Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress: A year ago I reported to this Congress that the state of the Union was good. I am happy to be able to report to you today that the state of the Union continues to be good. Our Republic continues to increase in the enjoyment of freedom within its borders, and to offer strength and encouragement to all those who love freedom throughout the world. During the past year we have made notable progress in strengthening the foundations of peace and freedom, abroad and at home. We have taken important steps in securing the North Atlantic community against aggression. We have continued our successful support of European recovery. We have returned to our established policy of expanding international trade through reciprocal agreement. We have strengthened our support of the United Nations. While great problems still confront us, the greatest danger has receded--the possibility which faced us 3 years ago that most of Europe and the Mediterranean area might collapse under totalitarian pressure. Today, the free peoples of the world have new vigor and new hope for the cause of peace. In our domestic affairs, we have made notable advances toward broader opportunity and a better life for all our citizens. We have met and reversed the first significant downturn in economic activity since the war. In accomplishing this, Government programs for maintaining employment and purchasing power have been of tremendous benefit. As the result of these programs, and the wisdom and good judgment of our businessmen and workers, major readjustments have been made without widespread suffering. During the past year, we have also made a good start in providing housing for low-income groups; we have raised minimum wages; we have gone forward with the development of our natural resources; we have given a greater assurance of stability to the farmer; and we have improved the organization and efficiency of our Government. Today, by the grace of God, we stand a free and prosperous nation with greater possibilities for the future than any people ever had before in the history of the world. 
We are now, in this year of 1950, nearing the midpoint of the 20th century. The first half of this century will be known as the most turbulent and eventful period in recorded history. The swift pace of events promises to make the next 50 years decisive in the history of man on this planet. The scientific and industrial revolution which began two centuries ago has, in the last 50 years, caught up the peoples of the globe in a common destiny. Two worldshattering wars have proved that no corner of the earth can be isolated from the affairs of mankind. The human race has reached a turning point. Man has opened the secrets of nature and mastered new powers. If he uses them wisely, he can reach new heights of civilization. If he uses them foolishly, they may destroy him. Man must create the moral and legal framework for the world which will insure that his new powers are used for good and not for evil. In shaping the outcome, the people of the United States will play a leading role. Among all the great changes that have occurred in the last 50 years, none is more important than the change in the position of the United States in world affairs. Fifty years ago we were a country devoted largely to our own internal affairs. Our industry was growing, and we had new interests in the Far East and in the Caribbean, but we were primarily concerned with the development of vast areas of our own continental territory. Today, our population has doubled. Our national production has risen from about $50 billion, in terms of today's prices, to the staggering figure of $255 billion a year. We have a more productive economic system and a greater industrial potential than any other nation on the globe. Our standard of living is an inspiration for all other peoples. Even the slightest changes in our economic and social life have their effect on other countries all around the world. Our tremendous strength has brought with it tremendous responsibilities. We have moved from the outer edge to the center of world affairs. Other nations look to us for a wise exercise of our economic and military strength, and for vigorous support of the ideals of representative government and a free society. We will not fail them. Our objective in the world is peace. Our country has joined with others in the task of achieving peace. We know now that this is not an easy task, or a short one. But we are determined to see it through. Both of our great political parties are committed to working together--and I am sure they will continue to work together--to achieve this end. We are prepared to devote our energy and our resources to this task, because we know that our own security and the future of mankind are at stake. Right here, I want to say that no one appreciates more than I the bipartisan cooperation in foreign affairs which has been enjoyed by this administration. Our success in working with other nations to achieve peace depends largely on what we do at home. We must preserve our national strength. Strength is not simply a matter of arms and force. It is a matter of economic growth, and social health, and vigorous institutions, public and private. We can achieve peace only if we maintain our productive energy, our democratic institutions, and our firm belief in individual freedom. Our surest guide in the days that lie ahead will be the spirit in which this great Republic was rounded. We must make our decisions in the conviction that all men are created equal, that they are equally entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the duty of government is to serve these ends. This country of ours has experienced many blessings, but none greater than its dedication to these principles. At every point in our history, these ideals have served to correct our failures and shortcomings, to spur us on to greater efforts, and to keep clearly before us the primary purpose of our existence as a nation. They have enshrined for us, a principle of government, the moral imperative to do justice, and the divine command to men to love one another. 
These principles give meaning to all that we do. In foreign policy, they mean that we can never be tolerant of oppression or tyranny. They mean that we must throw our weight on the side of greater freedom and a better life for all peoples. These principles confirm us in carrying out the specific programs for peace which we have already begun. We shall continue to give our wholehearted support to the United Nations. We believe that this organization can ultimately provide the framework of international law and morality without which mankind cannot survive. It has already set up new standards for the conduct of nations in the Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on Genocide. It is moving ahead to give meaning to the concept of world brotherhood through a wide variety of cultural, economic, and technical activities. The events of the past year again showed the value of the United Nations in bringing about the peaceful adjustment of tense international controversies. In Indonesia and in Palestine the efforts of the United Nations have put a stop to bloodshed and paved the way to peaceful settlements. We are working toward the time when the United Nations will control weapons of mass destruction and will have the forces to preserve international law and order. While the world remains unsettled, however, and as long as our own security and the security of the free world require, we will maintain a strong and well-balanced defense organization. The Selective Service System is an essential part of our defense plans, and it must be continued. Under the principles of the United Nations Charter we must continue to share in the common defense of free nations against aggression. At the last session this Congress laid the basis for this joint effort. We now must put into effect the common defense plans that are being worked out. We shall continue our efforts for world economic recovery, because world prosperity is the only sure foundation of a permanent peace. As an immediate means to this end we must continue our support of the European recovery program. This program has achieved great success in the first 2 years of its operation, but it has not yet been completed. If we were to stop this program now, or cripple it, just because it is succeeding, we should be doing exactly what the enemies of democracy want us to do. We should be just as foolish as a man who, for reasons of false economy, failed to put a roof on his house after building the foundation and the walls. World prosperity also requires that we do all we can to expand world trade. As a major step in this direction we should promptly join the International Trade Organization. The purpose of this organization, which the United States has been foremost in creating, is to establish a code of fair practice, and an international authority for adjusting differences in international commercial relations. It is an effort to prevent the kind of anarchy and irresponsibility in world trade which did so much to bring about the world depression of the 1930's. An expanding world economy requires the improvement of living standards and the development of resources in areas where human poverty and misery now prevail. Without such improvement the recovery of Europe and the future of our own economy will not be secure. I urge that the Congress adopt the legislation now before it to provide for increasing the flow of technical assistance and capital investment in underdeveloped regions. It is more essential now than ever, if the ideals of freedom and representative government are to prevail in these areas, and particularly in the Far East, that their peoples experience, in their own lives, the benefits of scientific and economic advances. This program will require the movement of large amounts of capital from the industrial nations, and particularly from the United States, to productive uses in the underdeveloped areas of the world. Recent world events make prompt action imperative. This program is in the interest of all peoples-and has nothing in common with either the old imperialism of the last century or the new imperialism of the Communists. Our aim for a peaceful, democratic world of free peoples will be achieved in the long run, not by force of arms, but by an appeal to the minds and hearts of men. If the peace policy of the democratic nations is to be successful, they must demonstrate that the benefits of their way of life can be increased and extended to all nations and all races. In the world today we are confronted with the danger that the rising demand of people everywhere for freedom and a better life may be corrupted and betrayed by the false promises of communism. In its ruthless struggle for power, communism seizes upon our imperfections, and takes advantage of the delays and setbacks which the democratic nations experience in their effort to secure a better life for their citizens. This challenge to us is more than a military challenge. It is a challenge to the honesty of our profession of the democratic faith; it is a challenge to the efficiency and stability of our economic system; it is a challenge to the willingness to work with other peoples for world peace and for world prosperity. For my part I welcome that challenge. I believe that our country, at this crucial point in world history, will meet that challenge successfully. I believe that, in cooperation with the other free nations of the world, we shall extend the full benefits of the democratic way of life to millions who do not now enjoy them, and preserve mankind from dictatorship and tyranny. I believe that we shall succeed in our struggle for this peace, because I have seen the success we have had in our own country in following the principles of freedom. Over the last 50 years, the ideals of liberty and equal opportunity to which this Nation is dedicated have been increasingly realized in the lives of our people. The ideal of equal opportunity no longer means simply the opportunity which a man has to advance beyond his fellows. Some of our citizens do achieve greater success than others as a reward for individual merit and effort, and this is as it should be. At the same time our country must be more than a land of opportunity for a select few. It must be a land of opportunity for all of us. In such a land we can grow and prosper together. The simple truth that we can all go forward together is often questioned by selfish or shortsighted persons. It is strange that this is so, for this proposition is so clearly demonstrated by our national history. During the last 50 years, for example, our Nation has grown enormously in material well-being. This growth has come about, not by concentrating the benefits of our progress in the hands of a few, but by increasing the wealth of the great body of our Nation and our citizens. In the last 50 years the income of the average family has increased so greatly that its buying power has doubled. The average hours of work have declined from 60 to 40 a week, the whole hourly production of the average worker has tripled. Average wages, allowing for price changes, have increased from about 45 cents an hour to $1.40 an hour. We have accomplished what to earlier ages of mankind would have been a miracle--we work shorter hours, we produce more, and we live better. Increasing freedom from poverty and drudgery has given a fuller meaning to American life. Our people are better educated; we have more opportunities for travel and recreation and enjoyment of the arts. We enjoy more personal liberty in the United States today than ever before. If we can continue in the spirit of cooperative adventure which has marked the recent years of our progress, we can expect further scientific advances, further increases in our standard of living, and a still wider enjoyment of democratic freedom. No one, of course, can foretell the future exactly. However, if we assume that we shall grow as fast in the future as we have grown in the past, we can get a good idea of how much our country should grow in the next 50 years. At present our total national production is $255 billion a year. Our working population and our output per worker are increasing. If our productive power continues to increase at the same rate as it has increased over the past 50 years, our total national production 50 years from now will be nearly four times as much as it is today. Allowing for the expected growth in population, this would mean that the real income of the average family in the year 2000 A.D. would be about three times what it is today. These are estimates of what we can do in the future, but we can reach these heights only if we follow the right policies. We have learned by bitter experience that progress is not automatic--that wrong policies lead to depression and disaster. We cannot achieve these gains unless we have a stable economy and avoid the catastrophes of boom and bust that have set us back in the past. These gains cannot be achieved unless our businessmen maintain their spirit of initiative and enterprise and operate in a competitive economy. They cannot be achieved unless our workingmen and women and their unions help to increase productivity and obtain for labor a fair share of the benefits of our economic system. They cannot be achieved unless we have a stable and prosperous agriculture. They cannot be achieved unless we conserve and develop our natural resources in the public interest. Our system will not work unless our people are healthy, well-educated, and confident of the future. It will not work unless all citizens can participate fully in our national life. In achieving these gains the Government has a special responsibility to help create and maintain the conditions which will permit the growth we know is possible. Foremost among these conditions is the need for a fair distribution of our increasing prosperity among all the great groups of our population who help to bring it about-labor, business, agriculture. Businessmen must continue to have the incentives necessary for investment and for the development of new lines of enterprise. In the future growth of this country, lie possibilities for hundreds of thousands of new and independent businesses. As our national production increases, as it doubles and redoubles in the next 50 years, the number of independent and competing enterprises should also increase. If the number does not increase, our constantly growing economy will fall under the control of a few dominant economic groups whose powers will be so great that they will be a challenge to democratic institutions. To avoid this danger, we must curb monopoly and provide aids to independent business so that it may have the credit and capital to compete in a system of free enterprise. I recommend that the Congress complete action at this session on the pending bill to close the loopholes in the Clayton Act which now permit monopolistic mergers. I also hope before this session is over to transmit to the Congress a series of proposals to strengthen the antimonopoly laws, to assist small business, and to encourage the growth of new enterprises. In the case of labor, free collective bargaining must be protected and encouraged. Collective bargaining is not only a fundamental economic freedom for labor. It is also a strengthening and stabilizing influence for our whole economy. The Federal statute now governing labor relations is punitive in purpose and one-sided in operation. This statute is, and always has been, inconsistent with the practice of true and effective collective bargaining. It should be repealed and replaced by a law that is fair to all and in harmony with our democratic ideals. A full understanding of the problems of modern labor relations is of such importance that I recommend the establishment of a labor extension service to encourage educational activities in this field. Another essential for our continued growth is a stable and prosperous agriculture. For many years we have been building a program to give the farmer a reasonable measure of protection against the special hazards to which he is exposed. That program was improved at the last session of the Congress. However, our farm legislation is still not adequate. Although the Congress has properly declared as a matter of national policy that safeguards must be maintained against slumps in farm prices, there are serious shortcomings in the methods now available for carrying out this policy. Mandatory price supports should be provided for the commodities not now covered which are major sources of farm income. Moreover, we should provide a method of supporting farm income at fair levels which will, at the same time, avoid piling up unmanageable surpluses and allow consumers to obtain the full benefit of our abundant agricultural production. A system of production payments gives the greatest promise of accomplishing this purpose. I recommend that the use of such a system be authorized. One of the most important factors in our continued growth is the construction of more good, up-to-date housing. In a country such as ours there is no reason why decent homes should not be within the reach of all. With the help of various Government programs we have made great progress in the last few years in increasing the number of homes. Despite this increase, there is still an acute shortage of housing for the lower and middle-income groups, especially in large metropolitan areas. We have laid the groundwork for relieving the plight of lower-income families in the Housing Act of 1949. To aid the middle-income families, I recommend that the Congress enact new legislation authorizing a vigorous program to help cooperatives and other nonprofit groups build housing which these families can afford. Rent control has done a great deal to prevent the housing shortage from having had worse effects during this postwar period of adjustment. Rent control is still necessary to prevent widespread hardship and sharp curtailment of the buying power of millions of consumers in metropolitan areas. I recommend, therefore, that rent control be continued for another year. If we are to achieve a better life for all, the natural resources of the country must be regarded as a public trust. We must use our precious assets of soil, water, and forest, and grassland in such a way that they become constantly more productive and more valuable. Government investment in the conservation and development of our resources is necessary to the future economic expansion of the country. We need to enlarge the production and transmission of public power. That is true not only in those regions which have already received great benefits from Federal power projects, but also in regions such as New England where the benefits of large-scale public power development have not yet been experienced. In our hydroelectric and irrigation undertakings, as well as in our other resource programs, we must continue policies to assure that their benefits will be spread among the many and not restricted to the favored few. Important resource legislation which should be passed at this session includes the authorization of the St. Lawrence seaway and power project and the establishment of the Columbia Valley Administration--the establishment of the Columbia Valley Administration, I don't want you to miss that. Through wise Government policies and Government expenditures for the conservation and development of our natural resources, we can be sure of transmitting to our children and our children's children a country far richer and more productive than the one we know today. The value of our natural resources is constantly being increased by the progress of science. Research is finding new ways of using such natural assets as minerals, sea water, and plant life. In the peaceful development of atomic energy, particularly, we stand on the threshold of new wonders. The first experimental machines for producing useful power from atomic energy are now under construction. We have made only the first beginnings in this field, but in the perspective of history they may loom larger than the first airplane, or even the first tools that started man on the road to civilization. To take full advantage of the increasing possibilities of nature we must equip ourselves with increasing knowledge. Government has a responsibility to see that our country maintains its position in the advance of science. As a step toward this end, the Congress should complete action on the measure to create a National Science Foundation. Another duty of the Government is to promote the economic security, the health, and the education of its citizens. By so doing, we strengthen both our economy and the structure of our society. In a nation as rich as ours, all citizens should be able to live in decency and health. Our Social Security System should be developed into the main reliance of our people for basic protection against the economic hazards of old-age, unemployment, and illness. I earnestly hope that the Congress will complete action at this session on legislation to increase the benefits and extend the coverage of old-age and survivors' insurance. The widespread movement to provide pensions in private industry dramatizes the need for improvements in the public insurance system. I also urge that the Congress strengthen our unemployment compensation law to meet present-day needs more adequately. The economic downturn of the past year was the first real test that our system of unemployment insurance has had to meet. That test has proved the wisdom of the system, but it has also made strikingly apparent the need for improving its operation and increasing its coverage and its benefits. In the field of health there are immense opportunities to extend to more of our people the benefits of the amazing advances in medical science. We have made a good beginning in expanding our hospitals, but we must also go on to remedy the shortages of doctors, nurses, and public health services, and to establish a system of medical insurance which will enable all Americans to afford good medical care. We must take immediate steps to strengthen our educational system. In many parts of our country, young people are being handicapped for life because of a poor education. The rapidly increasing number of children of school age, coupled with the shortage of qualified teachers, makes this problem more critical each year. I believe that the Congress should no longer delay in providing Federal assistance to the States so that they can maintain adequate schools. As we go forward in achieving greater economic security and greater opportunity for all our people, we should make every effort to extend the benefits of our democratic institutions to every citizen. The religious ideals which we profess, and the heritage of freedom which we have received from the past, clearly place that duty upon us. I again urge the Congress to enact the civil rights proposals I made in February 1948. These proposals are for the enactment of Federal statutes which will protect all our people in the exercise of their democratic rights and their search for economic opportunity, grant statehood to Alaska and Hawaii, provide a greater measure of self-government for our island possessions, and accord home rule to the District of Columbia. Some of those proposals have been before the Congress for a long time. Those who oppose them, as well as those who favor them, should recognize that it is the duty of the elected representatives of the people to let these proposals come to a vote. Our democratic ideals, as well as our best interests, require that we do our fair share in providing homes for the unfortunate victims of war and tyranny. In so doing, we shall add strength to our democracy through the abilities and skills which these men and women will bring here. I urge the prompt enactment by the Congress of the legislation now before it to extend and broaden the existing displaced persons law and remove its discriminatory features. The measures I am recommending to the Congress concerning both our foreign and our domestic policies represent a carefully considered program to meet our national needs. It is a program which necessarily requires large expenditures of funds. More than 70 percent of the Government's expenditures are required to meet the costs of past wars and to work for world peace. This is the dominant factor in our fiscal policy. At the same time, the Government must make substantial expenditures which are necessary to the growth and expansion of the domestic economy. At present, largely because of the ill-considered tax reduction of the Both Congress, the Government is not receiving enough revenue to meet its necessary expenditures. To meet this situation, I am proposing that Federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth, and the well-being of our people. I think I had better read that over; you interrupted me in the middle. To meet this situation, I am proposing that Federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth, and the well-being of our people. Don't forget that last phrase. At the same time, we must guard against the folly of attempting budget slashes which would impair our prospects for peace or cripple the programs essential to our national strength. The budget recommendations I shall shortly transmit to the Congress show that we can expect a substantial improvement in our fiscal position over the next few years, as the cost of some of our extraordinary postwar programs declines, and as the Government revenue rises as a result of growth in employment and national income. To further improve our fiscal outlook, we should make some changes in our tax system which will reduce present inequities, stimulate business activity, and yield a moderate amount of additional revenue. I expect to transmit specific recommendations to the Congress on this subject at a very early date. The fiscal policy I am recommending is the quickest and safest way of achieving a balanced budget. As we move forward into the second half of the 20th century, we must always bear in mind the central purpose of our national life. We do not seek material prosperity for ourselves because we love luxury; we do not aid other nations because we wish to increase our power. We have not devised programs for the security and well-being of our people because we are afraid or unwilling to take risks. This is not the meaning of our past history or our present course. We work for a better life for all, so that all men may put to good use the great gifts with which they have been endowed by their Creator. We seek to establish those material conditions of life in which, without exception, men may live in dignity, perform useful work, serve their communities, and worship God as they see fit. These may seem simple goals, but they are not little ones. They are worth a great deal more than all the empires and conquests of history. They are not to be achieved by military aggression or political fanaticism. They are to be achieved by humbler means-by hard work, by a spirit of self-restraint in our dealings with one another, and by a deep devotion to the principles of justice and equality. It should make us truly thankful, as we look back to the beginnings of this country, that we have come so far along the road to a better life for all. It should make us humble to think, as we look ahead, how much farther we have to go to accomplish, at home and abroad, the objectives that were set out for us at the founding of this great Nation. As we approach the halfway mark of the 20th century, we should ask for continued strength and guidance from that Almighty Power who has placed before us such great opportunities for the good of mankind in the years to come.
Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress: A year ago I reported to this Congress that the state of the Union was good. I am happy to be able to report to you today that the state of the Union continues to be good. Our Republic continues to increase in the enjoyment of freedom within its borders, and to offer strength and encouragement to all those who love freedom throughout the world. During the past year we have made notable progress in strengthening the foundations of peace and freedom, abroad and at home. We have taken important steps in securing the North Atlantic community against aggression. We have continued our successful support of European recovery. We have returned to our established policy of expanding international trade through reciprocal agreement. We have strengthened our support of the United Nations. While great problems still confront us, the greatest danger has receded--the possibility which faced us 3 years ago that most of Europe and the Mediterranean area might collapse under totalitarian pressure. Today, the free peoples of the world have new vigor and new hope for the because of peace. In our domestic affairs, we have made notable advances toward broader opportunity and a better life for all our citizens. We have met and reversed the first significant downturn in economic activity since the war. In accomplishing this, Government programs for maintaining employment and purchasing power have been of tremendous benefit. As the result of these programs, and the wisdom and good judgment of our businessmen and workers, major readjustments have been made without widespread suffering. During the past year, we have also made a good start in providing housing for low-income groups; we have raised minimum wages; we have gone forward with the development of our natural resources; we have given a greater assurance of stability to the farmer; and we have improved the organization and efficiency of our Government. Today, by the grace of God, we stand a free and prosperous nation with greater possibilities for the future than any people ever had before in the history of the world. We are now, in this year of 1950, nearing the midpoint of the 20th century. The first half of this century will be known as the most turbulent and eventful period in recorded history. The swift pace of events promises to make the next 50 years decisive in the history of man on this planet. The scientific and industrial revolution which began two centuries ago has, in the last 50 years, caught up the peoples of the globe in a common destiny. Two worldshattering wars have proved that no corner of the earth can be isolated from the affairs of mankind. The human race has reached a turning point. Man has opened the secrets of nature and mastered new powers. If he uses them wisely, he can reach new heights of civilization. If he uses them foolishly, they may destroy him. Man must create the moral and legal framework for the world which will insure that his new powers are used for good and not for evil. In shaping the outcome, the people of the United States will play a leading role. Among all the great changes that have occurred in the last 50 years, none is more important than the change in the position of the United States in world affairs. Fifty years ago we were a country devoted largely to our own internal affairs. Our industry was growing, and we had new interests in the Far East and in the Caribbean, but we were primarily concerned with the development of vast areas of our own continental territory. Today, our population has doubled. Our national production has risen from about $50 billion, in terms of today's prices, to the staggering figure of $255 billion a year. We have a more productive economic system and a greater industrial potential than any other nation on the globe. Our standard of living is an inspiration for all other peoples. Even the slightest changes in our economic and social life have their effect on other countries all around the world. Our tremendous strength has brought with it tremendous responsibilities. We have moved from the outer edge to the center of world affairs. Other nations look to us for a wise exercise of our economic and military strength, and for vigorous support of the ideals of representative government and a free society. We will not fail them. Our objective in the world is peace. Our country has joined with others in the task of achieving peace. We know now that this is not an easy task, or a short one. But we are determined to see it through. Both of our great political parties are committed to working together--and I am sure they will continue to work together--to achieve this end. We are prepared to devote our energy and our resources to this task, because we know that our own security and the future of mankind are at stake. Right here, I want to say that no one appreciates more than I the bipartisan cooperation in foreign affairs which has been enjoyed by this administration. Our success in working with other nations to achieve peace depends largely on what we do at home. We must preserve our national strength. Strength is not simply a matter of arms and force. It is a matter of economic growth, and social health, and vigorous institutions, public and private. We can achieve peace only if we maintain our productive energy, our democratic institutions, and our firm belief in individual freedom. Our surest guide in the days that lie ahead will be the spirit in which this great Republic was rounded. We must make our decisions in the conviction that all men are created equal, that they are equally entitled to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that the duty of government is to serve these ends. This country of ours has experienced many blessings, but none greater than its dedication to these principles. At every point in our history, these ideals have served to correct our failures and shortcomings, to spur us on to greater efforts, and to keep clearly before us the primary purpose of our existence as a nation. They have enshrined for us, a principle of government, the moral imperative to do justice, and the divine command to men to love one another. These principles give meaning to all that we do. In foreign policy, they mean that we can never be tolerant of oppression or tyranny. They mean that we must throw our weight on the side of greater freedom and a better life for all peoples. These principles confirm us in carrying out the specific programs for peace which we have already begun. We shall continue to give our wholehearted support to the United Nations. We believe that this organization can ultimately provide the framework of international law and morality without which mankind cannot survive. It has already set up new standards for the conduct of nations in the Declaration of Human Rights and the Convention on Genocide. It is moving ahead to give meaning to the concept of world brotherhood through a wide variety of cultural, economic, and technical activities. The events of the past year again showed the value of the United Nations in bringing about the peaceful adjustment of tense international controversies. In Indonesia and in Palestine the efforts of the United Nations have put a stop to bloodshed and paved the way to peaceful settlements. We are working toward the time when the United Nations will control weapons of mass destruction and will have the forces to preserve international law and order. While the world remains unsettled, however, and as long as our own security and the security of the free world require, we will maintain a strong and well-balanced defense organization. The Selective Service System is an essential part of our defense plans, and it must be continued. Under the principles of the United Nations Charter we must continue to share in the common defense of free nations against aggression. At the last session this Congress laid the basis for this joint effort. We now must put into effect the common defense plans that are being worked out. We shall continue our efforts for world economic recovery, because world prosperity is the only sure foundation of a permanent peace. As an immediate means to this end we must continue our support of the European recovery program. This program has achieved great success in the first 2 years of its operation, but it has not yet been completed. If we were to stop this program now, or cripple it, just because it is succeeding, we should be doing exactly what the enemies of democracy want us to do. We should be just as foolish as a man who, for reasons of false economy, failed to put a roof on his house after building the foundation and the walls. World prosperity also requires that we do all we can to expand world trade. As a major step in this direction we should promptly join the International Trade Organization. The purpose of this organization, which the United States has been foremost in creating, is to establish a code of fair practice, and an international authority for adjusting differences in international commercial relations. It is an effort to prevent the kind of anarchy and irresponsibility in world trade which did so much to bring about the world depression of the 1930's. An expanding world economy requires the improvement of living standards and the development of resources in areas where human poverty and misery now prevail. Without such improvement the recovery of Europe and the future of our own economy will not be secure. I urge that the Congress adopt the legislation now before it to provide for increasing the flow of technical assistance and capital investment in underdeveloped regions. It is more essential now than ever, if the ideals of freedom and representative government are to prevail in these areas, and particularly in the Far East, that their peoples experience, in their own lives, the benefits of scientific and economic advances. This program will require the movement of large amounts of capital from the industrial nations, and particularly from the United States, to productive uses in the underdeveloped areas of the world. Recent world events make prompt action imperative. This program is in the interest of all peoples-and has nothing in common with either the old imperialism of the last century or the new imperialism of the Communists. Our aim for a peaceful, democratic world of free peoples will be achieved in the long run, not by force of arms, but by an appeal to the minds and hearts of men. If the peace policy of the democratic nations is to be successful, they must demonstrate that the benefits of their way of life can be increased and extended to all nations and all races. In the world today we are confronted with the danger that the rising demand of people everywhere for freedom and a better life may be corrupted and betrayed by the false promises of communism. In its ruthless struggle for power, communism seizes upon our imperfections, and takes advantage of the delays and setbacks which the democratic nations experience in their effort to secure a better life for their citizens. This challenge to us is more than a military challenge. It is a challenge to the honesty of our profession of the democratic faith; it is a challenge to the efficiency and stability of our economic system; it is a challenge to the willingness to work with other peoples for world peace and for world prosperity. For my part I welcome that challenge. I believe that our country, at this crucial point in world history, will meet that challenge successfully. I believe that, in cooperation with the other free nations of the world, we shall extend the full benefits of the democratic way of life to millions who do not now enjoy them, and preserve mankind from dictatorship and tyranny. I believe that we shall succeed in our struggle for this peace, because I have seen the success we have had in our own country in following the principles of freedom. Over the last 50 years, the ideals of liberty and equal opportunity to which this Nation is dedicated have been increasingly realized in the lives of our people. The ideal of equal opportunity no longer means simply the opportunity which a man has to advance beyond his fellows. Some of our citizens do achieve greater success than others as a reward for individual merit and effort, and this is as it should be. At the same time our country must be more than a land of opportunity for a select few. It must be a land of opportunity for all of us. In such a land we can grow and prosper together. The simple truth that we can all go forward together is often questioned by selfish or shortsighted persons. It is strange that this is so, for this proposition is so clearly demonstrated by our national history. During the last 50 years, for example, our Nation has grown enormously in material well-being. This growth has come about, not by concentrating the benefits of our progress in the hands of a few, but by increasing the wealth of the great body of our Nation and our citizens. In the last 50 years the income of the average family has increased so greatly that its buying power has doubled. The average hours of work have declined from 60 to 40 a week, the whole hourly production of the average worker has tripled. Average wages, allowing for price changes, have increased from about 45 cents an hour to $1.40 an hour. We have accomplished what to earlier ages of mankind would have been a miracle--we work shorter hours, we produce more, and we live better. Increasing freedom from poverty and drudgery has given a fuller meaning to American life. Our people are better educated; we have more opportunities for travel and recreation and enjoyment of the arts. We enjoy more personal liberty in the United States today than ever before. If we can continue in the spirit of cooperative adventure which has marked the recent years of our progress, we can expect further scientific advances, further increases in our standard of living, and a still wider enjoyment of democratic freedom. No one, of course, can foretell the future exactly. However, if we assume that we shall grow as fast in the future as we have grown in the past, we can get a good idea of how much our country should grow in the next 50 years. At present our total national production is $255 billion a year. Our working population and our output per worker are increasing. If our productive power continues to increase at the same rate as it has increased over the past 50 years, our total national production 50 years from now will be nearly four times as much as it is today. Allowing for the expected growth in population, this would mean that the real income of the average family in the year 2000 A.D. would be about three times what it is today. These are estimates of what we can do in the future, but we can reach these heights only if we follow the right policies. We have learned by bitter experience that progress is not automatic--that wrong policies lead to depression and disaster. We cannot achieve these gains unless we have a stable economy and avoid the catastrophes of boom and bust that have set us back in the past. These gains cannot be achieved unless our businessmen maintain their spirit of initiative and enterprise and operate in a competitive economy. They cannot be achieved unless our workingmen and women and their unions help to increase productivity and obtain for labor a fair share of the benefits of our economic system. They cannot be achieved unless we have a stable and prosperous agriculture. They cannot be achieved unless we conserve and develop our natural resources in the public interest. Our system will not work unless our people are healthy, well-educated, and confident of the future. It will not work unless all citizens can participate fully in our national life. In achieving these gains the Government has a special responsibility to help create and maintain the conditions which will permit the growth we know is possible. Foremost among these conditions is the need for a fair distribution of our increasing prosperity among all the great groups of our population who help to bring it about-labor, business, agriculture. Businessmen must continue to have the incentives necessary for investment and for the development of new lines of enterprise. In the future growth of this country, lie possibilities for hundreds of thousands of new and independent businesses. As our national production increases, as it doubles and redoubles in the next 50 years, the number of independent and competing enterprises should also increase. If the number does not increase, our constantly growing economy will fall under the control of a few dominant economic groups whose powers will be so great that they will be a challenge to democratic institutions. To avoid this danger, we must curb monopoly and provide aids to independent business so that it may have the credit and capital to compete in a system of free enterprise. I recommend that the Congress complete action at this session on the pending bill to close the loopholes in the Clayton Act which now permit monopolistic mergers. I also hope before this session is over to transmit to the Congress a series of proposals to strengthen the antimonopoly laws, to assist small business, and to encourage the growth of new enterprises. In the case of labor, free collective bargaining must be protected and encouraged. Collective bargaining is not only a fundamental economic freedom for labor. It is also a strengthening and stabilizing influence for our whole economy. The Federal statute now governing labor relations is punitive in purpose and one-sided in operation. This statute is, and always has been, inconsistent with the practice of true and effective collective bargaining. It should be repealed and replaced by a law that is fair to all and in harmony with our democratic ideals. A full understanding of the problems of modern labor relations is of such importance that I recommend the establishment of a labor extension service to encourage educational activities in this field. Another essential for our continued growth is a stable and prosperous agriculture. For many years we have been building a program to give the farmer a reasonable measure of protection against the special hazards to which he is exposed. That program was improved at the last session of the Congress. However, our farm legislation is still not adequate. Although the Congress has properly declared as a matter of national policy that safeguards must be maintained against slumps in farm prices, there are serious shortcomings in the methods now available for carrying out this policy. Mandatory price supports should be provided for the commodities not now covered which are major sources of farm income. Moreover, we should provide a method of supporting farm income at fair levels which will, at the same time, avoid piling up unmanageable surpluses and allow consumers to obtain the full benefit of our abundant agricultural production. A system of production payments gives the greatest promise of accomplishing this purpose. I recommend that the use of such a system be authorized. One of the most important factors in our continued growth is the construction of more good, up-to-date housing. In a country such as ours there is no reason why decent homes should not be within the reach of all. With the help of various Government programs we have made great progress in the last few years in increasing the number of homes. Despite this increase, there is still an acute shortage of housing for the lower and middle-income groups, especially in large metropolitan areas. We have laid the groundwork for relieving the plight of lower-income families in the Housing Act of 1949. To aid the middle-income families, I recommend that the Congress enact new legislation authorizing a vigorous program to help cooperatives and other nonprofit groups build housing which these families can afford. Rent control has done a great deal to prevent the housing shortage from having had worse effects during this postwar period of adjustment. Rent control is still necessary to prevent widespread hardship and sharp curtailment of the buying power of millions of consumers in metropolitan areas. I recommend, therefore, that rent control be continued for another year. If we are to achieve a better life for all, the natural resources of the country must be regarded as a public trust. We must use our precious assets of soil, water, and forest, and grassland in such a way that they become constantly more productive and more valuable. Government investment in the conservation and development of our resources is necessary to the future economic expansion of the country. We need to enlarge the production and transmission of public power. That is true not only in those regions which have already received great benefits from Federal power projects, but also in regions such as New England where the benefits of large-scale public power development have not yet been experienced. In our hydroelectric and irrigation undertakings, as well as in our other resource programs, we must continue policies to assure that their benefits will be spread among the many and not restricted to the favored few. Important resource legislation which should be passed at this session includes the authorization of the St. Lawrence seaway and power project and the establishment of the Columbia Valley Administration--the establishment of the Columbia Valley Administration, I do not want you to miss that. Through wise Government policies and Government expenditures for the conservation and development of our natural resources, we can be sure of transmitting to our children and our children's children a country far richer and more productive than the one we know today. The value of our natural resources is constantly being increased by the progress of science. Research is finding new ways of using such natural assets as minerals, sea water, and plant life. In the peaceful development of atomic energy, particularly, we stand on the threshold of new wonders. The first experimental machines for producing useful power from atomic energy are now under construction. We have made only the first beginnings in this field, but in the perspective of history they may loom larger than the first airplane, or even the first tools that started man on the road to civilization. To take full advantage of the increasing possibilities of nature we must equip ourselves with increasing knowledge. Government has a responsibility to see that our country maintains its position in the advance of science. As a step toward this end, the Congress should complete action on the measure to create a National Science Foundation. Another duty of the Government is to promote the economic security, the health, and the education of its citizens. By so doing, we strengthen both our economy and the structure of our society. In a nation as rich as ours, all citizens should be able to live in decency and health. Our Social Security System should be developed into the main reliance of our people for basic protection against the economic hazards of old-age, unemployment, and illness. I earnestly hope that the Congress will complete action at this session on legislation to increase the benefits and extend the coverage of old-age and survivors' insurance. The widespread movement to provide pensions in private industry dramatizes the need for improvements in the public insurance system. I also urge that the Congress strengthen our unemployment compensation law to meet present-day needs more adequately. The economic downturn of the past year was the first real test that our system of unemployment insurance has had to meet. That test has proved the wisdom of the system, but it has also made strikingly apparent the need for improving its operation and increasing its coverage and its benefits. In the field of health there are immense opportunities to extend to more of our people the benefits of the amazing advances in medical science. We have made a good beginning in expanding our hospitals, but we must also go on to remedy the shortages of doctors, nurses, and public health services, and to establish a system of medical insurance which will enable all Americans to afford good medical care. We must take immediate steps to strengthen our educational system. In many parts of our country, young people are being handicapped for life because of a poor education. The rapidly increasing number of children of school age, coupled with the shortage of qualified teachers, makes this problem more critical each year. I believe that the Congress should no longer delay in providing Federal assistance to the States so that they can maintain adequate schools. As we go forward in achieving greater economic security and greater opportunity for all our people, we should make every effort to extend the benefits of our democratic institutions to every citizen. The religious ideals which we profess, and the heritage of freedom which we have received from the past, clearly place that duty upon us. I again urge the Congress to enact the civil rights proposals I made in February 1948. These proposals are for the enactment of Federal statutes which will protect all our people in the exercise of their democratic rights and their search for economic opportunity, grant statehood to Alaska and Hawaii, provide a greater measure of self-government for our island possessions, and accord home rule to the District of Columbia. Some of those proposals have been before the Congress for a long time. Those who oppose them, as well as those who favor them, should recognize that it is the duty of the elected representatives of the people to let these proposals come to a vote. Our democratic ideals, as well as our best interests, require that we do our fair share in providing homes for the unfortunate victims of war and tyranny. In so doing, we shall add strength to our democracy through the abilities and skills which these men and women will bring here. I urge the prompt enactment by the Congress of the legislation now before it to extend and broaden the existing displaced persons law and remove its discriminatory features. The measures I am recommending to the Congress concerning both our foreign and our domestic policies represent a carefully considered program to meet our national needs. It is a program which necessarily requires large expenditures of funds. More than 70 percent of the Government's expenditures are required to meet the costs of past wars and to work for world peace. This is the dominant factor in our fiscal policy. At the same time, the Government must make substantial expenditures which are necessary to the growth and expansion of the domestic economy. At present, largely because of the ill-considered tax reduction of the Both Congress, the Government is not receiving enough revenue to meet its necessary expenditures. To meet this situation, I am proposing that Federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth, and the well-being of our people. I think I had better read that over; you interrupted me in the middle. To meet this situation, I am proposing that Federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth, and the well-being of our people. Do not forget that last phrase. At the same time, we must guard against the folly of attempting budget slashes which would impair our prospects for peace or cripple the programs essential to our national strength. The budget recommendations I shall shortly transmit to the Congress show that we can expect a substantial improvement in our fiscal position over the next few years, as the cost of some of our extraordinary postwar programs declines, and as the Government revenue rises as a result of growth in employment and national income. To further improve our fiscal outlook, we should make some changes in our tax system which will reduce present inequities, stimulate business activity, and yield a moderate amount of additional revenue. I expect to transmit specific recommendations to the Congress on this subject at a very early date. The fiscal policy I am recommending is the quickest and safest way of achieving a balanced budget. As we move forward into the second half of the 20th century, we must always bear in mind the central purpose of our national life. We do not seek material prosperity for ourselves because we love luxury; we do not aid other nations because we wish to increase our power. We have not devised programs for the security and well-being of our people because we are afraid or unwilling to take risks. This is not the meaning of our past history or our present course. We work for a better life for all, so that all men may put to good use the great gifts with which they have been endowed by their Creator. We seek to establish those material conditions of life in which, without exception, men may live in dignity, perform useful work, serve their communities, and worship God as they see fit. These may seem simple goals, but they are not little ones. They are worth a great deal more than all the empires and conquests of history. They are not to be achieved by military aggression or political fanaticism. They are to be achieved by humbler means-by hard work, by a spirit of self-restraint in our dealings with one another, and by a deep devotion to the principles of justice and equality. It should make us truly thankful, as we look back to the beginnings of this country, that we have come so far along the road to a better life for all. It should make us humble to think, as we look ahead, how much farther we have to go to accomplish, at home and abroad, the objectives that were set out for us at the founding of this great Nation. As we approach the halfway mark of the 20th century, we should ask for continued strength and guidance from that Almighty Power who has placed before us such great opportunities for the good of mankind in the years to come.
president speaker members of the congress a year ago i reported to this congress that the state of the union was good i am happy to be able to report to you today that the state of the union continues to be good our republic continues to increase in the enjoyment of freedom within its borders and to offer strength and encouragement to all those who love freedom throughout the world during the past year we have made notable progress in strengthening the foundations of peace and freedom abroad and at home we have taken important steps in securing the north atlantic community against aggression we have continued our successful support of european recovery we have returned to our established policy of expanding international trade through reciprocal agreement we have strengthened our support of the united nations while great problems still confront us the greatest danger has receded the possibility which faced us 3 years ago that most of europe and the mediterranean area might collapse under totalitarian pressure today the free peoples of the world have new vigor and new hope for the because of peace in our domestic affairs we have made notable advances toward broader opportunity and a better life for all our citizens we have met and reversed the first significant downturn in economic activity since the war in accomplishing this government programs for maintaining employment and purchasing power have been of tremendous benefit as the result of these programs and the wisdom and good judgment of our businessmen and workers major readjustments have been made without widespread suffering during the past year we have also made a good start in providing housing for groups we have raised minimum wages we have gone forward with the development of our natural resources we have given a greater assurance of stability to the farmer and we have improved the organization and efficiency of our government today by the grace of god we stand a free and prosperous nation with greater possibilities for the future than any people ever had before in the history of the world we are now in this year of 1950 nearing the midpoint of the 20th century the first half of this century will be known as the most turbulent and eventful period in recorded history the swift pace of events promises to make the next 50 years decisive in the history of man on this planet the scientific and industrial revolution which began two centuries ago has in the last 50 years caught up the peoples of the globe in a common destiny two worldshattering wars have proved that no corner of the earth can be isolated from the affairs of mankind the human race has reached a turning point man has opened the secrets of nature and mastered new powers if he uses them wisely he can reach new heights of civilization if he uses them foolishly they may destroy him man must create the moral and legal framework for the world which will insure that his new powers are used for good and not for evil in shaping the outcome the people of the united states will play a leading role among all the great changes that have occurred in the last 50 years none is more important than the change in the position of the united states in world affairs fifty years ago we were a country devoted largely to our own internal affairs our industry was growing and we had new interests in the far east and in the caribbean but we were primarily concerned with the development of vast areas of our own continental territory today our population has doubled our national production has risen from about 50 billion in terms of today prices to the staggering figure of 255 billion a year we have a more productive economic system and a greater industrial potential than any other nation on the globe our standard of living is an inspiration for all other peoples even the slightest changes in our economic and social life have their effect on other countries all around the world our tremendous strength has brought with it tremendous responsibilities we have moved from the outer edge to the center of world affairs other nations look to us for a wise exercise of our economic and military strength and for vigorous support of the ideals of representative government and a free society we will not fail them our objective in the world is peace our country has joined with others in the task of achieving peace we know now that this is not an easy task or a short one but we are determined to see it through both of our great political parties are committed to working together and i am sure they will continue to work together to achieve this end we are prepared to devote our energy and our resources to this task because we know that our own security and the future of mankind are at stake right here i want to say that no one appreciates more than i the bipartisan cooperation in foreign affairs which has been enjoyed by this administration our success in working with other nations to achieve peace depends largely on what we do at home we must preserve our national strength strength is not simply a matter of arms and force it is a matter of economic growth and social health and vigorous institutions public and private we can achieve peace only if we maintain our productive energy our democratic institutions and our firm belief in individual freedom our surest guide in the days that lie ahead will be the spirit in which this great republic was rounded we must make our decisions in the conviction that all men are created equal that they are equally entitled to life liberty and the pursuit of happiness and that the duty of government is to serve these ends this country of ours has experienced many blessings but none greater than its dedication to these principles at every point in our history these ideals have served to correct our failures and shortcomings to spur us on to greater efforts and to keep clearly before us the primary purpose of our existence as a nation they have enshrined for us a principle of government the moral imperative to do justice and the divine command to men to love one another these principles give meaning to all that we do in foreign policy they mean that we can never be tolerant of oppression or tyranny they mean that we must throw our weight on the side of greater freedom and a better life for all peoples these principles confirm us in carrying out the specific programs for peace which we have already begun we shall continue to give our wholehearted support to the united nations we believe that this organization can ultimately provide the framework of international law and morality without which mankind can not survive it has already set up new standards for the conduct of nations in the declaration of human rights and the convention on genocide it is moving ahead to give meaning to the concept of world brotherhood through a wide variety of cultural economic and technical activities the events of the past year again showed the value of the united nations in bringing about the peaceful adjustment of tense international controversies in indonesia and in palestine the efforts of the united nations have put a stop to bloodshed and paved the way to peaceful settlements we are working toward the time when the united nations will control weapons of mass destruction and will have the forces to preserve international law and order while the world remains unsettled however and as long as our own security and the security of the free world require we will maintain a strong and defense organization the selective service system is an essential part of our defense plans and it must be continued under the principles of the united nations charter we must continue to share in the common defense of free nations against aggression at the last session this congress laid the basis for this joint effort we now must put into effect the common defense plans that are being worked out we shall continue our efforts for world economic recovery because world prosperity is the only sure foundation of a permanent peace as an immediate means to this end we must continue our support of the european recovery program this program has achieved great success in the first 2 years of its operation but it has not yet been completed if we were to stop this program now or cripple it just because it is succeeding we should be doing exactly what the enemies of democracy want us to do we should be just as foolish as a man who for reasons of false economy failed to put a roof on his house after building the foundation and the walls world prosperity also requires that we do all we can to expand world trade as a major step in this direction we should promptly join the international trade organization the purpose of this organization which the united states has been foremost in creating is to establish a code of fair practice and an international authority for adjusting differences in international commercial relations it is an effort to prevent the kind of anarchy and irresponsibility in world trade which did so much to bring about the world depression of the 1930 an expanding world economy requires the improvement of living standards and the development of resources in areas where human poverty and misery now prevail without such improvement the recovery of europe and the future of our own economy will not be secure i urge that the congress adopt the legislation now before it to provide for increasing the flow of technical assistance and capital investment in underdeveloped regions it is more essential now than ever if the ideals of freedom and representative government are to prevail in these areas and particularly in the far east that their peoples experience in their own lives the benefits of scientific and economic advances this program will require the movement of large amounts of capital from the industrial nations and particularly from the united states to productive uses in the underdeveloped areas of the world recent world events make prompt action imperative this program is in the interest of all has nothing in common with either the old imperialism of the last century or the new imperialism of the communists our aim for a peaceful democratic world of free peoples will be achieved in the long run not by force of arms but by an appeal to the minds and hearts of men if the peace policy of the democratic nations is to be successful they must demonstrate that the benefits of their way of life can be increased and extended to all nations and all races in the world today we are confronted with the danger that the rising demand of people everywhere for freedom and a better life may be corrupted and betrayed by the false promises of communism in its ruthless struggle for power communism seizes upon our imperfections and takes advantage of the delays and setbacks which the democratic nations experience in their effort to secure a better life for their citizens this challenge to us is more than a military challenge it is a challenge to the honesty of our profession of the democratic faith it is a challenge to the efficiency and stability of our economic system it is a challenge to the willingness to work with other peoples for world peace and for world prosperity for my part i welcome that challenge i believe that our country at this crucial point in world history will meet that challenge successfully i believe that in cooperation with the other free nations of the world we shall extend the full benefits of the democratic way of life to millions who do not now enjoy them and preserve mankind from dictatorship and tyranny i believe that we shall succeed in our struggle for this peace because i have seen the success we have had in our own country in following the principles of freedom over the last 50 years the ideals of liberty and equal opportunity to which this nation is dedicated have been increasingly realized in the lives of our people the ideal of equal opportunity no longer means simply the opportunity which a man has to advance beyond his fellows some of our citizens do achieve greater success than others as a reward for individual merit and effort and this is as it should be at the same time our country must be more than a land of opportunity for a select few it must be a land of opportunity for all of us in such a land we can grow and prosper together the simple truth that we can all go forward together is often questioned by selfish or shortsighted persons it is strange that this is so for this proposition is so clearly demonstrated by our national history during the last 50 years for example our nation has grown enormously in material this growth has come about not by concentrating the benefits of our progress in the hands of a few but by increasing the wealth of the great body of our nation and our citizens in the last 50 years the income of the average family has increased so greatly that its buying power has doubled the average hours of work have declined from 60 to 40 a week the whole hourly production of the average worker has tripled average wages allowing for price changes have increased from about 45 cents an hour to an hour we have accomplished what to earlier ages of mankind would have been a miracle we work shorter hours we produce more and we live better increasing freedom from poverty and drudgery has given a fuller meaning to american life our people are better educated we have more opportunities for travel and recreation and enjoyment of the arts we enjoy more personal liberty in the united states today than ever before if we can continue in the spirit of cooperative adventure which has marked the recent years of our progress we can expect further scientific advances further increases in our standard of living and a still wider enjoyment of democratic freedom no one of course can foretell the future exactly however if we assume that we shall grow as fast in the future as we have grown in the past we can get a good idea of how much our country should grow in the next 50 years at present our total national production is 255 billion a year our working population and our output per worker are increasing if our productive power continues to increase at the same rate as it has increased over the past 50 years our total national production 50 years from now will be nearly four times as much as it is today allowing for the expected growth in population this would mean that the real income of the average family in the year 2000 would be about three times what it is today these are estimates of what we can do in the future but we can reach these heights only if we follow the right policies we have learned by bitter experience that progress is not automatic that wrong policies lead to depression and disaster we can not achieve these gains unless we have a stable economy and avoid the catastrophes of boom and bust that have set us back in the past these gains can not be achieved unless our businessmen maintain their spirit of initiative and enterprise and operate in a competitive economy they can not be achieved unless our workingmen and women and their unions help to increase productivity and obtain for labor a fair share of the benefits of our economic system they can not be achieved unless we have a stable and prosperous agriculture they can not be achieved unless we conserve and develop our natural resources in the public interest our system will not work unless our people are healthy and confident of the future it will not work unless all citizens can participate fully in our national life in achieving these gains the government has a special responsibility to help create and maintain the conditions which will permit the growth we know is possible foremost among these conditions is the need for a fair distribution of our increasing prosperity among all the great groups of our population who help to bring it business agriculture businessmen must continue to have the incentives necessary for investment and for the development of new lines of enterprise in the future growth of this country lie possibilities for hundreds of thousands of new and independent businesses as our national production increases as it doubles and redoubles in the next 50 years the number of independent and competing enterprises should also increase if the number does not increase our constantly growing economy will fall under the control of a few dominant economic groups whose powers will be so great that they will be a challenge to democratic institutions to avoid this danger we must curb monopoly and provide aids to independent business so that it may have the credit and capital to compete in a system of free enterprise i recommend that the congress complete action at this session on the pending bill to close the loopholes in the clayton act which now permit monopolistic mergers i also hope before this session is over to transmit to the congress a series of proposals to strengthen the antimonopoly laws to assist small business and to encourage the growth of new enterprises in the case of labor free collective bargaining must be protected and encouraged collective bargaining is not only a fundamental economic freedom for labor it is also a strengthening and stabilizing influence for our whole economy the federal statute now governing labor relations is punitive in purpose and in operation this statute is and always has been inconsistent with the practice of true and effective collective bargaining it should be repealed and replaced by a law that is fair to all and in harmony with our democratic ideals a full understanding of the problems of modern labor relations is of such importance that i recommend the establishment of a labor extension service to encourage educational activities in this field another essential for our continued growth is a stable and prosperous agriculture for many years we have been building a program to give the farmer a reasonable measure of protection against the special hazards to which he is exposed that program was improved at the last session of the congress however our farm legislation is still not adequate although the congress has properly declared as a matter of national policy that safeguards must be maintained against slumps in farm prices there are serious shortcomings in the methods now available for carrying out this policy mandatory price supports should be provided for the commodities not now covered which are major sources of farm income moreover we should provide a method of supporting farm income at fair levels which will at the same time avoid piling up unmanageable surpluses and allow consumers to obtain the full benefit of our abundant agricultural production a system of production payments gives the greatest promise of accomplishing this purpose i recommend that the use of such a system be authorized one of the most important factors in our continued growth is the construction of more good housing in a country such as ours there is no reason why decent homes should not be within the reach of all with the help of various government programs we have made great progress in the last few years in increasing the number of homes despite this increase there is still an acute shortage of housing for the lower and groups especially in large metropolitan areas we have laid the groundwork for relieving the plight of families in the housing act of 1949 to aid the families i recommend that the congress enact new legislation authorizing a vigorous program to help cooperatives and other nonprofit groups build housing which these families can afford rent control has done a great deal to prevent the housing shortage from having had worse effects during this postwar period of adjustment rent control is still necessary to prevent widespread hardship and sharp curtailment of the buying power of millions of consumers in metropolitan areas i recommend therefore that rent control be continued for another year if we are to achieve a better life for all the natural resources of the country must be regarded as a public trust we must use our precious assets of soil water and forest and grassland in such a way that they become constantly more productive and more valuable government investment in the conservation and development of our resources is necessary to the future economic expansion of the country we need to enlarge the production and transmission of public power that is true not only in those regions which have already received great benefits from federal power projects but also in regions such as new england where the benefits of public power development have not yet been experienced in our hydroelectric and irrigation undertakings as well as in our other resource programs we must continue policies to assure that their benefits will be spread among the many and not restricted to the favored few important resource legislation which should be passed at this session includes the authorization of the lawrence seaway and power project and the establishment of the columbia valley administration the establishment of the columbia valley administration i do not want you to miss that through wise government policies and government expenditures for the conservation and development of our natural resources we can be sure of transmitting to our children and our children children a country far richer and more productive than the one we know today the value of our natural resources is constantly being increased by the progress of science research is finding new ways of using such natural assets as minerals sea water and plant life in the peaceful development of atomic energy particularly we stand on the threshold of new wonders the first experimental machines for producing useful power from atomic energy are now under construction we have made only the first beginnings in this field but in the perspective of history they may loom larger than the first airplane or even the first tools that started man on the road to civilization to take full advantage of the increasing possibilities of nature we must equip ourselves with increasing knowledge government has a responsibility to see that our country maintains its position in the advance of science as a step toward this end the congress should complete action on the measure to create a national science foundation another duty of the government is to promote the economic security the health and the education of its citizens by so doing we strengthen both our economy and the structure of our society in a nation as rich as ours all citizens should be able to live in decency and health our social security system should be developed into the main reliance of our people for basic protection against the economic hazards of unemployment and illness i earnestly hope that the congress will complete action at this session on legislation to increase the benefits and extend the coverage of and survivors insurance the widespread movement to provide pensions in private industry dramatizes the need for improvements in the public insurance system i also urge that the congress strengthen our unemployment compensation law to meet needs more adequately the economic downturn of the past year was the first real test that our system of unemployment insurance has had to meet that test has proved the wisdom of the system but it has also made strikingly apparent the need for improving its operation and increasing its coverage and its benefits in the field of health there are immense opportunities to extend to more of our people the benefits of the amazing advances in medical science we have made a good beginning in expanding our hospitals but we must also go on to remedy the shortages of doctors nurses and public health services and to establish a system of medical insurance which will enable all americans to afford good medical care we must take immediate steps to strengthen our educational system in many parts of our country young people are being handicapped for life because of a poor education the rapidly increasing number of children of school age coupled with the shortage of qualified teachers makes this problem more critical each year i believe that the congress should no longer delay in providing federal assistance to the states so that they can maintain adequate schools as we go forward in achieving greater economic security and greater opportunity for all our people we should make every effort to extend the benefits of our democratic institutions to every citizen the religious ideals which we profess and the heritage of freedom which we have received from the past clearly place that duty upon us i again urge the congress to enact the civil rights proposals i made in february 1948 these proposals are for the enactment of federal statutes which will protect all our people in the exercise of their democratic rights and their search for economic opportunity grant statehood to alaska and hawaii provide a greater measure of for our island possessions and accord home rule to the district of columbia some of those proposals have been before the congress for a long time those who oppose them as well as those who favor them should recognize that it is the duty of the elected representatives of the people to let these proposals come to a vote our democratic ideals as well as our best interests require that we do our fair share in providing homes for the unfortunate victims of war and tyranny in so doing we shall add strength to our democracy through the abilities and skills which these men and women will bring here i urge the prompt enactment by the congress of the legislation now before it to extend and broaden the existing displaced persons law and remove its discriminatory features the measures i am recommending to the congress concerning both our foreign and our domestic policies represent a carefully considered program to meet our national needs it is a program which necessarily requires large expenditures of funds more than 70 percent of the government expenditures are required to meet the costs of past wars and to work for world peace this is the dominant factor in our fiscal policy at the same time the government must make substantial expenditures which are necessary to the growth and expansion of the domestic economy at present largely because of the tax reduction of the both congress the government is not receiving enough revenue to meet its necessary expenditures to meet this situation i am proposing that federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth and the of our people i think i had better read that over you interrupted me in the middle to meet this situation i am proposing that federal expenditures be held to the lowest levels consistent with our international requirements and the essential needs of economic growth and the of our people do not forget that last phrase at the same time we must guard against the folly of attempting budget slashes which would impair our prospects for peace or cripple the programs essential to our national strength the budget recommendations i shall shortly transmit to the congress show that we can expect a substantial improvement in our fiscal position over the next few years as the cost of some of our extraordinary postwar programs declines and as the government revenue rises as a result of growth in employment and national income to further improve our fiscal outlook we should make some changes in our tax system which will reduce present inequities stimulate business activity and yield a moderate amount of additional revenue i expect to transmit specific recommendations to the congress on this subject at a very early date the fiscal policy i am recommending is the quickest and safest way of achieving a balanced budget as we move forward into the second half of the 20th century we must always bear in mind the central purpose of our national life we do not seek material prosperity for ourselves because we love luxury we do not aid other nations because we wish to increase our power we have not devised programs for the security and of our people because we are afraid or unwilling to take risks this is not the meaning of our past history or our present course we work for a better life for all so that all men may put to good use the great gifts with which they have been endowed by their creator we seek to establish those material conditions of life in which without exception men may live in dignity perform useful work serve their communities and worship god as they see fit these may seem simple goals but they are not little ones they are worth a great deal more than all the empires and conquests of history they are not to be achieved by military aggression or political fanaticism they are to be achieved by humbler hard work by a spirit of in our dealings with one another and by a deep devotion to the principles of justice and equality it should make us truly thankful as we look back to the beginnings of this country that we have come so far along the road to a better life for all it should make us humble to think as we look ahead how much farther we have to go to accomplish at home and abroad the objectives that were set out for us at the founding of this great nation as we approach the halfway mark of the 20th century we should ask for continued strength and guidance from that almighty power who has placed before us such great opportunities for the good of mankind in the years to come
president speaker members congress year ago reported congress state union good happy able report today state union continues good republic continues increase enjoyment freedom within borders offer strength encouragement love freedom throughout world past year made notable progress strengthening foundations peace freedom abroad home taken important steps securing north atlantic community aggression continued successful support european recovery returned established policy expanding international trade reciprocal agreement strengthened support united nations great problems still confront us greatest danger receded possibility faced us 3 years ago europe mediterranean area might collapse totalitarian pressure today free peoples world new vigor new hope peace domestic affairs made notable advances toward broader opportunity better life citizens met reversed first significant downturn economic activity since war accomplishing government programs maintaining employment purchasing power tremendous benefit result programs wisdom good judgment businessmen workers major readjustments made without widespread suffering past year also made good start providing housing groups raised minimum wages gone forward development natural resources given greater assurance stability farmer improved organization efficiency government today grace god stand free prosperous nation greater possibilities future people ever history world year 1950 nearing midpoint 20th century first half century known turbulent eventful period recorded history swift pace events promises make next 50 years decisive history man planet scientific industrial revolution began two centuries ago last 50 years caught peoples globe common destiny two worldshattering wars proved corner earth isolated affairs mankind human race reached turning point man opened secrets nature mastered new powers uses wisely reach new heights civilization uses foolishly may destroy man must create moral legal framework world insure new powers used good evil shaping outcome people united states play leading role among great changes occurred last 50 years none important change position united states world affairs fifty years ago country devoted largely internal affairs industry growing new interests far east caribbean primarily concerned development vast areas continental territory today population doubled national production risen 50 billion terms today prices staggering figure 255 billion year productive economic system greater industrial potential nation globe standard living inspiration peoples even slightest changes economic social life effect countries around world tremendous strength brought tremendous responsibilities moved outer edge center world affairs nations look us wise exercise economic military strength vigorous support ideals representative government free society fail objective world peace country joined others task achieving peace know easy task short one determined see great political parties committed working together sure continue work together achieve end prepared devote energy resources task know security future mankind stake right want say one appreciates bipartisan cooperation foreign affairs enjoyed administration success working nations achieve peace depends largely home must preserve national strength strength simply matter arms force matter economic growth social health vigorous institutions public private achieve peace maintain productive energy democratic institutions firm belief individual freedom surest guide days lie ahead spirit great republic rounded must make decisions conviction men created equal equally entitled life liberty pursuit happiness duty government serve ends country experienced many blessings none greater dedication principles every point history ideals served correct failures shortcomings spur us greater efforts keep clearly us primary purpose existence nation enshrined us principle government moral imperative justice divine command men love one another principles give meaning foreign policy mean never tolerant oppression tyranny mean must throw weight side greater freedom better life peoples principles confirm us carrying specific programs peace already begun shall continue give wholehearted support united nations believe organization ultimately provide framework international law morality without mankind survive already set new standards conduct nations declaration human rights convention genocide moving ahead give meaning concept world brotherhood wide variety cultural economic technical activities events past year showed value united nations bringing peaceful adjustment tense international controversies indonesia palestine efforts united nations put stop bloodshed paved way peaceful settlements working toward time united nations control weapons mass destruction forces preserve international law order world remains unsettled however long security security free world require maintain strong defense organization selective service system essential part defense plans must continued principles united nations charter must continue share common defense free nations aggression last session congress laid basis joint effort must put effect common defense plans worked shall continue efforts world economic recovery world prosperity sure foundation permanent peace immediate means end must continue support european recovery program program achieved great success first 2 years operation yet completed stop program cripple succeeding exactly enemies democracy want us foolish man reasons false economy failed put roof house building foundation walls world prosperity also requires expand world trade major step direction promptly join international trade organization purpose organization united states foremost creating establish code fair practice international authority adjusting differences international commercial relations effort prevent kind anarchy irresponsibility world trade much bring world depression 1930 expanding world economy requires improvement living standards development resources areas human poverty misery prevail without improvement recovery europe future economy secure urge congress adopt legislation provide increasing flow technical assistance capital investment underdeveloped regions essential ever ideals freedom representative government prevail areas particularly far east peoples experience lives benefits scientific economic advances program require movement large amounts capital industrial nations particularly united states productive uses underdeveloped areas world recent world events make prompt action imperative program interest nothing common either old imperialism last century new imperialism communists aim peaceful democratic world free peoples achieved long run force arms appeal minds hearts men peace policy democratic nations successful must demonstrate benefits way life increased extended nations races world today confronted danger rising demand people everywhere freedom better life may corrupted betrayed false promises communism ruthless struggle power communism seizes upon imperfections takes advantage delays setbacks democratic nations experience effort secure better life citizens challenge us military challenge challenge honesty profession democratic faith challenge efficiency stability economic system challenge willingness work peoples world peace world prosperity part welcome challenge believe country crucial point world history meet challenge successfully believe cooperation free nations world shall extend full benefits democratic way life millions enjoy preserve mankind dictatorship tyranny believe shall succeed struggle peace seen success country following principles freedom last 50 years ideals liberty equal opportunity nation dedicated increasingly realized lives people ideal equal opportunity longer means simply opportunity man advance beyond fellows citizens achieve greater success others reward individual merit effort time country must land opportunity select must land opportunity us land grow prosper together simple truth go forward together often questioned selfish shortsighted persons strange proposition clearly demonstrated national history last 50 years example nation grown enormously material growth come concentrating benefits progress hands increasing wealth great body nation citizens last 50 years income average family increased greatly buying power doubled average hours work declined 60 40 week whole hourly production average worker tripled average wages allowing price changes increased 45 cents hour hour accomplished earlier ages mankind would miracle work shorter hours produce live better increasing freedom poverty drudgery given fuller meaning american life people better educated opportunities travel recreation enjoyment arts enjoy personal liberty united states today ever continue spirit cooperative adventure marked recent years progress expect scientific advances increases standard living still wider enjoyment democratic freedom one course foretell future exactly however assume shall grow fast future grown past get good idea much country grow next 50 years present total national production 255 billion year working population output per worker increasing productive power continues increase rate increased past 50 years total national production 50 years nearly four times much today allowing expected growth population would mean real income average family year 2000 would three times today estimates future reach heights follow right policies learned bitter experience progress automatic wrong policies lead depression disaster achieve gains unless stable economy avoid catastrophes boom bust set us back past gains achieved unless businessmen maintain spirit initiative enterprise operate competitive economy achieved unless workingmen women unions help increase productivity obtain labor fair share benefits economic system achieved unless stable prosperous agriculture achieved unless conserve develop natural resources public interest system work unless people healthy confident future work unless citizens participate fully national life achieving gains government special responsibility help create maintain conditions permit growth know possible foremost among conditions need fair distribution increasing prosperity among great groups population help bring business agriculture businessmen must continue incentives necessary investment development new lines enterprise future growth country lie possibilities hundreds thousands new independent businesses national production increases doubles redoubles next 50 years number independent competing enterprises also increase number increase constantly growing economy fall control dominant economic groups whose powers great challenge democratic institutions avoid danger must curb monopoly provide aids independent business may credit capital compete system free enterprise recommend congress complete action session pending bill close loopholes clayton act permit monopolistic mergers also hope session transmit congress series proposals strengthen antimonopoly laws assist small business encourage growth new enterprises case labor free collective bargaining must protected encouraged collective bargaining fundamental economic freedom labor also strengthening stabilizing influence whole economy federal statute governing labor relations punitive purpose operation statute always inconsistent practice true effective collective bargaining repealed replaced law fair harmony democratic ideals full understanding problems modern labor relations importance recommend establishment labor extension service encourage educational activities field another essential continued growth stable prosperous agriculture many years building program give farmer reasonable measure protection special hazards exposed program improved last session congress however farm legislation still adequate although congress properly declared matter national policy safeguards must maintained slumps farm prices serious shortcomings methods available carrying policy mandatory price supports provided commodities covered major sources farm income moreover provide method supporting farm income fair levels time avoid piling unmanageable surpluses allow consumers obtain full benefit abundant agricultural production system production payments gives greatest promise accomplishing purpose recommend use system authorized one important factors continued growth construction good housing country reason decent homes within reach help various government programs made great progress last years increasing number homes despite increase still acute shortage housing lower groups especially large metropolitan areas laid groundwork relieving plight families housing act 1949 aid families recommend congress enact new legislation authorizing vigorous program help cooperatives nonprofit groups build housing families afford rent control done great deal prevent housing shortage worse effects postwar period adjustment rent control still necessary prevent widespread hardship sharp curtailment buying power millions consumers metropolitan areas recommend therefore rent control continued another year achieve better life natural resources country must regarded public trust must use precious assets soil water forest grassland way become constantly productive valuable government investment conservation development resources necessary future economic expansion country need enlarge production transmission public power true regions already received great benefits federal power projects also regions new england benefits public power development yet experienced hydroelectric irrigation undertakings well resource programs must continue policies assure benefits spread among many restricted favored important resource legislation passed session includes authorization lawrence seaway power project establishment columbia valley administration establishment columbia valley administration want miss wise government policies government expenditures conservation development natural resources sure transmitting children children children country far richer productive one know today value natural resources constantly increased progress science research finding new ways using natural assets minerals sea water plant life peaceful development atomic energy particularly stand threshold new wonders first experimental machines producing useful power atomic energy construction made first beginnings field perspective history may loom larger first airplane even first tools started man road civilization take full advantage increasing possibilities nature must equip increasing knowledge government responsibility see country maintains position advance science step toward end congress complete action measure create national science foundation another duty government promote economic security health education citizens strengthen economy structure society nation rich citizens able live decency health social security system developed main reliance people basic protection economic hazards unemployment illness earnestly hope congress complete action session legislation increase benefits extend coverage survivors insurance widespread movement provide pensions private industry dramatizes need improvements public insurance system also urge congress strengthen unemployment compensation law meet needs adequately economic downturn past year first real test system unemployment insurance meet test proved wisdom system also made strikingly apparent need improving operation increasing coverage benefits field health immense opportunities extend people benefits amazing advances medical science made good beginning expanding hospitals must also go remedy shortages doctors nurses public health services establish system medical insurance enable americans afford good medical care must take immediate steps strengthen educational system many parts country young people handicapped life poor education rapidly increasing number children school age coupled shortage qualified teachers makes problem critical year believe congress longer delay providing federal assistance states maintain adequate schools go forward achieving greater economic security greater opportunity people make every effort extend benefits democratic institutions every citizen religious ideals profess heritage freedom received past clearly place duty upon us urge congress enact civil rights proposals made february 1948 proposals enactment federal statutes protect people exercise democratic rights search economic opportunity grant statehood alaska hawaii provide greater measure island possessions accord home rule district columbia proposals congress long time oppose well favor recognize duty elected representatives people let proposals come vote democratic ideals well best interests require fair share providing homes unfortunate victims war tyranny shall add strength democracy abilities skills men women bring urge prompt enactment congress legislation extend broaden existing displaced persons law remove discriminatory features measures recommending congress concerning foreign domestic policies represent carefully considered program meet national needs program necessarily requires large expenditures funds 70 percent government expenditures required meet costs past wars work world peace dominant factor fiscal policy time government must make substantial expenditures necessary growth expansion domestic economy present largely tax reduction congress government receiving enough revenue meet necessary expenditures meet situation proposing federal expenditures held lowest levels consistent international requirements essential needs economic growth people think better read interrupted middle meet situation proposing federal expenditures held lowest levels consistent international requirements essential needs economic growth people forget last phrase time must guard folly attempting budget slashes would impair prospects peace cripple programs essential national strength budget recommendations shall shortly transmit congress show expect substantial improvement fiscal position next years cost extraordinary postwar programs declines government revenue rises result growth employment national income improve fiscal outlook make changes tax system reduce present inequities stimulate business activity yield moderate amount additional revenue expect transmit specific recommendations congress subject early date fiscal policy recommending quickest safest way achieving balanced budget move forward second half 20th century must always bear mind central purpose national life seek material prosperity love luxury aid nations wish increase power devised programs security people afraid unwilling take risks meaning past history present course work better life men may put good use great gifts endowed creator seek establish material conditions life without exception men may live dignity perform useful work serve communities worship god see fit may seem simple goals little ones worth great deal empires conquests history achieved military aggression political fanaticism achieved humbler hard work spirit dealings one another deep devotion principles justice equality make us truly thankful look back beginnings country come far along road better life make us humble think look ahead much farther go accomplish home abroad objectives set us founding great nation approach halfway mark 20th century ask continued strength guidance almighty power placed us great opportunities good mankind years come
president speaker member congress year ago report congress state union good happy able report today state union continue good republic continue increase enjoyment freedom within border offer strength encouragement love freedom throughout world past year make notable progress strengthen foundation peace freedom abroad home take important step secure north atlantic community aggression continue successful support european recovery return establish policy expand international trade reciprocal agreement strengthen support united nation great problem still confront u great danger recede possibility face u 3 year ago europe mediterranean area might collapse totalitarian pressure today free people world new vigor new hope peace domestic affair make notable advance toward broad opportunity well life citizen meet reverse first significant downturn economic activity since war accomplish government program maintain employment purchase power tremendous benefit result program wisdom good judgment businessmen worker major readjustment make without widespread suffering past year also make good start provide housing group raise minimum wage go forward development natural resource give great assurance stability farmer improve organization efficiency government today grace god stand free prosperous nation great possibility future people ever history world year 1950 nearing midpoint 20th century first half century know turbulent eventful period record history swift pace event promise make next 50 year decisive history man planet scientific industrial revolution begin two century ago last 50 year catch people globe common destiny two worldshattering war prove corner earth isolated affair mankind human race reach turn point man open secret nature master new power use wisely reach new height civilization use foolishly may destroy man must create moral legal framework world insure new power use good evil shape outcome people united state play leading role among great change occur last 50 year none important change position unite states world affair fifty year ago country devote largely internal affair industry grow new interest far east caribbean primarily concern development vast area continental territory today population double national production rise 50 billion term today price staggering figure 255 billion year productive economic system great industrial potential nation globe standard live inspiration people even slight change economic social life effect country around world tremendous strength bring tremendous responsibility move outer edge center world affair nation look u wise exercise economic military strength vigorous support ideal representative government free society fail objective world peace country join others task achieve peace know easy task short one determine see great political party commit work together sure continue work together achieve end prepare devote energy resource task know security future mankind stake right want say one appreciate bipartisan cooperation foreign affair enjoy administration success work nation achieve peace depend largely home must preserve national strength strength simply matter arm force matter economic growth social health vigorous institution public private achieve peace maintain productive energy democratic institution firm belief individual freedom sure guide day lie ahead spirit great republic round must make decision conviction men create equal equally entitled life liberty pursuit happiness duty government serve end country experience many blessing none great dedication principle every point history ideal serve correct failure shortcoming spur u great effort keep clearly u primary purpose existence nation enshrine u principle government moral imperative justice divine command men love one another principle give mean foreign policy mean never tolerant oppression tyranny mean must throw weight side great freedom well life people principle confirm u carry specific program peace already begin shall continue give wholehearted support unite nation believe organization ultimately provide framework international law morality without mankind survive already set new standard conduct nation declaration human right convention genocide move ahead give meaning concept world brotherhood wide variety cultural economic technical activity event past year show value united nation bring peaceful adjustment tense international controversy indonesia palestine effort united nation put stop bloodshed paved way peaceful settlement work toward time united nation control weapon mass destruction force preserve international law order world remain unsettled however long security security free world require maintain strong defense organization selective service system essential part defense plan must continue principle united nation charter must continue share common defense free nation aggression last session congress lay basis joint effort must put effect common defense plan work shall continue effort world economic recovery world prosperity sure foundation permanent peace immediate mean end must continue support european recovery program program achieve great success first 2 year operation yet complete stop program cripple succeed exactly enemy democracy want u foolish man reason false economy fail put roof house build foundation wall world prosperity also require expand world trade major step direction promptly join international trade organization purpose organization united state foremost create establish code fair practice international authority adjust difference international commercial relation effort prevent kind anarchy irresponsibility world trade much bring world depression 1930 expand world economy require improvement living standard development resource area human poverty misery prevail without improvement recovery europe future economy secure urge congress adopt legislation provide increase flow technical assistance capital investment underdevelop region essential ever ideal freedom representative government prevail area particularly far east people experience live benefit scientific economic advance program require movement large amount capital industrial nation particularly united state productive us underdevelop area world recent world event make prompt action imperative program interest nothing common either old imperialism last century new imperialism communists aim peaceful democratic world free people achieve long run force arm appeal mind heart men peace policy democratic nation successful must demonstrate benefit way life increase extended nation race world today confront danger rise demand people everywhere freedom good life may corrupt betrayed false promise communism ruthless struggle power communism seize upon imperfection take advantage delay setbacks democratic nation experience effort secure well life citizen challenge u military challenge challenge honesty profession democratic faith challenge efficiency stability economic system challenge willingness work people world peace world prosperity part welcome challenge believe country crucial point world history meet challenge successfully believe cooperation free nation world shall extend full benefit democratic way life million enjoy preserve mankind dictatorship tyranny believe shall succeed struggle peace see success country follow principle freedom last 50 year ideal liberty equal opportunity nation dedicate increasingly realize live people ideal equal opportunity longer mean simply opportunity man advance beyond fellow citizen achieve great success others reward individual merit effort time country must land opportunity select must land opportunity u land grow prosper together simple truth go forward together often questioned selfish shortsighted person strange proposition clearly demonstrate national history last 50 year example nation grow enormously material growth come concentrate benefit progress hand increase wealth great body nation citizen last 50 year income average family increase greatly buy power double average hour work decline 60 40 week whole hourly production average worker triple average wage allow price change increase 45 cent hour hour accomplish early age mankind would miracle work shorter hour produce live good increase freedom poverty drudgery give fuller meaning american life people well educate opportunity travel recreation enjoyment art enjoy personal liberty united state today ever continue spirit cooperative adventure mark recent year progress expect scientific advance increase standard living still wider enjoyment democratic freedom one course foretell future exactly however assume shall grow fast future grow past get good idea much country grow next 50 year present total national production 255 billion year work population output per worker increase productive power continue increase rate increase past 50 year total national production 50 year nearly four time much today allow expect growth population would mean real income average family year 2000 would three time today estimate future reach height follow right policy learn bitter experience progress automatic wrong policy lead depression disaster achieve gain unless stable economy avoid catastrophe boom bust set u back past gain achieve unless businessmen maintain spirit initiative enterprise operate competitive economy achieve unless workingman woman union help increase productivity obtain labor fair share benefit economic system achieve unless stable prosperous agriculture achieve unless conserve develop natural resource public interest system work unless people healthy confident future work unless citizen participate fully national life achieve gain government special responsibility help create maintain condition permit growth know possible foremost among condition need fair distribution increase prosperity among great group population help bring business agriculture businessmen must continue incentive necessary investment development new line enterprise future growth country lie possibility hundred thousand new independent business national production increase double redoubles next 50 year number independent compete enterprise also increase number increase constantly grow economy fall control dominant economic group whose power great challenge democratic institution avoid danger must curb monopoly provide aids independent business may credit capital compete system free enterprise recommend congress complete action session pending bill close loophole clayton act permit monopolistic merger also hope session transmit congress series proposal strengthen antimonopoly law assist small business encourage growth new enterprise case labor free collective bargaining must protect encouraged collective bargaining fundamental economic freedom labor also strengthen stabilize influence whole economy federal statute govern labor relation punitive purpose operation statute always inconsistent practice true effective collective bargaining repeal replaced law fair harmony democratic ideal full understanding problem modern labor relation importance recommend establishment labor extension service encourage educational activity field another essential continued growth stable prosperous agriculture many year build program give farmer reasonable measure protection special hazard expose program improve last session congress however farm legislation still adequate although congress properly declare matter national policy safeguard must maintain slump farm price serious shortcoming method available carry policy mandatory price support provide commodity cover major source farm income moreover provide method support farm income fair level time avoid pile unmanageable surplus allow consumer obtain full benefit abundant agricultural production system production payment give great promise accomplish purpose recommend use system authorize one important factor continue growth construction good housing country reason decent home within reach help various government program make great progress last year increase number home despite increase still acute shortage housing low group especially large metropolitan area lay groundwork relieve plight family housing act 1949 aid family recommend congress enact new legislation authorize vigorous program help cooperatives nonprofit group build housing family afford rent control do great deal prevent housing shortage bad effect postwar period adjustment rent control still necessary prevent widespread hardship sharp curtailment buy power million consumer metropolitan area recommend therefore rent control continue another year achieve good life natural resource country must regard public trust must use precious asset soil water forest grassland way become constantly productive valuable government investment conservation development resource necessary future economic expansion country need enlarge production transmission public power true region already receive great benefit federal power project also regions new england benefit public power development yet experience hydroelectric irrigation undertaking well resource program must continue policy assure benefit spread among many restrict favored important resource legislation pass session include authorization lawrence seaway power project establishment columbia valley administration establishment columbia valley administration want miss wise government policy government expenditures conservation development natural resource sure transmit child child child country far richer productive one know today value natural resource constantly increase progress science research find new way use natural asset mineral sea water plant life peaceful development atomic energy particularly stand threshold new wonder first experimental machine produce useful power atomic energy construction make first beginning field perspective history may loom large first airplane even first tool start man road civilization take full advantage increase possibility nature must equip increase knowledge government responsibility see country maintain position advance science step toward end congress complete action measure create national science foundation another duty government promote economic security health education citizen strengthen economy structure society nation rich citizen able live decency health social security system develop main reliance people basic protection economic hazard unemployment illness earnestly hope congress complete action session legislation increase benefit extend coverage survivor insurance widespread movement provide pension private industry dramatize need improvement public insurance system also urge congress strengthen unemployment compensation law meet need adequately economic downturn past year first real test system unemployment insurance meet test prove wisdom system also make strikingly apparent need improve operation increase coverage benefit field health immense opportunity extend people benefit amaze advance medical science make good beginning expand hospital must also go remedy shortage doctor nurse public health service establish system medical insurance enable american afford good medical care must take immediate step strengthen educational system many part country young people handicap life poor education rapidly increase number child school age couple shortage qualified teacher make problem critical year believe congress longer delay provide federal assistance state maintain adequate school go forward achieve great economic security great opportunity people make every effort extend benefit democratic institution every citizen religious ideal profess heritage freedom receive past clearly place duty upon u urge congress enact civil right proposal make february 1948 proposal enactment federal statute protect people exercise democratic right search economic opportunity grant statehood alaska hawaii provide great measure island possession accord home rule district columbia proposal congress long time oppose well favor recognize duty elect representative people let proposal come vote democratic ideal well best interest require fair share provide home unfortunate victim war tyranny shall add strength democracy ability skills men woman bring urge prompt enactment congress legislation extend broaden exist displace person law remove discriminatory feature measure recommend congress concern foreign domestic policy represent carefully consider program meet national need program necessarily require large expenditure fund 70 percent government expenditure require meet cost past war work world peace dominant factor fiscal policy time government must make substantial expenditure necessary growth expansion domestic economy present largely tax reduction congress government receive enough revenue meet necessary expenditure meet situation propose federal expenditure hold low level consistent international requirement essential need economic growth people think good read interrupt middle meet situation propose federal expenditure hold low level consistent international requirement essential need economic growth people forget last phrase time must guard folly attempt budget slash would impair prospect peace cripple program essential national strength budget recommendation shall shortly transmit congress show expect substantial improvement fiscal position next year cost extraordinary postwar program decline government revenue rise result growth employment national income improve fiscal outlook make change tax system reduce present inequity stimulate business activity yield moderate amount additional revenue expect transmit specific recommendation congress subject early date fiscal policy recommend quick safe way achieve balanced budget move forward second half 20th century must always bear mind central purpose national life seek material prosperity love luxury aid nation wish increase power devise program security people afraid unwilling take risk mean past history present course work well life men may put good use great gift endow creator seek establish material condition life without exception men may live dignity perform useful work serve community worship god see fit may seem simple goal little one worth great deal empires conquest history achieve military aggression political fanaticism achieve humbler hard work spirit dealing one another deep devotion principle justice equality make u truly thankful look back beginning country come far along road well life make u humble think look ahead much farther go accomplish home abroad objectives set u found great nation approach halfway mark 20th century ask continue strength guidance almighty power place u great opportunity good mankind year come