[Delivered in person before a joint session] Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the 86th Congress: Seven years ago I entered my present office with one long-held resolve overriding all others. I was then, and remain now, determined that the United States shall become an ever more potent resource for the cause of peace--realizing that peace cannot be for ourselves alone, but for peoples everywhere. This determination is shared by the entire Congress--indeed, by all Americans. My purpose today is to discuss some features of America's position, both at home and in her relations to others. First, I point out that for us, annual self-examination is made a definite necessity by the fact that we now live in a divided world of uneasy equilibrium, with our side committed to its own protection and against aggression by the other. With both sides of this divided world in possession of unbelievably destructive weapons, mankind approaches a state where mutual annihilation becomes a possibility. No other fact of today's world equals this in importance--it colors everything we say, plan, and do. There is demanded of us, vigilance, determination, and the dedication of whatever portion of our resources that will provide adequate security, especially a real deterrent to aggression. These things we are doing. All these facts emphasize the importance of striving incessantly for a just peace. Only through the strengthening of the spiritual, intellectual, economic and defensive resources of the Free World can we, in confidence, make progress toward this goal. Second, we note that recent Soviet deportment and pronouncements suggest the possible opening of a somewhat less strained period in the relationships between the Soviet Union and the Free World. If these Pronouncements be genuine, there is brighter hope of diminishing the intensity of past rivalry and eventually of substituting persuasion for coercion. Whether this is to become an era of lasting promise remains to be tested by actions. Third, we now stand in the vestibule of a vast new technological age-one that, despite its capacity for human destruction, has an equal capacity to make poverty and human misery obsolete. If our efforts are wisely directed--and if our unremitting efforts for dependable peace begin to attain some success--we can surely become participants in creating an age characterized by justice and rising levels of human well-being. Over the past year the Soviet Union has expressed an interest in measures to reduce the common peril of war. While neither we nor any other Free World nation can permit ourselves to be misled by pleasant promises until they are tested by performance, yet we approach this apparently new opportunity with the utmost seriousness. We must strive to break the calamitous cycle of frustrations and crises which, if unchecked, could spiral into nuclear disaster; the ultimate insanity. Though the need for dependable agreements to assure against resort to force in settling disputes is apparent to both sides yet as in other issues dividing men and nations, we cannot expect sudden and revolutionary results. But we must find some place to begin. One obvious road on which to make a useful start is in the widening of communication between our two peoples. In this field there are, both sides willing, countless opportunities--most of them well known to us all--for developing mutual understanding, the true foundation of peace. Another avenue may be through the reopening, on January twelfth, of negotiations looking to a controlled ban on the testing of nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, the closing statement from the Soviet scientists who met with our scientists at Geneva in an unsuccessful effort to develop an agreed basis for a test ban, gives the clear impression that their conclusions have been politically guided. Those of the British and American scientific representatives are their own freely-formed, individual and collective opinion. I am hopeful that as new negotiations begin, truth--not political opportunism--will be the guiding light of the deliberations. Still another avenue may be found in the field of disarmament, in which the Soviets have professed a readiness to negotiate seriously. They have not, however, made clear the plans they may have, if any, for mutual inspection and verification--the essential condition for any extensive measure of disarmament. There is one instance where our initiative for peace has recently been successful. A multi-lateral treaty signed last month provides for the exclusively peaceful use of Antarctica, assured by a system of inspection. It provides for free and cooperative scientific research in that continent, and prohibits nuclear explosions there pending general international agreement on the subject. The Treaty is a significant contribution toward peace, international cooperation, and the advancement of science. I shall transmit its text to the Senate for consideration and approval in the near future. The United States is always ready to participate with the Soviet Union in serious discussion of these or any other subjects that may lead to peace with justice. Certainly it is not necessary to repeat that the United States has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation; likewise we reject any attempt to impose its system on us or on other peoples by force or subversion. This concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort. Not for a moment do we forget that our own fate is firmly fastened to that of these countries; we will not act in any way which would jeopardize our solemn commitments to them. We and our friends are, of course, concerned with self-defense. Growing out of this concern is the realization that all people of the Free World have a great stake in the progress, in freedom, of the uncommitted and newly emerging nations. These peoples, desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must not, by our neglect, be forced to seek help from, and finally become virtual satellites of, those who proclaim their hostility to freedom. Their natural desire for a better life must not be frustrated by withholding from them necessary technical and investment assistance. This is a problem to be solved not by America alone, but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help. In recent years America's partners and friends in Western Europe and Japan have made great economic progress. Their newly found economic strength is eloquent testimony to the striking success of the policies of economic cooperation which we and they have pursued. The international economy of 1960 is markedly different from that of the early postwar years. No longer is the United States the only major industrial country capable of providing substantial amounts of the resources so urgently needed in the newly-developing countries. To remain secure and prosperous themselves, wealthy nations must extend the kind of cooperation to the less fortunate members that will inspire hope, confidence and progress. A rich nation can for a time, without noticeable damage to itself, pursue a course of self-indulgence, making its single goal the material ease and comfort of its own citizens-thus repudiating its own spiritual and material stake in a peaceful and prosperous society of nations. But the enmities it will incur, the isolation into which it will descend, and the internal moral and physical softness that will be engendered, will, in the long term, bring it to disaster. America did not become great through softness and self-indulgence. Her miraculous progress and achievements flow from other qualities far more worthy and substantial-- --adherence to principles and methods consonant with our religious philosophy 
--a satisfaction in hard work 
--the readiness to sacrifice for worthwhile causes 
--the courage to meet every challenge to her progress --the intellectual honesty and capacity to recognize the true path of her own best interests. To us and to every nation of the Free World, rich or poor, these qualities are necessary today as never before if we are to march together to greater security, prosperity and peace. I believe the industrial countries are ready to participate actively in supplementing the efforts of the developing countries to achieve progress. The immediate need for this kind of cooperation is underscored by the strain in our international balance of payments. Our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas, to finance private investment, and to provide assistance to the less developed nations. In 1959 our deficit in balance of payments approached $4 billion. Continuing deficits of anything like this magnitude would, over time, impair our own economic growth and check the forward progress of the Free World. We must meet this situation by promoting a rising volume of exports and world trade. Further, we must induce all industrialized nations of the Free World to work together in a new cooperative endeavor to help lift the scourge of poverty from less fortunate nations. This will provide for better sharing of this burden and for still further profitable trade. New nations, and others struggling with the problems of development, will progress only if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and possess the will and use their own resources to fulfill it. Moreover, progress in a national transformation can be only gradually earned; there is no easy and quick way to follow from the oxcart to the jet plane. But, just as we drew on Europe for assistance in our earlier years, so now do those new and emerging nations that have this faith and determination deserve help. Over the last fifteen years, twenty nations have gained political independence. Others are doing so each year. Most of them are woefully lacking in technical capacity and in investment capital; without Free World support in these matters they cannot effectively progress in freedom. Respecting their need, one of the major focal points of our concern is the South Asian region. Here, in two nations alone, are almost five hundred million people, all working, and working hard, to raise their standards, and in doing so, to make of themselves a strong bulwark against the spread of an ideology that would destroy liberty. I cannot express to you the depth of my conviction that, in our own and Free World interests, we must cooperate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions, as expressed in their different multi-year plans. Through the World Bank and other instrumentalities, as well as through individual action by every nation in position to help, we must squarely face this titanic challenge. All of us must realize, of course, that development in freedom by the newly emerging nations, is no mere matter of obtaining outside financial assistance. An indispensable element in this process is a strong and continuing determination on the part of these nations to exercise the national discipline necessary for any sustained development period. These qualities of determination are particularly essential because of the fact that the process of improvement will necessarily be gradual and laborious rather than revolutionary. Moreover, everyone should be aware that the development process is no short term phenomenon. Many years are required for even the most favorably situated countries. I shall continue to urge the American people, in the interests of their own security, prosperity and peace, to make sure that their own part of this great project be amply and cheerfully supported. Free World decisions in this matter may spell the difference between world disaster and world progress in freedom. Other countries, some of which I visited last month, have similar needs. A common meeting ground is desirable for those nations which are prepared to assist in the development effort. During the past year I have discussed this matter with the leaders of several Western Nations. Because of its wealth of experience, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation could help with initial studies. The goal is to enlist all available economic resources in the industrialized Free World-especially private investment capital. But I repeat that .this help, no matter how great, can be lastingly effective only if it is used as a supplement to the strength of spirit and will of the people of the newly-developing nations. By extending this help we hope to make possible the enthusiastic enrollment of these nations under freedom's banner. No more startling contrast to a system of sullen satellites could be imagined. If we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement, we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security, freedom and peace. Otherwise, the outlook could be dark indeed. We face what may be a turning point in history, and we must act decisively. As a nation we can successfully pursue these objectives only from a position of broadly based strength. No matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace, we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction. Until tangible and mutually enforceable arms reduction measures are worked out, we will not weaken the means of defending our institutions. America possesses an enormous defense power. It is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should be so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support. It is world-wide knowledge that any nation which might be tempted today to attack the United States, even though our country might sustain great losses, would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction. But I once again assure all peoples and all nations that the United States, except in defense, will never turn loose this destructive power. During the past year, our long-range striking power, unmatched today in manned bombers, has taken on new strength as the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile has entered the operational inventory. In fourteen recent test launchings, at ranges of over 5,000 miles, Atlas has been striking on an average within two miles of the target. This is less than the length of a jet runway--well within the circle of total destruction. Such performance is a great tribute to American scientists and engineers, who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these long-range ballistic missiles, where America had none before. This year, moreover, growing numbers of nuclear-powered submarines will enter our active forces, some to be armed with Polaris missiles. These remarkable ships and weapons, ranging the oceans, will be capable of accurate fire on targets virtually anywhere on earth. Impossible to destroy by surprise attack, they will become one of our most effective sentinels for peace. To meet situations of less than general nuclear war, we continue to maintain our carrier forces, our many service units abroad, our always ready Army strategic forces and Marine Corps divisions, and the civilian components. The continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process, and is scheduled to go forward at a rate which will steadily add to our strength. The deployment of a portion of these forces beyond our shores, on land and sea, is persuasive demonstration of our determination to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with our allies for collective security. Moreover, I have directed that steps be taken to program our military assistance to these allies on a longer range basis. This is necessary for a sounder collective defense system. Next I refer to our effort in space exploration, which is often mistakenly supposed to be an integral part of defense research and development. First, America has made great contributions in the past two years to the world's fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science. These discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community; but they are important foundation-stones for more extensive exploration of outer space for the ultimate benefit of all mankind. Second, our military missile program, going forward so successfully, does not suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines, which are so necessary in distant space exploration. I am assured by experts that the thrust of our present missiles is fully adequate for defense requirements. Third, the United States is pressing forward in the development of large rocket engines to place much heavier vehicles into space for exploration purposes. Fourth, in the meantime, it is necessary to remember that we have only begun to probe the environment immediately surrounding the earth. Using launch systems presently available, we are developing satellites to scout the world's weather; satellite relay stations to facilitate and extend communications over the globe; for navigation aids to give accurate bearings to ships and aircraft; and for perfecting instruments to collect and transmit the data we seek. This is the area holding the most promise for early and useful applications of space technology. Fifth, we have just completed a year's experience with our new space law. I believe it deficient in certain particulars and suggested improvements will be submitted shortly. The accomplishment of the many tasks I have alluded to requires the continuous strengthening of the spiritual, intellectual, and economic sinews of American life. The steady purpose of our society is to assure justice, before God, for every individual. We must be ever alert that freedom does not wither through the careless amassing of restrictive controls or the lack of courage to deal boldly with the giant issues of the day. A year ago, when I met with you, the nation was emerging from an economic downturn, even though the signs of resurgent prosperity were not then sufficiently convincing to the doubtful. Today our surging strength is apparent to everyone. 1960 promises to be the most prosperous year in our history. Yet we continue to be afflicted by nagging disorders. Among current problems that require solution are: --the need to protect the public interest in situations of prolonged labor-management stalemate; --the persistent refusal to come to grips with a critical problem in one sector of American agriculture; --the continuing threat of inflation, together with the persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility; --in certain instances the denial to some of our citizens of equal protection of the law. Every American was disturbed by the prolonged dispute in the steel industry and the protracted delay in reaching a settlement. We are all relieved that a settlement has at last been achieved in that industry. Percentagewise, by this settlement the increase to the steel companies in employment costs is lower than in any prior wage settlement since World War II. It is also gratifying to note that despite the increase in wages and benefits several of the major steel producers have announced that there will be no increase in steel prices at this time. The national interest demands that in the period of industrial peace which has been assured by the new contract both management and labor make every possible effort to increase efficiency and productivity in the manufacture of steel so that price increases can be avoided. One of the lessons of this story is that the potential danger to the entire Nation of longer and greater strikes must be met. To insure against such possibilities we must of course depend primarily upon the good commonsense of the responsible individuals. It is my intention to encourage regular discussions between management and labor outside the bargaining table, to consider the interest of the public as well as their mutual interest in the maintenance of industrial peace, price stability and economic growth. To me, it seems almost absurd for the United States to recognize the need, and so earnestly to seek, for cooperation among the nations unless we can achieve voluntary, dependable, abiding cooperation among the important segments of our own free society. Failure to face up to basic issues in areas other than those of labor-management can cause serious strains on the firm freedom supports of our society. I refer to agriculture as one of these areas. Our basic farm laws were written 27 years ago, in an emergency effort to redress hardship caused by a world-wide depression. They were continued--and their economic distortions intensified--during World War II in order to provide incentives for production of food needed to sustain a war-torn free world. Today our farm problem is totally different. It is that of effectively adjusting to the changes caused by a scientific revolution. When the original farm laws were written, an hour's farm labor produced only one fourth as much wheat as at present. Farm legislation is woefully out-of-date, ineffective, and expensive. For years we have gone on with an outmoded system which not only has failed to protect farm income, but also has produced soaring, threatening surpluses. Our farms have been left producing for war while America has long been at peace. Once again I urge Congress to enact legislation that will gear production more closely to markets, make costly surpluses more manageable, provide greater freedom in farm operations, and steadily achieve increased net farm incomes. Another issue that we must meet squarely is that of living within our means. This requires restraint in expenditure, constant reassessment of priorities, and the maintenance of stable prices. We must prevent inflation. Here is an opponent of so many guises that it is sometimes difficult to recognize. But our clear need is to stop continuous and general price rises--a need that all of us can see and feel. To prevent steadily rising costs and prices calls for stern self-discipline by every citizen. No person, city, state, or organized group can afford to evade the obligation to resist inflation, for every American pays its crippling tax. Inflation's ravages do not end at the water's edge. Increases in prices of the goods we sell abroad threaten to drive us out of markets that once were securely ours. Whether domestic prices, so high as to be noncompetitive, result from demands for too-high profit margins or from increased labor costs that outrun growth in productivity, the final result is seriously damaging to the nation. We must fight inflation as we would a fire that imperils our home. Only by so doing can we prevent it from destroying our salaries, savings, pensions and insurance, and from gnawing away the very roots of a free, healthy economy and the nation's security. One major method by which the Federal government can counter inflation and rising prices is to insure that its expenditures are below its revenues. The debt with which we are now confronted is about 290 billion dollars. With interest charges alone now costing taxpayers about 9 1/2 billions, it is clear that this debt growth must stop. You will be glad to know that despite the unsettling influences of the recent steel strike, we estimate that our accounts will show, on June 30, this year, a favorable balance of approximately $200 million. I shall present to the Congress for 1961 a balanced budget. In the area of defense, expenditures continue at the record peace-time levels of the last several years. With a single exception, expenditures in every major category of Health, Education and Welfare will be equal or greater than last year. In Space expenditures the amounts are practically doubled. But the over-all guiding goal of this budget is national need-not response to specific group, local or political insistence. Expenditure increases, other than those I have indicated, are largely accounted for by the increased cost of legislation previously enacted. 1 At this point the President interpolated the two paragraphs shown in brackets. [I repeat, this budget will be a balanced one. Expenditures will be 79 billion 8 hundred million. The amount of income over outgo, described in the budget as a Surplus, to be applied against our national debt, is 4 billion 2 hundred million. Personally, I do not feel that any amount can be properly called a "Surplus" as long as the nation is in debt. I prefer to think of such an item as "reduction on our children's inherited mortgage." Once we have established such payments as normal practice, we can profitably make improvements in our tax structure and thereby truly reduce the heavy burdens of taxation. [In any event, this one reduction will save taxpayers, each ,year, approximately 2 hundred million dollars in interest costs.] This budget will help ease pressures in our credit and capital markets. It will enhance the confidence of people all over the world in the strength of our economy and our currency and in our individual and collective ability to be fiscally responsible. In the management of the huge public debt the Treasury is unfortunately not free of artificial barriers. Its ability to deal with the difficult problems in this field has been weakened greatly by the unwillingness of the Congress to remove archaic restrictions. The need for a freer hand in debt management is even more urgent today because the costs of the undesirable financing practices which the Treasury has been forced into are mounting. Removal of this roadblock has high priority in my legislative recommendations. Still another issue relates to civil rights. In all our hopes and plans for a better world we all recognize that provincial and racial prejudices must be combatted. In the long perspective of history, the right to vote has been one of the strongest pillars of a free society. Our first duty is to protect this right against all encroachment. In spite of constitutional guarantees, and notwithstanding much progress of recent years, bias still deprives some persons in this country of equal protection of the laws. Early in your last session I recommended legislation which would help eliminate several practices discriminating against the basic rights of Americans. The Civil Rights Commission has developed additional constructive recommendations. I hope that these will be among the matters to be seriously considered in the current session. I trust that Congress will thus signal to the world that our Government is striving for equality under law for all our people. Each year and in many ways our nation continues to undergo profound change and growth. In the past 18 months we have hailed the entry of two more States of the Union--Alaska and Hawaii. We salute these two western stars proudly. Our vigorous expansion, which we all welcome as a sign of health and vitality, is many-sided. We are, for example, witnessing explosive growth in metropolitan areas. By 1975 the metropolitan areas of the United States will occupy twice the territory they do today. The roster of urban problems with which they must cope is staggering. They involve water supply, cleaning the air, adjusting local tax systems, providing for essential educational, cultural, and social services, and destroying those conditions which breed delinquency and crime. In meeting these, we must, if we value our historic freedoms, keep within the traditional framework of our Federal system with powers divided between the national and state governments. The uniqueness of this system may confound the casual observer, but it has worked effectively for nearly 200 years. I do not doubt that our urban and other perplexing problems can be solved in the traditional American method. In doing so we must realize that nothing is really solved and ruinous tendencies are set in motion by yielding to the deceptive bait of the "easy" Federal tax dollar. Our educational system provides a ready example. All recognize the vital necessity of having modern school plants, well-qualified and adequately compensated teachers, and of using the best possible teaching techniques and curricula. We cannot be complacent about educating our youth. But the route to better trained minds is not through the swift administration of a Federal hypodermic or sustained financial transfusion. The educational process, essentially a local and personal responsibility, cannot be made to leap ahead by crash, centralized governmental action. The Administration has proposed a carefully reasoned program for helping eliminate current deficiencies. It is designed to stimulate classroom construction, not by substitution of Federal dollars for state and local funds, but by incentives to extend and encourage state and local efforts. This approach rejects the notion of Federal domination or control. It is workable, and should appeal to every American interested in advancement of our educational system in the traditional American way. I urge the Congress to take action upon it. There is one other subject concerning which I renew a recommendation I made in my State of the Union Message last January. I then advised the Congress of my purpose to intensify our efforts to replace force with a rule of law among nations. From many discussions abroad, I am convinced that purpose is widely and deeply shared by other peoples and nations of the world. In the same Message I stated that our efforts would include a reexamination of our own relation to the International Court of Justice. The Court was established by the United Nations to decide international legal disputes between nations. In 1946 we accepted the Court's jurisdiction, but subject to a reservation of the right to determine unilaterally whether a matter lies essentially within domestic jurisdiction. There is pending before the Senate, a Resolution which would repeal our present self-judging reservation. I support that Resolution and urge its prompt passage. If this is done, I intend to urge similar acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by every member of the United Nations. Here perhaps it is not amiss for me to say to the Members of the Congress, in this my final year of office, a word about the institutions we respectively represent and the meaning which the relationships between our two branches has for the days ahead. I am not unique as a President in having worked with a Congress controlled by the opposition party--except that no other President ever did it for quite so long! Yet in both personal and official relationships we have weathered the storms of the past five years. For this I am grateful. My deep concern in the next twelve months, before my successor takes office, is with our joint Congressional-Executive duty to our own and to other nations. Acting upon the beliefs I have expressed here today, I shall devote my full energies to the tasks at hand, whether these involve travel for promoting greater world understanding, negotiations to reduce international discord, or constant discussions and communications with the Congress and the American people on issues both domestic and foreign. In pursuit of these objectives, I look forward to, and shall dedicate myself to, a close and constructive association with the Congress. Every minute spent in irrelevant interbranch wrangling is precious time taken from the intelligent initiation and adoption of coherent policies for our national survival and progress. We seek a common goal--brighter opportunity for our own citizens and a world peace with justice for all. Before us and our friends is the challenge of an ideology which, for more than four decades, has trumpeted abroad its purpose of gaining ultimate victory over all forms of government at variance with its own. We realize that however much we repudiate the tenets of imperialistic Communism, it represents a gigantic enterprise grimly pursued by leaders who compel its subjects to subordinate their freedom of action and spirit and personal desires for some hoped-for advantage in the future. The Communists can present an array of material accomplishments over the past fifteen years that lends a false persuasiveness to many of their glittering promises to the uncommitted peoples. The competition they provide is formidable. But in our scale of values we place freedom first--our whole national existence and development have been geared to that basic concept and are responsible for the position of free world leadership to which we have succeeded. It is the highest prize that any nation can possess; it is one that Communism can never offer. And America's record of material accomplishment in freedom is written not only in the unparalleled prosperity of our own nation, but in the many billions we have devoted to the reconstruction of Free World economics wrecked by World War II and in the effective help of many more billions we have given in saving the independence of many others threatened by outside domination. Assuredly we have the capacity for handling the problems in the new era of the world's history we are now entering. But we must use that capacity intelligently and tirelessly, regardless of personal sacrifice. The fissure that divides our political planet is deep and wide. We live, moreover, in a sea of semantic disorder in which old labels no longer faithfully describe. Police states are called "people's democracies." Armed conquest of free people is called "liberation." Such slippery slogans make more difficult the problem of communicating true faith, facts and beliefs. We must make clear our peaceful intentions, our aspirations for a better world. So doing, we must use language to enlighten the mind, not as the instrument of the studied innuendo and distorter of truth. And we must live by what we say. On my recent visit to distant lands I found one statesman after another eager to tell me of the elements of their government that had been borrowed from our American Constitution, and from the indestructible ideals set forth in our Declaration of Independence. As a nation we take pride that our own constitutional system, and the ideals which sustain it, have been long viewed as a fountainhead of freedom. By our every action we must strive to make ourselves worthy of this trust, ever mindful that an accumulation of seemingly minor encroachments upon freedom gradually could break down the entire fabric of a free society. So persuaded, we shall get on with the task before us. So dedicated, and with faith in the Almighty, humanity shall one day achieve the unity in freedom to which all men have aspired from the dawn of time. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
[Delivered in person before a joint session] Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the 86th Congress: Seven years ago I entered my present office with one long-held resolve overriding all others. I was then, and remain now, determined that the United States shall become an ever more potent resource for the because of peace--realizing that peace cannot be for ourselves alone, but for peoples everywhere. This determination is shared by the entire Congress--indeed, by all Americans. My purpose today is to discuss some features of America's position, both at home and in her relations to others. First, I point out that for us, annual self-examination is made a definite necessity by the fact that we now live in a divided world of uneasy equilibrium, with our side committed to its own protection and against aggression by the other. With both sides of this divided world in possession of unbelievably destructive weapons, mankind approaches a state where mutual annihilation becomes a possibility. No other fact of today's world equals this in importance--it colors everything we say, plan, and do. There is demanded of us, vigilance, determination, and the dedication of whatever portion of our resources that will provide adequate security, especially a real deterrent to aggression. These things we are doing. All these facts emphasize the importance of striving incessantly for a just peace. Only through the strengthening of the spiritual, intellectual, economic and defensive resources of the Free World can we, in confidence, make progress toward this goal. Second, we note that recent Soviet deportment and pronouncements suggest the possible opening of a somewhat less strained period in the relationships between the Soviet Union and the Free World. If these Pronouncements be genuine, there is brighter hope of diminishing the intensity of past rivalry and eventually of substituting persuasion for coercion. Whether this is to become an era of lasting promise remains to be tested by actions. Third, we now stand in the vestibule of a vast new technological age-one that, despite its capacity for human destruction, has an equal capacity to make poverty and human misery obsolete. If our efforts are wisely directed--and if our unremitting efforts for dependable peace begin to attain some success--we can surely become participants in creating an age characterized by justice and rising levels of human well-being. Over the past year the Soviet Union has expressed an interest in measures to reduce the common peril of war. While neither we nor any other Free World nation can permit ourselves to be misled by pleasant promises until they are tested by performance, yet we approach this apparently new opportunity with the utmost seriousness. We must strive to break the calamitous cycle of frustrations and crises which, if unchecked, could spiral into nuclear disaster; the ultimate insanity. Though the need for dependable agreements to assure against resort to force in settling disputes is apparent to both sides yet as in other issues dividing men and nations, we cannot expect sudden and revolutionary results. But we must find some place to begin. One obvious road on which to make a useful start is in the widening of communication between our two peoples. In this field there are, both sides willing, countless opportunities--most of them well known to us all--for developing mutual understanding, the true foundation of peace. Another avenue may be through the reopening, on January twelfth, of negotiations looking to a controlled ban on the testing of nuclear weapons. Unfortunately, the closing statement from the Soviet scientists who met with our scientists at Geneva in an unsuccessful effort to develop an agreed basis for a test ban, gives the clear impression that their conclusions have been politically guided. Those of the British and American scientific representatives are their own freely-formed, individual and collective opinion. I am hopeful that as new negotiations begin, truth--not political opportunism--will be the guiding light of the deliberations. Still another avenue may be found in the field of disarmament, in which the Soviets have professed a readiness to negotiate seriously. They have not, however, made clear the plans they may have, if any, for mutual inspection and verification--the essential condition for any extensive measure of disarmament. There is one instance where our initiative for peace has recently been successful. A multi-lateral treaty signed last month provides for the exclusively peaceful use of Antarctica, assured by a system of inspection. It provides for free and cooperative scientific research in that continent, and prohibits nuclear explosions there pending general international agreement on the subject. The Treaty is a significant contribution toward peace, international cooperation, and the advancement of science. I shall transmit its text to the Senate for consideration and approval in the near future. The United States is always ready to participate with the Soviet Union in serious discussion of these or any other subjects that may lead to peace with justice. Certainly it is not necessary to repeat that the United States has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation; likewise we reject any attempt to impose its system on us or on other peoples by force or subversion. This concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort. Not for a moment do we forget that our own fate is firmly fastened to that of these countries; we will not act in any way which would jeopardize our solemn commitments to them. We and our friends are, of course, concerned with self-defense. Growing out of this concern is the realization that all people of the Free World have a great stake in the progress, in freedom, of the uncommitted and newly emerging nations. These peoples, desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must not, by our neglect, be forced to seek help from, and finally become virtual satellites of, those who proclaim their hostility to freedom. Their natural desire for a better life must not be frustrated by withholding from them necessary technical and investment assistance. This is a problem to be solved not by America alone, but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help. In recent years America's partners and friends in Western Europe and Japan have made great economic progress. Their newly found economic strength is eloquent testimony to the striking success of the policies of economic cooperation which we and they have pursued. The international economy of 1960 is markedly different from that of the early postwar years. No longer is the United States the only major industrial country capable of providing substantial amounts of the resources so urgently needed in the newly-developing countries. To remain secure and prosperous themselves, wealthy nations must extend the kind of cooperation to the less fortunate members that will inspire hope, confidence and progress. A rich nation can for a time, without noticeable damage to itself, pursue a course of self-indulgence, making its single goal the material ease and comfort of its own citizens-thus repudiating its own spiritual and material stake in a peaceful and prosperous society of nations. But the enmities it will incur, the isolation into which it will descend, and the internal moral and physical softness that will be engendered, will, in the long term, bring it to disaster. America did not become great through softness and self-indulgence. Her miraculous progress and achievements flow from other qualities far more worthy and substantial-- --adherence to principles and methods consonant with our religious philosophy --a satisfaction in hard work --the readiness to sacrifice for worthwhile causes --the courage to meet every challenge to her progress --the intellectual honesty and capacity to recognize the true path of her own best interests. To us and to every nation of the Free World, rich or poor, these qualities are necessary today as never before if we are to march together to greater security, prosperity and peace. I believe the industrial countries are ready to participate actively in supplementing the efforts of the developing countries to achieve progress. The immediate need for this kind of cooperation is underscored by the strain in our international balance of payments. Our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas, to finance private investment, and to provide assistance to the less developed nations. In 1959 our deficit in balance of payments approached $4 billion. Continuing deficits of anything like this magnitude would, over time, impair our own economic growth and check the forward progress of the Free World. We must meet this situation by promoting a rising volume of exports and world trade. Further, we must induce all industrialized nations of the Free World to work together in a new cooperative endeavor to help lift the scourge of poverty from less fortunate nations. This will provide for better sharing of this burden and for still further profitable trade. New nations, and others struggling with the problems of development, will progress only if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and possess the will and use their own resources to fulfill it. Moreover, progress in a national transformation can be only gradually earned; there is no easy and quick way to follow from the oxcart to the jet plane. But, just as we drew on Europe for assistance in our earlier years, so now do those new and emerging nations that have this faith and determination deserve help. Over the last fifteen years, twenty nations have gained political independence. Others are doing so each year. Most of them are woefully lacking in technical capacity and in investment capital; without Free World support in these matters they cannot effectively progress in freedom. Respecting their need, one of the major focal points of our concern is the South Asian region. Here, in two nations alone, are almost five hundred million people, all working, and working hard, to raise their standards, and in doing so, to make of themselves a strong bulwark against the spread of an ideology that would destroy liberty. I cannot express to you the depth of my conviction that, in our own and Free World interests, we must cooperate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions, as expressed in their different multi-year plans. Through the World Bank and other instrumentalities, as well as through individual action by every nation in position to help, we must squarely face this titanic challenge. All of us must realize, of course, that development in freedom by the newly emerging nations, is no mere matter of obtaining outside financial assistance. An indispensable element in this process is a strong and continuing determination on the part of these nations to exercise the national discipline necessary for any sustained development period. These qualities of determination are particularly essential because of the fact that the process of improvement will necessarily be gradual and laborious rather than revolutionary. Moreover, everyone should be aware that the development process is no short term phenomenon. Many years are required for even the most favorably situated countries. I shall continue to urge the American people, in the interests of their own security, prosperity and peace, to make sure that their own part of this great project be amply and cheerfully supported. Free World decisions in this matter may spell the difference between world disaster and world progress in freedom. Other countries, some of which I visited last month, have similar needs. A common meeting ground is desirable for those nations which are prepared to assist in the development effort. During the past year I have discussed this matter with the leaders of several Western Nations. Because of its wealth of experience, the Organization for European Economic Cooperation could help with initial studies. The goal is to enlist all available economic resources in the industrialized Free World-especially private investment capital. But I repeat that .this help, no matter how great, can be lastingly effective only if it is used as a supplement to the strength of spirit and will of the people of the newly-developing nations. By extending this help we hope to make possible the enthusiastic enrollment of these nations under freedom's banner. No more startling contrast to a system of sullen satellites could be imagined. If we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement, we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security, freedom and peace. Otherwise, the outlook could be dark indeed. We face what may be a turning point in history, and we must act decisively. As a nation we can successfully pursue these objectives only from a position of broadly based strength. No matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace, we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction. Until tangible and mutually enforceable arms reduction measures are worked out, we will not weaken the means of defending our institutions. America possesses an enormous defense power. It is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should be so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support. It is world-wide knowledge that any nation which might be tempted today to attack the United States, even though our country might sustain great losses, would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction. But I once again assure all peoples and all nations that the United States, except in defense, will never turn loose this destructive power. During the past year, our long-range striking power, unmatched today in manned bombers, has taken on new strength as the Atlas intercontinental ballistic missile has entered the operational inventory. In fourteen recent test launchings, at ranges of over 5,000 miles, Atlas has been striking on an average within two miles of the target. This is less than the length of a jet runway--well within the circle of total destruction. Such performance is a great tribute to American scientists and engineers, who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these long-range ballistic missiles, where America had none before. This year, moreover, growing numbers of nuclear-powered submarines will enter our active forces, some to be armed with Polaris missiles. These remarkable ships and weapons, ranging the oceans, will be capable of accurate fire on targets virtually anywhere on earth. Impossible to destroy by surprise attack, they will become one of our most effective sentinels for peace. To meet situations of less than general nuclear war, we continue to maintain our carrier forces, our many service units abroad, our always ready Army strategic forces and Marine Corps divisions, and the civilian components. The continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process, and is scheduled to go forward at a rate which will steadily add to our strength. The deployment of a portion of these forces beyond our shores, on land and sea, is persuasive demonstration of our determination to stand shoulder-to-shoulder with our allies for collective security. Moreover, I have directed that steps be taken to program our military assistance to these allies on a longer range basis. This is necessary for a sounder collective defense system. Next I refer to our effort in space exploration, which is often mistakenly supposed to be an integral part of defense research and development. First, America has made great contributions in the past two years to the world's fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science. These discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community; but they are important foundation-stones for more extensive exploration of outer space for the ultimate benefit of all mankind. Second, our military missile program, going forward so successfully, does not suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines, which are so necessary in distant space exploration. I am assured by experts that the thrust of our present missiles is fully adequate for defense requirements. Third, the United States is pressing forward in the development of large rocket engines to place much heavier vehicles into space for exploration purposes. Fourth, in the meantime, it is necessary to remember that we have only begun to probe the environment immediately surrounding the earth. Using launch systems presently available, we are developing satellites to scout the world's weather; satellite relay stations to facilitate and extend communications over the globe; for navigation aids to give accurate bearings to ships and aircraft; and for perfecting instruments to collect and transmit the data we seek. This is the area holding the most promise for early and useful applications of space technology. Fifth, we have just completed a year's experience with our new space law. I believe it deficient in certain particulars and suggested improvements will be submitted shortly. The accomplishment of the many tasks I have alluded to requires the continuous strengthening of the spiritual, intellectual, and economic sinews of American life. The steady purpose of our society is to assure justice, before God, for every individual. We must be ever alert that freedom does not wither through the careless amassing of restrictive controls or the lack of courage to deal boldly with the giant issues of the day. A year ago, when I met with you, the nation was emerging from an economic downturn, even though the signs of resurgent prosperity were not then sufficiently convincing to the doubtful. Today our surging strength is apparent to everyone. 1960 promises to be the most prosperous year in our history. Yet we continue to be afflicted by nagging disorders. Among current problems that require solution are: --the need to protect the public interest in situations of prolonged labor-management stalemate; --the persistent refusal to come to grips with a critical problem in one sector of American agriculture; --the continuing threat of inflation, together with the persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility; --in certain instances the denial to some of our citizens of equal protection of the law. Every American was disturbed by the prolonged dispute in the steel industry and the protracted delay in reaching a settlement. We are all relieved that a settlement has at last been achieved in that industry. Percentagewise, by this settlement the increase to the steel companies in employment costs is lower than in any prior wage settlement since World War II. It is also gratifying to note that despite the increase in wages and benefits several of the major steel producers have announced that there will be no increase in steel prices at this time. The national interest demands that in the period of industrial peace which has been assured by the new contract both management and labor make every possible effort to increase efficiency and productivity in the manufacture of steel so that price increases can be avoided. One of the lessons of this story is that the potential danger to the entire Nation of longer and greater strikes must be met. To insure against such possibilities we must of course depend primarily upon the good commonsense of the responsible individuals. It is my intention to encourage regular discussions between management and labor outside the bargaining table, to consider the interest of the public as well as their mutual interest in the maintenance of industrial peace, price stability and economic growth. To me, it seems almost absurd for the United States to recognize the need, and so earnestly to seek, for cooperation among the nations unless we can achieve voluntary, dependable, abiding cooperation among the important segments of our own free society. Failure to face up to basic issues in areas other than those of labor-management can because serious strains on the firm freedom supports of our society. I refer to agriculture as one of these areas. Our basic farm laws were written 27 years ago, in an emergency effort to redress hardship caused by a world-wide depression. They were continued--and their economic distortions intensified--during World War II in order to provide incentives for production of food needed to sustain a war-torn free world. Today our farm problem is totally different. It is that of effectively adjusting to the changes caused by a scientific revolution. When the original farm laws were written, an hour's farm labor produced only one fourth as much wheat as at present. Farm legislation is woefully out-of-date, ineffective, and expensive. For years we have gone on with an outmoded system which not only has failed to protect farm income, but also has produced soaring, threatening surpluses. Our farms have been left producing for war while America has long been at peace. Once again I urge Congress to enact legislation that will gear production more closely to markets, make costly surpluses more manageable, provide greater freedom in farm operations, and steadily achieve increased net farm incomes. Another issue that we must meet squarely is that of living within our means. This requires restraint in expenditure, constant reassessment of priorities, and the maintenance of stable prices. We must prevent inflation. Here is an opponent of so many guises that it is sometimes difficult to recognize. But our clear need is to stop continuous and general price rises--a need that all of us can see and feel. To prevent steadily rising costs and prices calls for stern self-discipline by every citizen. No person, city, state, or organized group can afford to evade the obligation to resist inflation, for every American pays its crippling tax. Inflation's ravages do not end at the water's edge. Increases in prices of the goods we sell abroad threaten to drive us out of markets that once were securely ours. Whether domestic prices, so high as to be noncompetitive, result from demands for too-high profit margins or from increased labor costs that outrun growth in productivity, the final result is seriously damaging to the nation. We must fight inflation as we would a fire that imperils our home. Only by so doing can we prevent it from destroying our salaries, savings, pensions and insurance, and from gnawing away the very roots of a free, healthy economy and the nation's security. One major method by which the Federal government can counter inflation and rising prices is to insure that its expenditures are below its revenues. The debt with which we are now confronted is about 290 billion dollars. With interest charges alone now costing taxpayers about 9 1/2 billions, it is clear that this debt growth must stop. You will be glad to know that despite the unsettling influences of the recent steel strike, we estimate that our accounts will show, on June 30, this year, a favorable balance of approximately $200 million. I shall present to the Congress for 1961 a balanced budget. In the area of defense, expenditures continue at the record peace-time levels of the last several years. With a single exception, expenditures in every major category of Health, Education and Welfare will be equal or greater than last year. In Space expenditures the amounts are practically doubled. But the over-all guiding goal of this budget is national need-not response to specific group, local or political insistence. Expenditure increases, other than those I have indicated, are largely accounted for by the increased cost of legislation previously enacted. 1 At this point the President interpolated the two paragraphs shown in brackets. [I repeat, this budget will be a balanced one. Expenditures will be 79 billion 8 hundred million. The amount of income over outgo, described in the budget as a Surplus, to be applied against our national debt, is 4 billion 2 hundred million. Personally, I do not feel that any amount can be properly called a "Surplus" as long as the nation is in debt. I prefer to think of such an item as "reduction on our children's inherited mortgage." Once we have established such payments as normal practice, we can profitably make improvements in our tax structure and thereby truly reduce the heavy burdens of taxation. [In any event, this one reduction will save taxpayers, each ,year, approximately 2 hundred million dollars in interest costs.] This budget will help ease pressures in our credit and capital markets. It will enhance the confidence of people all over the world in the strength of our economy and our currency and in our individual and collective ability to be fiscally responsible. In the management of the huge public debt the Treasury is unfortunately not free of artificial barriers. Its ability to deal with the difficult problems in this field has been weakened greatly by the unwillingness of the Congress to remove archaic restrictions. The need for a freer hand in debt management is even more urgent today because the costs of the undesirable financing practices which the Treasury has been forced into are mounting. Removal of this roadblock has high priority in my legislative recommendations. Still another issue relates to civil rights. In all our hopes and plans for a better world we all recognize that provincial and racial prejudices must be combatted. In the long perspective of history, the right to vote has been one of the strongest pillars of a free society. Our first duty is to protect this right against all encroachment. In spite of constitutional guarantees, and notwithstanding much progress of recent years, bias still deprives some persons in this country of equal protection of the laws. Early in your last session I recommended legislation which would help eliminate several practices discriminating against the basic rights of Americans. The Civil Rights Commission has developed additional constructive recommendations. I hope that these will be among the matters to be seriously considered in the current session. I trust that Congress will thus signal to the world that our Government is striving for equality under law for all our people. Each year and in many ways our nation continues to undergo profound change and growth. In the past 18 months we have hailed the entry of two more States of the Union--Alaska and Hawaii. We salute these two western stars proudly. Our vigorous expansion, which we all welcome as a sign of health and vitality, is many-sided. We are, for example, witnessing explosive growth in metropolitan areas. By 1975 the metropolitan areas of the United States will occupy twice the territory they do today. The roster of urban problems with which they must cope is staggering. They involve water supply, cleaning the air, adjusting local tax systems, providing for essential educational, cultural, and social services, and destroying those conditions which breed delinquency and crime. In meeting these, we must, if we value our historic freedoms, keep within the traditional framework of our Federal system with powers divided between the national and state governments. The uniqueness of this system may confound the casual observer, but it has worked effectively for nearly 200 years. I do not doubt that our urban and other perplexing problems can be solved in the traditional American method. In doing so we must realize that nothing is really solved and ruinous tendencies are set in motion by yielding to the deceptive bait of the "easy" Federal tax dollar. Our educational system provides a ready example. All recognize the vital necessity of having modern school plants, well-qualified and adequately compensated teachers, and of using the best possible teaching techniques and curricula. We cannot be complacent about educating our youth. But the route to better trained minds is not through the swift administration of a Federal hypodermic or sustained financial transfusion. The educational process, essentially a local and personal responsibility, cannot be made to leap ahead by crash, centralized governmental action. The Administration has proposed a carefully reasoned program for helping eliminate current deficiencies. It is designed to stimulate classroom construction, not by substitution of Federal dollars for state and local funds, but by incentives to extend and encourage state and local efforts. This approach rejects the notion of Federal domination or control. It is workable, and should appeal to every American interested in advancement of our educational system in the traditional American way. I urge the Congress to take action upon it. There is one other subject concerning which I renew a recommendation I made in my State of the Union Message last January. I then advised the Congress of my purpose to intensify our efforts to replace force with a rule of law among nations. From many discussions abroad, I am convinced that purpose is widely and deeply shared by other peoples and nations of the world. In the same Message I stated that our efforts would include a reexamination of our own relation to the International Court of Justice. The Court was established by the United Nations to decide international legal disputes between nations. In 1946 we accepted the Court's jurisdiction, but subject to a reservation of the right to determine unilaterally whether a matter lies essentially within domestic jurisdiction. There is pending before the Senate, a Resolution which would repeal our present self-judging reservation. I support that Resolution and urge its prompt passage. If this is done, I intend to urge similar acceptance of the Court's jurisdiction by every member of the United Nations. Here perhaps it is not amiss for me to say to the Members of the Congress, in this my final year of office, a word about the institutions we respectively represent and the meaning which the relationships between our two branches has for the days ahead. I am not unique as a President in having worked with a Congress controlled by the opposition party--except that no other President ever did it for quite so long! Yet in both personal and official relationships we have weathered the storms of the past five years. For this I am grateful. My deep concern in the next twelve months, before my successor takes office, is with our joint Congressional-Executive duty to our own and to other nations. Acting upon the beliefs I have expressed here today, I shall devote my full energies to the tasks at hand, whether these involve travel for promoting greater world understanding, negotiations to reduce international discord, or constant discussions and communications with the Congress and the American people on issues both domestic and foreign. In pursuit of these objectives, I look forward to, and shall dedicate myself to, a close and constructive association with the Congress. Every minute spent in irrelevant interbranch wrangling is precious time taken from the intelligent initiation and adoption of coherent policies for our national survival and progress. We seek a common goal--brighter opportunity for our own citizens and a world peace with justice for all. Before us and our friends is the challenge of an ideology which, for more than four decades, has trumpeted abroad its purpose of gaining ultimate victory over all forms of government at variance with its own. We realize that however much we repudiate the tenets of imperialistic Communism, it represents a gigantic enterprise grimly pursued by leaders who compel its subjects to subordinate their freedom of action and spirit and personal desires for some hoped-for advantage in the future. The Communists can present an array of material accomplishments over the past fifteen years that lends a false persuasiveness to many of their glittering promises to the uncommitted peoples. The competition they provide is formidable. But in our scale of values we place freedom first--our whole national existence and development have been geared to that basic concept and are responsible for the position of free world leadership to which we have succeeded. It is the highest prize that any nation can possess; it is one that Communism can never offer. And America's record of material accomplishment in freedom is written not only in the unparalleled prosperity of our own nation, but in the many billions we have devoted to the reconstruction of Free World economics wrecked by World War II and in the effective help of many more billions we have given in saving the independence of many others threatened by outside domination. Assuredly we have the capacity for handling the problems in the new era of the world's history we are now entering. But we must use that capacity intelligently and tirelessly, regardless of personal sacrifice. The fissure that divides our political planet is deep and wide. We live, moreover, in a sea of semantic disorder in which old labels no longer faithfully describe. Police states are called "people's democracies." Armed conquest of free people is called "liberation." Such slippery slogans make more difficult the problem of communicating true faith, facts and beliefs. We must make clear our peaceful intentions, our aspirations for a better world. So doing, we must use language to enlighten the mind, not as the instrument of the studied innuendo and distorter of truth. And we must live by what we say. On my recent visit to distant lands I found one statesman after another eager to tell me of the elements of their government that had been borrowed from our American Constitution, and from the indestructible ideals set forth in our Declaration of Independence. As a nation we take pride that our own constitutional system, and the ideals which sustain it, have been long viewed as a fountainhead of freedom. By our every action we must strive to make ourselves worthy of this trust, ever mindful that an accumulation of seemingly minor encroachments upon freedom gradually could break down the entire fabric of a free society. So persuaded, we shall get on with the task before us. So dedicated, and with faith in the Almighty, humanity shall one day achieve the unity in freedom to which all men have aspired from the dawn of time. DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER
delivered in person before a joint session president speaker members of the 86th congress seven years ago i entered my present office with one resolve overriding all others i was then and remain now determined that the united states shall become an ever more potent resource for the because of peace realizing that peace can not be for ourselves alone but for peoples everywhere this determination is shared by the entire congress indeed by all americans my purpose today is to discuss some features of america position both at home and in her relations to others first i point out that for us annual is made a definite necessity by the fact that we now live in a divided world of uneasy equilibrium with our side committed to its own protection and against aggression by the other with both sides of this divided world in possession of unbelievably destructive weapons mankind approaches a state where mutual annihilation becomes a possibility no other fact of today world equals this in importance it colors everything we say plan and do there is demanded of us vigilance determination and the dedication of whatever portion of our resources that will provide adequate security especially a real deterrent to aggression these things we are doing all these facts emphasize the importance of striving incessantly for a just peace only through the strengthening of the spiritual intellectual economic and defensive resources of the free world can we in confidence make progress toward this goal second we note that recent soviet deportment and pronouncements suggest the possible opening of a somewhat less strained period in the relationships between the soviet union and the free world if these pronouncements be genuine there is brighter hope of diminishing the intensity of past rivalry and eventually of substituting persuasion for coercion whether this is to become an era of lasting promise remains to be tested by actions third we now stand in the vestibule of a vast new technological that despite its capacity for human destruction has an equal capacity to make poverty and human misery obsolete if our efforts are wisely directed and if our unremitting efforts for dependable peace begin to attain some success we can surely become participants in creating an age characterized by justice and rising levels of human over the past year the soviet union has expressed an interest in measures to reduce the common peril of war while neither we nor any other free world nation can permit ourselves to be misled by pleasant promises until they are tested by performance yet we approach this apparently new opportunity with the utmost seriousness we must strive to break the calamitous cycle of frustrations and crises which if unchecked could spiral into nuclear disaster the ultimate insanity though the need for dependable agreements to assure against resort to force in settling disputes is apparent to both sides yet as in other issues dividing men and nations we can not expect sudden and revolutionary results but we must find some place to begin one obvious road on which to make a useful start is in the widening of communication between our two peoples in this field there are both sides willing countless opportunities most of them well known to us all for developing mutual understanding the true foundation of peace another avenue may be through the reopening on january twelfth of negotiations looking to a controlled ban on the testing of nuclear weapons unfortunately the closing statement from the soviet scientists who met with our scientists at geneva in an unsuccessful effort to develop an agreed basis for a test ban gives the clear impression that their conclusions have been politically guided those of the british and american scientific representatives are their own individual and collective opinion i am hopeful that as new negotiations begin truth not political opportunism will be the guiding light of the deliberations still another avenue may be found in the field of disarmament in which the soviets have professed a readiness to negotiate seriously they have not however made clear the plans they may have if any for mutual inspection and verification the essential condition for any extensive measure of disarmament there is one instance where our initiative for peace has recently been successful a treaty signed last month provides for the exclusively peaceful use of antarctica assured by a system of inspection it provides for free and cooperative scientific research in that continent and prohibits nuclear explosions there pending general international agreement on the subject the treaty is a significant contribution toward peace international cooperation and the advancement of science i shall transmit its text to the senate for consideration and approval in the near future the united states is always ready to participate with the soviet union in serious discussion of these or any other subjects that may lead to peace with justice certainly it is not necessary to repeat that the united states has no intention of interfering in the internal affairs of any nation likewise we reject any attempt to impose its system on us or on other peoples by force or subversion this concern for the freedom of other peoples is the intellectual and spiritual cement which has allied us with more than forty other nations in a common defense effort not for a moment do we forget that our own fate is firmly fastened to that of these countries we will not act in any way which would jeopardize our solemn commitments to them we and our friends are of course concerned with growing out of this concern is the realization that all people of the free world have a great stake in the progress in freedom of the uncommitted and newly emerging nations these peoples desperately hoping to lift themselves to decent levels of living must not by our neglect be forced to seek help from and finally become virtual satellites of those who proclaim their hostility to freedom their natural desire for a better life must not be frustrated by withholding from them necessary technical and investment assistance this is a problem to be solved not by america alone but also by every nation cherishing the same ideals and in position to provide help in recent years america partners and friends in western europe and japan have made great economic progress their newly found economic strength is eloquent testimony to the striking success of the policies of economic cooperation which we and they have pursued the international economy of 1960 is markedly different from that of the early postwar years no longer is the united states the only major industrial country capable of providing substantial amounts of the resources so urgently needed in the countries to remain secure and prosperous themselves wealthy nations must extend the kind of cooperation to the less fortunate members that will inspire hope confidence and progress a rich nation can for a time without noticeable damage to itself pursue a course of making its single goal the material ease and comfort of its own repudiating its own spiritual and material stake in a peaceful and prosperous society of nations but the enmities it will incur the isolation into which it will descend and the internal moral and physical softness that will be engendered will in the long term bring it to disaster america did not become great through softness and her miraculous progress and achievements flow from other qualities far more worthy and substantial adherence to principles and methods consonant with our religious philosophy a satisfaction in hard work the readiness to sacrifice for worthwhile causes the courage to meet every challenge to her progress the intellectual honesty and capacity to recognize the true path of her own best interests to us and to every nation of the free world rich or poor these qualities are necessary today as never before if we are to march together to greater security prosperity and peace i believe the industrial countries are ready to participate actively in supplementing the efforts of the developing countries to achieve progress the immediate need for this kind of cooperation is underscored by the strain in our international balance of payments our surplus from foreign business transactions has in recent years fallen substantially short of the expenditures we make abroad to maintain our military establishments overseas to finance private investment and to provide assistance to the less developed nations in 1959 our deficit in balance of payments approached 4 billion continuing deficits of anything like this magnitude would over time impair our own economic growth and check the forward progress of the free world we must meet this situation by promoting a rising volume of exports and world trade further we must induce all industrialized nations of the free world to work together in a new cooperative endeavor to help lift the scourge of poverty from less fortunate nations this will provide for better sharing of this burden and for still further profitable trade new nations and others struggling with the problems of development will progress only if they demonstrate faith in their own destiny and possess the will and use their own resources to fulfill it moreover progress in a national transformation can be only gradually earned there is no easy and quick way to follow from the oxcart to the jet plane but just as we drew on europe for assistance in our earlier years so now do those new and emerging nations that have this faith and determination deserve help over the last fifteen years twenty nations have gained political independence others are doing so each year most of them are woefully lacking in technical capacity and in investment capital without free world support in these matters they can not effectively progress in freedom respecting their need one of the major focal points of our concern is the south asian region here in two nations alone are almost five hundred million people all working and working hard to raise their standards and in doing so to make of themselves a strong bulwark against the spread of an ideology that would destroy liberty i can not express to you the depth of my conviction that in our own and free world interests we must cooperate with others to help these people achieve their legitimate ambitions as expressed in their different plans through the world bank and other instrumentalities as well as through individual action by every nation in position to help we must squarely face this titanic challenge all of us must realize of course that development in freedom by the newly emerging nations is no mere matter of obtaining outside financial assistance an indispensable element in this process is a strong and continuing determination on the part of these nations to exercise the national discipline necessary for any sustained development period these qualities of determination are particularly essential because of the fact that the process of improvement will necessarily be gradual and laborious rather than revolutionary moreover everyone should be aware that the development process is no short term phenomenon many years are required for even the most favorably situated countries i shall continue to urge the american people in the interests of their own security prosperity and peace to make sure that their own part of this great project be amply and cheerfully supported free world decisions in this matter may spell the difference between world disaster and world progress in freedom other countries some of which i visited last month have similar needs a common meeting ground is desirable for those nations which are prepared to assist in the development effort during the past year i have discussed this matter with the leaders of several western nations because of its wealth of experience the organization for european economic cooperation could help with initial studies the goal is to enlist all available economic resources in the industrialized free private investment capital but i repeat that help no matter how great can be lastingly effective only if it is used as a supplement to the strength of spirit and will of the people of the nations by extending this help we hope to make possible the enthusiastic enrollment of these nations under freedom banner no more startling contrast to a system of sullen satellites could be imagined if we grasp this opportunity to build an age of productive partnership between the less fortunate nations and those that have already achieved a high state of economic advancement we will make brighter the outlook for a world order based upon security freedom and peace otherwise the outlook could be dark indeed we face what may be a turning point in history and we must act decisively as a nation we can successfully pursue these objectives only from a position of broadly based strength no matter how earnest is our quest for guaranteed peace we must maintain a high degree of military effectiveness at the same time we are engaged in negotiating the issue of arms reduction until tangible and mutually enforceable arms reduction measures are worked out we will not weaken the means of defending our institutions america possesses an enormous defense power it is my studied conviction that no nation will ever risk general war against us unless we should be so foolish as to neglect the defense forces we now so powerfully support it is knowledge that any nation which might be tempted today to attack the united states even though our country might sustain great losses would itself promptly suffer a terrible destruction but i once again assure all peoples and all nations that the united states except in defense will never turn loose this destructive power during the past year our striking power unmatched today in manned bombers has taken on new strength as the atlas intercontinental ballistic missile has entered the operational inventory in fourteen recent test launchings at ranges of over miles atlas has been striking on an average within two miles of the target this is less than the length of a jet runway well within the circle of total destruction such performance is a great tribute to american scientists and engineers who in the past five years have had to telescope time and technology to develop these ballistic missiles where america had none before this year moreover growing numbers of submarines will enter our active forces some to be armed with polaris missiles these remarkable ships and weapons ranging the oceans will be capable of accurate fire on targets virtually anywhere on earth impossible to destroy by surprise attack they will become one of our most effective sentinels for peace to meet situations of less than general nuclear war we continue to maintain our carrier forces our many service units abroad our always ready army strategic forces and marine corps divisions and the civilian components the continuing modernization of these forces is a costly but necessary process and is scheduled to go forward at a rate which will steadily add to our strength the deployment of a portion of these forces beyond our shores on land and sea is persuasive demonstration of our determination to stand with our allies for collective security moreover i have directed that steps be taken to program our military assistance to these allies on a longer range basis this is necessary for a sounder collective defense system next i refer to our effort in space exploration which is often mistakenly supposed to be an integral part of defense research and development first america has made great contributions in the past two years to the world fund of knowledge of astrophysics and space science these discoveries are of present interest chiefly to the scientific community but they are important for more extensive exploration of outer space for the ultimate benefit of all mankind second our military missile program going forward so successfully does not suffer from our present lack of very large rocket engines which are so necessary in distant space exploration i am assured by experts that the thrust of our present missiles is fully adequate for defense requirements third the united states is pressing forward in the development of large rocket engines to place much heavier vehicles into space for exploration purposes fourth in the meantime it is necessary to remember that we have only begun to probe the environment immediately surrounding the earth using launch systems presently available we are developing satellites to scout the world weather satellite relay stations to facilitate and extend communications over the globe for navigation aids to give accurate bearings to ships and aircraft and for perfecting instruments to collect and transmit the data we seek this is the area holding the most promise for early and useful applications of space technology fifth we have just completed a year experience with our new space law i believe it deficient in certain particulars and suggested improvements will be submitted shortly the accomplishment of the many tasks i have alluded to requires the continuous strengthening of the spiritual intellectual and economic sinews of american life the steady purpose of our society is to assure justice before god for every individual we must be ever alert that freedom does not wither through the careless amassing of restrictive controls or the lack of courage to deal boldly with the giant issues of the day a year ago when i met with you the nation was emerging from an economic downturn even though the signs of resurgent prosperity were not then sufficiently convincing to the doubtful today our surging strength is apparent to everyone 1960 promises to be the most prosperous year in our history yet we continue to be afflicted by nagging disorders among current problems that require solution are the need to protect the public interest in situations of prolonged stalemate the persistent refusal to come to grips with a critical problem in one sector of american agriculture the continuing threat of inflation together with the persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility in certain instances the denial to some of our citizens of equal protection of the law every american was disturbed by the prolonged dispute in the steel industry and the protracted delay in reaching a settlement we are all relieved that a settlement has at last been achieved in that industry percentagewise by this settlement the increase to the steel companies in employment costs is lower than in any prior wage settlement since world war ii it is also gratifying to note that despite the increase in wages and benefits several of the major steel producers have announced that there will be no increase in steel prices at this time the national interest demands that in the period of industrial peace which has been assured by the new contract both management and labor make every possible effort to increase efficiency and productivity in the manufacture of steel so that price increases can be avoided one of the lessons of this story is that the potential danger to the entire nation of longer and greater strikes must be met to insure against such possibilities we must of course depend primarily upon the good commonsense of the responsible individuals it is my intention to encourage regular discussions between management and labor outside the bargaining table to consider the interest of the public as well as their mutual interest in the maintenance of industrial peace price stability and economic growth to me it seems almost absurd for the united states to recognize the need and so earnestly to seek for cooperation among the nations unless we can achieve voluntary dependable abiding cooperation among the important segments of our own free society failure to face up to basic issues in areas other than those of can because serious strains on the firm freedom supports of our society i refer to agriculture as one of these areas our basic farm laws were written 27 years ago in an emergency effort to redress hardship caused by a depression they were continued and their economic distortions intensified during world war ii in order to provide incentives for production of food needed to sustain a free world today our farm problem is totally different it is that of effectively adjusting to the changes caused by a scientific revolution when the original farm laws were written an hour farm labor produced only one fourth as much wheat as at present farm legislation is woefully ineffective and expensive for years we have gone on with an outmoded system which not only has failed to protect farm income but also has produced soaring threatening surpluses our farms have been left producing for war while america has long been at peace once again i urge congress to enact legislation that will gear production more closely to markets make costly surpluses more manageable provide greater freedom in farm operations and steadily achieve increased net farm incomes another issue that we must meet squarely is that of living within our means this requires restraint in expenditure constant reassessment of priorities and the maintenance of stable prices we must prevent inflation here is an opponent of so many guises that it is sometimes difficult to recognize but our clear need is to stop continuous and general price rises a need that all of us can see and feel to prevent steadily rising costs and prices calls for stern by every citizen no person city state or organized group can afford to evade the obligation to resist inflation for every american pays its crippling tax inflation ravages do not end at the water edge increases in prices of the goods we sell abroad threaten to drive us out of markets that once were securely ours whether domestic prices so high as to be noncompetitive result from demands for profit margins or from increased labor costs that outrun growth in productivity the final result is seriously damaging to the nation we must fight inflation as we would a fire that imperils our home only by so doing can we prevent it from destroying our salaries savings pensions and insurance and from gnawing away the very roots of a free healthy economy and the nation security one major method by which the federal government can counter inflation and rising prices is to insure that its expenditures are below its revenues the debt with which we are now confronted is about 290 billion dollars with interest charges alone now costing taxpayers about 9 billions it is clear that this debt growth must stop you will be glad to know that despite the unsettling influences of the recent steel strike we estimate that our accounts will show on june 30 this year a favorable balance of approximately 200 million i shall present to the congress for 1961 a balanced budget in the area of defense expenditures continue at the record levels of the last several years with a single exception expenditures in every major category of health education and welfare will be equal or greater than last year in space expenditures the amounts are practically doubled but the guiding goal of this budget is national response to specific group local or political insistence expenditure increases other than those i have indicated are largely accounted for by the increased cost of legislation previously enacted 1 at this point the president interpolated the two paragraphs shown in brackets i repeat this budget will be a balanced one expenditures will be 79 billion 8 hundred million the amount of income over outgo described in the budget as a surplus to be applied against our national debt is 4 billion 2 hundred million personally i do not feel that any amount can be properly called a surplus as long as the nation is in debt i prefer to think of such an item as reduction on our children inherited mortgage once we have established such payments as normal practice we can profitably make improvements in our tax structure and thereby truly reduce the heavy burdens of taxation in any event this one reduction will save taxpayers each year approximately 2 hundred million dollars in interest costs this budget will help ease pressures in our credit and capital markets it will enhance the confidence of people all over the world in the strength of our economy and our currency and in our individual and collective ability to be fiscally responsible in the management of the huge public debt the treasury is unfortunately not free of artificial barriers its ability to deal with the difficult problems in this field has been weakened greatly by the unwillingness of the congress to remove archaic restrictions the need for a freer hand in debt management is even more urgent today because the costs of the undesirable financing practices which the treasury has been forced into are mounting removal of this roadblock has high priority in my legislative recommendations still another issue relates to civil rights in all our hopes and plans for a better world we all recognize that provincial and racial prejudices must be combatted in the long perspective of history the right to vote has been one of the strongest pillars of a free society our first duty is to protect this right against all encroachment in spite of constitutional guarantees and notwithstanding much progress of recent years bias still deprives some persons in this country of equal protection of the laws early in your last session i recommended legislation which would help eliminate several practices discriminating against the basic rights of americans the civil rights commission has developed additional constructive recommendations i hope that these will be among the matters to be seriously considered in the current session i trust that congress will thus signal to the world that our government is striving for equality under law for all our people each year and in many ways our nation continues to undergo profound change and growth in the past 18 months we have hailed the entry of two more states of the union alaska and hawaii we salute these two western stars proudly our vigorous expansion which we all welcome as a sign of health and vitality is we are for example witnessing explosive growth in metropolitan areas by 1975 the metropolitan areas of the united states will occupy twice the territory they do today the roster of urban problems with which they must cope is staggering they involve water supply cleaning the air adjusting local tax systems providing for essential educational cultural and social services and destroying those conditions which breed delinquency and crime in meeting these we must if we value our historic freedoms keep within the traditional framework of our federal system with powers divided between the national and state governments the uniqueness of this system may confound the casual observer but it has worked effectively for nearly 200 years i do not doubt that our urban and other perplexing problems can be solved in the traditional american method in doing so we must realize that nothing is really solved and ruinous tendencies are set in motion by yielding to the deceptive bait of the easy federal tax dollar our educational system provides a ready example all recognize the vital necessity of having modern school plants and adequately compensated teachers and of using the best possible teaching techniques and curricula we can not be complacent about educating our youth but the route to better trained minds is not through the swift administration of a federal hypodermic or sustained financial transfusion the educational process essentially a local and personal responsibility can not be made to leap ahead by crash centralized governmental action the administration has proposed a carefully reasoned program for helping eliminate current deficiencies it is designed to stimulate classroom construction not by substitution of federal dollars for state and local funds but by incentives to extend and encourage state and local efforts this approach rejects the notion of federal domination or control it is workable and should appeal to every american interested in advancement of our educational system in the traditional american way i urge the congress to take action upon it there is one other subject concerning which i renew a recommendation i made in my state of the union message last january i then advised the congress of my purpose to intensify our efforts to replace force with a rule of law among nations from many discussions abroad i am convinced that purpose is widely and deeply shared by other peoples and nations of the world in the same message i stated that our efforts would include a reexamination of our own relation to the international court of justice the court was established by the united nations to decide international legal disputes between nations in 1946 we accepted the court jurisdiction but subject to a reservation of the right to determine unilaterally whether a matter lies essentially within domestic jurisdiction there is pending before the senate a resolution which would repeal our present reservation i support that resolution and urge its prompt passage if this is done i intend to urge similar acceptance of the court jurisdiction by every member of the united nations here perhaps it is not amiss for me to say to the members of the congress in this my final year of office a word about the institutions we respectively represent and the meaning which the relationships between our two branches has for the days ahead i am not unique as a president in having worked with a congress controlled by the opposition party except that no other president ever did it for quite so long yet in both personal and official relationships we have weathered the storms of the past five years for this i am grateful my deep concern in the next twelve months before my successor takes office is with our joint duty to our own and to other nations acting upon the beliefs i have expressed here today i shall devote my full energies to the tasks at hand whether these involve travel for promoting greater world understanding negotiations to reduce international discord or constant discussions and communications with the congress and the american people on issues both domestic and foreign in pursuit of these objectives i look forward to and shall dedicate myself to a close and constructive association with the congress every minute spent in irrelevant interbranch wrangling is precious time taken from the intelligent initiation and adoption of coherent policies for our national survival and progress we seek a common goal brighter opportunity for our own citizens and a world peace with justice for all before us and our friends is the challenge of an ideology which for more than four decades has trumpeted abroad its purpose of gaining ultimate victory over all forms of government at variance with its own we realize that however much we repudiate the tenets of imperialistic communism it represents a gigantic enterprise grimly pursued by leaders who compel its subjects to subordinate their freedom of action and spirit and personal desires for some advantage in the future the communists can present an array of material accomplishments over the past fifteen years that lends a false persuasiveness to many of their glittering promises to the uncommitted peoples the competition they provide is formidable but in our scale of values we place freedom first our whole national existence and development have been geared to that basic concept and are responsible for the position of free world leadership to which we have succeeded it is the highest prize that any nation can possess it is one that communism can never offer and america record of material accomplishment in freedom is written not only in the unparalleled prosperity of our own nation but in the many billions we have devoted to the reconstruction of free world economics wrecked by world war ii and in the effective help of many more billions we have given in saving the independence of many others threatened by outside domination assuredly we have the capacity for handling the problems in the new era of the world history we are now entering but we must use that capacity intelligently and tirelessly regardless of personal sacrifice the fissure that divides our political planet is deep and wide we live moreover in a sea of semantic disorder in which old labels no longer faithfully describe police states are called people democracies armed conquest of free people is called liberation such slippery slogans make more difficult the problem of communicating true faith facts and beliefs we must make clear our peaceful intentions our aspirations for a better world so doing we must use language to enlighten the mind not as the instrument of the studied innuendo and distorter of truth and we must live by what we say on my recent visit to distant lands i found one statesman after another eager to tell me of the elements of their government that had been borrowed from our american constitution and from the indestructible ideals set forth in our declaration of independence as a nation we take pride that our own constitutional system and the ideals which sustain it have been long viewed as a fountainhead of freedom by our every action we must strive to make ourselves worthy of this trust ever mindful that an accumulation of seemingly minor encroachments upon freedom gradually could break down the entire fabric of a free society so persuaded we shall get on with the task before us so dedicated and with faith in the almighty humanity shall one day achieve the unity in freedom to which all men have aspired from the dawn of time dwight eisenhower
delivered person joint session president speaker members 86th congress seven years ago entered present office one resolve overriding others remain determined united states shall become ever potent resource peace realizing peace alone peoples everywhere determination shared entire congress indeed americans purpose today discuss features america position home relations others first point us annual made definite necessity fact live divided world uneasy equilibrium side committed protection aggression sides divided world possession unbelievably destructive weapons mankind approaches state mutual annihilation becomes possibility fact today world equals importance colors everything say plan demanded us vigilance determination dedication whatever portion resources provide adequate security especially real deterrent aggression things facts emphasize importance striving incessantly peace strengthening spiritual intellectual economic defensive resources free world confidence make progress toward goal second note recent soviet deportment pronouncements suggest possible opening somewhat less strained period relationships soviet union free world pronouncements genuine brighter hope diminishing intensity past rivalry eventually substituting persuasion coercion whether become era lasting promise remains tested actions third stand vestibule vast new technological despite capacity human destruction equal capacity make poverty human misery obsolete efforts wisely directed unremitting efforts dependable peace begin attain success surely become participants creating age characterized justice rising levels human past year soviet union expressed interest measures reduce common peril war neither free world nation permit misled pleasant promises tested performance yet approach apparently new opportunity utmost seriousness must strive break calamitous cycle frustrations crises unchecked could spiral nuclear disaster ultimate insanity though need dependable agreements assure resort force settling disputes apparent sides yet issues dividing men nations expect sudden revolutionary results must find place begin one obvious road make useful start widening communication two peoples field sides willing countless opportunities well known us developing mutual understanding true foundation peace another avenue may reopening january twelfth negotiations looking controlled ban testing nuclear weapons unfortunately closing statement soviet scientists met scientists geneva unsuccessful effort develop agreed basis test ban gives clear impression conclusions politically guided british american scientific representatives individual collective opinion hopeful new negotiations begin truth political opportunism guiding light deliberations still another avenue may found field disarmament soviets professed readiness negotiate seriously however made clear plans may mutual inspection verification essential condition extensive measure disarmament one instance initiative peace recently successful treaty signed last month provides exclusively peaceful use antarctica assured system inspection provides free cooperative scientific research continent prohibits nuclear explosions pending general international agreement subject treaty significant contribution toward peace international cooperation advancement science shall transmit text senate consideration approval near future united states always ready participate soviet union serious discussion subjects may lead peace justice certainly necessary repeat united states intention interfering internal affairs nation likewise reject attempt impose system us peoples force subversion concern freedom peoples intellectual spiritual cement allied us forty nations common defense effort moment forget fate firmly fastened countries act way would jeopardize solemn commitments friends course concerned growing concern realization people free world great stake progress freedom uncommitted newly emerging nations peoples desperately hoping lift decent levels living must neglect forced seek help finally become virtual satellites proclaim hostility freedom natural desire better life must frustrated withholding necessary technical investment assistance problem solved america alone also every nation cherishing ideals position provide help recent years america partners friends western europe japan made great economic progress newly found economic strength eloquent testimony striking success policies economic cooperation pursued international economy 1960 markedly different early postwar years longer united states major industrial country capable providing substantial amounts resources urgently needed countries remain secure prosperous wealthy nations must extend kind cooperation less fortunate members inspire hope confidence progress rich nation time without noticeable damage pursue course making single goal material ease comfort repudiating spiritual material stake peaceful prosperous society nations enmities incur isolation descend internal moral physical softness engendered long term bring disaster america become great softness miraculous progress achievements flow qualities far worthy substantial adherence principles methods consonant religious philosophy satisfaction hard work readiness sacrifice worthwhile causes courage meet every challenge progress intellectual honesty capacity recognize true path best interests us every nation free world rich poor qualities necessary today never march together greater security prosperity peace believe industrial countries ready participate actively supplementing efforts developing countries achieve progress immediate need kind cooperation underscored strain international balance payments surplus foreign business transactions recent years fallen substantially short expenditures make abroad maintain military establishments overseas finance private investment provide assistance less developed nations 1959 deficit balance payments approached 4 billion continuing deficits anything like magnitude would time impair economic growth check forward progress free world must meet situation promoting rising volume exports world trade must induce industrialized nations free world work together new cooperative endeavor help lift scourge poverty less fortunate nations provide better sharing burden still profitable trade new nations others struggling problems development progress demonstrate faith destiny possess use resources fulfill moreover progress national transformation gradually earned easy quick way follow oxcart jet plane drew europe assistance earlier years new emerging nations faith determination deserve help last fifteen years twenty nations gained political independence others year woefully lacking technical capacity investment capital without free world support matters effectively progress freedom respecting need one major focal points concern south asian region two nations alone almost five hundred million people working working hard raise standards make strong bulwark spread ideology would destroy liberty express depth conviction free world interests must cooperate others help people achieve legitimate ambitions expressed different plans world bank instrumentalities well individual action every nation position help must squarely face titanic challenge us must realize course development freedom newly emerging nations mere matter obtaining outside financial assistance indispensable element process strong continuing determination part nations exercise national discipline necessary sustained development period qualities determination particularly essential fact process improvement necessarily gradual laborious rather revolutionary moreover everyone aware development process short term phenomenon many years required even favorably situated countries shall continue urge american people interests security prosperity peace make sure part great project amply cheerfully supported free world decisions matter may spell difference world disaster world progress freedom countries visited last month similar needs common meeting ground desirable nations prepared assist development effort past year discussed matter leaders several western nations wealth experience organization european economic cooperation could help initial studies goal enlist available economic resources industrialized free private investment capital repeat help matter great lastingly effective used supplement strength spirit people nations extending help hope make possible enthusiastic enrollment nations freedom banner startling contrast system sullen satellites could imagined grasp opportunity build age productive partnership less fortunate nations already achieved high state economic advancement make brighter outlook world order based upon security freedom peace otherwise outlook could dark indeed face may turning point history must act decisively nation successfully pursue objectives position broadly based strength matter earnest quest guaranteed peace must maintain high degree military effectiveness time engaged negotiating issue arms reduction tangible mutually enforceable arms reduction measures worked weaken means defending institutions america possesses enormous defense power studied conviction nation ever risk general war us unless foolish neglect defense forces powerfully support knowledge nation might tempted today attack united states even though country might sustain great losses would promptly suffer terrible destruction assure peoples nations united states except defense never turn loose destructive power past year striking power unmatched today manned bombers taken new strength atlas intercontinental ballistic missile entered operational inventory fourteen recent test launchings ranges miles atlas striking average within two miles target less length jet runway well within circle total destruction performance great tribute american scientists engineers past five years telescope time technology develop ballistic missiles america none year moreover growing numbers submarines enter active forces armed polaris missiles remarkable ships weapons ranging oceans capable accurate fire targets virtually anywhere earth impossible destroy surprise attack become one effective sentinels peace meet situations less general nuclear war continue maintain carrier forces many service units abroad always ready army strategic forces marine corps divisions civilian components continuing modernization forces costly necessary process scheduled go forward rate steadily add strength deployment portion forces beyond shores land sea persuasive demonstration determination stand allies collective security moreover directed steps taken program military assistance allies longer range basis necessary sounder collective defense system next refer effort space exploration often mistakenly supposed integral part defense research development first america made great contributions past two years world fund knowledge astrophysics space science discoveries present interest chiefly scientific community important extensive exploration outer space ultimate benefit mankind second military missile program going forward successfully suffer present lack large rocket engines necessary distant space exploration assured experts thrust present missiles fully adequate defense requirements third united states pressing forward development large rocket engines place much heavier vehicles space exploration purposes fourth meantime necessary remember begun probe environment immediately surrounding earth using launch systems presently available developing satellites scout world weather satellite relay stations facilitate extend communications globe navigation aids give accurate bearings ships aircraft perfecting instruments collect transmit data seek area holding promise early useful applications space technology fifth completed year experience new space law believe deficient certain particulars suggested improvements submitted shortly accomplishment many tasks alluded requires continuous strengthening spiritual intellectual economic sinews american life steady purpose society assure justice god every individual must ever alert freedom wither careless amassing restrictive controls lack courage deal boldly giant issues day year ago met nation emerging economic downturn even though signs resurgent prosperity sufficiently convincing doubtful today surging strength apparent everyone 1960 promises prosperous year history yet continue afflicted nagging disorders among current problems require solution need protect public interest situations prolonged stalemate persistent refusal come grips critical problem one sector american agriculture continuing threat inflation together persisting tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility certain instances denial citizens equal protection law every american disturbed prolonged dispute steel industry protracted delay reaching settlement relieved settlement last achieved industry percentagewise settlement increase steel companies employment costs lower prior wage settlement since world war ii also gratifying note despite increase wages benefits several major steel producers announced increase steel prices time national interest demands period industrial peace assured new contract management labor make every possible effort increase efficiency productivity manufacture steel price increases avoided one lessons story potential danger entire nation longer greater strikes must met insure possibilities must course depend primarily upon good commonsense responsible individuals intention encourage regular discussions management labor outside bargaining table consider interest public well mutual interest maintenance industrial peace price stability economic growth seems almost absurd united states recognize need earnestly seek cooperation among nations unless achieve voluntary dependable abiding cooperation among important segments free society failure face basic issues areas serious strains firm freedom supports society refer agriculture one areas basic farm laws written 27 years ago emergency effort redress hardship caused depression continued economic distortions intensified world war ii order provide incentives production food needed sustain free world today farm problem totally different effectively adjusting changes caused scientific revolution original farm laws written hour farm labor produced one fourth much wheat present farm legislation woefully ineffective expensive years gone outmoded system failed protect farm income also produced soaring threatening surpluses farms left producing war america long peace urge congress enact legislation gear production closely markets make costly surpluses manageable provide greater freedom farm operations steadily achieve increased net farm incomes another issue must meet squarely living within means requires restraint expenditure constant reassessment priorities maintenance stable prices must prevent inflation opponent many guises sometimes difficult recognize clear need stop continuous general price rises need us see feel prevent steadily rising costs prices calls stern every citizen person city state organized group afford evade obligation resist inflation every american pays crippling tax inflation ravages end water edge increases prices goods sell abroad threaten drive us markets securely whether domestic prices high noncompetitive result demands profit margins increased labor costs outrun growth productivity final result seriously damaging nation must fight inflation would fire imperils home prevent destroying salaries savings pensions insurance gnawing away roots free healthy economy nation security one major method federal government counter inflation rising prices insure expenditures revenues debt confronted 290 billion dollars interest charges alone costing taxpayers 9 billions clear debt growth must stop glad know despite unsettling influences recent steel strike estimate accounts show june 30 year favorable balance approximately 200 million shall present congress 1961 balanced budget area defense expenditures continue record levels last several years single exception expenditures every major category health education welfare equal greater last year space expenditures amounts practically doubled guiding goal budget national response specific group local political insistence expenditure increases indicated largely accounted increased cost legislation previously enacted 1 point president interpolated two paragraphs shown brackets repeat budget balanced one expenditures 79 billion 8 hundred million amount income outgo described budget surplus applied national debt 4 billion 2 hundred million personally feel amount properly called surplus long nation debt prefer think item reduction children inherited mortgage established payments normal practice profitably make improvements tax structure thereby truly reduce heavy burdens taxation event one reduction save taxpayers year approximately 2 hundred million dollars interest costs budget help ease pressures credit capital markets enhance confidence people world strength economy currency individual collective ability fiscally responsible management huge public debt treasury unfortunately free artificial barriers ability deal difficult problems field weakened greatly unwillingness congress remove archaic restrictions need freer hand debt management even urgent today costs undesirable financing practices treasury forced mounting removal roadblock high priority legislative recommendations still another issue relates civil rights hopes plans better world recognize provincial racial prejudices must combatted long perspective history right vote one strongest pillars free society first duty protect right encroachment spite constitutional guarantees notwithstanding much progress recent years bias still deprives persons country equal protection laws early last session recommended legislation would help eliminate several practices discriminating basic rights americans civil rights commission developed additional constructive recommendations hope among matters seriously considered current session trust congress thus signal world government striving equality law people year many ways nation continues undergo profound change growth past 18 months hailed entry two states union alaska hawaii salute two western stars proudly vigorous expansion welcome sign health vitality example witnessing explosive growth metropolitan areas 1975 metropolitan areas united states occupy twice territory today roster urban problems must cope staggering involve water supply cleaning air adjusting local tax systems providing essential educational cultural social services destroying conditions breed delinquency crime meeting must value historic freedoms keep within traditional framework federal system powers divided national state governments uniqueness system may confound casual observer worked effectively nearly 200 years doubt urban perplexing problems solved traditional american method must realize nothing really solved ruinous tendencies set motion yielding deceptive bait easy federal tax dollar educational system provides ready example recognize vital necessity modern school plants adequately compensated teachers using best possible teaching techniques curricula complacent educating youth route better trained minds swift administration federal hypodermic sustained financial transfusion educational process essentially local personal responsibility made leap ahead crash centralized governmental action administration proposed carefully reasoned program helping eliminate current deficiencies designed stimulate classroom construction substitution federal dollars state local funds incentives extend encourage state local efforts approach rejects notion federal domination control workable appeal every american interested advancement educational system traditional american way urge congress take action upon one subject concerning renew recommendation made state union message last january advised congress purpose intensify efforts replace force rule law among nations many discussions abroad convinced purpose widely deeply shared peoples nations world message stated efforts would include reexamination relation international court justice court established united nations decide international legal disputes nations 1946 accepted court jurisdiction subject reservation right determine unilaterally whether matter lies essentially within domestic jurisdiction pending senate resolution would repeal present reservation support resolution urge prompt passage done intend urge similar acceptance court jurisdiction every member united nations perhaps amiss say members congress final year office word institutions respectively represent meaning relationships two branches days ahead unique president worked congress controlled opposition party except president ever quite long yet personal official relationships weathered storms past five years grateful deep concern next twelve months successor takes office joint duty nations acting upon beliefs expressed today shall devote full energies tasks hand whether involve travel promoting greater world understanding negotiations reduce international discord constant discussions communications congress american people issues domestic foreign pursuit objectives look forward shall dedicate close constructive association congress every minute spent irrelevant interbranch wrangling precious time taken intelligent initiation adoption coherent policies national survival progress seek common goal brighter opportunity citizens world peace justice us friends challenge ideology four decades trumpeted abroad purpose gaining ultimate victory forms government variance realize however much repudiate tenets imperialistic communism represents gigantic enterprise grimly pursued leaders compel subjects subordinate freedom action spirit personal desires advantage future communists present array material accomplishments past fifteen years lends false persuasiveness many glittering promises uncommitted peoples competition provide formidable scale values place freedom first whole national existence development geared basic concept responsible position free world leadership succeeded highest prize nation possess one communism never offer america record material accomplishment freedom written unparalleled prosperity nation many billions devoted reconstruction free world economics wrecked world war ii effective help many billions given saving independence many others threatened outside domination assuredly capacity handling problems new era world history entering must use capacity intelligently tirelessly regardless personal sacrifice fissure divides political planet deep wide live moreover sea semantic disorder old labels longer faithfully describe police states called people democracies armed conquest free people called liberation slippery slogans make difficult problem communicating true faith facts beliefs must make clear peaceful intentions aspirations better world must use language enlighten mind instrument studied innuendo distorter truth must live say recent visit distant lands found one statesman another eager tell elements government borrowed american constitution indestructible ideals set forth declaration independence nation take pride constitutional system ideals sustain long viewed fountainhead freedom every action must strive make worthy trust ever mindful accumulation seemingly minor encroachments upon freedom gradually could break entire fabric free society persuaded shall get task us dedicated faith almighty humanity shall one day achieve unity freedom men aspired dawn time dwight eisenhower
deliver person joint session president speaker member 86th congress seven year ago enter present office one resolve override others remain determined united state shall become ever potent resource peace realize peace alone people everywhere determination share entire congress indeed americans purpose today discus feature america position home relation others first point u annual make definite necessity fact live divide world uneasy equilibrium side commit protection aggression side divide world possession unbelievably destructive weapon mankind approach state mutual annihilation become possibility fact today world equal importance color everything say plan demand u vigilance determination dedication whatever portion resource provide adequate security especially real deterrent aggression thing facts emphasize importance strive incessantly peace strengthen spiritual intellectual economic defensive resource free world confidence make progress toward goal second note recent soviet deportment pronouncement suggest possible opening somewhat less strained period relationship soviet union free world pronouncement genuine brighter hope diminish intensity past rivalry eventually substitute persuasion coercion whether become era lasting promise remain tested action third stand vestibule vast new technological despite capacity human destruction equal capacity make poverty human misery obsolete effort wisely direct unremitting effort dependable peace begin attain success surely become participant create age characterized justice rise level human past year soviet union express interest measure reduce common peril war neither free world nation permit mislead pleasant promise test performance yet approach apparently new opportunity utmost seriousness must strive break calamitous cycle frustration crisis unchecked could spiral nuclear disaster ultimate insanity though need dependable agreement assure resort force settle dispute apparent side yet issue divide men nation expect sudden revolutionary result must find place begin one obvious road make useful start widen communication two people field side willing countless opportunity well know u develop mutual understanding true foundation peace another avenue may reopen january twelfth negotiation look controlled ban test nuclear weapon unfortunately close statement soviet scientist meet scientist geneva unsuccessful effort develop agreed basis test ban give clear impression conclusion politically guide british american scientific representative individual collective opinion hopeful new negotiation begin truth political opportunism guide light deliberation still another avenue may find field disarmament soviet profess readiness negotiate seriously however make clear plan may mutual inspection verification essential condition extensive measure disarmament one instance initiative peace recently successful treaty sign last month provide exclusively peaceful use antarctica assure system inspection provide free cooperative scientific research continent prohibit nuclear explosion pending general international agreement subject treaty significant contribution toward peace international cooperation advancement science shall transmit text senate consideration approval near future united state always ready participate soviet union serious discussion subject may lead peace justice certainly necessary repeat united state intention interfere internal affair nation likewise reject attempt impose system u people force subversion concern freedom people intellectual spiritual cement ally u forty nation common defense effort moment forget fate firmly fasten country act way would jeopardize solemn commitment friends course concern grow concern realization people free world great stake progress freedom uncommitted newly emerge nation people desperately hop lift decent level live must neglect force seek help finally become virtual satellite proclaim hostility freedom natural desire well life must frustrate withhold necessary technical investment assistance problem solve america alone also every nation cherish ideal position provide help recent year america partner friends western europe japan make great economic progress newly find economic strength eloquent testimony strike success policy economic cooperation pursue international economy 1960 markedly different early postwar year longer united state major industrial country capable provide substantial amount resource urgently need country remain secure prosperous wealthy nation must extend kind cooperation less fortunate member inspire hope confidence progress rich nation time without noticeable damage pursue course make single goal material ease comfort repudiate spiritual material stake peaceful prosperous society nation enmity incur isolation descend internal moral physical softness engender long term bring disaster america become great softness miraculous progress achievement flow quality far worthy substantial adherence principle method consonant religious philosophy satisfaction hard work readiness sacrifice worthwhile cause courage meet every challenge progress intellectual honesty capacity recognize true path best interest u every nation free world rich poor quality necessary today never march together great security prosperity peace believe industrial country ready participate actively supplement effort develop country achieve progress immediate need kind cooperation underscore strain international balance payment surplus foreign business transaction recent year fall substantially short expenditure make abroad maintain military establishment overseas finance private investment provide assistance less developed nation 1959 deficit balance payment approach 4 billion continue deficit anything like magnitude would time impair economic growth check forward progress free world must meet situation promote rise volume export world trade must induce industrialized nation free world work together new cooperative endeavor help lift scourge poverty less fortunate nation provide good share burden still profitable trade new nation others struggle problem development progress demonstrate faith destiny possess use resource fulfill moreover progress national transformation gradually earn easy quick way follow oxcart jet plane draw europe assistance earlier year new emerge nation faith determination deserve help last fifteen year twenty nation gain political independence others year woefully lack technical capacity investment capital without free world support matter effectively progress freedom respect need one major focal point concern south asian region two nation alone almost five hundred million people work work hard raise standard make strong bulwark spread ideology would destroy liberty express depth conviction free world interest must cooperate others help people achieve legitimate ambition express different plan world bank instrumentality well individual action every nation position help must squarely face titanic challenge u must realize course development freedom newly emerge nation mere matter obtain outside financial assistance indispensable element process strong continue determination part nation exercise national discipline necessary sustain development period quality determination particularly essential fact process improvement necessarily gradual laborious rather revolutionary moreover everyone aware development process short term phenomenon many year require even favorably situated country shall continue urge american people interest security prosperity peace make sure part great project amply cheerfully support free world decision matter may spell difference world disaster world progress freedom country visit last month similar need common meeting ground desirable nation prepared assist development effort past year discuss matter leader several western nation wealth experience organization european economic cooperation could help initial study goal enlist available economic resource industrialize free private investment capital repeat help matter great lastingly effective use supplement strength spirit people nation extend help hope make possible enthusiastic enrollment nation freedom banner startle contrast system sullen satellite could imagine grasp opportunity build age productive partnership less fortunate nation already achieve high state economic advancement make brighter outlook world order base upon security freedom peace otherwise outlook could dark indeed face may turn point history must act decisively nation successfully pursue objective position broadly base strength matter earnest quest guaranteed peace must maintain high degree military effectiveness time engage negotiating issue arm reduction tangible mutually enforceable arm reduction measure work weaken mean defend institution america possesses enormous defense power study conviction nation ever risk general war u unless foolish neglect defense force powerfully support knowledge nation might tempt today attack united state even though country might sustain great loss would promptly suffer terrible destruction assure people nation united state except defense never turn loose destructive power past year strike power unmatched today man bomber take new strength atlas intercontinental ballistic missile enter operational inventory fourteen recent test launching range mile atlas strike average within two mile target less length jet runway well within circle total destruction performance great tribute american scientist engineer past five year telescope time technology develop ballistic missile america none year moreover grow number submarine enter active force arm polaris missile remarkable ship weapon range ocean capable accurate fire target virtually anywhere earth impossible destroy surprise attack become one effective sentinel peace meet situation less general nuclear war continue maintain carrier force many service unit abroad always ready army strategic force marine corps division civilian component continue modernization force costly necessary process schedule go forward rate steadily add strength deployment portion force beyond shore land sea persuasive demonstration determination stand ally collective security moreover direct step take program military assistance ally longer range basis necessary sounder collective defense system next refer effort space exploration often mistakenly suppose integral part defense research development first america make great contribution past two year world fund knowledge astrophysics space science discovery present interest chiefly scientific community important extensive exploration outer space ultimate benefit mankind second military missile program go forward successfully suffer present lack large rocket engine necessary distant space exploration assure expert thrust present missile fully adequate defense requirement third united state press forward development large rocket engine place much heavy vehicle space exploration purpose fourth meantime necessary remember begin probe environment immediately surround earth use launch system presently available develop satellite scout world weather satellite relay station facilitate extend communication globe navigation aid give accurate bearing ship aircraft perfect instrument collect transmit data seek area hold promise early useful application space technology fifth complete year experience new space law believe deficient certain particular suggest improvement submit shortly accomplishment many task allude require continuous strengthen spiritual intellectual economic sinew american life steady purpose society assure justice god every individual must ever alert freedom wither careless amass restrictive control lack courage deal boldly giant issue day year ago meet nation emerge economic downturn even though sign resurgent prosperity sufficiently convince doubtful today surge strength apparent everyone 1960 promise prosperous year history yet continue afflicted nagging disorder among current problem require solution need protect public interest situation prolong stalemate persistent refusal come grip critical problem one sector american agriculture continue threat inflation together persist tendency toward fiscal irresponsibility certain instance denial citizen equal protection law every american disturbed prolong dispute steel industry protract delay reach settlement relieve settlement last achieve industry percentagewise settlement increase steel company employment cost low prior wage settlement since world war ii also gratify note despite increase wage benefit several major steel producer announce increase steel price time national interest demand period industrial peace assure new contract management labor make every possible effort increase efficiency productivity manufacture steel price increase avoid one lesson story potential danger entire nation longer great strike must meet insure possibility must course depend primarily upon good commonsense responsible individual intention encourage regular discussion management labor outside bargain table consider interest public well mutual interest maintenance industrial peace price stability economic growth seem almost absurd united state recognize need earnestly seek cooperation among nation unless achieve voluntary dependable abide cooperation among important segment free society failure face basic issue area serious strain firm freedom support society refer agriculture one area basic farm law write 27 year ago emergency effort redress hardship cause depression continue economic distortion intensify world war ii order provide incentives production food need sustain free world today farm problem totally different effectively adjust change cause scientific revolution original farm law write hour farm labor produce one fourth much wheat present farm legislation woefully ineffective expensive year go outmoded system fail protect farm income also produce soar threaten surplus farm leave produce war america long peace urge congress enact legislation gear production closely market make costly surplus manageable provide great freedom farm operation steadily achieve increase net farm incomes another issue must meet squarely live within mean require restraint expenditure constant reassessment priority maintenance stable price must prevent inflation opponent many guise sometimes difficult recognize clear need stop continuous general price rise need u see feel prevent steadily rise cost price call stern every citizen person city state organize group afford evade obligation resist inflation every american pay cripple tax inflation ravage end water edge increase price good sell abroad threaten drive u market securely whether domestic price high noncompetitive result demand profit margin increase labor cost outrun growth productivity final result seriously damaging nation must fight inflation would fire imperils home prevent destroy salary saving pension insurance gnaw away root free healthy economy nation security one major method federal government counter inflation rise price insure expenditure revenue debt confront 290 billion dollar interest charge alone cost taxpayer 9 billion clear debt growth must stop glad know despite unsettling influence recent steel strike estimate account show june 30 year favorable balance approximately 200 million shall present congress 1961 balance budget area defense expenditures continue record level last several year single exception expenditures every major category health education welfare equal great last year space expenditures amount practically double guiding goal budget national response specific group local political insistence expenditure increase indicate largely account increase cost legislation previously enact 1 point president interpolate two paragraph show bracket repeat budget balance one expenditures 79 billion 8 hundred million amount income outgo describe budget surplus apply national debt 4 billion 2 hundred million personally feel amount properly call surplus long nation debt prefer think item reduction child inherit mortgage establish payment normal practice profitably make improvement tax structure thereby truly reduce heavy burden taxation event one reduction save taxpayer year approximately 2 hundred million dollar interest cost budget help ease pressure credit capital market enhance confidence people world strength economy currency individual collective ability fiscally responsible management huge public debt treasury unfortunately free artificial barrier ability deal difficult problem field weaken greatly unwillingness congress remove archaic restriction need free hand debt management even urgent today cost undesirable financing practice treasury force mount removal roadblock high priority legislative recommendation still another issue relate civil right hope plan better world recognize provincial racial prejudice must combat long perspective history right vote one strong pillar free society first duty protect right encroachment spite constitutional guarantee notwithstanding much progress recent year bias still deprive person country equal protection law early last session recommend legislation would help eliminate several practice discriminate basic right american civil right commission develop additional constructive recommendation hope among matter seriously consider current session trust congress thus signal world government strive equality law people year many way nation continue undergo profound change growth past 18 month hail entry two state union alaska hawaii salute two western star proudly vigorous expansion welcome sign health vitality example witness explosive growth metropolitan area 1975 metropolitan area united state occupy twice territory today roster urban problem must cope stagger involve water supply clean air adjust local tax system provide essential educational cultural social service destroy condition breed delinquency crime meeting must value historic freedom keep within traditional framework federal system power divide national state government uniqueness system may confound casual observer work effectively nearly 200 year doubt urban perplexing problem solve traditional american method must realize nothing really solve ruinous tendency set motion yield deceptive bait easy federal tax dollar educational system provide ready example recognize vital necessity modern school plant adequately compensate teacher use best possible teach technique curricula complacent educate youth route well trained mind swift administration federal hypodermic sustain financial transfusion educational process essentially local personal responsibility make leap ahead crash centralize governmental action administration propose carefully reason program help eliminate current deficiency design stimulate classroom construction substitution federal dollar state local fund incentive extend encourage state local effort approach reject notion federal domination control workable appeal every american interested advancement educational system traditional american way urge congress take action upon one subject concern renew recommendation make state union message last january advise congress purpose intensify effort replace force rule law among nation many discussion abroad convince purpose widely deeply share people nation world message state effort would include reexamination relation international court justice court establish united nation decide international legal dispute nation 1946 accept court jurisdiction subject reservation right determine unilaterally whether matter lie essentially within domestic jurisdiction pending senate resolution would repeal present reservation support resolution urge prompt passage do intend urge similar acceptance court jurisdiction every member united nation perhaps amiss say member congress final year office word institution respectively represent mean relationship two branch day ahead unique president work congress control opposition party except president ever quite long yet personal official relationship weather storm past five year grateful deep concern next twelve month successor take office joint duty nation act upon belief express today shall devote full energy task hand whether involve travel promote great world understand negotiation reduce international discord constant discussion communication congress american people issue domestic foreign pursuit objective look forward shall dedicate close constructive association congress every minute spend irrelevant interbranch wrangle precious time take intelligent initiation adoption coherent policy national survival progress seek common goal brighter opportunity citizens world peace justice u friends challenge ideology four decade trumpet abroad purpose gain ultimate victory forms government variance realize however much repudiate tenet imperialistic communism represent gigantic enterprise grimly pursue leader compel subject subordinate freedom action spirit personal desire advantage future communist present array material accomplishment past fifteen year lend false persuasiveness many glitter promise uncommitted people competition provide formidable scale value place freedom first whole national existence development gear basic concept responsible position free world leadership succeed high prize nation possess one communism never offer america record material accomplishment freedom write unparalleled prosperity nation many billion devote reconstruction free world economics wreck world war ii effective help many billion give save independence many others threaten outside domination assuredly capacity handle problem new era world history enter must use capacity intelligently tirelessly regardless personal sacrifice fissure divide political planet deep wide live moreover sea semantic disorder old label longer faithfully describe police state call people democracy arm conquest free people call liberation slippery slogan make difficult problem communicate true faith fact beliefs must make clear peaceful intention aspiration well world must use language enlighten mind instrument study innuendo distorter truth must live say recent visit distant land found one statesman another eager tell element government borrow american constitution indestructible ideal set forth declaration independence nation take pride constitutional system ideal sustain long view fountainhead freedom every action must strive make worthy trust ever mindful accumulation seemingly minor encroachment upon freedom gradually could break entire fabric free society persuade shall get task u dedicate faith almighty humanity shall one day achieve unity freedom men aspire dawn time dwight eisenhower