It is a circumstance of sincere gratification to me that on meeting the great council of our nation I am able to announce to them on grounds of reasonable certainty that the wars and troubles which have for so many years afflicted our sister nations have at length come to an end, and that the communications of peace and commerce are once more opening among them. Whilst we devoutly return thanks to the beneficent Being who has been pleased to breathe into them the spirit of conciliation and forgiveness, we are bound with peculiar gratitude to be thankful to Him that our own peace has been preserved through so perilous a season, and ourselves permitted quietly to cultivate the earth and to practice and improve those arts which tend to increase our comforts. The assurances, indeed, of friendly disposition received from all the powers with whom we have principle relations had inspired a confidence that our peace with them would not have been disturbed. But a cessation of irregularities which had affected the commerce of neutral nations and of the irritations and injuries produced by them can not but add to this confidence, and strengthens at the same time the hope that wrongs committed on unoffending friends under a pressure of circumstances will now be reviewed with candor, and will be considered as founding just claims of retribution for the past and new assurance for the future. Among our Indian neighbors also a spirit of peace and friendship generally prevails, and I am happy to inform you that the continued efforts to introduce among them the implements and the practice of husbandry and the household arts have not been without success; that they are becoming more and more sensible of the superiority of this dependence for clothing and subsistence over the precarious resources of hunting and fishing, and already we are able to announce that instead of that constant diminution of their numbers produced by their wars and their wants, some of them begin to experience an increase of population. To this state of general peace with which we have been blessed, one only exception exists. Tripoli, the least considerable of the Barbary States, had come forward with demands unfounded either in right or in compact, and had permitted itself to denounce war on our failure to comply before a given day. The style of the demand admitted but one answer. I sent a small squadron of frigates into the Mediterranean, with assurances to that power of our sincere desire to remain in peace, but with orders to protect our commerce against the threatened attack. The measure was seasonable and salutary. The Bey had already declared war. His cruisers were out. Two had arrived at Gibraltar. Our commerce in the Mediterranean was blockaded and that of the Atlantic in peril. The arrival of our squadron dispelled the danger. One of the Tripolitan cruisers having fallen in with and engaged the small schooner Enterprise, commanded by Lieutenant Sterret, which had gone as a tender to our larger vessels, was captured, after a heavy slaughter of her men, without the loss of a single 1 on our part. The bravery exhibited by our citizens on that element will, I trust, be a testimony to the world that it is not the want of that virtue which makes us seek their peace, but a conscientious desire to direct the energies of our nation to the multiplication of the human race, and not to its destruction. Unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense, the vessel, being disabled from committing further hostilities, was liberated with its crew. The Legislature will doubtless consider whether, by authorizing measures of offense also, they will place our force on an equal footing with that of its adversaries. I communicate all material information on this subject, that in the exercise of this important function confided by the Constitution to the Legislature exclusively their judgment may form itself on a knowledge and consideration of every circumstances of weight. I wish I could say that our situation with all the other Barbary States was entirely satisfactory. Discovering that some delays had taken place in the performance of certain articles stipulated by us, I thought it my duty, by immediate measures for fulfilling them, to vindicate to ourselves the right of considering the effect of departure from stipulation on their side. From the papers which will be laid before you you will be enabled to judge whether our treaties are regarded by them as fixing at all the measure of their demands or as guarding from the exercise of force our vessels within their power, and to consider how far it will be safe and expedient to leave our affairs with them in their present posture. I lay before you the result of the census lately taken of our inhabitants, to a conformity with which we are now to reduce the ensuing ration of representation and taxation. You will perceive that the increase of numbers during the last 10 years, proceeding in geometric ratio, promises a duplication in little more than 22 years. We contemplate this rapid growth and the prospect it holds up to us, not with a view to the injuries it may enable us to do others in some future day, but to the settlement of the extensive country still remaining vacant within our limits to the multiplication of men susceptible of happiness, educated in the love of order, habituated to self-government, and valuing its blessings above all price. Other circumstances, combined with the increase of numbers, have produced an augmentation of revenue arising from consumption in a ratio far beyond that of population alone; and though the changes in foreign relations now taking place so desirably for the whole world may for a season affect this branch of revenue, yet weighing all probabilities of expense as well as of income, there is reasonable ground of confidence that we may now safely dispense with all the internal taxes, comprehending excise, stamps, auctions, licenses, carriages, and refined sugars, to which the postage on news papers may be added to facilitate the progress of information, and that the remaining sources of revenue will be sufficient to provide for the support of Government, to pay the interest of the public debts, and to discharge the principals within shorter periods than the laws or the general expectation had contemplated. War, indeed, and untoward events may change this prospect of things and call for expenses which imposts could not meet; but sound principles will not justify our taxing the industry of our fellow citizens to accumulate treasure for wars to happen we know not when, and which might not, perhaps, happen but from the temptations offered by that treasure. These views, however, of reducing our burthens are formed on the expectation that a sensible and at the same time a salutary reduction may take place in our habitual expenditures. For this purpose those of the civil Government, the Army, and Navy will need revisal. When we consider that this Government is charged with the external and mutual relations only of these States; that the States themselves have principal care of our persons, our property, and our reputation, constituting the great field of human concerns, we may well doubt whether our organization is not too complicated, too expensive; whether offices and officers have not been multiplied unnecessarily and sometimes injuriously to the service they were meant to promote. I will cause to be laid before you an essay toward a statement of those who, under public employment of various kinds, draw money from the Treasury or from our citizens. Time has not permitted a perfect enumeration, the ramifications of office being too multiplied and remote to be completely traced in a 1st trial. Among those who are dependent on Executive discretion I have begun the reduction of what was deemed unnecessary. The expenses of diplomatic agency have been considerably diminished. The inspectors of internal revenue who were found to obstruct the accountability of the institution have been discontinued. Several agencies created by Executive authorities, on salaries fixed by that also, have been suppressed, and should suggest the expediency of regulating that power by law, so as to subject its exercises to legislative inspection and sanction. Other reformations of the same kind will be pursued with that caution which is requisite in removing useless things, not to injure what is retained. But the great mass of public offices is established by law, and therefore by law alone can be abolished. Should the Legislature think it expedient to pass this roll in review and try all its parts by the test of public utility, they may be assured of every aid and light which Executive information can yield. Considering the general tendency to multiply offices and dependencies and to increase expense to the ultimate term of burthen which the citizen can bear, it behooves us to avail ourselves of every occasion which presents itself for taking off the surcharge, that it never may be seen here that after leaving to labor the smallest portion of its earnings on which it can subsist, Government shall itself consume the whole residue of what it was instituted to guard. In our care, too, of the public contributions intrusted to our direction it would be prudent to multiply barriers against their dissipation by appropriating specific sums to every specific purpose susceptible of definition; by disallowing all applications of money varying from the appropriation in object or transcending it in amount; by reducing the undefined field of contingencies and thereby circumscribing discretionary powers over money, and by bringing back to a single department all accountabilities for money, where the examinations may be prompt, efficacious, and uniform. An account of the receipts and expenditures of the last year, as prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury, will, as usual, be laid before you. The success which has attended the late sales of the public lands shews that with attention they may be made an important source of receipt. Among the payments those made in discharge of the principal and interest of the national debt will shew that the public faith has been exactly maintained. To these will be added an estimate of appropriations necessary for the ensuing year. This last will, of course, be affected by such modifications of the system of expense as you shall think proper to adopt. A statement has been formed by the Secretary of War, on mature consideration, of all the posts and stations where garrisons will be expedient and of the number of men requisite for each garrison. The whole amount is considerably short of the present military establishment. For the surplus no particular use can be pointed out. For defense against invasion their number is as nothing, nor is it conceived needful or safe that a standing army should be kept up in time of peace for that purpose. Uncertain as we must ever be of the particular point in our circumference where an enemy may choose to invade us, the only force which can be ready at every point and competent to oppose them is the body of the neighboring citizens as formed into a militia. On these, collected from the parts most convenient in numbers proportioned to the invading force, it is best to rely not only to meet the 1st attack, but if it threatens to be permanent to maintain the defense until regulars may be engaged to relieve them. These considerations render it important that we should at every session continue to amend the defects which from time to time shew themselves in the laws for regulating the militia until they are sufficiently perfect. Nor should we now or at any time separate until we say we have done everything for the militia which we could do were an enemy at our door. The provision of military stores on hand will be laid before you, that you may judge of the additions still requisite. With respect to the extent to which our naval preparations should be expected to appear, but just attention to the circumstances of every part of the Union will doubtless reconcile all. A small force will probably continue to be wanted for actual service in the Mediterranean. Whatever annual sum beyond that you may think proper to appropriate to naval preparations would perhaps be better employed in providing those articles which may be kept without waste or consumption, and be in readiness when any exigence calls them into use. Progress has been made, as will appear by papers now communicated, in providing materials for 74-gun ships as directed by law. How far the authority given by the Legislature for procuring and establishing sites for naval purposes has been perfectly understood and pursued in the execution admits of some doubt. A statement of the expenses already incurred on that subject is now laid before you. I have in certain cases suspended or slackened these expenditures, that the Legislature might determine whether so many yards are necessary as have been contemplated. The works at this place are among those permitted to go on, and 5 of the 7 frigates directed to be laid up have been brought and laid up here, where, besides the safety of their position, they are under the eye of the Executive Administration, as well as of its agents, and where yourselves also will be guided by your own view in the legislative provisions respecting them which may from time to time be necessary. They are preserved in such condition, as well the vessels as whatever belongs to them, as to be at all times ready for sea on a short warning. Two others are yet to be laid up so soon as they shall have received the repairs requisite to put them also into sound condition. As a superintending officer will be necessary at each yard, his duties and emoluments, hitherto fixed by the Executive, will be a more proper subject for legislation. A communication will also be made of our progress in the execution of the law respecting the vessels directed to be sold. The fortifications of our harbors, more of less advanced, present considerations of great difficulty. While some of them are on a scale sufficiently proportioned to the advantages of their position, to the efficacy of their protection, and the importance of the points within it, others are so extensive, will cost so much in their 1st erection, so much in their maintenance, and require such a force to garrison them as to make it questionable what is best now to be done. A statement of those commenced or projected, of the expenses already incurred, and estimates of their future cost, as far as can be foreseen, shall be laid before you, that you may be enabled to judge whether any alteration is necessary in the laws respecting this subject. Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and navigation, the 4 pillars of our prosperity, are then most thriving when left most free to individual enterprise. Protection from casual embarrassments, however, may sometimes be seasonably interposed. If in the course of your observations or inquiries they should appear to need any aid within the limits of our constitutional powers, your sense of their importance is a sufficient assurance they will occupy your attention. We can not, indeed, but all feel an anxious solicitude for the difficulties under which our carrying trade will soon be placed. How far it can be relieved, otherwise than by time, is a subject of important consideration. The judiciary system of the United States, and especially that portion of it recently erected, will of course present itself to the contemplation of Congress, and, that they may be able to judge of the proportion which the institution bears on the business it has to perform, I have caused to be procured from the several States and now lay before Congress an exact statement of all the causes decided since the 1st establishment of the courts, and of those which were depending when additional courts and judges were brought in to their aid. And while on the judiciary organization it will be worthy your consideration whether the protection of the inestimable institution of juries has been extended to all the cases involving the security of our persons and property. Their impartial selection also being essential to their value, we ought further to consider whether that is sufficiently secured in those States where they are named by a marshal depending on Executive will or designated by the court or by officers dependent on them. I can not omit recommending a revisal of the laws on the subject of naturalization. Considering the ordinary chances of human life, a denial of citizenship under a residence of 14 years is a denial to a great proportion of those who ask it, and controls a policy pursued from their 1st settlement by many of these States, and still believed of consequence to their prosperity; and shall we refuse to the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe? The Constitution indeed has wisely provided that for admission to certain offices of important trust a residence shall be required sufficient to develop character and design. But might not the general character and capabilities of a citizen be safely communicated to everyone manifesting a bona fide purpose of embarking his life and fortunes permanently with us, with restrictions, perhaps, to guard against the fraudulent usurpation of our flag, an abuse which brings so much embarrassment and loss on the genuine citizen and so much danger to the nation of being involved in war that no endeavor should be spared to detect and suppress it? These, fellow citizens, are the matters respecting the state of the nation which I have thought of importance to be submitted to your consideration at this time. Some others of less moment or not yet ready for communication will be the subject of separate messages. I am happy in this opportunity of committing the arduous affairs of our Government to the collected wisdom of the Union. Nothing shall be wanting on my part to inform as far as in my power the legislative judgment, nor to carry that judgment into faithful execution. The prudence and temperance of your discussions will promote within your own walls that conciliation which so much befriends rational conclusion, and by its example will encourage among our constituents that progress of opinion which is tending to unite them in object and in will. That all should be satisfied with any one order of things is not to be expected; but I indulge the pleasing persuasion that the great body of our citizens will cordially concur in honest and disinterested efforts which have for their object to preserve the General and State Governments in their constitutional form and equilibrium; to maintain peace abroad, and order and obedience to the laws at home; to establish principles and practices of administration favorable to the security of liberty and property, and to reduce expenses to what is necessary for the useful purposes of Government.
It is a circumstance of sincere gratification to me that on meeting the great council of our nation I am able to announce to them on grounds of reasonable certainty that the wars and troubles which have for so many years afflicted our sister nations have at length come to an end, and that the communications of peace and commerce are once more opening among them. Whilst we devoutly return thanks to the beneficent Being who has been pleased to breathe into them the spirit of conciliation and forgiveness, we are bound with peculiar gratitude to be thankful to Him that our own peace has been preserved through so perilous a season, and ourselves permitted quietly to cultivate the earth and to practice and improve those arts which tend to increase our comforts. The assurances, indeed, of friendly disposition received from all the powers with whom we have principle relations had inspired a confidence that our peace with them would not have been disturbed. But a cessation of irregularities which had affected the commerce of neutral nations and of the irritations and injuries produced by them can not but add to this confidence, and strengthens at the same time the hope that wrongs committed on unoffending friends under a pressure of circumstances will now be reviewed with candor, and will be considered as founding just claims of retribution for the past and new assurance for the future. Among our Indian neighbors also a spirit of peace and friendship generally prevails, and I am happy to inform you that the continued efforts to introduce among them the implements and the practice of husbandry and the household arts have not been without success; that they are becoming more and more sensible of the superiority of this dependence for clothing and subsistence over the precarious resources of hunting and fishing, and already we are able to announce that instead of that constant diminution of their numbers produced by their wars and their wants, some of them begin to experience an increase of population. To this state of general peace with which we have been blessed, one only exception exists. Tripoli, the least considerable of the Barbary States, had come forward with demands unfounded either in right or in compact, and had permitted itself to denounce war on our failure to comply before a given day. The style of the demand admitted but one answer. I sent a small squadron of frigates into the Mediterranean, with assurances to that power of our sincere desire to remain in peace, but with orders to protect our commerce against the threatened attack. The measure was seasonable and salutary. The Bey had already declared war. His cruisers were out. Two had arrived at Gibraltar. Our commerce in the Mediterranean was blockaded and that of the Atlantic in peril. The arrival of our squadron dispelled the danger. One of the Tripolitan cruisers having fallen in with and engaged the small schooner Enterprise, commanded by Lieutenant Sterret, which had gone as a tender to our larger vessels, was captured, after a heavy slaughter of her men, without the loss of a single 1 on our part. The bravery exhibited by our citizens on that element will, I trust, be a testimony to the world that it is not the want of that virtue which makes us seek their peace, but a conscientious desire to direct the energies of our nation to the multiplication of the human race, and not to its destruction. Unauthorized by the Constitution, without the sanction of Congress, to go beyond the line of defense, the vessel, being disabled from committing further hostilities, was liberated with its crew. The Legislature will doubtless consider whether, by authorizing measures of offense also, they will place our force on an equal footing with that of its adversaries. I communicate all material information on this subject, that in the exercise of this important function confided by the Constitution to the Legislature exclusively their judgment may form itself on a knowledge and consideration of every circumstances of weight. I wish I could say that our situation with all the other Barbary States was entirely satisfactory. Discovering that some delays had taken place in the performance of certain articles stipulated by us, I thought it my duty, by immediate measures for fulfilling them, to vindicate to ourselves the right of considering the effect of departure from stipulation on their side. From the papers which will be laid before you you will be enabled to judge whether our treaties are regarded by them as fixing at all the measure of their demands or as guarding from the exercise of force our vessels within their power, and to consider how far it will be safe and expedient to leave our affairs with them in their present posture. I lay before you the result of the census lately taken of our inhabitants, to a conformity with which we are now to reduce the ensuing ration of representation and taxation. You will perceive that the increase of numbers during the last 10 years, proceeding in geometric ratio, promises a duplication in little more than 22 years. We contemplate this rapid growth and the prospect it holds up to us, not with a view to the injuries it may enable us to do others in some future day, but to the settlement of the extensive country still remaining vacant within our limits to the multiplication of men susceptible of happiness, educated in the love of order, habituated to self-government, and valuing its blessings above all price. Other circumstances, combined with the increase of numbers, have produced an augmentation of revenue arising from consumption in a ratio far beyond that of population alone; and though the changes in foreign relations now taking place so desirably for the whole world may for a season affect this branch of revenue, yet weighing all probabilities of expense as well as of income, there is reasonable ground of confidence that we may now safely dispense with all the internal taxes, comprehending excise, stamps, auctions, licenses, carriages, and refined sugars, to which the postage on news papers may be added to facilitate the progress of information, and that the remaining sources of revenue will be sufficient to provide for the support of Government, to pay the interest of the public debts, and to discharge the principals within shorter periods than the laws or the general expectation had contemplated. War, indeed, and untoward events may change this prospect of things and call for expenses which imposts could not meet; but sound principles will not justify our taxing the industry of our fellow citizens to accumulate treasure for wars to happen we know not when, and which might not, perhaps, happen but from the temptations offered by that treasure. These views, however, of reducing our burthens are formed on the expectation that a sensible and at the same time a salutary reduction may take place in our habitual expenditures. For this purpose those of the civil Government, the Army, and Navy will need revisal. When we consider that this Government is charged with the external and mutual relations only of these States; that the States themselves have principal care of our persons, our property, and our reputation, constituting the great field of human concerns, we may well doubt whether our organization is not too complicated, too expensive; whether offices and officers have not been multiplied unnecessarily and sometimes injuriously to the service they were meant to promote. I will because to be laid before you an essay toward a statement of those who, under public employment of various kinds, draw money from the Treasury or from our citizens. Time has not permitted a perfect enumeration, the ramifications of office being too multiplied and remote to be completely traced in a 1st trial. Among those who are dependent on Executive discretion I have begun the reduction of what was deemed unnecessary. The expenses of diplomatic agency have been considerably diminished. The inspectors of internal revenue who were found to obstruct the accountability of the institution have been discontinued. Several agencies created by Executive authorities, on salaries fixed by that also, have been suppressed, and should suggest the expediency of regulating that power by law, so as to subject its exercises to legislative inspection and sanction. Other reformations of the same kind will be pursued with that caution which is requisite in removing useless things, not to injure what is retained. But the great mass of public offices is established by law, and therefore by law alone can be abolished. Should the Legislature think it expedient to pass this roll in review and try all its parts by the test of public utility, they may be assured of every aid and light which Executive information can yield. Considering the general tendency to multiply offices and dependencies and to increase expense to the ultimate term of burthen which the citizen can bear, it behooves us to avail ourselves of every occasion which presents itself for taking off the surcharge, that it never may be seen here that after leaving to labor the smallest portion of its earnings on which it can subsist, Government shall itself consume the whole residue of what it was instituted to guard. In our care, too, of the public contributions intrusted to our direction it would be prudent to multiply barriers against their dissipation by appropriating specific sums to every specific purpose susceptible of definition; by disallowing all applications of money varying from the appropriation in object or transcending it in amount; by reducing the undefined field of contingencies and thereby circumscribing discretionary powers over money, and by bringing back to a single department all accountabilities for money, where the examinations may be prompt, efficacious, and uniform. An account of the receipts and expenditures of the last year, as prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury, will, as usual, be laid before you. The success which has attended the late sales of the public lands shews that with attention they may be made an important source of receipt. Among the payments those made in discharge of the principal and interest of the national debt will shew that the public faith has been exactly maintained. To these will be added an estimate of appropriations necessary for the ensuing year. This last will, of course, be affected by such modifications of the system of expense as you shall think proper to adopt. A statement has been formed by the Secretary of War, on mature consideration, of all the posts and stations where garrisons will be expedient and of the number of men requisite for each garrison. The whole amount is considerably short of the present military establishment. For the surplus no particular use can be pointed out. For defense against invasion their number is as nothing, nor is it conceived needful or safe that a standing army should be kept up in time of peace for that purpose. Uncertain as we must ever be of the particular point in our circumference where an enemy may choose to invade us, the only force which can be ready at every point and competent to oppose them is the body of the neighboring citizens as formed into a militia. On these, collected from the parts most convenient in numbers proportioned to the invading force, it is best to rely not only to meet the 1st attack, but if it threatens to be permanent to maintain the defense until regulars may be engaged to relieve them. These considerations render it important that we should at every session continue to amend the defects which from time to time shew themselves in the laws for regulating the militia until they are sufficiently perfect. Nor should we now or at any time separate until we say we have done everything for the militia which we could do were an enemy at our door. The provision of military stores on hand will be laid before you, that you may judge of the additions still requisite. With respect to the extent to which our naval preparations should be expected to appear, but just attention to the circumstances of every part of the Union will doubtless reconcile all. A small force will probably continue to be wanted for actual service in the Mediterranean. Whatever annual sum beyond that you may think proper to appropriate to naval preparations would perhaps be better employed in providing those articles which may be kept without waste or consumption, and be in readiness when any exigence calls them into use. Progress has been made, as will appear by papers now communicated, in providing materials for 74-gun ships as directed by law. How far the authority given by the Legislature for procuring and establishing sites for naval purposes has been perfectly understood and pursued in the execution admits of some doubt. A statement of the expenses already incurred on that subject is now laid before you. I have in certain cases suspended or slackened these expenditures, that the Legislature might determine whether so many yards are necessary as have been contemplated. The works at this place are among those permitted to go on, and 5 of the 7 frigates directed to be laid up have been brought and laid up here, where, besides the safety of their position, they are under the eye of the Executive Administration, as well as of its agents, and where yourselves also will be guided by your own view in the legislative provisions respecting them which may from time to time be necessary. They are preserved in such condition, as well the vessels as whatever belongs to them, as to be at all times ready for sea on a short warning. Two others are yet to be laid up so soon as they shall have received the repairs requisite to put them also into sound condition. As a superintending officer will be necessary at each yard, his duties and emoluments, hitherto fixed by the Executive, will be a more proper subject for legislation. A communication will also be made of our progress in the execution of the law respecting the vessels directed to be sold. The fortifications of our harbors, more of less advanced, present considerations of great difficulty. While some of them are on a scale sufficiently proportioned to the advantages of their position, to the efficacy of their protection, and the importance of the points within it, others are so extensive, will cost so much in their 1st erection, so much in their maintenance, and require such a force to garrison them as to make it questionable what is best now to be done. A statement of those commenced or projected, of the expenses already incurred, and estimates of their future cost, as far as can be foreseen, shall be laid before you, that you may be enabled to judge whether any alteration is necessary in the laws respecting this subject. Agriculture, manufactures, commerce, and navigation, the 4 pillars of our prosperity, are then most thriving when left most free to individual enterprise. Protection from casual embarrassments, however, may sometimes be seasonably interposed. If in the course of your observations or inquiries they should appear to need any aid within the limits of our constitutional powers, your sense of their importance is a sufficient assurance they will occupy your attention. We can not, indeed, but all feel an anxious solicitude for the difficulties under which our carrying trade will soon be placed. How far it can be relieved, otherwise than by time, is a subject of important consideration. The judiciary system of the United States, and especially that portion of it recently erected, will of course present itself to the contemplation of Congress, and, that they may be able to judge of the proportion which the institution bears on the business it has to perform, I have caused to be procured from the several States and now lay before Congress an exact statement of all the causes decided since the 1st establishment of the courts, and of those which were depending when additional courts and judges were brought in to their aid. And while on the judiciary organization it will be worthy your consideration whether the protection of the inestimable institution of juries has been extended to all the cases involving the security of our persons and property. Their impartial selection also being essential to their value, we ought further to consider whether that is sufficiently secured in those States where they are named by a marshal depending on Executive will or designated by the court or by officers dependent on them. I can not omit recommending a revisal of the laws on the subject of naturalization. Considering the ordinary chances of human life, a denial of citizenship under a residence of 14 years is a denial to a great proportion of those who ask it, and controls a policy pursued from their 1st settlement by many of these States, and still believed of consequence to their prosperity; and shall we refuse to the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land? Shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe? The Constitution indeed has wisely provided that for admission to certain offices of important trust a residence shall be required sufficient to develop character and design. But might not the general character and capabilities of a citizen be safely communicated to everyone manifesting a bona fide purpose of embarking his life and fortunes permanently with us, with restrictions, perhaps, to guard against the fraudulent usurpation of our flag, an abuse which brings so much embarrassment and loss on the genuine citizen and so much danger to the nation of being involved in war that no endeavor should be spared to detect and suppress it? These, fellow citizens, are the matters respecting the state of the nation which I have thought of importance to be submitted to your consideration at this time. Some others of less moment or not yet ready for communication will be the subject of separate messages. I am happy in this opportunity of committing the arduous affairs of our Government to the collected wisdom of the Union. Nothing shall be wanting on my part to inform as far as in my power the legislative judgment, nor to carry that judgment into faithful execution. The prudence and temperance of your discussions will promote within your own walls that conciliation which so much befriends rational conclusion, and by its example will encourage among our constituents that progress of opinion which is tending to unite them in object and in will. That all should be satisfied with any one order of things is not to be expected; but I indulge the pleasing persuasion that the great body of our citizens will cordially concur in honest and disinterested efforts which have for their object to preserve the General and State Governments in their constitutional form and equilibrium; to maintain peace abroad, and order and obedience to the laws at home; to establish principles and practices of administration favorable to the security of liberty and property, and to reduce expenses to what is necessary for the useful purposes of Government.
it is a circumstance of sincere gratification to me that on meeting the great council of our nation i am able to announce to them on grounds of reasonable certainty that the wars and troubles which have for so many years afflicted our sister nations have at length come to an end and that the communications of peace and commerce are once more opening among them whilst we devoutly return thanks to the beneficent being who has been pleased to breathe into them the spirit of conciliation and forgiveness we are bound with peculiar gratitude to be thankful to him that our own peace has been preserved through so perilous a season and ourselves permitted quietly to cultivate the earth and to practice and improve those arts which tend to increase our comforts the assurances indeed of friendly disposition received from all the powers with whom we have principle relations had inspired a confidence that our peace with them would not have been disturbed but a cessation of irregularities which had affected the commerce of neutral nations and of the irritations and injuries produced by them can not but add to this confidence and strengthens at the same time the hope that wrongs committed on unoffending friends under a pressure of circumstances will now be reviewed with candor and will be considered as founding just claims of retribution for the past and new assurance for the future among our indian neighbors also a spirit of peace and friendship generally prevails and i am happy to inform you that the continued efforts to introduce among them the implements and the practice of husbandry and the household arts have not been without success that they are becoming more and more sensible of the superiority of this dependence for clothing and subsistence over the precarious resources of hunting and fishing and already we are able to announce that instead of that constant diminution of their numbers produced by their wars and their wants some of them begin to experience an increase of population to this state of general peace with which we have been blessed one only exception exists tripoli the least considerable of the barbary states had come forward with demands unfounded either in right or in compact and had permitted itself to denounce war on our failure to comply before a given day the style of the demand admitted but one answer i sent a small squadron of frigates into the mediterranean with assurances to that power of our sincere desire to remain in peace but with orders to protect our commerce against the threatened attack the measure was seasonable and salutary the bey had already declared war his cruisers were out two had arrived at gibraltar our commerce in the mediterranean was blockaded and that of the atlantic in peril the arrival of our squadron dispelled the danger one of the tripolitan cruisers having fallen in with and engaged the small schooner enterprise commanded by lieutenant sterret which had gone as a tender to our larger vessels was captured after a heavy slaughter of her men without the loss of a single 1 on our part the bravery exhibited by our citizens on that element will i trust be a testimony to the world that it is not the want of that virtue which makes us seek their peace but a conscientious desire to direct the energies of our nation to the multiplication of the human race and not to its destruction unauthorized by the constitution without the sanction of congress to go beyond the line of defense the vessel being disabled from committing further hostilities was liberated with its crew the legislature will doubtless consider whether by authorizing measures of offense also they will place our force on an equal footing with that of its adversaries i communicate all material information on this subject that in the exercise of this important function confided by the constitution to the legislature exclusively their judgment may form itself on a knowledge and consideration of every circumstances of weight i wish i could say that our situation with all the other barbary states was entirely satisfactory discovering that some delays had taken place in the performance of certain articles stipulated by us i thought it my duty by immediate measures for fulfilling them to vindicate to ourselves the right of considering the effect of departure from stipulation on their side from the papers which will be laid before you you will be enabled to judge whether our treaties are regarded by them as fixing at all the measure of their demands or as guarding from the exercise of force our vessels within their power and to consider how far it will be safe and expedient to leave our affairs with them in their present posture i lay before you the result of the census lately taken of our inhabitants to a conformity with which we are now to reduce the ensuing ration of representation and taxation you will perceive that the increase of numbers during the last 10 years proceeding in geometric ratio promises a duplication in little more than 22 years we contemplate this rapid growth and the prospect it holds up to us not with a view to the injuries it may enable us to do others in some future day but to the settlement of the extensive country still remaining vacant within our limits to the multiplication of men susceptible of happiness educated in the love of order habituated to and valuing its blessings above all price other circumstances combined with the increase of numbers have produced an augmentation of revenue arising from consumption in a ratio far beyond that of population alone and though the changes in foreign relations now taking place so desirably for the whole world may for a season affect this branch of revenue yet weighing all probabilities of expense as well as of income there is reasonable ground of confidence that we may now safely dispense with all the internal taxes comprehending excise stamps auctions licenses carriages and refined sugars to which the postage on news papers may be added to facilitate the progress of information and that the remaining sources of revenue will be sufficient to provide for the support of government to pay the interest of the public debts and to discharge the principals within shorter periods than the laws or the general expectation had contemplated war indeed and untoward events may change this prospect of things and call for expenses which imposts could not meet but sound principles will not justify our taxing the industry of our fellow citizens to accumulate treasure for wars to happen we know not when and which might not perhaps happen but from the temptations offered by that treasure these views however of reducing our burthens are formed on the expectation that a sensible and at the same time a salutary reduction may take place in our habitual expenditures for this purpose those of the civil government the army and navy will need revisal when we consider that this government is charged with the external and mutual relations only of these states that the states themselves have principal care of our persons our property and our reputation constituting the great field of human concerns we may well doubt whether our organization is not too complicated too expensive whether offices and officers have not been multiplied unnecessarily and sometimes injuriously to the service they were meant to promote i will because to be laid before you an essay toward a statement of those who under public employment of various kinds draw money from the treasury or from our citizens time has not permitted a perfect enumeration the ramifications of office being too multiplied and remote to be completely traced in a 1st trial among those who are dependent on executive discretion i have begun the reduction of what was deemed unnecessary the expenses of diplomatic agency have been considerably diminished the inspectors of internal revenue who were found to obstruct the accountability of the institution have been discontinued several agencies created by executive authorities on salaries fixed by that also have been suppressed and should suggest the expediency of regulating that power by law so as to subject its exercises to legislative inspection and sanction other reformations of the same kind will be pursued with that caution which is requisite in removing useless things not to injure what is retained but the great mass of public offices is established by law and therefore by law alone can be abolished should the legislature think it expedient to pass this roll in review and try all its parts by the test of public utility they may be assured of every aid and light which executive information can yield considering the general tendency to multiply offices and dependencies and to increase expense to the ultimate term of burthen which the citizen can bear it behooves us to avail ourselves of every occasion which presents itself for taking off the surcharge that it never may be seen here that after leaving to labor the smallest portion of its earnings on which it can subsist government shall itself consume the whole residue of what it was instituted to guard in our care too of the public contributions intrusted to our direction it would be prudent to multiply barriers against their dissipation by appropriating specific sums to every specific purpose susceptible of definition by disallowing all applications of money varying from the appropriation in object or transcending it in amount by reducing the undefined field of contingencies and thereby circumscribing discretionary powers over money and by bringing back to a single department all accountabilities for money where the examinations may be prompt efficacious and uniform an account of the receipts and expenditures of the last year as prepared by the secretary of the treasury will as usual be laid before you the success which has attended the late sales of the public lands shews that with attention they may be made an important source of receipt among the payments those made in discharge of the principal and interest of the national debt will shew that the public faith has been exactly maintained to these will be added an estimate of appropriations necessary for the ensuing year this last will of course be affected by such modifications of the system of expense as you shall think proper to adopt a statement has been formed by the secretary of war on mature consideration of all the posts and stations where garrisons will be expedient and of the number of men requisite for each garrison the whole amount is considerably short of the present military establishment for the surplus no particular use can be pointed out for defense against invasion their number is as nothing nor is it conceived needful or safe that a standing army should be kept up in time of peace for that purpose uncertain as we must ever be of the particular point in our circumference where an enemy may choose to invade us the only force which can be ready at every point and competent to oppose them is the body of the neighboring citizens as formed into a militia on these collected from the parts most convenient in numbers proportioned to the invading force it is best to rely not only to meet the 1st attack but if it threatens to be permanent to maintain the defense until regulars may be engaged to relieve them these considerations render it important that we should at every session continue to amend the defects which from time to time shew themselves in the laws for regulating the militia until they are sufficiently perfect nor should we now or at any time separate until we say we have done everything for the militia which we could do were an enemy at our door the provision of military stores on hand will be laid before you that you may judge of the additions still requisite with respect to the extent to which our naval preparations should be expected to appear but just attention to the circumstances of every part of the union will doubtless reconcile all a small force will probably continue to be wanted for actual service in the mediterranean whatever annual sum beyond that you may think proper to appropriate to naval preparations would perhaps be better employed in providing those articles which may be kept without waste or consumption and be in readiness when any exigence calls them into use progress has been made as will appear by papers now communicated in providing materials for ships as directed by law how far the authority given by the legislature for procuring and establishing sites for naval purposes has been perfectly understood and pursued in the execution admits of some doubt a statement of the expenses already incurred on that subject is now laid before you i have in certain cases suspended or slackened these expenditures that the legislature might determine whether so many yards are necessary as have been contemplated the works at this place are among those permitted to go on and 5 of the 7 frigates directed to be laid up have been brought and laid up here where besides the safety of their position they are under the eye of the executive administration as well as of its agents and where yourselves also will be guided by your own view in the legislative provisions respecting them which may from time to time be necessary they are preserved in such condition as well the vessels as whatever belongs to them as to be at all times ready for sea on a short warning two others are yet to be laid up so soon as they shall have received the repairs requisite to put them also into sound condition as a superintending officer will be necessary at each yard his duties and emoluments hitherto fixed by the executive will be a more proper subject for legislation a communication will also be made of our progress in the execution of the law respecting the vessels directed to be sold the fortifications of our harbors more of less advanced present considerations of great difficulty while some of them are on a scale sufficiently proportioned to the advantages of their position to the efficacy of their protection and the importance of the points within it others are so extensive will cost so much in their 1st erection so much in their maintenance and require such a force to garrison them as to make it questionable what is best now to be done a statement of those commenced or projected of the expenses already incurred and estimates of their future cost as far as can be foreseen shall be laid before you that you may be enabled to judge whether any alteration is necessary in the laws respecting this subject agriculture manufactures commerce and navigation the 4 pillars of our prosperity are then most thriving when left most free to individual enterprise protection from casual embarrassments however may sometimes be seasonably interposed if in the course of your observations or inquiries they should appear to need any aid within the limits of our constitutional powers your sense of their importance is a sufficient assurance they will occupy your attention we can not indeed but all feel an anxious solicitude for the difficulties under which our carrying trade will soon be placed how far it can be relieved otherwise than by time is a subject of important consideration the judiciary system of the united states and especially that portion of it recently erected will of course present itself to the contemplation of congress and that they may be able to judge of the proportion which the institution bears on the business it has to perform i have caused to be procured from the several states and now lay before congress an exact statement of all the causes decided since the 1st establishment of the courts and of those which were depending when additional courts and judges were brought in to their aid and while on the judiciary organization it will be worthy your consideration whether the protection of the inestimable institution of juries has been extended to all the cases involving the security of our persons and property their impartial selection also being essential to their value we ought further to consider whether that is sufficiently secured in those states where they are named by a marshal depending on executive will or designated by the court or by officers dependent on them i can not omit recommending a revisal of the laws on the subject of naturalization considering the ordinary chances of human life a denial of citizenship under a residence of 14 years is a denial to a great proportion of those who ask it and controls a policy pursued from their 1st settlement by many of these states and still believed of consequence to their prosperity and shall we refuse to the unhappy fugitives from distress that hospitality which the savages of the wilderness extended to our fathers arriving in this land shall oppressed humanity find no asylum on this globe the constitution indeed has wisely provided that for admission to certain offices of important trust a residence shall be required sufficient to develop character and design but might not the general character and capabilities of a citizen be safely communicated to everyone manifesting a bona fide purpose of embarking his life and fortunes permanently with us with restrictions perhaps to guard against the fraudulent usurpation of our flag an abuse which brings so much embarrassment and loss on the genuine citizen and so much danger to the nation of being involved in war that no endeavor should be spared to detect and suppress it these fellow citizens are the matters respecting the state of the nation which i have thought of importance to be submitted to your consideration at this time some others of less moment or not yet ready for communication will be the subject of separate messages i am happy in this opportunity of committing the arduous affairs of our government to the collected wisdom of the union nothing shall be wanting on my part to inform as far as in my power the legislative judgment nor to carry that judgment into faithful execution the prudence and temperance of your discussions will promote within your own walls that conciliation which so much befriends rational conclusion and by its example will encourage among our constituents that progress of opinion which is tending to unite them in object and in will that all should be satisfied with any one order of things is not to be expected but i indulge the pleasing persuasion that the great body of our citizens will cordially concur in honest and disinterested efforts which have for their object to preserve the general and state governments in their constitutional form and equilibrium to maintain peace abroad and order and obedience to the laws at home to establish principles and practices of administration favorable to the security of liberty and property and to reduce expenses to what is necessary for the useful purposes of government
circumstance sincere gratification meeting great council nation able announce grounds reasonable certainty wars troubles many years afflicted sister nations length come end communications peace commerce opening among whilst devoutly return thanks beneficent pleased breathe spirit conciliation forgiveness bound peculiar gratitude thankful peace preserved perilous season permitted quietly cultivate earth practice improve arts tend increase comforts assurances indeed friendly disposition received powers principle relations inspired confidence peace would disturbed cessation irregularities affected commerce neutral nations irritations injuries produced add confidence strengthens time hope wrongs committed unoffending friends pressure circumstances reviewed candor considered founding claims retribution past new assurance future among indian neighbors also spirit peace friendship generally prevails happy inform continued efforts introduce among implements practice husbandry household arts without success becoming sensible superiority dependence clothing subsistence precarious resources hunting fishing already able announce instead constant diminution numbers produced wars wants begin experience increase population state general peace blessed one exception exists tripoli least considerable barbary states come forward demands unfounded either right compact permitted denounce war failure comply given day style demand admitted one answer sent small squadron frigates mediterranean assurances power sincere desire remain peace orders protect commerce threatened attack measure seasonable salutary bey already declared war cruisers two arrived gibraltar commerce mediterranean blockaded atlantic peril arrival squadron dispelled danger one tripolitan cruisers fallen engaged small schooner enterprise commanded lieutenant sterret gone tender larger vessels captured heavy slaughter men without loss single 1 part bravery exhibited citizens element trust testimony world want virtue makes us seek peace conscientious desire direct energies nation multiplication human race destruction unauthorized constitution without sanction congress go beyond line defense vessel disabled committing hostilities liberated crew legislature doubtless consider whether authorizing measures offense also place force equal footing adversaries communicate material information subject exercise important function confided constitution legislature exclusively judgment may form knowledge consideration every circumstances weight wish could say situation barbary states entirely satisfactory discovering delays taken place performance certain articles stipulated us thought duty immediate measures fulfilling vindicate right considering effect departure stipulation side papers laid enabled judge whether treaties regarded fixing measure demands guarding exercise force vessels within power consider far safe expedient leave affairs present posture lay result census lately taken inhabitants conformity reduce ensuing ration representation taxation perceive increase numbers last 10 years proceeding geometric ratio promises duplication little 22 years contemplate rapid growth prospect holds us view injuries may enable us others future day settlement extensive country still remaining vacant within limits multiplication men susceptible happiness educated love order habituated valuing blessings price circumstances combined increase numbers produced augmentation revenue arising consumption ratio far beyond population alone though changes foreign relations taking place desirably whole world may season affect branch revenue yet weighing probabilities expense well income reasonable ground confidence may safely dispense internal taxes comprehending excise stamps auctions licenses carriages refined sugars postage news papers may added facilitate progress information remaining sources revenue sufficient provide support government pay interest public debts discharge principals within shorter periods laws general expectation contemplated war indeed untoward events may change prospect things call expenses imposts could meet sound principles justify taxing industry fellow citizens accumulate treasure wars happen know might perhaps happen temptations offered treasure views however reducing burthens formed expectation sensible time salutary reduction may take place habitual expenditures purpose civil government army navy need revisal consider government charged external mutual relations states states principal care persons property reputation constituting great field human concerns may well doubt whether organization complicated expensive whether offices officers multiplied unnecessarily sometimes injuriously service meant promote laid essay toward statement public employment various kinds draw money treasury citizens time permitted perfect enumeration ramifications office multiplied remote completely traced 1st trial among dependent executive discretion begun reduction deemed unnecessary expenses diplomatic agency considerably diminished inspectors internal revenue found obstruct accountability institution discontinued several agencies created executive authorities salaries fixed also suppressed suggest expediency regulating power law subject exercises legislative inspection sanction reformations kind pursued caution requisite removing useless things injure retained great mass public offices established law therefore law alone abolished legislature think expedient pass roll review try parts test public utility may assured every aid light executive information yield considering general tendency multiply offices dependencies increase expense ultimate term burthen citizen bear behooves us avail every occasion presents taking surcharge never may seen leaving labor smallest portion earnings subsist government shall consume whole residue instituted guard care public contributions intrusted direction would prudent multiply barriers dissipation appropriating specific sums every specific purpose susceptible definition disallowing applications money varying appropriation object transcending amount reducing undefined field contingencies thereby circumscribing discretionary powers money bringing back single department accountabilities money examinations may prompt efficacious uniform account receipts expenditures last year prepared secretary treasury usual laid success attended late sales public lands shews attention may made important source receipt among payments made discharge principal interest national debt shew public faith exactly maintained added estimate appropriations necessary ensuing year last course affected modifications system expense shall think proper adopt statement formed secretary war mature consideration posts stations garrisons expedient number men requisite garrison whole amount considerably short present military establishment surplus particular use pointed defense invasion number nothing conceived needful safe standing army kept time peace purpose uncertain must ever particular point circumference enemy may choose invade us force ready every point competent oppose body neighboring citizens formed militia collected parts convenient numbers proportioned invading force best rely meet 1st attack threatens permanent maintain defense regulars may engaged relieve considerations render important every session continue amend defects time time shew laws regulating militia sufficiently perfect time separate say done everything militia could enemy door provision military stores hand laid may judge additions still requisite respect extent naval preparations expected appear attention circumstances every part union doubtless reconcile small force probably continue wanted actual service mediterranean whatever annual sum beyond may think proper appropriate naval preparations would perhaps better employed providing articles may kept without waste consumption readiness exigence calls use progress made appear papers communicated providing materials ships directed law far authority given legislature procuring establishing sites naval purposes perfectly understood pursued execution admits doubt statement expenses already incurred subject laid certain cases suspended slackened expenditures legislature might determine whether many yards necessary contemplated works place among permitted go 5 7 frigates directed laid brought laid besides safety position eye executive administration well agents also guided view legislative provisions respecting may time time necessary preserved condition well vessels whatever belongs times ready sea short warning two others yet laid soon shall received repairs requisite put also sound condition superintending officer necessary yard duties emoluments hitherto fixed executive proper subject legislation communication also made progress execution law respecting vessels directed sold fortifications harbors less advanced present considerations great difficulty scale sufficiently proportioned advantages position efficacy protection importance points within others extensive cost much 1st erection much maintenance require force garrison make questionable best done statement commenced projected expenses already incurred estimates future cost far foreseen shall laid may enabled judge whether alteration necessary laws respecting subject agriculture manufactures commerce navigation 4 pillars prosperity thriving left free individual enterprise protection casual embarrassments however may sometimes seasonably interposed course observations inquiries appear need aid within limits constitutional powers sense importance sufficient assurance occupy attention indeed feel anxious solicitude difficulties carrying trade soon placed far relieved otherwise time subject important consideration judiciary system united states especially portion recently erected course present contemplation congress may able judge proportion institution bears business perform caused procured several states lay congress exact statement causes decided since 1st establishment courts depending additional courts judges brought aid judiciary organization worthy consideration whether protection inestimable institution juries extended cases involving security persons property impartial selection also essential value ought consider whether sufficiently secured states named marshal depending executive designated court officers dependent omit recommending revisal laws subject naturalization considering ordinary chances human life denial citizenship residence 14 years denial great proportion ask controls policy pursued 1st settlement many states still believed consequence prosperity shall refuse unhappy fugitives distress hospitality savages wilderness extended fathers arriving land shall oppressed humanity find asylum globe constitution indeed wisely provided admission certain offices important trust residence shall required sufficient develop character design might general character capabilities citizen safely communicated everyone manifesting bona fide purpose embarking life fortunes permanently us restrictions perhaps guard fraudulent usurpation flag abuse brings much embarrassment loss genuine citizen much danger nation involved war endeavor spared detect suppress fellow citizens matters respecting state nation thought importance submitted consideration time others less moment yet ready communication subject separate messages happy opportunity committing arduous affairs government collected wisdom union nothing shall wanting part inform far power legislative judgment carry judgment faithful execution prudence temperance discussions promote within walls conciliation much befriends rational conclusion example encourage among constituents progress opinion tending unite object satisfied one order things expected indulge pleasing persuasion great body citizens cordially concur honest disinterested efforts object preserve general state governments constitutional form equilibrium maintain peace abroad order obedience laws home establish principles practices administration favorable security liberty property reduce expenses necessary useful purposes government
circumstance sincere gratification meeting great council nation able announce ground reasonable certainty war trouble many year afflict sister nation length come end communication peace commerce opening among whilst devoutly return thanks beneficent please breathe spirit conciliation forgiveness bound peculiar gratitude thankful peace preserve perilous season permit quietly cultivate earth practice improve art tend increase comfort assurance indeed friendly disposition receive power principle relation inspire confidence peace would disturb cessation irregularity affect commerce neutral nation irritation injury produce add confidence strengthens time hope wrong commit unoffending friend pressure circumstance review candor consider found claim retribution past new assurance future among indian neighbor also spirit peace friendship generally prevail happy inform continue effort introduce among implement practice husbandry household art without success become sensible superiority dependence clothing subsistence precarious resource hunt fish already able announce instead constant diminution number produce war want begin experience increase population state general peace bless one exception exist tripoli least considerable barbary state come forward demand unfounded either right compact permit denounce war failure comply give day style demand admit one answer send small squadron frigate mediterranean assurance power sincere desire remain peace order protect commerce threaten attack measure seasonable salutary bey already declare war cruiser two arrive gibraltar commerce mediterranean blockade atlantic peril arrival squadron dispel danger one tripolitan cruiser fall engage small schooner enterprise command lieutenant sterret go tender large vessel capture heavy slaughter men without loss single 1 part bravery exhibit citizen element trust testimony world want virtue make u seek peace conscientious desire direct energy nation multiplication human race destruction unauthorized constitution without sanction congress go beyond line defense vessel disable commit hostility liberate crew legislature doubtless consider whether authorize measure offense also place force equal footing adversary communicate material information subject exercise important function confide constitution legislature exclusively judgment may form knowledge consideration every circumstance weight wish could say situation barbary state entirely satisfactory discovering delay take place performance certain article stipulate u think duty immediate measure fulfil vindicate right consider effect departure stipulation side paper lay enable judge whether treaty regard fixing measure demand guard exercise force vessel within power consider far safe expedient leave affair present posture lay result census lately take inhabitant conformity reduce ensue ration representation taxation perceive increase number last 10 year proceed geometric ratio promise duplication little 22 year contemplate rapid growth prospect hold u view injury may enable u others future day settlement extensive country still remain vacant within limit multiplication men susceptible happiness educate love order habituate valuing blessing price circumstance combine increase number produce augmentation revenue arise consumption ratio far beyond population alone though change foreign relation take place desirably whole world may season affect branch revenue yet weigh probability expense well income reasonable ground confidence may safely dispense internal tax comprehend excise stamps auction license carriage refine sugar postage news paper may add facilitate progress information remain source revenue sufficient provide support government pay interest public debt discharge principal within short period law general expectation contemplate war indeed untoward event may change prospect thing call expense impost could meet sound principle justify tax industry fellow citizen accumulate treasure war happen know might perhaps happen temptation offer treasure view however reduce burthen form expectation sensible time salutary reduction may take place habitual expenditure purpose civil government army navy need revisal consider government charge external mutual relation state state principal care person property reputation constitute great field human concern may well doubt whether organization complicate expensive whether office officer multiply unnecessarily sometimes injuriously service meant promote lay essay toward statement public employment various kind draw money treasury citizen time permit perfect enumeration ramification office multiply remote completely traced 1st trial among dependent executive discretion begin reduction deem unnecessary expense diplomatic agency considerably diminish inspector internal revenue find obstruct accountability institution discontinue several agency create executive authority salary fix also suppress suggest expediency regulate power law subject exercise legislative inspection sanction reformation kind pursue caution requisite remove useless thing injure retain great mass public office establish law therefore law alone abolished legislature think expedient pas roll review try part test public utility may assure every aid light executive information yield consider general tendency multiply office dependencies increase expense ultimate term burthen citizen bear behooves u avail every occasion present take surcharge never may see leave labor small portion earnings subsist government shall consume whole residue institute guard care public contribution intrust direction would prudent multiply barrier dissipation appropriate specific sum every specific purpose susceptible definition disallow application money vary appropriation object transcend amount reduce undefined field contingency thereby circumscribe discretionary power money bring back single department accountability money examination may prompt efficacious uniform account receipt expenditure last year prepare secretary treasury usual laid success attend late sale public land shews attention may make important source receipt among payment make discharge principal interest national debt shew public faith exactly maintain added estimate appropriation necessary ensue year last course affect modification system expense shall think proper adopt statement form secretary war mature consideration post station garrison expedient number men requisite garrison whole amount considerably short present military establishment surplus particular use point defense invasion number nothing conceive needful safe stand army keep time peace purpose uncertain must ever particular point circumference enemy may choose invade u force ready every point competent oppose body neighboring citizen form militia collect part convenient number proportion invade force best rely meet 1st attack threatens permanent maintain defense regular may engage relieve consideration render important every session continue amend defect time time shew law regulate militia sufficiently perfect time separate say do everything militia could enemy door provision military store hand laid may judge addition still requisite respect extent naval preparation expect appear attention circumstance every part union doubtless reconcile small force probably continue want actual service mediterranean whatever annual sum beyond may think proper appropriate naval preparation would perhaps better employ provide article may keep without waste consumption readiness exigence call use progress make appear paper communicate provide material ship direct law far authority give legislature procure establish site naval purpose perfectly understood pursue execution admit doubt statement expense already incur subject laid certain case suspend slackened expenditure legislature might determine whether many yard necessary contemplate works place among permit go 5 7 frigate direct laid brought laid besides safety position eye executive administration well agent also guide view legislative provision respect may time time necessary preserve condition well vessel whatever belongs time ready sea short warning two others yet lay soon shall receive repair requisite put also sound condition superintend officer necessary yard duty emoluments hitherto fixed executive proper subject legislation communication also make progress execution law respect vessel direct sold fortification harbor less advanced present consideration great difficulty scale sufficiently proportion advantage position efficacy protection importance point within others extensive cost much 1st erection much maintenance require force garrison make questionable best do statement commence projected expense already incur estimate future cost far foreseen shall lay may enable judge whether alteration necessary law respect subject agriculture manufacture commerce navigation 4 pillar prosperity thrive leave free individual enterprise protection casual embarrassment however may sometimes seasonably interposed course observation inquiry appear need aid within limit constitutional power sense importance sufficient assurance occupy attention indeed feel anxious solicitude difficulty carry trade soon place far relieve otherwise time subject important consideration judiciary system united state especially portion recently erect course present contemplation congress may able judge proportion institution bear business perform cause procured several state lay congress exact statement cause decide since 1st establishment court depend additional court judge bring aid judiciary organization worthy consideration whether protection inestimable institution jury extend case involve security person property impartial selection also essential value ought consider whether sufficiently secure state name marshal depend executive designate court officer dependent omit recommend revisal law subject naturalization consider ordinary chance human life denial citizenship residence 14 year denial great proportion ask control policy pursue 1st settlement many state still believe consequence prosperity shall refuse unhappy fugitive distress hospitality savage wilderness extended father arrive land shall oppress humanity find asylum globe constitution indeed wisely provide admission certain office important trust residence shall require sufficient develop character design might general character capability citizen safely communicate everyone manifest bona fide purpose embark life fortune permanently u restriction perhaps guard fraudulent usurpation flag abuse brings much embarrassment loss genuine citizen much danger nation involve war endeavor spar detect suppress fellow citizens matter respect state nation think importance submit consideration time others less moment yet ready communication subject separate message happy opportunity commit arduous affair government collect wisdom union nothing shall want part inform far power legislative judgment carry judgment faithful execution prudence temperance discussion promote within wall conciliation much befriends rational conclusion example encourage among constituent progress opinion tend unite object satisfy one order thing expect indulge please persuasion great body citizen cordially concur honest disinterested effort object preserve general state government constitutional form equilibrium maintain peace abroad order obedience law home establish principle practice administration favorable security liberty property reduce expense necessary useful purpose government