already secured purpose including ground occupied present structure adjoining vacant lot comprising frontage 201 feet pennsylvania avenue depth 136 feet connection may likewise refer inadequate accommodations provided supreme court capitol suggest wisdom making provision erection separate building court officers library upon available ground near capitol postal service country advances extraordinary growth within twenty years revenues expenditures department multiplied threefold last ten years nearly doubled postal business grows much rapidly population involves expenditure year numbers enrolls employees remarkable extension service accurate index public conditions presents gratifying evidence advancement education increase communication business activity improvement mail facilities leading constantly augmenting use war spain laid new exceptional labors department mustering military naval forces united states required special mail arrangements every camp every campaign communication home camp naturally eager expectant larger places rendezvous many letters day required handling necessity met prompt detail dispatch experienced men established force directing instrumentalities railway mail service far necessary new need congress passed act empowering establish offices branches every military camp station authority postal machinery speedily put effective operation authority forces moved upon cuba puerto rico philippines attended followed postal service though act congress authorized appointment postmasters necessary early determined public interests would best subserved new designations detail experienced men familiar every branch service policy steadily followed territory theater conflict came possession became necessary reestablish mail facilities resident population well provide forces occupation former requirement met extension application latter obligation gave requisite authority general principle applied branches civil administration military occupation details particularly given report work begun pleasing able say service territory come control already materially improved following recommendations secretary navy relative increase navy earnest approval 1 three seagoing sheathed coppered battle ships tons trial displacement carrying heaviest armor powerful ordnance vessels class highest practicable speed great radius action estimated cost exclusive armor armament 2 three sheathed coppered armored cruisers tons trial displacement carrying heaviest armor powerful ordnance vessels class highest practicable speed great radius action estimated cost exclusive armor armament 3 three sheathed coppered protected cruisers tons trial displacement highest practicable speed great radius action carry powerful ordnance suitable vessels class estimated cost exclusive armor armament 4 six sheathed coppered cruisers tons trial dis placement highest speed compatible good cruising qualities great radius action carry powerful ordnance suited vessels class estimated cost exclusive armament join secretary navy recommending grades admiral temporarily revived filled officers specially distinguished war spain earnestly urge upon congress importance early legislation providing taking twelfth census necessary view large amount work must performed preparation schedules preparatory enumeration population pension rolls june 30 1898 names increase nearly number rolls day preceding year amount appropriated act december 22 1896 payment pensions fiscal year 1898 eight million seventy thousand eight hundred dollars cents appropriated act march 31 1898 cover deficiencies army pensions repayments sum making total available payment pensions fiscal year 1898 amount disbursed sum leaving balance unexpended 30th june 1898 covered treasury 389 names added rolls year special acts passed second session congress making total pensioners congressional enactments since 1861 total receipts patent office past year expenditures leaving surplus public lands disposed government year reached acres increase acres previous year total receipts public lands fiscal year amounted increase preceding year lands embraced eleven forest reservations suspended act june 4 1897 became subject operations proclamations february 22 1897 creating added estimated amount acres area embraced reserves previously created addition thereto two new reserves created year pine mountain zaca lake reserve california embracing acres prescott reserve arizona embracing acres pecos river reserve new mexico changed enlarged include additional acres close year thirty forest reservations including afognak forest reserve alaska created executive proclamations section 24 act march 3 1891 embracing estimated area acres department interior inaugurated forest system made possible act july 1898 graded force officers control reserves system full operation since august good results already secured many sections reports received indicate system patrol prevented destructive fires gaining headway diminished number fires special attention congress called part report secretary interior relation five civilized tribes noteworthy general condition indians shows marked progress one outbreak serious character occurred year among chippewa indians minnesota happily suppressed yet practicable enforce provisions act june 28 1898 protection people indian territory purposes salutary effect upon nations composing five tribes dawes commission reports gratifying results greater advance toward attainment objects government secured past year previous year strongly indorse recommendation commission secretary interior necessity providing education white children resident indian territory department agriculture active past year explorers sent many countries eastern western hemispheres seeds plants may useful united states view opening markets surplus products forestry division department giving special attention treeless regions country introducing species specially adapted semiarid regions forest fires seriously interfere production especially irrigated regions studied losses may avoided department inquiring use abuse water many states west collating information regarding laws states decisions courts customs people regard uniformity may secured experiment stations becoming effective every year annual appropriation congress supplemented states experiments conducted ascertain suitableness soil climate states growing sugar beets number sugar factories doubled past two years ability united states produce sugar source clearly demonstrated weather bureau forecast observation stations extended around caribbean sea give early warning approach hurricanes south seas fleets merchant marine year 1900 occur centennial anniversary founding city washington permanent capital government united states authority act congress approved july 16 1790 may 1800 archives general offices federal government removed place 17th november 1800 national congress met first time assumed exclusive control federal district city interesting event assumes significance recall circumstances attending choosing site naming capital honor father country interest taken adoption plans future development magnificent scale original plans wrought constant progress signal success even beyond anything framers could foreseen people country justly proud distinctive beauty government capital rare instruments science education find natural home movement lately inaugurated citizens anniversary celebrated fitting ceremonies including perhaps establishment handsome permanent memorial mark historical occasion give local recognition met general favor part public recommend congress granting appropriation purpose appointment committee respective bodies might also advisable authorize president appoint committee country large acting congressional district columbia committees complete plans appropriate national celebration alien contract law shown experience need amendment measure providing better protection seamen proposed rightful application law benefit labor principle arbitration suggested consideration commend subjects careful attention congress several departmental reports laid give great detail conduct affairs government past year discuss many questions upon congress may feel called upon act
notwithstanding add burden rendered necessary war people rejoice satisfactory steadily increase degree prosperity evidence large volume business ever record manufacture productive agricultural pursuit yield abundant return labor field industry well reward revenue legislation pass present congress increase treasury receipt amount estimate author finance government successfully administer credit advance first rank currency maintain world high standard military service common flag righteous strengthen national spirit serve cement closely ever fraternal bond every section country review relation united state power always appropriate year primary importance view momentous issue arise demand one instance ultimate determination arm involve consequence require earnest attention congress last annual message full consideration give question duty government unite state toward spain cuban insurrection far important problem call upon deal consideration advance exposition view therein express disclosed sense extreme gravity situation set aside logically unfounded practically inadmissible recognition cuban insurgent belligerent recognition independence cuba neutral intervention end war impose rational compromise contestant intervention favor one party forcible annexation island conclude honestly due friendly relation spain give reasonable chance realize expectation reform become irrevocably commit within week previously announce comprehensive plan confidently assert would efficacious remedy evil deeply affect country injurious true interest mother country well cuba repugnant universal sentiment humanity ensue month bring little sign real progress toward pacification cuba autonomous administration set capital principal city appear gain favor inhabitant able extend influence large extent territory hold insurgent military arm obviously unable cope still active rebellion continue many objectionable offensive policy government precede tangible relief afford vast number unhappy reconcentrados despite reiterated profession make regard amount appropriate spain end proffer expedient zone cultivation prove illusory indeed less practical delusive promise succor could well tender exhausted destitute people strip make life home dear herd strange region among unsympathetic stranger hardly less necessitous end december mortality among frightfully increase conservative estimate spanish source place death among distressed people 40 per cent time general weyler decree reconcentration enforce acquiescence spanish authority scheme adopt relief charitable contribution raise country distribute direction several consul noble earnest individual effort organize agency american red cross thousand live thus save many thousand inaccessible form aid war continue old footing without comprehensive plan develop spasmodic encounter barren strategic result mark course earlier ten year rebellion well present insurrection start alternative save physical exhaustion either combatant therewithal practical ruin island lay sight far distant one could venture conjecture juncture 15th february last occur destruction battle ship maine rightfully lie harbor havana mission international courtesy good catastrophe suspicious nature horror stir nation heart profoundly striking evidence poise sturdy good sense distinguish national character shock blow fall upon generous people already deeply touched precede event cuba move instant desperate resolve tolerate longer existence condition danger disorder door make possible deed whomsoever wrought yet instinct justice prevail nation anxiously await result search investigation set foot find naval board inquiry establish origin explosion external submarine mine halt lack positive testimony fix responsibility authorship thing carry conviction thoughtful even find naval court crisis relation spain toward cuba hand strong belief need brief executive suggestion congress receive immediate answer duty make instant provision possible perhaps speedily probable emergency war remarkable almost unique spectacle present unanimous vote house 9th march appropriate national defense every purpose connect therewith expend discretion president act prevision come none soon disclose application fund undertaken coast practically undefended navy need large provision increase ammunition supply even number cope sudden attack navy spain comprise modern vessel high type continental perfection army also require enlargement men munition detail hurry preparation dread contingency tell report secretary war navy need repeat sufficient say outbreak war come find nation unprepared meet conflict apprehension come strife confine country felt continental power april 6 ambassador envoys addressed executive expression hope humanity moderation might mark course government people negotiation would lead agreement secure maintenance peace would afford necessary guaranty reestablishment order cuba respond representation say share hope envoys expressed peace might preserve manner terminate chronic condition disturbance cuba injurious menacing interest tranquillity well shock sentiment humanity appreciate humanitarian disinterested character communication make behalf power state confidence government part equal appreciation would show earnest unselfish endeavor fulfill duty humanity end situation indefinite prolongation become insufferable still animate hope peaceful solution obey dictate duty effort relax bring speedy end cuban struggle negotiation object continue actively government spain look immediate conclusion six month armistice cuba view effect recognition people right independence besides instant revocation order reconcentration ask sufferer return home aid united american spanish effort might put way support orderly resumption destroy productive energy island contribute restoration tranquillity negotiation continue little time madrid result offer spanish government could regard inadequate propose confide preparation peace insular parliament yet convene autonomous decree november 1897 without impairment wise constitutional power madrid government end would grant armistice solicit insurgent time general chief might see fit fix scope discretionary power insular parliament expect set preparation peace appear negotiation insurgent issue seem rest one side body choose fraction elector district spanish control insurgent population hold interior country unrepresented parliament defiant suggestion sue peace grieve disappointed barren outcome sincere endeavor reach practicable solution felt duty remit whole question congress message april 11 1898 announce last overture direction immediate peace cuba disappointing reception spain effort executive bring end review alternative course action propose conclude one consonant international policy compatible historical tradition intervention neutral stop war check hopeless sacrifice life even though resort involve hostile constraint upon party contest well enforce truce guide eventual settlement ground justify step interest humanity duty protect life property citizen cuba right check injury commerce people devastation island important need remove forever constant menace burden entail upon government uncertainty peril situation cause unendurable disturbance cuba say long trial prove object spain wag war attain fire insurrection may flame may smolder vary season plain extinguished present method hope relief repose condition longer endure enforced pacification cuba name humanity name civilization behalf endanger american interest give u right duty speak act war cuba must stop view congress ask authorize empower president take measure secure full final termination hostility spain people cuba secure island establishment stable government capable maintain order observe international obligation insure peace tranquillity security citizen well accomplishment end use military naval force united state might necessary add authority continue generous relief starve people cuba response congress nine day earnest deliberation almost unanimous sentiment body develop every point save expediency couple propose action formal recognition republic cuba true lawful government island proposition fail adoption congress conference 19th april vote 42 35 senate 311 6 house representative pass memorable joint resolution declare first people island cuba right ought free independent second duty united state demand government united state hereby demand government spain relinquish authority government island cuba withdraw land naval force cuba cuban water third president unite state hereby direct empower use entire land naval force united state call actual service united state militia several state extent may necessary carry resolution effect fourth united state hereby disclaims disposition intention exercise sovereignty jurisdiction control say island except pacification thereof assert determination accomplish leave government control island people resolution approve executive next day april 20 copy communicate spanish minister capital forthwith announce continuance washington thereby become impossible asked passport give thereupon withdrew washington leave protection spanish interest unite state french ambassador minister simultaneously communication spanish minister general woodford american minister madrid telegraph confirmation text joint resolution direct communicate government spain formal demand relinquish authority government island cuba withdraw force therefrom couple demand announcement intention government future island conformity fourth clause resolution give spain noon april 23 reply demand although show officially make know spanish envoy deliver madrid instruction reach general woodford morning april 21 could present spanish minister state notify upon president approval joint resolution madrid government regard act equivalent evident declaration war order minister washington withdraw thereby break diplomatic relation two country cease official communication respective representative general woodford thereupon demand passport quit madrid day spain thus denied demand united state initiate complete form rupture relation attend state war executive power authorize resolution use meet enlarged contingency actual war sovereign state april 22 proclaim blockade north coast cuba include port say coast cardenas bahia honda port cienfuegos south coast cuba 23d call volunteer execute purpose resolution message april 25 congress inform situation recommend formal declaration existence state war united state spain congress accordingly vote day act approve april 25 1898 declare existence war include 21st day april reenact provision resolution april 20 direct president use arm force nation carry act due notification existence war aforesaid give april 25 telegraph government united state maintain relation order neutrality might assure war various government respond proclamation neutrality method among least gratify incident struggle obligation neutrality impartially discharge often delicate difficult circumstance fulfillment international duty issue april 26 1893 proclamation announce treatment propose accorded vessel cargo blockade contraband exercise right search immunity neutral flag neutral good enemy flag similar proclamation make spanish government conduct hostility rule declaration paris include abstention resort privateering accordingly observe belligerent although neither party declaration country thus interval half century peace nation find engage deadly conflict foreign enemy every nerve strain meet emergency response initial call volunteer instant complete also result second call may 25 additional volunteer rank regular army increase limit provide act april 26 1898 enlist force navy 15th day august reach maximum numbered men apprentice one hundred three vessel add navy purchase 1 presented government 1 lease 4 vessel international navigation company paul louis new york paris charter addition revenue cutter lighthouse tender turn navy department become temporarily part auxiliary navy maximum effective fight force navy war separate class follow four battle ship first class 1 battle ship second class 2 armor cruiser 6 monitor 1 armor ram 12 protect cruiser 3 unprotected cruiser 18 gunboat 1 dynamite cruiser 11 torpedo boat vessels old navy include monitor 14 auxiliary navy 11 auxiliary cruiser 28 convert yacht 27 convert tug 19 convert collier 15 revenue cutter 4 tender 19 miscellaneous vessel much alarm felt along entire atlantic seaboard l attack might make enemy every precaution take prevent possible injury great city lie along coast temporary garrison provide drawn state militia infantry light battery draw volunteer force troop thus employ coast signal service establish observe approach enemy ship coast united state service cooperate enabled navy department portion atlantic coast maine texas observation auxiliary navy create authority congress officer man naval militia several state organization patrol coast perform duty second line defense direction chief engineer submarine mine place exposed point outbreak war permanent mining casemates cable gallery construct nearly important harbor torpedo material found market specially manufacture date april 19 district officer direct take preliminary measure short actual attaching load mine cable april 22 telegraphic order issue place load mine position aggregate number mine place principal harbor maine california preparation also make plant mine certain harbor owe early destruction spanish fleet mine place signal corp promptly organize perform service difficult important character operation war cover electrical connection coast fortification establishment telephonic telegraphic facility camp manila santiago puerto rico construct 300 mile line ten great camp thus facilitate military movement point manner heretofore unknown military administration field telegraph line establish maintain enemy fire manila later cable reopen puerto rico cable communication open discontinue route land headquarters command officer keep telegraphic telephonic communication division commander four different line operation place cuban water completely outfit cable ship war cable cable gear suitable destruction communication belong enemy establishment two ocean cable destroy enemy battery santiago day previous land general shafter corp caimanera within 20 mile land place cable communication establish cable station open give direct communication government washington service invaluable executive direct operation army navy total force loss disease camp field officer men include 5 fund expend large part army navy object use fully show report several secretary timely appropriation enable government strengthen defense make preparation greatly need case war fund inadequate requirement equipment conduct war patriotism congress provide mean act june 13 authorize 3 per cent popular loan exceed levy additional impost tax authorize loan offer promptly take subscription far exceed call cover many time preference give small bid single allotment exceed encouraging significant result show vast resource nation determination people uphold country honor within province message narrate history extraordinary war follow spanish declaration april 21 brief recital salient feature appropriate first encounter war point date take place april 27 detachment blockading squadron make reconnoissance force matanzas shell harbor fort demolish several new work construction next engagement destine mark memorable epoch maritime warfare pacific fleet commodore george dewey lain week hongkong upon colonial proclamation neutrality issue customary hour notice give repair mirs bay near hongkong whence proceed philippine island telegraphed order capture destroy formidable spanish fleet assemble manila daybreak 1st may american force enter manila bay hour engagement effect total destruction spanish fleet consist ten war ship transport besides capture naval station fort cavite thus annihilate spanish naval power pacific ocean completely control bay manila ability take city life lose ship wound number seven vessel materially injured gallant achievement congress upon recommendation fitly bestow upon actor preferment substantial reward effect remarkable victory upon spirit people upon fortune war instant prestige invincibility thereby attach arm continue throughout struggle reenforcement hurry manila command merritt firmly establish within sight capital lay helpless gun 7th day may government advise officially victory manila inquire commander fleet troop would require information receive 15th day may first army expedition sail may 25 arrive manila june 30 expedition soon follow total force consist 641 officer enlist men reluctance needless loss life property prevent early storming capture city therewith absolute military occupancy whole group insurgent meanwhile resume active hostility suspend uncompleted truce december 1897 force invest manila northern eastern side constrain admiral dewey general merrill attempt assault fit whatever do way decisive operation quarter accomplish strong arm united state alone obey stern precept war enjoins overcome adversary extinction power wherever assailable speedy sure mean win peace divide victory permissible partition right responsibility attend enforcement advantageous peace could think follow comprehensive scheme general attack powerful force assemble various point coast invade cuba puerto rico meanwhile naval demonstration make several exposed point may 11 cruiser wilmington torpedo boat winslow unsuccessful attempt silence battery cardenas gallant ensign worth bagley four seaman fall grievous fatality strangely enough among occurred naval operation extraordinary conflict meanwhile spanish naval preparation push great vigor powerful squadron admiral cervera assemble cape verde islands outbreak hostility cross ocean erratic movement caribbean sea delay military plan baffle pursuit fleet time fear felt l oregon marietta near home long voyage san francisco mile might surprise admiral cervera fleet fortunate arrival dispel apprehension lent reenforcement admiral cervera take refuge harbor santiago de cuba may 19 practicable plan systematic naval military attack upon antillean possession spain several demonstration occur coast cuba puerto rico preparation large event may 13 north atlantic squadron shell san juan de puerto rico may 30 commodore schley squadron bombard fort guard mouth santiago harbor neither attack material result evident land operation indispensable achieve decisive advantage next act war thrill alone heart countryman world exceptional heroism night june 3 lieutenant hobson aid seven devoted volunteer block narrow outlet santiago harbor sink collier merrimac channel fierce fire shore battery escape life miracle fall hand spaniard gratify incident war bravery little band hero cordially appreciate spanish admiral sent flag truce notify admiral sampson safety compliment dare act subsequently exchange july 7 june 7 cut last cuban cable isolate island thereafter invasion vigorously prosecute june 10 heavy protect fire land 600 marine oregon marblehead yankee effect guantanamo bay determine establish naval station important essential port take enemy severe fight marine first organize force united state land cuba position hold despite desperate attempt dislodge force june 16 additional force land strongly june 22 advance invade army shafter land daiquiri 15 mile east santiago accomplished great difficulty marvelous dispatch june 23 movement santiago begin 24th first serious engagement take place first tenth cavalry first united state volunteer cavalry general young brigade general wheeler division participate lose heavily nightfall however ground within 5 mile santiago advantage steadily increase july 1 severe battle take place force gain outwork santiago 2d el caney san juan take desperate charge investment city complete navy cooperate shell town coast fort day follow brilliant achievement land force 3d july occur decisive naval combat war spanish fleet attempt leave harbor met american squadron command commodore sampson less three hour spanish ship destroy two torpedo boat sink maria teresa almirante oquendo vizcaya cristobal colon drive ashore spanish admiral men take prisoner enemy loss life deplorably large 600 perish side one man kill brooklyn one man seriously wound although ship repeatedly strike one seriously injure conspicuously distinguish commander gunner unnamed hero boiler room contribute toward achievement astound victory neither ancient modern history affords parallel completeness event marvelous disproportion casualty would invidious single especial honor deserve promotion reward conspicuous actor nation profound gratitude due brave men skill devotion short hour crush sea power spain work triumph whose decisiveness consequence scarcely measure unmindful achievement builder mechanic artisan skill construction war ship catastrophe santiago spain effort upon ocean virtually ceased spasmodic effort toward end june send mediterranean fleet admiral camara relieve manila abandon expedition recall pass suez canal capitulation santiago follow city closely besiege land entrance ship harbor cut relief side truce allow removal noncombatant protract negotiation continue july 3 july 15 menace immediate assault preliminary surrender agree upon 17th general shafter occupy city capitulation embrace entire eastern end cuba number spanish soldier surrender subsequently convey spain charge united state story successful campaign tell report secretary war lay individual valor officer soldier never strikingly show several engagement lead surrender santiago prompt movement successive victory instant universal applause gain complete triumph establish ascendency united state upon land fight santiago fix supremacy seas earnest last gratitude nation unsparingly due alone remember gallantry living dead claim tear loss battle disease must cloud exultation result teach u weigh awful cost war however rightful signal victory fall santiago occupation puerto rico become next strategic necessity general mile previously assign organize expedition purpose fortunately already santiago arrive 11th july reenforcement general shafter army troop consist infantry artillery two company engineer one company signal corp general mile leave guantanamo july 21 nine transport convoy fleet captain higginson massachusetts flagship dixie gloucester columbia yale two latter carry troops expedition land guanica july 25 port enter little opposition fleet join annapolis wasp puritan amphitrite go san juan join new orleans engage blockade port command subsequently reenforce general schwan brigade third army corp general wilson part division also general brooke part corp number officer men july 27 enter ponce one important port island thereafter direct operation capture island exception encounter enemy guayama hormigueros coamo yauco attack force land cape san juan serious resistance campaign prosecute great vigor 12th august much island possession acquisition remainder matter short time point island troop enthusiastically welcome protestation loyalty flag gratitude delivery spanish rule meet commander every stage potent influence toward peace outcome puerto rican expedition great consequence generous commendation due participate last scene war enact manila start place august 15 brief assault upon work land force squadron assist capital surrender unconditionally casualty comparatively conquest philippine island virtually accomplish spanish capacity resistance destroy admiral dewey victory 1st may formally seal general merrill officer men uncomplaining devote service gallantry action nation sincerely grateful long voyage make singular success soldierly conduct men without previous experience military service deserves unmeasured praise total casualty kill wounded army war spain officer kill 23 enlist men kill 257 total 280 officer wound 113 enlist men wound total navy kill 17 wound 67 die result wound 1 invalided service 6 total 91 observe navy engage two great battle numerous perilous undertaking blockade bombardment troop transport distant land engage assault siege battle many skirmish unfamiliar territory lose arm service total kill wounded entire campaign land sea lose gun flag transport ship exception crew merrimac soldier sailor take prisoner august 7 day date land general shafter army cuba day surrender santiago united state troop commence embarkation home entire force return united state early august 24 absent united state two month fit bear testimony patriotism devotion large portion army although eager order post great exposure fortunately required outside united state whole duty like comrade front earn gratitude nation like manner officer men army navy remain department station faithfully perform important duty connect war whose request assignment field sea compel refuse service indispensable entitled high commendation regret seem provision suitable recognition connection pleasure mention term cordial appreciation timely useful work american national red cross relief measure preparatory campaign sanitary assistance several camp assemblage later able experienced leadership president society miss clara barton field battle hospital front cuba work conjunction governmental authority sanction approval enthusiastic cooperation many patriotic woman societies various state red cross fully maintain already high reputation intense earnestness ability exercise noble purpose international organization thus justify confidence support receive hand american people member officer society aid philanthropic work sincere last gratitude soldier public due freely accord trace event constantly remind obligation divine master watchful care u safe guidance nation make reverent acknowledgment offer humble prayer continuance favor annihilation admiral cervera fleet follow capitulation santiago bring spanish government realize sense hopelessness continue struggle become wholly unequal make overture peace french ambassador assent government act friendly representative spanish interest war 26th july cambon present communication sign duke almodovar spanish minister state inviting united state state term upon would willing make peace 30th july communication address duke almodovar hand cambon term government announce substantially protocol afterwards sign 10th august spanish reply date august 7 hand cambon secretary state accept unconditionally term impose cuba puerto rico island ladrones group appear seek introduce inadmissible reservation regard demand philippine island conceive discussion point could neither practical profitable direct order avoid misunderstand matter forthwith close propose embodiment formal protocol term upon negotiation peace undertaken vague inexplicit suggestion spanish note could accept reply present virtual ultimatum draft protocol embody precise term tender spain note july 30 add stipulation detail appointment commissioner arrange evacuation spanish antilles august 12 cambon announce receipt full power sign protocol submit accordingly afternoon august 12 cambon plenipotentiary spain secretary state plenipotentiary united state sign protocol provide article spain relinquish claim sovereignty title cuba art ii spain cede united state island puerto rico island spanish sovereignty west indie also island ladrones select united state art iii united state occupy hold city bay harbor manila pending conclusion treaty peace shall determine control disposition government philippine fourth article provide appointment joint commission part united state spain meet havana san juan respectively purpose arrange carry detail stipulate evacuation cuba puerto rico spanish island west indie fifth article provide appointment five commissioner side meet paris later october 1 proceed negotiation conclusion treaty peace subject ratification accord respective constitutional form two country sixth last article provide upon signature protocol hostility two country suspend notice effect give soon possible government commander military naval force immediately upon conclusion protocol issue proclamation august 12 suspend hostility part united state necessary order end give telegraph blockade port cuba san juan de puerto rico like manner raise 18th august muster volunteer near number find practicable order 1st december officer men muster discharged service muster 10th month also correspond number general general staff officer honorably discharge service military commission superintend evacuation cuba puerto rico adjacent island forthwith appoint cuba james wade william sampson matthew butler puerto rico major general john brooke winfield schley william gordon soon afterwards meet spanish commissioner havana san juan respectively puerto rican joint commission speedily accomplish task 18th october evacuation island complete united state flag raise island noon day administration affair provisionally intrust military governor congress shall otherwise provide cuban joint commission yet terminate labor owe difficulty way remove large number spanish troop still cuba evacuation complete 1st january next pursuant fifth article protocol appoint william day lately secretary state cushman davis william frye george gray senator unite state whitelaw reid peace commissioner part united state proceed due season paris meet 1st october five commissioner similarly appoint part spain negotiation make hopeful progress trust soon able lay definitive treaty peace senate review step lead signature discuss time government future new possession come u result war spain discussion appropriate treaty peace shall ratify meantime congress legislate otherwise duty continue military government exist since occupation give people security life property encouragement beneficent rule soon possession cuba pacify island necessary give aid direction people form government undertaken early moment consistent safety assure success important relation people shall friendly character commercial relation close reciprocal duty assist every proper way build waste place island encourage industry people assist form government shall free independent thus realize best aspiration cuban people spanish rule must replace benevolent humane government create people cuba capable perform international obligation shall encourage thrift industry prosperity promote peace good among inhabitant whatever may relation past neither revenge passion place new government complete tranquillity island stable government inaugurate military occupation continue one exception rupture spain intercourse united state great family nation mark cordiality close eventful year find issue necessarily arise complex relation sovereign state adjust present serious obstacle honorable solution amicable agreement long unsettled dispute extend boundary argentine republic chile stretch along andean crest southern border atacama desert magellan straits nearly third length south american continent assume acute stage early part year afford government occasion express hope resort arbitration already contemplate exist convention party might prevail despite grave difficulty arise application happy say arrangement end perfected question fact upon respective commissioner unable agree course reference britannic majesty determination residual difference touch northern boundary line across atacama desert exist treaty provide adequate adjustment bid fair settle like manner joint commission upon united state minister buenos ayres invite serve umpire last resort find occasion approach argentine government view remove difference rate charge impose upon cable american corporation transmission buenos ayres city uruguay brazil message pass united state although matter complicate exclusive concession uruguay brazil foreign company strong hope good understanding reach important channel commercial communication united state atlantic city south america may free almost prohibitory discrimination relation may permit express sense fitness international agreement whereby interchange message connect cable may regulate fair basis uniformity world see postal system develop congeries independent exclusive service union country enjoy manifold benefit would strange nation time bring realize modern civilization owes much progress annihilation space electric force demand mean communication heritage people administer regulated common behoof step direction take international convention 1884 protection submarine cable sign day trust far distant medium transmission think land land may bring within domain international concert completely material carriage commerce correspondence upon face water divide claim thomas jefferson page argentina pending many year adjust sum awarded congress argentina sympathy american people justly offer ruler people reason affliction lately befall assassination historic realm 10th september 1897 conflict take place lattimer body strike miner sheriff luzerne county deputy 22 miner kill 44 wound 10 kill 12 wounded austrian hungarian subject deplorable event naturally arouse solicitude government assumption kill wound involve unjustifiable misuse authority claim reparation sufferer apart search investigation peremptory action authority pennsylvania federal executive take appropriate step learn merit case order position meet urgent complaint friendly power sheriff deputy indict murder try acquit protracted proceeding hear hundred witness grind kill line official duty uphold law preserve public order state representative department justice attend trial report course fully facts possession government expect reach harmonious understand subject notwithstanding renew claim latter learn result trial indemnity injure subject despite brief time allot preparation exhibit country universal exposition brussels 1897 enjoy singular distinction large proportion award regard number class article enter country worth result make know national capacity supply world market obvious exhibition international character become frequent exchange commercial country grow intimate vary hardly year pass government invite national participation important foreign center often short notice permit recourse congress power mean predecessor suggest advisability provide general enactment stand appropriation accept invitation representation country commission plan cordial approval trust belgian restriction importation cattle united state originally adopt sanitary precaution early day relax present feature hardship discrimination admit live cattle due regulation slaughter land hopeful favorable change belgian treatment preserve salted meat growth direct trade two country alone belgian consumption belgian product way transit continental state encourage beneficial effort spar enlarge advantage seek removal needless impediment arrangement increase commercial exchange year event central america deserve pass mention menace rupture costa rica nicaragua happily compose signature convention party concurrence guatemalan representative mediator act negotiate sign board united state steamer alert lie central american water believe good office envoy commander vessel contribute toward gratify outcome last annual message situation present respect diplomatic representation government central america create association nicaragua honduras salvador title great republic central america delegation international function diet thereof representative character diet recognize predecessor confirm administration receive accredit envoy granting exequaturs consuls commission authority recognition qualify distinct understanding responsibility component sovereign republic toward united state remain wholly unaffected proviso needful inasmuch compact three republic outset association whereby certain representative function delegate tripartite commission rather federation possess centralized power government administration view relation relation united state several republic change representation country central america neither recommended executive initiate congress thus leave one envoy accredit heretofore separately two state great republic nicaragua salvador third state costa rica party compact envoy similarly accredit union state honduras nonunion state guatemala result one present credential president costa rica receive government guatemala subsequently three associate republic enter negotiation take step forecast original compact convention delegate frame federal constitution name united state central america provide central federal government legislature upon ratification constituent state 1st november last fix new system go operation within week thereafter plan severely tested revolutionary movement arise consequent demand unity action part military power federal state suppress strain new union seem weaken withdrawal important member government officially advise installation federation maintain attitude friendly expectancy wise relinquish position hold outset responsibility several state toward u remain unaltered tentative relation among nicaragua canal commission chairmanship john walker appoint july 24 1897 authority provision sundry civil act june 4 year nearly complete labor result exhaustive inquiry proper route feasibility cost construction interoceanic canal nicaraguan route lay performance task commission receive possible courtesy assistance government nicaragua costa rica thus testify appreciation importance give speedy practical outcome great project many year engross attention respective country scope recent inquiry embrace whole subject aim making plan survey canal convenient route necessarily include review result previous survey plan particular adopt maritime canal company exist concession nicaragua costa rica extent grant necessarily hold essential part deliberation conclusion canal commission hold must need hold discussion matter congress circumstance view overture make government nicaragua costa rica party new canal concession predicate assumed approach lapse contract maritime canal company state hesitate express conviction consideration expediency international policy several government interested construction control interoceanic canal route require maintenance status quo canal commission shall report united state congress shall opportunity pas finally upon whole matter present session without prejudice reason change exist condition nevertheless appear government nicaragua one last sovereign act merge power newly form united state central america grant optional concession another association become effective expiration present grant appear survey make route propose contingent grant examination feasibility plan necessarily embrace report canal commission circumstance suggest urgency definite action congress session labor past utilized link atlantic pacific oceans practical waterway realize construction maritime highway ever indispensable intimate ready intercommunication eastern western seaboard demand annexation hawaiian island prospective expansion influence commerce pacific national policy imperatively ever call control government proposition doubt congress duly appreciate wisely act upon convention provide revival late united state chilean claim commission consideration claim duly present late commission consider expiration time limited duration commission sign may 24 1897 remain unacted upon senate term therein fix effect exchange ratification elapse convention fall unless time extend amendment endeavor bring friendly concurrence chilean government unite state indifferent spectator extraordinary event transpire chinese empire whereby portion maritime province pass control various european power prospect vast commerce energy citizen necessity staple production chinese us build region may prejudice exclusive treatment new occupant obviate need country become actor scene position among nation large pacific coast constantly expand direct trade farther orient give u equitable claim consideration friendly treatment regard aim subserve large interest quarter mean appropriate constant policy government territory port arthur talienwan lease germany great britain russia respectively term year announce open international commerce alien occupation discriminate treatment american citizen trade find exist hereafter develop desire government would appear realize relation show volume value exchange china peculiarly favorable condition exist expansion normal course trade refer communication address speaker house representative secretary treasury 14th last june accompany letter secretary state recommend appropriation commission study commercial industrial condition chinese empire report opportunity obstacles enlargement market china raw product manufacture united state action take thereon late session cordially urge recommendation receive hand consideration importance timeliness merit meanwhile may grind disquietude view unrest revival old sentiment opposition prejudice alien people pervade certain chinese province case attack upon citizen szechuen kutien 1895 united state minister instruct secure full measure protection local imperial menace american interest demand case lawless injury person property instant reparation appropriate case war ship station tientsin ready observation disorder invade even chinese capital position act need arise guard marine send peking afford minister measure authoritative protection representative nation constrain employ follow close upon rendition award predecessor arbitrator claim italian subject cerruti republic colombia difference arose party arbitration regard scope extension award certain article contest colombia italy claim literal fulfillment award make president united state act friendly consideration sole view impartial composition matter dispute could feel deep concern miscarriage unable accept colombian theory official capacity possess continue function arbitrator power interpret revise term award best effort lend bring party harmonious agreement execution provision naval demonstration italy result engagement pay liability claim upon ascertainment apparent disposition controversy follow rupture diplomatic intercourse colombia italy still continue although fortunately without acute symptom supervene notwithstanding effort report continue ascertainment colombia contingent liability account cerruti debt fifth article award claim american citizen dominican republic public bridge ozama river diplomatic controversy several year settle expert arbitration award favor claimant amount however remain unpaid despite urgent demand settlement accord term compact every prospect participation united state universal exposition hold paris 1900 scale commensurate advance position hold product industry world chief mart preliminary report moses handy act approve july 19 1897 appoint special commissioner view secure attainable information necessary full complete understand congress regard participation government paris exposition lay message december 6 1897 show large opportunity open make known national progress art science manufacture well urgent need immediate adequate provision enable due advantage thereof take mr handy death soon afterwards render necessary another take complete unfinished work january 11 last thomas cridler third assistant secretary state designate fulfill task report lay message june 14 1898 gratify result awaken renew interest project display provision sundry civil appropriation act july 1 1898 sum exceed allot organization commission care proper preparation installation american exhibit display suitable exhibit several executive department particularly department agriculture fish commission smithsonian institution representation government unite state pursuant enactment appoint ferdinand peck chicago assistant secretary peck proceed paris success enlarge scope variety united state exhibit gratify notwithstanding comparatively limited area exposition site less world fair chicago space assign united state increase absolute allotment square foot report mr handy square foot correspond augmentation field truly characteristic representation various important branch country development peck report lay judgment recommendation call early consideration especially regards increase appropriation least one million dollar may assign space fully take best possible exhibit every class preparation installation perfect scale rank among first unparalleled competition artistic inventive production thus counterbalance disadvantage start compare country whose appropriation generous scale whose preparation state much great forwardness artisan admit capacity excel inventive genius initiate many grand discovery later day century native resource land limitless valuable supply world need province earnest care lead march human progress rest content secondary place moreover due less due great french nation whose guest become many way testify wish hope participation shall befit place two people field universal development commercial arrangement make france 28th may 1898 provision section 3 tariff act 1897 go effect 1st day june follow relieve portion export trade serious embarrassment negotiation pending section 4 act view increase trade two country mutual advantage negotiation government part interrupt war spain progress section tariff act hope able announce result negotiation present session congress negotiation end germany set foot meanwhile effort relax convince imperial government thoroughness inspection pork product exportation trust efficient administration measure department agriculture recognize guaranty healthfulness food staple send abroad country use large necessary transmit senate 10th february last information touch prohibition importation fresh fruit country recently decree germany ground danger disseminate san jose scale insect precautionary measure justify germany score drastic step take several state union spread pest elaborate report department agriculture put evidence show danger german interest scale obtain lodgment country temporary relief afford case large consignment fruit way inspection admission find noninfected late prohibition extend dried fruit every kind relax apply unpeeled fruit fruit waste expect alarm reach country switzerland adopt similar inhibition effort progress induce german swiss government relax prohibition favor dry fruit show cured circumstance render existence animal life impossible relation great britain continued friendly footing assent request protection americans interest spanish jurisdiction assume diplomatic consular representative great britain fulfil delicate arduous trust tact zeal elicit high commendation may allow make fitting allusion instance ramsden majesty consul santiago de cuba whose untimely death distinguish service untiring effort siege city sincerely lament early part april last pursuant request make instance secretary state british ambassador capital canadian government grant facility passage four united state revenue cutter great lake atlantic coast way canadian canal lawrence river vessel reach lake ontario await opening navigation war declare united state spain majesty government thereupon communication latter part april state permission grant outbreak hostility would withdraw provide united states government give assurance vessel question would proceed direct united state port without engage hostile operation government promptly agree stipulate condition understood vessel would prohibit resist hostile attack give especial satisfaction shall authorize communicate favorable conclusion pending negotiation great britain respect dominion canada earnest wish government remove source discord irritation relation neighbor dominion trade two country constantly increase important country reasonable facility grant development government greece strongly urge onerousness duty impose upon currant country amount 100 per cent market value fruit state exclusively greek product come competition domestic product question reciprocal commercial relation greece include restoration currant free list consideration claim bernard campbell damage injury sustain violent assault commit military authority island haiti settle agreement republic pay american gold sum already pay hoped pending claim american citizen republic may amicably adjust pending consideration senate treaty sign june 1897 plenipotentiary united state republic hawaii provide annexation island joint resolution accomplish purpose accept offer cession incorporate cede territory union adopt congress approve july 7 1898 thereupon direct united state steamship philadelphia convey miller honolulu intrust hand important legislative act deliver president republic hawaii admiral united state minister authorize make appropriate arrangement transfer sovereignty island united state simply impressively accomplish 12th august last delivery certify copy resolution president dole thereupon yield representative government unite state sovereignty public property hawaiian islands pursuant term joint resolution exercise authority thereby confer upon direct civil judicial military power theretofore exercised officer government republic hawaii continue exercise officer congress shall provide government incorporated territory subject power remove officer fill vacancy president officer troop republic thereupon take oath allegiance united state thus provide uninterrupted continuance administrative municipal function annex territory congress shall otherwise enact follow provision joint resolution appoint hons shelby cullom illinois john morgan alabama robert hitt illinois sanford dole hawaii walter frear hawaii commissioner confer recommend congress legislation concern hawaiian island deem necessary proper commissioner fulfil mission confide report lay early day believe recommendation earnest consideration due magnitude responsibility rest upon give shape relationship land home union benefit high degree realize aspiration community cast lot u elect share political heritage time justify foresight century look assimilation hawaii natural inevitable consummation harmony need fulfillment cherished tradition question heretofore pending hawaii japan grow alleged mistreatment japanese treaty immigrant pleased say adjust act transfer payment reasonable indemnity government japan provision joint resolution exist custom relation hawaiian island united state country remain unchanged legislation shall otherwise provide consuls hawaii foreign country continue fulfill commercial agency unite state consulate honolulu maintain appropriate service pertain trade revenue would desirable foreign consuls hawaiian island receive new exequaturs government attention congress call fact consular office cease exist hawaii cease country come sovereignty united state provision relief transportation destitute american seaman country consular regulation consequence terminate proper therefore new legislation enact upon subject order meet change condition interpretation certain provision extradition convention december 11 1861 various time occasion controversy government mexico acute difference arise case mexican demand delivery jesus guerra lead maraud expedition near border proclaim purpose initiating insurrection president diaz escape texas extradition refuse ground allege offense political character therefore come within treaty proviso nonsurrender mexican contention exception relate purely political offense guerra act admixed common crime murder arson kidnap robbery option nondelivery become void position government unable admit view receive international doctrine practice matter mexican government view give notice january 24 1898 termination convention take effect twelve month date time invite conclusion new convention toward negotiation foot relation may refer necessity amendment exist extradition statute common stipulation treaty neither party shall bind give citizen add proviso one treaties japan may surrender see fit hold country almost uniform course decision treaty negative obligation surrender president invest legal authority act conferment authority would line sound morality shrink afford secure asylum author heinous crime statutory provision might well make style extradition way transit whereby fugitive surrender one foreign government another may convey across territory united state jurisdiction demand state recommendation behalf make president message 1886 act upon matter present consideration problem mexican free zone often discuss regard inconvenience provocative smuggling united state along extensive thinly guard land border effort make joint resolution march 1 1895 remedy abuse charge suspend privilege free transportation bond across territory united state mexico fail good result state report 702 house representative submit last session march 11 1898 question one conveniently meet wise concurrent legislation two country look protection revenue harmonious measure operate equally either side boundary rather conventional arrangement suggest congress consider advisability authorize invite conference representative treasury department united state mexico consider subject complex bearing make report pertinent recommendation respective government information consideration congress mexican water boundary commission adjust matter submit satisfaction government save three important case chamizal el paso two commissioner fail agree wherein case government propose mexico addition third member propose elimination know bancos small isolated island form cut bend rio grande operation treaty 1884 1889 recommend commissioner approve government still consideration mexico subject equitable distribution water rio grande commissioner recommend international dam reservoir approve mexico still consideration government pending question necessary extend life commission expire december 23 next coronation young queen netherlands make occasion fit congratulation claim victor mccord peru number year pressed government several occasion attract attention congress satisfactorily adjust protocol sign may 17 1898 whereby fact liability admit question amount award submit chief justice canada sole arbitrator award set indemnity due claimant government peru give prescribed notification intention abrogate treaty friendship commerce navigation conclude country august 31 1887 treaty contain many important provision necessary maintenance commerce good relation could difficulty replace negotiation renew provision within brief twelve month intervene treaty terminates invite suggestion peru particular provision desire annul hope reach arrangement whereby remain article may provisionally save majesty czar announce purpose raise imperial russian mission capital rank embassy respond authority confer act march 3 1893 commission accredit actual representative petersburg capacity ambassador extraordinary plenipotentiary russian ambassador country since present credential proposal czar general reduction vast military establishment weigh heavily upon many people time peace communicated government earnest invitation represent conference contemplate assemble view discuss mean accomplish desirable result majesty inform cordial sympathy government principle involve exalt proposal readiness united state take part conference active military force united state measure population territorial area taxable wealth conceivable prospective condition must continue time peace conspicuously less armed power czar appeal especially addressed question u practical importance save mark auspicious step toward betterment condition modern people cultivation peace good among view behooves u nation lend countenance aid beneficent project claim owner american sealing vessel seizure russian cruiser bering sea press settlement equity case justify expectation measure reparation eventually accord harmony precedent light proven fact recommendation make special message april 27 last renew appropriation make reimburse master owner russian bark han wrongful arrest master detention vessel february 1896 officer united state district court southern district mississippi paper accompany say message make meritorious claim justify urgency present government russia malietoa laupepa king samoa die august 22 last accord article general act berlin successor shall duly elect accord law custom samoa arrangement agree upon signatory general act return mataafa exile samoan chief bring jaluit german war vessel land apia september 18 last whether death malietoa return rival mataafa add undesirable complication execution tripartite general act heretofore develop remain see effort government heretofore address toward harmonious exact fulfillment term international engagement united state become party 1889 cheek claim siam five year controversy adjust arbitration agreement sign july 6 1897 award tical release cheek estate mortgage claim render march 21 1898 favor claimant arbitrator sir nicholas john hannen british chief justice china japan envoy siam accredited government present credential immediately upon outbreak war spain swiss government fulfil high mission deservedly assume patron international red cross propose united state spain severally recognize carry execution modus vivendi continuance hostility additional article propose international conference geneva october 20 1868 extend effect exist red cross convention 1864 conduct naval war follow example set france germany 1870 adopt modus vivendi view accession unite state additional article 1882 although exchange ratification thereof still remain uneffected swiss proposal promptly cordially accept u simultaneously spain government feel keen satisfaction thus enable testify adherence broad principle humanity even amidst clash war hop extension red cross compact hostility sea well land may soon become accomplished fact general promulgation additional naval red cross article maritime power party convention 1864 important question claim switzerland perpetual cantonal allegiance american citizen swiss origin make hopeful progress toward solution controversy regard still continue newly accredit envoy united state ottoman porte carry instruction look disposal matter controversy turkey number year especially charge press settlement claim indemnity reason destruction property american missionary resident country armenian trouble 1895 well recognition old claim equal justness also instruct seek adjustment dispute grow refusal turkey recognize acquire citizenship person naturalize united state since 1869 without prior imperial consent general relation direct endeavor bring solution question less acutely exist since 1869 concern jurisdictional right unite state matter criminal procedure punishment article iv treaty 1830 latter difficulty grow verbal difference claim turkey essential original turkish text promulgate translation two year appointment consul country erzerum receive exequatur arbitral tribunal appoint treaty february 2 1897 great britain venezuela determine boundary line latter colony british guiana convene paris present month source much gratification government see friendly resort arbitration apply settlement controversy alone earnest part bring result also two member name behalf venezuela chief justice fuller justice brewer choose high court appropriately testify continue interest feel definitive adjustment question accord strictest rule justice british member lord herschell sir richard collins jurist less exalted repute fifth member president tribunal de marten earn reputation authority upon international law claim felipe scandella venezuela arbitrary expulsion injury business adjust revocation order expulsion payment sum satisfaction able state bureau american republic create 1890 organ promote commercial intercourse fraternal relation among country western hemisphere become efficient instrument wise purpose founder receive cordial support contribute member international union actually represent board management commercial directory two volume contain mass statistical matter descriptive industrial commercial interest various country print english spanish portuguese french monthly bulletin publish four language distribute country well united state prove valuable medium disseminate information further varied interest international union past year important work collect information practical benefit american industry trade agency diplomatic consular officer steadily advance order lay data public least delay practice begin january 1898 issue commercial report day day receive department state believe promptitude well fullness information service thus supply merchant manufacturer find show sensible improvement merit liberal support congress experience last year bring forcibly home u sense burden waste war desire common civilized nation reduce low possible point damage sustain time war peaceable trade commerce true may suffer case less community nation damage less state uneasiness apprehension outbreak hostility throw entire commercial world object therefore minimize far practicable inevitable loss disturbance purpose probably best accomplished international agreement regard private property sea exempt capture destruction force belligerent power united state government many year advocate humane beneficent principle position recommend power without imputation selfish motif therefore suggest consideration executive authorize correspond government principal maritime power view incorporate permanent law civilize nation principle exemption private property sea contraband war capture destruction belligerent power secretary treasury report receipts government source fiscal year end june 30 1898 include receive sale pacific railroad amount expenditure collect custom internal revenue dutiable import amount decrease precede year importation free duty amount decrease precede year receipt exceed precede year total tax collect distilled spirit manufacture tobacco ferment liquor export merchandise year amount increase precede year estimate upon basis present revenue law receipt government year end june 30 1899 expenditure result deficiency 1st december 1898 hold treasury gold coin amount gold bullion amount silver bullion amount form money amount date amount money kinds circulation include treasury holding increase year estimate population time mention per caput circulation date treasury gold bullion amount provision make strengthen resource treasury connection war give increase confidence purpose power government maintain present standard establish firmly ever national credit home abroad mark evidence find inflow gold treasury net gold holding november 1 1898 compare november 1 1897 increase net cash november 1 1897 november 1 1898 present ratio net treasury gold outstanding government liability include united state note treasury note 1890 silver certificate currency certificate standard silver dollar fractional silver coin november 1 1898 per cent compare per cent november 1 1897 renew much recommendation december 1897 follow unite state note present redemption gold redeem gold note shall keep set apart pay exchange gold obvious duty holder united state note prefers gold get government receive back government united state note without pay gold exchange reason make apparent government issue debt provide gold redemption united state note debt surely pay except demand gold put way may return follow another bond issue redeem another debt redeem debt recommendation make belief provision law would insure great degree safety present standard well protect currency danger subject disturbance general business condition country judgment present condition treasury amply justifies immediate enactment legislation recommend one year ago portion gold holding place trust fund greenback redeem upon presentation redeem thereafter pay except gold infer legislation relate currency require contrary obvious demand importance adequate provision insure future money standard relate money standard commercial rival generally recognize companion proposition domestic paper currency shall keep safe yet relate need industry internal commerce adequate responsive need proposition scarcely less important subject part commend wise consideration congress annexation hawaii change relation united state cuba puerto rico philippine result war compel prompt adoption maritime policy united state establish regular frequent steamship communication encourage united state american flag newly acquire island spain furnished colony annual cost steamship line communicate portion world market well trade center home government unite state undertake less duty furnish people hawaii facility national control export import trade concede present situation call legislation shall prompt durable liberal part american merchant vessel seaman perform war spain demonstrate service furnish picket second line defense national necessity encourage every constitutional way detail method accomplishment purpose discussed report secretary treasury attention congress respectfully invite last annual message recommend congress authorize appointment commission purpose make systematic investigation reference prevention yellow fever matter acquire increase importance result military occupation island cuba commercial intercourse island united state every reason expect sanitary problem connect new relation island cuba acquisition puerto rico less important relate finance commerce administration earnest desire problem may consider competent expert everything may do recent advance sanitary science offer protection health soldier islands citizen expose danger infection importation yellow fever therefore renew recommendation authority congress may give suitable appropriation make provide commission expert appoint purpose indicate act congress approve april 26 1898 authorize president discretion upon declaration war congress declaration congress war exists direct increase regular army maximum authorize say act regular army officer men say act provide end war united state may become involved army shall reduce peace basis transfer arm service absorption promotion honorable discharge regulation secretary war may establish supernumerary commission officer honorable discharge transfer supernumerary enlist men nothing contain act shall construe authorize permanent increase commission enlisted force regular army beyond provide law force prior passage act except increase major provide section 1 hereof importance legislation permanent increase army therefore manifest recommendation secretary war purpose unqualified approval question time probably time future men none many meet necessity situation event whether number shall require permanently power give president enlist force discretion necessary discretion give recruit army within limit inhabitant islands government charge purpose muster entire volunteer army soon congress shall provide increase regular establishment act justice much appreciate brave men leave home employment help country emergency last annual message state union pacific railway main line sell decree united state court district nebraska 1st 2d november year amount due government consist principal subsidy bond accrue interest thereon make total indebtedness bid sale cover lien entire mortgage claim government principal interest leave kansa pacific case unconcluded decree court case upset price property fix sum would yield government upon lien sale instance government postpone first december 15 1897 later upon application united state postpone 16th day february 1898 satisfied interest government require effort make obtain large sum direct secretary treasury act pass march 3 1887 pay treasury person entitle receive amount due upon prior mortgage upon eastern middle division say railroad money treasury otherwise appropriate whereupon prepared petition present court offering redeem say prior lien manner court might direct pray thereupon united state might hold subrogated right say prior lien holder receiver might appoint take possession mortgage premise maintain operate court congress otherwise direct thereupon reorganization committee agree say petition withdrawn sale allow proceed 16th february 1898 would bid sum sale would realize government entire principal debt believing well price could obtain appreciate difficulty government would labor become purchaser road sale absence authority congress take charge operate road direct upon guaranty minimum bid give government principal debt sale proceed transaction government secure advance sum court fix upset price reorganization committee declare maximum would pay property gratify fact result proceeding union pacific system kansas pacific line government receive account subsidy claim sum increase sum reorganization committee originally agree bid joint property government receive whole claim principal interest union pacific principal debt kansa pacific railroad step take foreclose government lien upon central pacific railroad company action commence congress pass act approve july 7 1898 create commission consist secretary treasury secretary interior successor office full power settle indebtedness government grow issue bond aid construction central pacific western pacific railroad subject approval president report yet make commission thus create whatever action look settlement indebtedness accordance act refer duly submit congress deem duty call attention congress condition present building occupy department justice business department increase greatly since establish present quarter build occupy neither large enough suitable arrangement proper accommodation business department supervise architect pronounce unsafe unsuited use put report state library department upon fourth floor space allot crowded book dangerously overload structure first floor occupy court claim build old dilapidate appearance unsuited dignity attach important department proper regard safety comfort convenience officer employee would justify expenditure liberal sum money erection new build commodious proportion handsome appearance upon advantageous site already secure purpose include ground occupy present structure adjoin vacant lot comprise frontage 201 foot pennsylvania avenue depth 136 foot connection may likewise refer inadequate accommodation provide supreme court capitol suggest wisdom make provision erection separate building court officer library upon available ground near capitol postal service country advance extraordinary growth within twenty year revenues expenditure department multiply threefold last ten year nearly double postal business grows much rapidly population involve expenditure year number enroll employee remarkable extension service accurate index public condition present gratify evidence advancement education increase communication business activity improvement mail facility lead constantly augment use war spain lay new exceptional labor department muster military naval force united state require special mail arrangement every camp every campaign communication home camp naturally eager expectant large place rendezvous many letter day require handle necessity meet prompt detail dispatch experience men establish force direct instrumentality railway mail service far necessary new need congress pass act empower establish office branch every military camp station authority postal machinery speedily put effective operation authority force move upon cuba puerto rico philippine attend followed postal service though act congress authorize appointment postmaster necessary early determine public interest would best subserve new designation detail experience men familiar every branch service policy steadily follow territory theater conflict come possession become necessary reestablish mail facility resident population well provide force occupation former requirement meet extension application latter obligation give requisite authority general principle apply branch civil administration military occupation detail particularly give report work begin please able say service territory come control already materially improve following recommendation secretary navy relative increase navy earnest approval 1 three seagoing sheathe coppered battle ship ton trial displacement carry heavy armor powerful ordnance vessel class high practicable speed great radius action estimate cost exclusive armor armament 2 three sheathe copper armored cruiser ton trial displacement carry heavy armor powerful ordnance vessel class high practicable speed great radius action estimate cost exclusive armor armament 3 three sheathe copper protected cruiser ton trial displacement high practicable speed great radius action carry powerful ordnance suitable vessel class estimate cost exclusive armor armament 4 six sheathe copper cruiser ton trial dis placement high speed compatible good cruising quality great radius action carry powerful ordnance suit vessel class estimate cost exclusive armament join secretary navy recommend grade admiral temporarily revive filled officer specially distinguish war spain earnestly urge upon congress importance early legislation provide take twelfth census necessary view large amount work must perform preparation schedule preparatory enumeration population pension roll june 30 1898 name increase nearly number roll day precede year amount appropriate act december 22 1896 payment pension fiscal year 1898 eight million seventy thousand eight hundred dollar cent appropriate act march 31 1898 cover deficiency army pension repayment sum make total available payment pension fiscal year 1898 amount disburse sum leave balance unexpended 30th june 1898 cover treasury 389 name add roll year special act pass second session congress make total pensioner congressional enactment since 1861 total receipt patent office past year expenditure leave surplus public land disposed government year reach acre increase acre previous year total receipt public land fiscal year amount increase precede year land embrace eleven forest reservation suspend act june 4 1897 become subject operation proclamation february 22 1897 create add estimated amount acre area embrace reserve previously create addition thereto two new reserve create year pine mountain zaca lake reserve california embrace acre prescott reserve arizona embrace acre pecos river reserve new mexico change enlarge include additional acre close year thirty forest reservation include afognak forest reserve alaska create executive proclamation section 24 act march 3 1891 embracing estimate area acre department interior inaugurate forest system make possible act july 1898 grade force officer control reserve system full operation since august good result already secure many section report receive indicate system patrol prevent destructive fire gain headway diminish number fire special attention congress call part report secretary interior relation five civilize tribe noteworthy general condition indian show mark progress one outbreak serious character occur year among chippewa indian minnesota happily suppress yet practicable enforce provision act june 28 1898 protection people indian territory purpose salutary effect upon nation compose five tribe dawes commission report gratify result great advance toward attainment object government secure past year previous year strongly indorse recommendation commission secretary interior necessity provide education white child resident indian territory department agriculture active past year explorer send many country eastern western hemisphere seed plant may useful united state view open market surplus product forestry division department give special attention treeless region country introduce specie specially adapt semiarid region forest fire seriously interfere production especially irrigated region study loss may avoid department inquire use abuse water many state west collate information regard law state decision court custom people regard uniformity may secure experiment station become effective every year annual appropriation congress supplement state experiment conduct ascertain suitableness soil climate state grow sugar beet number sugar factory double past two year ability unite state produce sugar source clearly demonstrate weather bureau forecast observation station extend around caribbean sea give early warning approach hurricane south seas fleet merchant marine year 1900 occur centennial anniversary founding city washington permanent capital government unite state authority act congress approve july 16 1790 may 1800 archive general office federal government remove place 17th november 1800 national congress meet first time assume exclusive control federal district city interesting event assume significance recall circumstance attend choose site naming capital honor father country interest take adoption plan future development magnificent scale original plan wrought constant progress signal success even beyond anything framer could foresee people country justly proud distinctive beauty government capital rare instrument science education find natural home movement lately inaugurate citizen anniversary celebrate fitting ceremony include perhaps establishment handsome permanent memorial mark historical occasion give local recognition meet general favor part public recommend congress grant appropriation purpose appointment committee respective body might also advisable authorize president appoint committee country large act congressional district columbia committee complete plan appropriate national celebration alien contract law show experience need amendment measure provide good protection seaman propose rightful application law benefit labor principle arbitration suggest consideration commend subject careful attention congress several departmental report lay give great detail conduct affair government past year discuss many question upon congress may feel call upon act