In addressing my third annual message to the law-making branch of the Government it is gratifying to be able to state that during the past year success has generally attended the effort to execute all laws found upon the statute books. The policy has been not to inquire into the wisdom of laws already enacted, but to learn their spirit and intent and to enforce them accordingly. The past year has, under a wise Providence, been one of general prosperity to the nation. It has, however, been attended with more than usual chastisements in the loss of life and property by storm and fire. These disasters have served to call forth the best elements of human nature in our country and to develop a friendship for us on the part of foreign nations which goes far toward alleviating the distresses occasioned by these calamities. The benevolent, who have so generously shared their means with the victims of these misfortunes, will reap their reward in the consciousness of having performed a noble act and in receiving the grateful thanks of men, women, and children whose sufferings they have relieved. The relations of the United States with foreign powers continue to be friendly. The year has been an eventful one in witnessing two great nations, speaking one language and having one lineage, settling by peaceful arbitration disputes of long standing and liable at any time to bring those nations into bloody and costly conflict. An example has thus been set which, if successful in its final issue, may be followed by other civilized nations, and finally be the means of returning to productive industry millions of men now maintained to settle the disputes of nations by the bayonet and the broadside. I transmit herewith a copy of the treaty alluded to, which has been concluded since the adjournment of Congress with Her Britannic Majesty, and a copy of the protocols of the conferences of the commissioners by whom it was negotiated. This treaty provides methods for adjusting the questions pending between the two nations. Various questions are to be adjusted by arbitration. I recommend Congress at an early day to make the necessary provision for the tribunal at Geneva and for the several commissioners on the part of the United States called for by the treaty. His Majesty the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation, and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil have each consented, on the joint request of the two powers, to name an arbiter for the tribunal at Geneva. I have caused my thanks to be suitably expressed for the readiness with which the joint request has been complied with, by the appointment of gentlemen of eminence and learning to these important positions. His Majesty the Emperor of Germany has been pleased to comply with the joint request of the two Governments, and has consented to act as the arbitrator of the disputed water boundary between the United States and Great Britain. The contracting parties in the treaty have undertaken to regard as between themselves certain principles of public law, for which the United States have contended from the commencement of their history. They have also agreed to bring those principles to the knowledge of the other maritime powers and to invite them to accede to them. Negotiations are going on as to the form of the note by which the invitation is to be extended to the other powers. I recommend the legislation necessary on the part of the United States to bring into operation the articles of the treaty relating to the fisheries and to the other matters touching the relations of the United States toward the British North American possessions, to become operative so soon as the proper legislation shall be had on the part of Great Britain and its possessions. It is much to be desired that this legislation may become operative before the fishermen of the United States begin to make their arrangements for the coming season. I have addressed a communication, of which a copy is transmitted herewith, to the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, urging upon the governments of those States, respectively, the necessary action on their part to carry into effect the object of the article of the treaty which contemplates the use of the canals, on either side, connected with the navigation of the lakes and rivers forming the boundary, on terms of equality, by the inhabitants of both countries. It is hoped that the importance of the object and the benefits to flow therefrom will secure the speedy approval and legislative sanction of the States concerned. I renew the recommendation for an appropriation for determining the true position of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude where it forms the boundary between the United States and the British North American possessions, between the Lake of the Woods and the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The early action of Congress on this recommendation would put it in the power of the War Department to place a force in the field during the next summer. The resumption of diplomatic relations between France and Germany has enabled me to give directions for the withdrawal of the protection extended to Germans in France by the diplomatic and consular representatives of the United States in that country. It is just to add that the delicate duty of this protection has been performed by the minister and the consul-general at Paris, and the various consuls in France under the supervision of the latter, with great kindness as well as with prudence and tact. Their course has received the commendation of the German Government, and has wounded no susceptibility of the French. The Government of the Emperor of Germany continues to manifest a friendly feeling toward the United States, and a desire to harmonize with the moderate and just policy which this Government maintains in its relations with Asiatic powers, as well as with the South American Republics. I have given assurances that the friendly feelings of that Government are fully shared by the United States. The ratifications of the consular and naturalization conventions with the Austro-Hungarian Empire have been exchanged. I have been officially informed of the annexation of the States of the Church to the Kingdom of Italy, and the removal of the capital of that Kingdom to Rome. In conformity with the established policy of the United States, I have recognized this change. The ratifications of the new treaty of commerce between the United States and Italy have been exchanged. The two powers have agreed in this treaty that private property at sea shall be exempt from capture in case of war between the two powers. The United States have spared no opportunity of incorporating this rule into the obligation of nations. The Forty-first Congress, at its third session, made an appropriation for the organization of a mixed commission for adjudicating upon the claims of citizens of the United States against Spain growing out of the insurrection in Cuba. That commission has since been organized. I transmit herewith the correspondence relating to its formation and its jurisdiction. It is to be hoped that this commission will afford the claimants a complete remedy for their injuries. It has been made the agreeable duty of the United States to preside over a conference at Washington between the plenipotentiaries of Spain and the allied South American Republics, which has resulted in an armistice, with the reasonable assurance of a permanent peace. The intimate friendly relations which have so long existed between the United States and Russia continue undisturbed. The visit of the third son of the Emperor is a proof that there is no desire on the part of his Government to diminish the cordiality of those relations. The hospitable reception which has been given to the Grand Duke is a proof that on our side we share the wishes of that Government. The inexcusable course of the Russian minister at Washington rendered it necessary to ask his recall and to decline to longer receive that functionary as a diplomatic representative. It was impossible, with self-respect or with a just regard to the dignity of the country, to permit Mr. Catacazy to continue to hold intercourse with this Government after his personal abuse of Government officials, and during his persistent interferences, through various means, with the relations between the United States and other powers. In accordance with my wishes, this Government has been relieved of further intercourse with Mr. Catacazy, and the management of the affairs of the imperial legation has passed into the hands of a gentleman entirely unobjectionable. With Japan we continue to maintain intimate relations. The cabinet of the Mikado has since the close of the last session of Congress selected citizens of the United States to serve in offices of importance in several departments of Government. I have reason to think that this selection is due to an appreciation of the disinterestedness of the policy which the United States have pursued toward Japan. It is our desire to continue to maintain this disinterested and just policy with China as well as Japan. The correspondence transmitted herewith shows that there is no disposition on the part of this Government to swerve from its established course. Prompted by a desire to put an end to the barbarous treatment of our shipwrecked sailors on the Korean coast, I instructed our minister at Peking to endeavor to conclude a convention with Korea for securing the safety and humane treatment of such mariners. Admiral Rodgers was instructed to accompany him with a sufficient force to protect him in case of need. A small surveying party sent out, on reaching the coast was treacherously attacked at a disadvantage. Ample opportunity was given for explanation and apology for the insult. Neither came. A force was then landed. After an arduous march over a rugged and difficult country, the forts from which the outrages had been committed were reduced by a gallant assault and were destroyed. Having thus punished the criminals, and having vindicated the honor of the flag, the expedition returned, finding it impracticable under the circumstances to conclude the desired convention. I respectfully refer to the correspondence relating thereto, herewith submitted, and leave the subject for such action as Congress may see fit to take. The Republic of Mexico has not yet repealed the very objectionable laws establishing what is known as the "free zone" on the frontier of the United States. It is hoped that this may yet be done, and also that more stringent measures may be taken by that Republic for restraining lawless persons on its frontiers. I hope that Mexico by its own action will soon relieve this Government of the difficulties experienced from these causes. Our relations with the various Republics of Central and South America continue, with one exception, to be cordial and friendly. I recommend some action by Congress regarding the overdue installments under the award of the Venezuelan Claims Commission of 1866. The internal dissensions of this Government present no justification for the absence of effort to meet their solemn treaty obligations. The ratification of an extradition treaty with Nicaragua has been exchanged. It is a subject for congratulation that the great Empire of Brazil has taken the initiatory step toward the abolition of slavery. Our relations with that Empire, always cordial, will naturally be made more so by this act. It is not too much to hope that the Government of Brazil may hereafter find it for its interest, as well as intrinsically right, to advance toward entire emancipation more rapidly than the present act contemplates. The true prosperity and greatness of a nation is to be found in the elevation and education of its laborers. It is a subject for regret that the reforms in this direction which were voluntarily promised by the statesmen of Spain have not been carried out in its West India colonies. The laws and regulations for the apparent abolition of slavery in Cuba and Porto Rico leave most of the laborers in bondage, with no hope of release until their lives become a burden to their employers. I desire to direct your attention to the fact that citizens of the United States, or persons claiming to be citizens of the United States, are large holders in foreign lands of this species of property, forbidden by the fundamental law of their alleged country. I recommend to Congress to provide by stringent legislation a suitable remedy against the holding, owning or dealing in slaves, or being interested in slave property, in foreign lands, either as owners, hirers, or mortgagors, by citizens of the United States. It is to be regretted that the disturbed condition of the island of Cuba continues to be a source of annoyance and of anxiety. The existence of a protracted struggle in such close proximity to our own territory, without apparent prospect of an early termination, can not be other than an object of concern to a people who, while abstaining from interference in the affairs of other powers, naturally desire to see every country in the undisturbed enjoyment of peace, liberty, and the blessings of free institutions. Our naval commanders in Cuban waters have been instructed, in case it should become necessary, to spare no effort to protect the lives and property of bona fide American citizens and to maintain the dignity of the flag. It is hoped that all pending questions with Spain growing out of the affairs in Cuba may be adjusted in the spirit of peace and conciliation which has hitherto guided the two powers in their treatment of such questions. To give importance to and to add to the efficiency of our diplomatic relations with Japan and China, and to further aid in retaining the good opinion of those peoples, and to secure to the United States its share of the commerce destined to flow between those nations and the balance of the commercial world, I earnestly recommend that an appropriation be made to support at least four American youths in each of those countries, to serve as a part of the official family of our ministers there. Our representatives would not even then be placed upon an equality with the representatives of Great Britain and of some other powers. As now situated, our representatives in Japan and China have to depend for interpreters and translators upon natives of those countries who know our language imperfectly, or procure for the occasion the services of employees in foreign business houses or the interpreters to other foreign ministers. I would also recommend liberal measures for the purpose of supporting the American lines of steamers now plying between San Francisco and Japan and China, and the Australian line--almost our only remaining lines of ocean steamers--and of increasing their services. The national debt has been reduced to the extent of $86,057, 126.80 during the year, and by the negotiation of national bonds at a lower rate of interest the interest on the public debt has been so far diminished that now the sum to be raised for the interest account is nearly $17,000,000 less than on the 1st of March, 1869. It was highly desirable that this rapid diminution should take place, both to strengthen the credit of the country and to convince its citizens of their entire ability to meet every dollar of liability without bankrupting them. But in view of the accomplishment of these desirable ends: of the rapid development of the resources of the country; its increasing ability to meet large demands, and the amount already paid, it is not desirable that the present resources of the country should continue to be taxed in order to continue this rapid payment. I therefore recommend a modification of both the tariff and internal-tax law. I recommend that all taxes from internal sources be abolished, except those collected from spirituous, vinous, and malt liquors, tobacco in its various forms, and from stamps. In readjusting the tariff I suggest that a careful estimate be made of the amount of surplus revenue collected under the present laws, after providing for the current expenses of the Government, the interest count, and a sinking fund, and that this surplus be reduced in such a manner as to afford the greatest relief to the greatest number. There are many articles not produced at home, but which enter largely into general consumption through articles which are manufactured at home, such as medicines compounded, etc., etc., from which very little revenue is derived, but which enter into general use. All such articles I recommend to be placed on the "free list." Should a further reduction prove advisable, I would then recommend that it be made upon those articles which can best bear it without disturbing home production or reducing the wages of American labor. I have not entered into figures, because to do so would be to repeat what will be laid before you in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury. The present laws for collecting revenue pay collectors of customs small salaries, but provide for moieties (shares in all seizures), which, at principal ports of entry particularly, raise the compensation of those officials to a large sum. It has always seemed to me as if this system must at times work perniciously. It holds out an inducement to dishonest men, should such get possession of those offices, to be lax in their scrutiny of goods entered, to enable them finally to make large seizures. Your attention is respectfully invited to this subject. Continued fluctuations in the value of gold, as compared with the national currency, has a most damaging effect upon the increase and development of the country, in keeping up prices of all articles necessary in everyday life. It fosters a spirit of gambling, prejudicial alike to national morals and the national finances. If the question can be met as to how to get a fixed value to our currency, that value constantly and uniformly approaching par with specie, a very desirable object will be gained. For the operations of the Army in the past year, the expense of maintaining it, the estimate for the ensuing year, and for continuing seacoast and other improvements conducted under the supervision of the War Department, I refer you to the accompanying report of the Secretary of War. I call your attention to the provisions of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1869, which discontinues promotions in the staff corps of the Army until provided for by law. I recommend that the number of officers in each grade in the staff corps be fixed, and that whenever the number in any one grade falls below the number so fixed, that the vacancy may be filled by promotion from the grade below. I also recommend that when the office of chief of a corps becomes vacant the place may be filled by selection from the corps in which the vacancy exists. The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows an improvement in the number and efficiency of the naval force, without material increase in the expense of supporting it. This is due to the policy which has been adopted, and is being extended as fast as our material will admit, of using smaller vessels as cruisers on the several stations. By this means we have been enabled to occupy at once a larger extent of cruising grounds, to visit more frequently the ports where the presence of our flag is desirable, and generally to discharge more efficiently the appropriate duties of the Navy in time of peace, without exceeding the number of men or the expenditure authorized by law. During the past year the Navy has, in addition to its regular service, supplied the men and officers for the vessels of the Coast Survey, and has completed the surveys authorized by Congress of the isthmuses of Darien and Tehuantepec, and, under like authority, has sent out an expedition, completely furnished and equipped, to explore the unknown ocean of the north. The suggestions of the report as to the necessity for increasing and improving the materiel of the Navy, and the plan recommended for reducing the personnel of the service to a peace standard, by the gradual abolition of certain grades of officers, the reduction of others, and the employment of some in the service of the commercial marine, are well considered and deserve the thoughtful attention of Congress. I also recommend that all promotions in the Navy above the rank of captain be by selection instead of by seniority. This course will secure in the higher grades greater efficiency and hold out an incentive to young officers to improve themselves in the knowledge of their profession. The present cost of maintaining the Navy, its cost compared with that of the preceding year, and the estimates for the ensuing year are contained in the accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy. The enlarged receipts of the Post-Office Department, as shown by the accompanying report of the Postmaster-General, exhibit a gratifying increase in that branch of the public service. It is the index of the growth of education and of the prosperity of the people, two elements highly conducive to the vigor and stability of republics. With a vast territory like ours, much of it sparsely populated, but all requiring the services of the mail, it is not at present to be expected that this Department can be made self-sustaining. But a gradual approach to this end from year to year is confidently relied on, and the day is not far distant when the Post-Office Department of the Government will prove a much greater blessing to the whole people than it is now. The suggestions of the Postmaster-General for improvements in the Department presided over by him are earnestly recommended to you, special attention. Especially do I recommend favorable consideration of the plan for uniting the telegraphic system of the United States with the postal system. It is believed that by such a course the cost of telegraphing could be much reduced, and the service as well, if not better, rendered. It would secure the further advantage of extending the telegraph through portions of the country where private enterprise will not construct it. Commerce, trade, and, above all, the efforts to bring a people widely separated into a community of interest are always benefited by a rapid intercommunication. Education, the groundwork of republican institutions, is encouraged by increasing the facilities to gather speedy news from all parts of the country. The desire to reap the benefit of such improvements will stimulate education. I refer you to the report of the Postmaster-General for full details of the operations of last year and for comparative statements of results with former years. There has been imposed upon the executive branch of the Government the execution of the act of Congress approved April 20, 1871, and commonly known as the Kuklux law, in a portion of the State of South Carolina. The necessity of the course pursued will be demonstrated by the report of the Committee to Investigate Southern Outrages. Under the provisions of the above act I issued a proclamation calling the attention of the people of the United States to the same, and declaring my reluctance to exercise any of the extraordinary powers thereby conferred upon me, except in case of imperative necessity, but making known my purpose to exercise such powers whenever it should become necessary to do so for the purpose of securing to all citizens of the United States the peaceful enjoyment of the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution and the laws. After the passage of this law information was received from time to time that combinations of the character referred to in this law existed and were powerful in many parts of the Southern States, particularly in certain counties in the State of South Carolina. Careful investigation was made, and it was ascertained that in nine counties of that State such combinations were active and powerful, embracing a sufficient portion of the citizens to control the local authority, and having, among other things, the object of depriving the emancipated class of the substantial benefits of freedom and of preventing the free political action of those citizens who did not sympathize with their own views. Among their operations were frequent scourgings and occasional assassinations, generally perpetrated at night by disguised persons, the victims in almost all cases being citizens of different political sentiments from their own or freed persons who had shown a disposition to claim equal rights with other citizens. Thousands of inoffensive and well disposed citizens were the sufferers by this lawless violence, Thereupon, on the 12th of October, 1871, a proclamation was issued, in terms of the law, calling upon the members of those combinations to disperse within five days and to deliver to the marshal or military officers of the United States all arms, ammunition, uniforms, disguises, and other means and implements used by them for carrying out their unlawful purposes. This warning not having been heeded, on the 17th of October another proclamation was issued, suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in nine counties in that State. Direction was given that within the counties so designated persons supposed, upon creditable information, to be members of such unlawful combinations should be arrested by the military forces of the United States and delivered to the marshal, to be dealt with according to law. In two of said counties, York and Spartanburg, many arrests have been made. At the last account the number of persons thus arrested was 168. Several hundred, whose criminality was ascertained to be of an inferior degree, were released for the present. These have generally made confessions of their guilt. Great caution has been exercised in making these arrests, and, notwithstanding the large number, it is believed that no innocent person is now in custody. The prisoners will be held for regular trial in the judicial tribunals of the United States. As soon as it appeared that the authorities of the United States were about to take vigorous measures to enforce the law, many persons absconded, and there is good ground for supposing that all of such persons have violated the law. A full report of what has been done under this law will be submitted to Congress by the Attorney-General. In Utah there still remains a remnant of barbarism, repugnant to civilization, to decency, and to the laws of the United States. Territorial officers, however, have been found who are willing to perform their duty in a spirit of equity and with a due sense of the necessity of sustaining the majesty of the law. Neither polygamy nor any other violation of existing statutes will be permitted within the territory of the United States. It is not with the religion of the self-styled Saints that we are now dealing, but with their practices. They will be protected in the worship of God according to the dictates of their consciences, but they will not be permitted to violate the laws under the cloak of religion. It may be advisable for Congress to consider what, in the execution of the laws against polygamy, is to be the status of plural wives and their offspring. The propriety of Congress passing an enabling act authorizing the Territorial legislature of Utah to legitimize all children born prior to a time fixed in the act might be justified by its humanity to these innocent children. This is a suggestion only, and not a recommendation. The policy pursued toward the Indians has resulted favorably, so far as can be judged from the limited time during which it has been in operation. Through the exertions of the various societies of Christians to whom has been intrusted the execution of the policy, and the board of commissioners authorized by the law of April 10, 1869, many tribes of Indians have been induced to settle upon reservations, to cultivate the soil, to perform productive labor of various kinds, and to partially accept civilization. They are being cared for in such a way, it is hoped, as to induce those still pursuing their old habits of life to embrace the only opportunity which is left them to avoid extermination. I recommend liberal appropriations to carry out the Indian peace policy, not only because it is humane, Christian like, and economical, but because it is right. I recommend to your favorable consideration also the policy of granting a Territorial government to the Indians in the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri and south of Kansas. In doing so every right guaranteed to the Indian by treaty should be secured. Such a course might in time be the means of collecting most of the Indians now between the Missouri and the Pacific and south of the British possessions into one Territory or one State. The Secretary of the Interior has treated upon this subject at length, and I commend to you his suggestions. I renew my recommendation that the public lands be regarded as a heritage to our children, to be disposed of only as required for occupation and to actual settlers. Those already granted have been in great part disposed of in such a way as to secure access to the balance by the hardy settler who may wish to avail himself of them, but caution should be exercised even in attaining so desirable an object. Educational interest may well be served by the grant of the proceeds of the sale of public lands to settlers. I do not wish to be understood as recommending in the least degree a curtailment of what is being done by the General Government for the encouragement of education. The report of the Secretary of the Interior submitted with this will give you all the information collected and prepared for publication in regard to the census taken during the year 1870; the operations of the Bureau of Education for the year; the Patent Office; the Pension Office; the Land Office, and the Indian Bureau. The report of the Commissioner of Agriculture gives the operations of his Department for the year. As agriculture is the groundwork of our prosperity, too much importance can not be attached to the labors of this Department. It is in the hands of an able head, with able assistants, all zealously devoted to introducing into the agricultural productions of the nation all useful products adapted to any of the various climates and soils of our vast territory, and to giving all useful information as to the method of cultivation, the plants, cereals, and other products adapted to particular localities. Quietly but surely the Agricultural Bureau is working a great national good, and if liberally supported the more widely its influence will be extended and the less dependent we shall be upon the products of foreign countries. The subject of compensation to the heads of bureaus and officials holding positions of responsibility, and requiring ability and character to fill properly, is one to which your attention is invited. But few of the officials receive a compensation equal to the respectable support of a family, while their duties are such as to involve millions of interest. In private life services demand compensation equal to the services rendered; a wise economy would dictate the same rule in the Government service. I have not given the estimates for the support of Government for the ensuing year, nor the comparative statement between the expenditures for the year just passed and the one just preceding, because all these figures are contained in the accompanying reports or in those presented directly to Congress. These estimates have my approval. More than six years having elapsed since the last hostile gun was fired between the armies then arrayed against each other--one for the perpetuation, the other for the destruction, of the Union--it may well be considered whether it is not now time that the disabilities imposed by the fourteenth amendment should be removed. That amendment does not exclude the ballot, but only imposes the disability to hold offices upon certain classes. When the purity of the ballot is secure, majorities are sure to elect officers reflecting the views of the majority. I do not see the advantage or propriety of excluding men from office merely because they were before the rebellion of standing and character sufficient to be elected to positions requiring them to take oaths to support the Constitution, and admitting to eligibility those entertaining precisely the same views, but of less standing in their communities. It may be said that the former violated an oath, while the latter did not; the latter did not have it in their power to do so. If they had taken this oath, it can not be doubted they would have broken it as did the former class. If there are any great criminals, distinguished above all others for the part they took in opposition to the Government, they might, in the judgment of Congress, be excluded from such an amnesty. This subject is submitted for your careful consideration. The condition of the Southern States is, unhappily, not such as all true patriotic citizens would like to see. Social ostracism for opinion's sake, personal violence or threats toward persons entertaining political views opposed to those entertained by the majority of the old citizens, prevents immigration and the flow of much-needed capital into the States lately in rebellion. It will be a happy condition of the country when the old citizens of these States will take an interest in public affairs, promulgate ideas honestly entertained, vote for men representing their views, and tolerate the same freedom of expression and ballot in those entertaining different political convictions. Under the provisions of the act of Congress approved February 21, 1871, a Territorial government was organized in the District of Columbia. Its results have thus far fully realized the expectations of its advocates. Under the direction of the Territorial officers, a system of improvements has been inaugurated by means of which Washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the nation's capital. The citizens of the District having voluntarily taxed themselves to a large amount for the purpose of contributing to the adornment of the seat of Government, I recommend liberal appropriations on the part of Congress, in order that the Government may bear its just share of the expense of carrying out a judicious system of improvements. By the great fire in Chicago the most important of the Government buildings in that city were consumed. Those burned had already become inadequate to the wants of the Government in that growing city, and, looking to the near future, were totally inadequate. I recommend, therefore, that an appropriation be made immediately to purchase the remainder of the square on which the burned buildings stood, provided it can be purchased at a fair valuation, or provided that the legislature of Illinois will pass a law authorizing its condemnation for Government purposes; and also an appropriation of as much money as can properly be expended toward the erection of new buildings during this fiscal year. The number of immigrants ignorant of our laws, habits, etc., coming into our country annually has become so great and the impositions practiced upon them so numerous and flagrant that I suggest Congressional action for their protection. It seems to me a fair subject of legislation by Congress. I can not now state as fully as I desire the nature of the complaints made by immigrants of the treatment they receive, but will endeavor to do so during the session of Congress, particularly if the subject should receive your attention. It has been the aim of the Administration to enforce honesty and efficiency in all public offices. Every public servant who has violated the trust placed in him has been proceeded against with all the rigor of the law. If bad men have secured places, it has been the fault of the system established by law and custom for making appointments, or the fault of those who recommend for Government positions persons not sufficiently well known to them personally, or who give letters indorsing the characters of office seekers without a proper sense of the grave responsibility which such a course devolves upon them. A civil-service reform which can correct this abuse is much desired. In mercantile pursuits the business man who gives a letter of recommendation to a friend to enable him to obtain credit from a stranger is regarded as morally responsible for the integrity of his friend and his ability to meet his obligations. A reformatory law which would enforce this principle against all indorsers of persons for public place would insure great caution in making recommendations. A salutary lesson has been taught the careless and the dishonest public servant in the great number of prosecutions and convictions of the last two years. It is gratifying to notice the favorable change which is taking place throughout the country in bringing to punishment those who have proven recreant to the trusts confided to them and in elevating to public office none but those who possess the confidence of the honest and the virtuous, who, it will always be found, comprise the majority of the community in which they live. In my message to Congress one year ago I urgently recommended a reform in the civil service of the country. In conformity with that recommendation Congress, in the ninth section of "An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government, and for other purposes," approved March 3, 1871, gave the necessary authority to the Executive to inaugurate a civil-service reform, and placed upon him the responsibility of doing so. Under the authority of said act I convened a board of gentlemen eminently qualified for the work to devise rules and regulations to effect the needed reform. Their labors are not yet complete, but it is believed that they will succeed in devising a plan that can be adopted to the great relief of the Executive, the heads of Departments, and members of Congress, and which will redound to the true interest of the public service. At all events, the experiment shall have a fair trial. I have thus hastily summed up the operations of the Government during the last year, and made such suggestions as occur to me to be proper for your consideration. I submit them with a confidence that your combined action will be wise, statesmanlike, and in the best interests of the whole country.
In addressing my third annual message to the law-making branch of the Government it is gratifying to be able to state that during the past year success has generally attended the effort to execute all laws found upon the statute books. The policy has been not to inquire into the wisdom of laws already enacted, but to learn their spirit and intent and to enforce them accordingly. The past year has, under a wise Providence, been one of general prosperity to the nation. It has, however, been attended with more than usual chastisements in the loss of life and property by storm and fire. These disasters have served to call forth the best elements of human nature in our country and to develop a friendship for us on the part of foreign nations which goes far toward alleviating the distresses occasioned by these calamities. The benevolent, who have so generously shared their means with the victims of these misfortunes, will reap their reward in the consciousness of having performed a noble act and in receiving the grateful thanks of men, women, and children whose sufferings they have relieved. The relations of the United States with foreign powers continue to be friendly. The year has been an eventful one in witnessing two great nations, speaking one language and having one lineage, settling by peaceful arbitration disputes of long standing and liable at any time to bring those nations into bloody and costly conflict. An example has thus been set which, if successful in its final issue, may be followed by other civilized nations, and finally be the means of returning to productive industry millions of men now maintained to settle the disputes of nations by the bayonet and the broadside. I transmit herewith a copy of the treaty alluded to, which has been concluded since the adjournment of Congress with Her Britannic Majesty, and a copy of the protocols of the conferences of the commissioners by whom it was negotiated. This treaty provides methods for adjusting the questions pending between the two nations. Various questions are to be adjusted by arbitration. I recommend Congress at an early day to make the necessary provision for the tribunal at Geneva and for the several commissioners on the part of the United States called for by the treaty. His Majesty the King of Italy, the President of the Swiss Confederation, and His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil have each consented, on the joint request of the two powers, to name an arbiter for the tribunal at Geneva. I have caused my thanks to be suitably expressed for the readiness with which the joint request has been complied with, by the appointment of gentlemen of eminence and learning to these important positions. His Majesty the Emperor of Germany has been pleased to comply with the joint request of the two Governments, and has consented to act as the arbitrator of the disputed water boundary between the United States and Great Britain. The contracting parties in the treaty have undertaken to regard as between themselves certain principles of public law, for which the United States have contended from the commencement of their history. They have also agreed to bring those principles to the knowledge of the other maritime powers and to invite them to accede to them. Negotiations are going on as to the form of the note by which the invitation is to be extended to the other powers. I recommend the legislation necessary on the part of the United States to bring into operation the articles of the treaty relating to the fisheries and to the other matters touching the relations of the United States toward the British North American possessions, to become operative so soon as the proper legislation shall be had on the part of Great Britain and its possessions. It is much to be desired that this legislation may become operative before the fishermen of the United States begin to make their arrangements for the coming season. I have addressed a communication, of which a copy is transmitted herewith, to the governors of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Illinois, and Wisconsin, urging upon the governments of those States, respectively, the necessary action on their part to carry into effect the object of the article of the treaty which contemplates the use of the canals, on either side, connected with the navigation of the lakes and rivers forming the boundary, on terms of equality, by the inhabitants of both countries. It is hoped that the importance of the object and the benefits to flow therefrom will secure the speedy approval and legislative sanction of the States concerned. I renew the recommendation for an appropriation for determining the true position of the forty-ninth parallel of latitude where it forms the boundary between the United States and the British North American possessions, between the Lake of the Woods and the summit of the Rocky Mountains. The early action of Congress on this recommendation would put it in the power of the War Department to place a force in the field during the next summer. The resumption of diplomatic relations between France and Germany has enabled me to give directions for the withdrawal of the protection extended to Germans in France by the diplomatic and consular representatives of the United States in that country. It is just to add that the delicate duty of this protection has been performed by the minister and the consul-general at Paris, and the various consuls in France under the supervision of the latter, with great kindness as well as with prudence and tact. Their course has received the commendation of the German Government, and has wounded no susceptibility of the French. The Government of the Emperor of Germany continues to manifest a friendly feeling toward the United States, and a desire to harmonize with the moderate and just policy which this Government maintains in its relations with Asiatic powers, as well as with the South American Republics. I have given assurances that the friendly feelings of that Government are fully shared by the United States. The ratifications of the consular and naturalization conventions with the Austro-Hungarian Empire have been exchanged. I have been officially informed of the annexation of the States of the Church to the Kingdom of Italy, and the removal of the capital of that Kingdom to Rome. In conformity with the established policy of the United States, I have recognized this change. The ratifications of the new treaty of commerce between the United States and Italy have been exchanged. The two powers have agreed in this treaty that private property at sea shall be exempt from capture in case of war between the two powers. The United States have spared no opportunity of incorporating this rule into the obligation of nations. The Forty-first Congress, at its third session, made an appropriation for the organization of a mixed commission for adjudicating upon the claims of citizens of the United States against Spain growing out of the insurrection in Cuba. That commission has since been organized. I transmit herewith the correspondence relating to its formation and its jurisdiction. It is to be hoped that this commission will afford the claimants a complete remedy for their injuries. It has been made the agreeable duty of the United States to preside over a conference at Washington between the plenipotentiaries of Spain and the allied South American Republics, which has resulted in an armistice, with the reasonable assurance of a permanent peace. The intimate friendly relations which have so long existed between the United States and Russia continue undisturbed. The visit of the third son of the Emperor is a proof that there is no desire on the part of his Government to diminish the cordiality of those relations. The hospitable reception which has been given to the Grand Duke is a proof that on our side we share the wishes of that Government. The inexcusable course of the Russian minister at Washington rendered it necessary to ask his recall and to decline to longer receive that functionary as a diplomatic representative. It was impossible, with self-respect or with a just regard to the dignity of the country, to permit Mr. Catacazy to continue to hold intercourse with this Government after his personal abuse of Government officials, and during his persistent interferences, through various means, with the relations between the United States and other powers. In accordance with my wishes, this Government has been relieved of further intercourse with Mr. Catacazy, and the management of the affairs of the imperial legation has passed into the hands of a gentleman entirely unobjectionable. With Japan we continue to maintain intimate relations. The cabinet of the Mikado has since the close of the last session of Congress selected citizens of the United States to serve in offices of importance in several departments of Government. I have reason to think that this selection is due to an appreciation of the disinterestedness of the policy which the United States have pursued toward Japan. It is our desire to continue to maintain this disinterested and just policy with China as well as Japan. The correspondence transmitted herewith shows that there is no disposition on the part of this Government to swerve from its established course. Prompted by a desire to put an end to the barbarous treatment of our shipwrecked sailors on the Korean coast, I instructed our minister at Peking to endeavor to conclude a convention with Korea for securing the safety and humane treatment of such mariners. Admiral Rodgers was instructed to accompany him with a sufficient force to protect him in case of need. A small surveying party sent out, on reaching the coast was treacherously attacked at a disadvantage. Ample opportunity was given for explanation and apology for the insult. Neither came. A force was then landed. After an arduous march over a rugged and difficult country, the forts from which the outrages had been committed were reduced by a gallant assault and were destroyed. Having thus punished the criminals, and having vindicated the honor of the flag, the expedition returned, finding it impracticable under the circumstances to conclude the desired convention. I respectfully refer to the correspondence relating thereto, herewith submitted, and leave the subject for such action as Congress may see fit to take. The Republic of Mexico has not yet repealed the very objectionable laws establishing what is known as the "free zone" on the frontier of the United States. It is hoped that this may yet be done, and also that more stringent measures may be taken by that Republic for restraining lawless persons on its frontiers. I hope that Mexico by its own action will soon relieve this Government of the difficulties experienced from these causes. Our relations with the various Republics of Central and South America continue, with one exception, to be cordial and friendly. I recommend some action by Congress regarding the overdue installments under the award of the Venezuelan Claims Commission of 1866. The internal dissensions of this Government present no justification for the absence of effort to meet their solemn treaty obligations. The ratification of an extradition treaty with Nicaragua has been exchanged. It is a subject for congratulation that the great Empire of Brazil has taken the initiatory step toward the abolition of slavery. Our relations with that Empire, always cordial, will naturally be made more so by this act. It is not too much to hope that the Government of Brazil may hereafter find it for its interest, as well as intrinsically right, to advance toward entire emancipation more rapidly than the present act contemplates. The true prosperity and greatness of a nation is to be found in the elevation and education of its laborers. It is a subject for regret that the reforms in this direction which were voluntarily promised by the statesmen of Spain have not been carried out in its West India colonies. The laws and regulations for the apparent abolition of slavery in Cuba and Porto Rico leave most of the laborers in bondage, with no hope of release until their lives become a burden to their employers. I desire to direct your attention to the fact that citizens of the United States, or persons claiming to be citizens of the United States, are large holders in foreign lands of this species of property, forbidden by the fundamental law of their alleged country. I recommend to Congress to provide by stringent legislation a suitable remedy against the holding, owning or dealing in slaves, or being interested in slave property, in foreign lands, either as owners, hirers, or mortgagors, by citizens of the United States. It is to be regretted that the disturbed condition of the island of Cuba continues to be a source of annoyance and of anxiety. The existence of a protracted struggle in such close proximity to our own territory, without apparent prospect of an early termination, can not be other than an object of concern to a people who, while abstaining from interference in the affairs of other powers, naturally desire to see every country in the undisturbed enjoyment of peace, liberty, and the blessings of free institutions. Our naval commanders in Cuban waters have been instructed, in case it should become necessary, to spare no effort to protect the lives and property of bona fide American citizens and to maintain the dignity of the flag. It is hoped that all pending questions with Spain growing out of the affairs in Cuba may be adjusted in the spirit of peace and conciliation which has hitherto guided the two powers in their treatment of such questions. To give importance to and to add to the efficiency of our diplomatic relations with Japan and China, and to further aid in retaining the good opinion of those peoples, and to secure to the United States its share of the commerce destined to flow between those nations and the balance of the commercial world, I earnestly recommend that an appropriation be made to support at least four American youths in each of those countries, to serve as a part of the official family of our ministers there. Our representatives would not even then be placed upon an equality with the representatives of Great Britain and of some other powers. As now situated, our representatives in Japan and China have to depend for interpreters and translators upon natives of those countries who know our language imperfectly, or procure for the occasion the services of employees in foreign business houses or the interpreters to other foreign ministers. I would also recommend liberal measures for the purpose of supporting the American lines of steamers now plying between San Francisco and Japan and China, and the Australian line--almost our only remaining lines of ocean steamers--and of increasing their services. The national debt has been reduced to the extent of $86,057, 126.80 during the year, and by the negotiation of national bonds at a lower rate of interest the interest on the public debt has been so far diminished that now the sum to be raised for the interest account is nearly $17,000,000 less than on the 1st of March, 1869. It was highly desirable that this rapid diminution should take place, both to strengthen the credit of the country and to convince its citizens of their entire ability to meet every dollar of liability without bankrupting them. But in view of the accomplishment of these desirable ends: of the rapid development of the resources of the country; its increasing ability to meet large demands, and the amount already paid, it is not desirable that the present resources of the country should continue to be taxed in order to continue this rapid payment. I therefore recommend a modification of both the tariff and internal-tax law. I recommend that all taxes from internal sources be abolished, except those collected from spirituous, vinous, and malt liquors, tobacco in its various forms, and from stamps. In readjusting the tariff I suggest that a careful estimate be made of the amount of surplus revenue collected under the present laws, after providing for the current expenses of the Government, the interest count, and a sinking fund, and that this surplus be reduced in such a manner as to afford the greatest relief to the greatest number. There are many articles not produced at home, but which enter largely into general consumption through articles which are manufactured at home, such as medicines compounded, etc., etc., from which very little revenue is derived, but which enter into general use. All such articles I recommend to be placed on the "free list." Should a further reduction prove advisable, I would then recommend that it be made upon those articles which can best bear it without disturbing home production or reducing the wages of American labor. I have not entered into figures, because to do so would be to repeat what will be laid before you in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury. The present laws for collecting revenue pay collectors of customs small salaries, but provide for moieties (shares in all seizures), which, at principal ports of entry particularly, raise the compensation of those officials to a large sum. It has always seemed to me as if this system must at times work perniciously. It holds out an inducement to dishonest men, should such get possession of those offices, to be lax in their scrutiny of goods entered, to enable them finally to make large seizures. Your attention is respectfully invited to this subject. Continued fluctuations in the value of gold, as compared with the national currency, has a most damaging effect upon the increase and development of the country, in keeping up prices of all articles necessary in everyday life. It fosters a spirit of gambling, prejudicial alike to national morals and the national finances. If the question can be met as to how to get a fixed value to our currency, that value constantly and uniformly approaching par with specie, a very desirable object will be gained. For the operations of the Army in the past year, the expense of maintaining it, the estimate for the ensuing year, and for continuing seacoast and other improvements conducted under the supervision of the War Department, I refer you to the accompanying report of the Secretary of War. I call your attention to the provisions of the act of Congress approved March 3, 1869, which discontinues promotions in the staff corps of the Army until provided for by law. I recommend that the number of officers in each grade in the staff corps be fixed, and that whenever the number in any one grade falls below the number so fixed, that the vacancy may be filled by promotion from the grade below. I also recommend that when the office of chief of a corps becomes vacant the place may be filled by selection from the corps in which the vacancy exists. The report of the Secretary of the Navy shows an improvement in the number and efficiency of the naval force, without material increase in the expense of supporting it. This is due to the policy which has been adopted, and is being extended as fast as our material will admit, of using smaller vessels as cruisers on the several stations. By this means we have been enabled to occupy at once a larger extent of cruising grounds, to visit more frequently the ports where the presence of our flag is desirable, and generally to discharge more efficiently the appropriate duties of the Navy in time of peace, without exceeding the number of men or the expenditure authorized by law. During the past year the Navy has, in addition to its regular service, supplied the men and officers for the vessels of the Coast Survey, and has completed the surveys authorized by Congress of the isthmuses of Darien and Tehuantepec, and, under like authority, has sent out an expedition, completely furnished and equipped, to explore the unknown ocean of the north. The suggestions of the report as to the necessity for increasing and improving the materiel of the Navy, and the plan recommended for reducing the personnel of the service to a peace standard, by the gradual abolition of certain grades of officers, the reduction of others, and the employment of some in the service of the commercial marine, are well considered and deserve the thoughtful attention of Congress. I also recommend that all promotions in the Navy above the rank of captain be by selection instead of by seniority. This course will secure in the higher grades greater efficiency and hold out an incentive to young officers to improve themselves in the knowledge of their profession. The present cost of maintaining the Navy, its cost compared with that of the preceding year, and the estimates for the ensuing year are contained in the accompanying report of the Secretary of the Navy. The enlarged receipts of the Post-Office Department, as shown by the accompanying report of the Postmaster-General, exhibit a gratifying increase in that branch of the public service. It is the index of the growth of education and of the prosperity of the people, two elements highly conducive to the vigor and stability of republics. With a vast territory like ours, much of it sparsely populated, but all requiring the services of the mail, it is not at present to be expected that this Department can be made self-sustaining. But a gradual approach to this end from year to year is confidently relied on, and the day is not far distant when the Post-Office Department of the Government will prove a much greater blessing to the whole people than it is now. The suggestions of the Postmaster-General for improvements in the Department presided over by him are earnestly recommended to you, special attention. Especially do I recommend favorable consideration of the plan for uniting the telegraphic system of the United States with the postal system. It is believed that by such a course the cost of telegraphing could be much reduced, and the service as well, if not better, rendered. It would secure the further advantage of extending the telegraph through portions of the country where private enterprise will not construct it. Commerce, trade, and, above all, the efforts to bring a people widely separated into a community of interest are always benefited by a rapid intercommunication. Education, the groundwork of republican institutions, is encouraged by increasing the facilities to gather speedy news from all parts of the country. The desire to reap the benefit of such improvements will stimulate education. I refer you to the report of the Postmaster-General for full details of the operations of last year and for comparative statements of results with former years. There has been imposed upon the executive branch of the Government the execution of the act of Congress approved April 20, 1871, and commonly known as the Kuklux law, in a portion of the State of South Carolina. The necessity of the course pursued will be demonstrated by the report of the Committee to Investigate Southern Outrages. Under the provisions of the above act I issued a proclamation calling the attention of the people of the United States to the same, and declaring my reluctance to exercise any of the extraordinary powers thereby conferred upon me, except in case of imperative necessity, but making known my purpose to exercise such powers whenever it should become necessary to do so for the purpose of securing to all citizens of the United States the peaceful enjoyment of the rights guaranteed to them by the Constitution and the laws. After the passage of this law information was received from time to time that combinations of the character referred to in this law existed and were powerful in many parts of the Southern States, particularly in certain counties in the State of South Carolina. Careful investigation was made, and it was ascertained that in nine counties of that State such combinations were active and powerful, embracing a sufficient portion of the citizens to control the local authority, and having, among other things, the object of depriving the emancipated class of the substantial benefits of freedom and of preventing the free political action of those citizens who did not sympathize with their own views. Among their operations were frequent scourgings and occasional assassinations, generally perpetrated at night by disguised persons, the victims in almost all cases being citizens of different political sentiments from their own or freed persons who had shown a disposition to claim equal rights with other citizens. Thousands of inoffensive and well disposed citizens were the sufferers by this lawless violence, Thereupon, on the 12th of October, 1871, a proclamation was issued, in terms of the law, calling upon the members of those combinations to disperse within five days and to deliver to the marshal or military officers of the United States all arms, ammunition, uniforms, disguises, and other means and implements used by them for carrying out their unlawful purposes. This warning not having been heeded, on the 17th of October another proclamation was issued, suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in nine counties in that State. Direction was given that within the counties so designated persons supposed, upon creditable information, to be members of such unlawful combinations should be arrested by the military forces of the United States and delivered to the marshal, to be dealt with according to law. In two of said counties, York and Spartanburg, many arrests have been made. At the last account the number of persons thus arrested was 168. Several hundred, whose criminality was ascertained to be of an inferior degree, were released for the present. These have generally made confessions of their guilt. Great caution has been exercised in making these arrests, and, notwithstanding the large number, it is believed that no innocent person is now in custody. The prisoners will be held for regular trial in the judicial tribunals of the United States. As soon as it appeared that the authorities of the United States were about to take vigorous measures to enforce the law, many persons absconded, and there is good ground for supposing that all of such persons have violated the law. A full report of what has been done under this law will be submitted to Congress by the Attorney-General. In Utah there still remains a remnant of barbarism, repugnant to civilization, to decency, and to the laws of the United States. Territorial officers, however, have been found who are willing to perform their duty in a spirit of equity and with a due sense of the necessity of sustaining the majesty of the law. Neither polygamy nor any other violation of existing statutes will be permitted within the territory of the United States. It is not with the religion of the self-styled Saints that we are now dealing, but with their practices. They will be protected in the worship of God according to the dictates of their consciences, but they will not be permitted to violate the laws under the cloak of religion. It may be advisable for Congress to consider what, in the execution of the laws against polygamy, is to be the status of plural wives and their offspring. The propriety of Congress passing an enabling act authorizing the Territorial legislature of Utah to legitimize all children born prior to a time fixed in the act might be justified by its humanity to these innocent children. This is a suggestion only, and not a recommendation. The policy pursued toward the Indians has resulted favorably, so far as can be judged from the limited time during which it has been in operation. Through the exertions of the various societies of Christians to whom has been intrusted the execution of the policy, and the board of commissioners authorized by the law of April 10, 1869, many tribes of Indians have been induced to settle upon reservations, to cultivate the soil, to perform productive labor of various kinds, and to partially accept civilization. They are being cared for in such a way, it is hoped, as to induce those still pursuing their old habits of life to embrace the only opportunity which is left them to avoid extermination. I recommend liberal appropriations to carry out the Indian peace policy, not only because it is humane, Christian like, and economical, but because it is right. I recommend to your favorable consideration also the policy of granting a Territorial government to the Indians in the Indian Territory west of Arkansas and Missouri and south of Kansas. In doing so every right guaranteed to the Indian by treaty should be secured. Such a course might in time be the means of collecting most of the Indians now between the Missouri and the Pacific and south of the British possessions into one Territory or one State. The Secretary of the Interior has treated upon this subject at length, and I commend to you his suggestions. I renew my recommendation that the public lands be regarded as a heritage to our children, to be disposed of only as required for occupation and to actual settlers. Those already granted have been in great part disposed of in such a way as to secure access to the balance by the hardy settler who may wish to avail himself of them, but caution should be exercised even in attaining so desirable an object. Educational interest may well be served by the grant of the proceeds of the sale of public lands to settlers. I do not wish to be understood as recommending in the least degree a curtailment of what is being done by the General Government for the encouragement of education. The report of the Secretary of the Interior submitted with this will give you all the information collected and prepared for publication in regard to the census taken during the year 1870; the operations of the Bureau of Education for the year; the Patent Office; the Pension Office; the Land Office, and the Indian Bureau. The report of the Commissioner of Agriculture gives the operations of his Department for the year. As agriculture is the groundwork of our prosperity, too much importance can not be attached to the labors of this Department. It is in the hands of an able head, with able assistants, all zealously devoted to introducing into the agricultural productions of the nation all useful products adapted to any of the various climates and soils of our vast territory, and to giving all useful information as to the method of cultivation, the plants, cereals, and other products adapted to particular localities. Quietly but surely the Agricultural Bureau is working a great national good, and if liberally supported the more widely its influence will be extended and the less dependent we shall be upon the products of foreign countries. The subject of compensation to the heads of bureaus and officials holding positions of responsibility, and requiring ability and character to fill properly, is one to which your attention is invited. But few of the officials receive a compensation equal to the respectable support of a family, while their duties are such as to involve millions of interest. In private life services demand compensation equal to the services rendered; a wise economy would dictate the same rule in the Government service. I have not given the estimates for the support of Government for the ensuing year, nor the comparative statement between the expenditures for the year just passed and the one just preceding, because all these figures are contained in the accompanying reports or in those presented directly to Congress. These estimates have my approval. More than six years having elapsed since the last hostile gun was fired between the armies then arrayed against each other--one for the perpetuation, the other for the destruction, of the Union--it may well be considered whether it is not now time that the disabilities imposed by the fourteenth amendment should be removed. That amendment does not exclude the ballot, but only imposes the disability to hold offices upon certain classes. When the purity of the ballot is secure, majorities are sure to elect officers reflecting the views of the majority. I do not see the advantage or propriety of excluding men from office merely because they were before the rebellion of standing and character sufficient to be elected to positions requiring them to take oaths to support the Constitution, and admitting to eligibility those entertaining precisely the same views, but of less standing in their communities. It may be said that the former violated an oath, while the latter did not; the latter did not have it in their power to do so. If they had taken this oath, it can not be doubted they would have broken it as did the former class. If there are any great criminals, distinguished above all others for the part they took in opposition to the Government, they might, in the judgment of Congress, be excluded from such an amnesty. This subject is submitted for your careful consideration. The condition of the Southern States is, unhappily, not such as all true patriotic citizens would like to see. Social ostracism for opinion's sake, personal violence or threats toward persons entertaining political views opposed to those entertained by the majority of the old citizens, prevents immigration and the flow of much-needed capital into the States lately in rebellion. It will be a happy condition of the country when the old citizens of these States will take an interest in public affairs, promulgate ideas honestly entertained, vote for men representing their views, and tolerate the same freedom of expression and ballot in those entertaining different political convictions. Under the provisions of the act of Congress approved February 21, 1871, a Territorial government was organized in the District of Columbia. Its results have thus far fully realized the expectations of its advocates. Under the direction of the Territorial officers, a system of improvements has been inaugurated by means of which Washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the nation's capital. The citizens of the District having voluntarily taxed themselves to a large amount for the purpose of contributing to the adornment of the seat of Government, I recommend liberal appropriations on the part of Congress, in order that the Government may bear its just share of the expense of carrying out a judicious system of improvements. By the great fire in Chicago the most important of the Government buildings in that city were consumed. Those burned had already become inadequate to the wants of the Government in that growing city, and, looking to the near future, were totally inadequate. I recommend, therefore, that an appropriation be made immediately to purchase the remainder of the square on which the burned buildings stood, provided it can be purchased at a fair valuation, or provided that the legislature of Illinois will pass a law authorizing its condemnation for Government purposes; and also an appropriation of as much money as can properly be expended toward the erection of new buildings during this fiscal year. The number of immigrants ignorant of our laws, habits, etc., coming into our country annually has become so great and the impositions practiced upon them so numerous and flagrant that I suggest Congressional action for their protection. It seems to me a fair subject of legislation by Congress. I can not now state as fully as I desire the nature of the complaints made by immigrants of the treatment they receive, but will endeavor to do so during the session of Congress, particularly if the subject should receive your attention. It has been the aim of the Administration to enforce honesty and efficiency in all public offices. Every public servant who has violated the trust placed in him has been proceeded against with all the rigor of the law. If bad men have secured places, it has been the fault of the system established by law and custom for making appointments, or the fault of those who recommend for Government positions persons not sufficiently well known to them personally, or who give letters indorsing the characters of office seekers without a proper sense of the grave responsibility which such a course devolves upon them. A civil-service reform which can correct this abuse is much desired. In mercantile pursuits the business man who gives a letter of recommendation to a friend to enable him to obtain credit from a stranger is regarded as morally responsible for the integrity of his friend and his ability to meet his obligations. A reformatory law which would enforce this principle against all indorsers of persons for public place would insure great caution in making recommendations. A salutary lesson has been taught the careless and the dishonest public servant in the great number of prosecutions and convictions of the last two years. It is gratifying to notice the favorable change which is taking place throughout the country in bringing to punishment those who have proven recreant to the trusts confided to them and in elevating to public office none but those who possess the confidence of the honest and the virtuous, who, it will always be found, comprise the majority of the community in which they live. In my message to Congress one year ago I urgently recommended a reform in the civil service of the country. In conformity with that recommendation Congress, in the ninth section of "An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Government, and for other purposes," approved March 3, 1871, gave the necessary authority to the Executive to inaugurate a civil-service reform, and placed upon him the responsibility of doing so. Under the authority of said act I convened a board of gentlemen eminently qualified for the work to devise rules and regulations to effect the needed reform. Their labors are not yet complete, but it is believed that they will succeed in devising a plan that can be adopted to the great relief of the Executive, the heads of Departments, and members of Congress, and which will redound to the true interest of the public service. At all events, the experiment shall have a fair trial. I have thus hastily summed up the operations of the Government during the last year, and made such suggestions as occur to me to be proper for your consideration. I submit them with a confidence that your combined action will be wise, statesmanlike, and in the best interests of the whole country.
in addressing my third annual message to the branch of the government it is gratifying to be able to state that during the past year success has generally attended the effort to execute all laws found upon the statute books the policy has been not to inquire into the wisdom of laws already enacted but to learn their spirit and intent and to enforce them accordingly the past year has under a wise providence been one of general prosperity to the nation it has however been attended with more than usual chastisements in the loss of life and property by storm and fire these disasters have served to call forth the best elements of human nature in our country and to develop a friendship for us on the part of foreign nations which goes far toward alleviating the distresses occasioned by these calamities the benevolent who have so generously shared their means with the victims of these misfortunes will reap their reward in the consciousness of having performed a noble act and in receiving the grateful thanks of men women and children whose sufferings they have relieved the relations of the united states with foreign powers continue to be friendly the year has been an eventful one in witnessing two great nations speaking one language and having one lineage settling by peaceful arbitration disputes of long standing and liable at any time to bring those nations into bloody and costly conflict an example has thus been set which if successful in its final issue may be followed by other civilized nations and finally be the means of returning to productive industry millions of men now maintained to settle the disputes of nations by the bayonet and the broadside i transmit herewith a copy of the treaty alluded to which has been concluded since the adjournment of congress with her britannic majesty and a copy of the protocols of the conferences of the commissioners by whom it was negotiated this treaty provides methods for adjusting the questions pending between the two nations various questions are to be adjusted by arbitration i recommend congress at an early day to make the necessary provision for the tribunal at geneva and for the several commissioners on the part of the united states called for by the treaty his majesty the king of italy the president of the swiss confederation and his majesty the emperor of brazil have each consented on the joint request of the two powers to name an arbiter for the tribunal at geneva i have caused my thanks to be suitably expressed for the readiness with which the joint request has been complied with by the appointment of gentlemen of eminence and learning to these important positions his majesty the emperor of germany has been pleased to comply with the joint request of the two governments and has consented to act as the arbitrator of the disputed water boundary between the united states and great britain the contracting parties in the treaty have undertaken to regard as between themselves certain principles of public law for which the united states have contended from the commencement of their history they have also agreed to bring those principles to the knowledge of the other maritime powers and to invite them to accede to them negotiations are going on as to the form of the note by which the invitation is to be extended to the other powers i recommend the legislation necessary on the part of the united states to bring into operation the articles of the treaty relating to the fisheries and to the other matters touching the relations of the united states toward the british north american possessions to become operative so soon as the proper legislation shall be had on the part of great britain and its possessions it is much to be desired that this legislation may become operative before the fishermen of the united states begin to make their arrangements for the coming season i have addressed a communication of which a copy is transmitted herewith to the governors of new york pennsylvania ohio indiana michigan illinois and wisconsin urging upon the governments of those states respectively the necessary action on their part to carry into effect the object of the article of the treaty which contemplates the use of the canals on either side connected with the navigation of the lakes and rivers forming the boundary on terms of equality by the inhabitants of both countries it is hoped that the importance of the object and the benefits to flow therefrom will secure the speedy approval and legislative sanction of the states concerned i renew the recommendation for an appropriation for determining the true position of the parallel of latitude where it forms the boundary between the united states and the british north american possessions between the lake of the woods and the summit of the rocky mountains the early action of congress on this recommendation would put it in the power of the war department to place a force in the field during the next summer the resumption of diplomatic relations between france and germany has enabled me to give directions for the withdrawal of the protection extended to germans in france by the diplomatic and consular representatives of the united states in that country it is just to add that the delicate duty of this protection has been performed by the minister and the at paris and the various consuls in france under the supervision of the latter with great kindness as well as with prudence and tact their course has received the commendation of the german government and has wounded no susceptibility of the french the government of the emperor of germany continues to manifest a friendly feeling toward the united states and a desire to harmonize with the moderate and just policy which this government maintains in its relations with asiatic powers as well as with the south american republics i have given assurances that the friendly feelings of that government are fully shared by the united states the ratifications of the consular and naturalization conventions with the empire have been exchanged i have been officially informed of the annexation of the states of the church to the kingdom of italy and the removal of the capital of that kingdom to rome in conformity with the established policy of the united states i have recognized this change the ratifications of the new treaty of commerce between the united states and italy have been exchanged the two powers have agreed in this treaty that private property at sea shall be exempt from capture in case of war between the two powers the united states have spared no opportunity of incorporating this rule into the obligation of nations the congress at its third session made an appropriation for the organization of a mixed commission for adjudicating upon the claims of citizens of the united states against spain growing out of the insurrection in cuba that commission has since been organized i transmit herewith the correspondence relating to its formation and its jurisdiction it is to be hoped that this commission will afford the claimants a complete remedy for their injuries it has been made the agreeable duty of the united states to preside over a conference at washington between the plenipotentiaries of spain and the allied south american republics which has resulted in an armistice with the reasonable assurance of a permanent peace the intimate friendly relations which have so long existed between the united states and russia continue undisturbed the visit of the third son of the emperor is a proof that there is no desire on the part of his government to diminish the cordiality of those relations the hospitable reception which has been given to the grand duke is a proof that on our side we share the wishes of that government the inexcusable course of the russian minister at washington rendered it necessary to ask his recall and to decline to longer receive that functionary as a diplomatic representative it was impossible with or with a just regard to the dignity of the country to permit catacazy to continue to hold intercourse with this government after his personal abuse of government officials and during his persistent interferences through various means with the relations between the united states and other powers in accordance with my wishes this government has been relieved of further intercourse with catacazy and the management of the affairs of the imperial legation has passed into the hands of a gentleman entirely unobjectionable with japan we continue to maintain intimate relations the cabinet of the mikado has since the close of the last session of congress selected citizens of the united states to serve in offices of importance in several departments of government i have reason to think that this selection is due to an appreciation of the disinterestedness of the policy which the united states have pursued toward japan it is our desire to continue to maintain this disinterested and just policy with china as well as japan the correspondence transmitted herewith shows that there is no disposition on the part of this government to swerve from its established course prompted by a desire to put an end to the barbarous treatment of our shipwrecked sailors on the korean coast i instructed our minister at peking to endeavor to conclude a convention with korea for securing the safety and humane treatment of such mariners admiral rodgers was instructed to accompany him with a sufficient force to protect him in case of need a small surveying party sent out on reaching the coast was treacherously attacked at a disadvantage ample opportunity was given for explanation and apology for the insult neither came a force was then landed after an arduous march over a rugged and difficult country the forts from which the outrages had been committed were reduced by a gallant assault and were destroyed having thus punished the criminals and having vindicated the honor of the flag the expedition returned finding it impracticable under the circumstances to conclude the desired convention i respectfully refer to the correspondence relating thereto herewith submitted and leave the subject for such action as congress may see fit to take the republic of mexico has not yet repealed the very objectionable laws establishing what is known as the free zone on the frontier of the united states it is hoped that this may yet be done and also that more stringent measures may be taken by that republic for restraining lawless persons on its frontiers i hope that mexico by its own action will soon relieve this government of the difficulties experienced from these causes our relations with the various republics of central and south america continue with one exception to be cordial and friendly i recommend some action by congress regarding the overdue installments under the award of the venezuelan claims commission of 1866 the internal dissensions of this government present no justification for the absence of effort to meet their solemn treaty obligations the ratification of an extradition treaty with nicaragua has been exchanged it is a subject for congratulation that the great empire of brazil has taken the initiatory step toward the abolition of slavery our relations with that empire always cordial will naturally be made more so by this act it is not too much to hope that the government of brazil may hereafter find it for its interest as well as intrinsically right to advance toward entire emancipation more rapidly than the present act contemplates the true prosperity and greatness of a nation is to be found in the elevation and education of its laborers it is a subject for regret that the reforms in this direction which were voluntarily promised by the statesmen of spain have not been carried out in its west india colonies the laws and regulations for the apparent abolition of slavery in cuba and porto rico leave most of the laborers in bondage with no hope of release until their lives become a burden to their employers i desire to direct your attention to the fact that citizens of the united states or persons claiming to be citizens of the united states are large holders in foreign lands of this species of property forbidden by the fundamental law of their alleged country i recommend to congress to provide by stringent legislation a suitable remedy against the holding owning or dealing in slaves or being interested in slave property in foreign lands either as owners hirers or mortgagors by citizens of the united states it is to be regretted that the disturbed condition of the island of cuba continues to be a source of annoyance and of anxiety the existence of a protracted struggle in such close proximity to our own territory without apparent prospect of an early termination can not be other than an object of concern to a people who while abstaining from interference in the affairs of other powers naturally desire to see every country in the undisturbed enjoyment of peace liberty and the blessings of free institutions our naval commanders in cuban waters have been instructed in case it should become necessary to spare no effort to protect the lives and property of bona fide american citizens and to maintain the dignity of the flag it is hoped that all pending questions with spain growing out of the affairs in cuba may be adjusted in the spirit of peace and conciliation which has hitherto guided the two powers in their treatment of such questions to give importance to and to add to the efficiency of our diplomatic relations with japan and china and to further aid in retaining the good opinion of those peoples and to secure to the united states its share of the commerce destined to flow between those nations and the balance of the commercial world i earnestly recommend that an appropriation be made to support at least four american youths in each of those countries to serve as a part of the official family of our ministers there our representatives would not even then be placed upon an equality with the representatives of great britain and of some other powers as now situated our representatives in japan and china have to depend for interpreters and translators upon natives of those countries who know our language imperfectly or procure for the occasion the services of employees in foreign business houses or the interpreters to other foreign ministers i would also recommend liberal measures for the purpose of supporting the american lines of steamers now plying between san francisco and japan and china and the australian line almost our only remaining lines of ocean steamers and of increasing their services the national debt has been reduced to the extent of during the year and by the negotiation of national bonds at a lower rate of interest the interest on the public debt has been so far diminished that now the sum to be raised for the interest account is nearly less than on the 1st of march 1869 it was highly desirable that this rapid diminution should take place both to strengthen the credit of the country and to convince its citizens of their entire ability to meet every dollar of liability without bankrupting them but in view of the accomplishment of these desirable ends of the rapid development of the resources of the country its increasing ability to meet large demands and the amount already paid it is not desirable that the present resources of the country should continue to be taxed in order to continue this rapid payment i therefore recommend a modification of both the tariff and law i recommend that all taxes from internal sources be abolished except those collected from spirituous vinous and malt liquors tobacco in its various forms and from stamps in readjusting the tariff i suggest that a careful estimate be made of the amount of surplus revenue collected under the present laws after providing for the current expenses of the government the interest count and a sinking fund and that this surplus be reduced in such a manner as to afford the greatest relief to the greatest number there are many articles not produced at home but which enter largely into general consumption through articles which are manufactured at home such as medicines compounded from which very little revenue is derived but which enter into general use all such articles i recommend to be placed on the free list should a further reduction prove advisable i would then recommend that it be made upon those articles which can best bear it without disturbing home production or reducing the wages of american labor i have not entered into figures because to do so would be to repeat what will be laid before you in the report of the secretary of the treasury the present laws for collecting revenue pay collectors of customs small salaries but provide for moieties shares in all seizures which at principal ports of entry particularly raise the compensation of those officials to a large sum it has always seemed to me as if this system must at times work perniciously it holds out an inducement to dishonest men should such get possession of those offices to be lax in their scrutiny of goods entered to enable them finally to make large seizures your attention is respectfully invited to this subject continued fluctuations in the value of gold as compared with the national currency has a most damaging effect upon the increase and development of the country in keeping up prices of all articles necessary in everyday life it fosters a spirit of gambling prejudicial alike to national morals and the national finances if the question can be met as to how to get a fixed value to our currency that value constantly and uniformly approaching par with specie a very desirable object will be gained for the operations of the army in the past year the expense of maintaining it the estimate for the ensuing year and for continuing seacoast and other improvements conducted under the supervision of the war department i refer you to the accompanying report of the secretary of war i call your attention to the provisions of the act of congress approved march 3 1869 which discontinues promotions in the staff corps of the army until provided for by law i recommend that the number of officers in each grade in the staff corps be fixed and that whenever the number in any one grade falls below the number so fixed that the vacancy may be filled by promotion from the grade below i also recommend that when the office of chief of a corps becomes vacant the place may be filled by selection from the corps in which the vacancy exists the report of the secretary of the navy shows an improvement in the number and efficiency of the naval force without material increase in the expense of supporting it this is due to the policy which has been adopted and is being extended as fast as our material will admit of using smaller vessels as cruisers on the several stations by this means we have been enabled to occupy at once a larger extent of cruising grounds to visit more frequently the ports where the presence of our flag is desirable and generally to discharge more efficiently the appropriate duties of the navy in time of peace without exceeding the number of men or the expenditure authorized by law during the past year the navy has in addition to its regular service supplied the men and officers for the vessels of the coast survey and has completed the surveys authorized by congress of the isthmuses of darien and tehuantepec and under like authority has sent out an expedition completely furnished and equipped to explore the unknown ocean of the north the suggestions of the report as to the necessity for increasing and improving the materiel of the navy and the plan recommended for reducing the personnel of the service to a peace standard by the gradual abolition of certain grades of officers the reduction of others and the employment of some in the service of the commercial marine are well considered and deserve the thoughtful attention of congress i also recommend that all promotions in the navy above the rank of captain be by selection instead of by seniority this course will secure in the higher grades greater efficiency and hold out an incentive to young officers to improve themselves in the knowledge of their profession the present cost of maintaining the navy its cost compared with that of the preceding year and the estimates for the ensuing year are contained in the accompanying report of the secretary of the navy the enlarged receipts of the department as shown by the accompanying report of the exhibit a gratifying increase in that branch of the public service it is the index of the growth of education and of the prosperity of the people two elements highly conducive to the vigor and stability of republics with a vast territory like ours much of it sparsely populated but all requiring the services of the mail it is not at present to be expected that this department can be made but a gradual approach to this end from year to year is confidently relied on and the day is not far distant when the department of the government will prove a much greater blessing to the whole people than it is now the suggestions of the for improvements in the department presided over by him are earnestly recommended to you special attention especially do i recommend favorable consideration of the plan for uniting the telegraphic system of the united states with the postal system it is believed that by such a course the cost of telegraphing could be much reduced and the service as well if not better rendered it would secure the further advantage of extending the telegraph through portions of the country where private enterprise will not construct it commerce trade and above all the efforts to bring a people widely separated into a community of interest are always benefited by a rapid intercommunication education the groundwork of republican institutions is encouraged by increasing the facilities to gather speedy news from all parts of the country the desire to reap the benefit of such improvements will stimulate education i refer you to the report of the for full details of the operations of last year and for comparative statements of results with former years there has been imposed upon the executive branch of the government the execution of the act of congress approved april 20 1871 and commonly known as the kuklux law in a portion of the state of south carolina the necessity of the course pursued will be demonstrated by the report of the committee to investigate southern outrages under the provisions of the above act i issued a proclamation calling the attention of the people of the united states to the same and declaring my reluctance to exercise any of the extraordinary powers thereby conferred upon me except in case of imperative necessity but making known my purpose to exercise such powers whenever it should become necessary to do so for the purpose of securing to all citizens of the united states the peaceful enjoyment of the rights guaranteed to them by the constitution and the laws after the passage of this law information was received from time to time that combinations of the character referred to in this law existed and were powerful in many parts of the southern states particularly in certain counties in the state of south carolina careful investigation was made and it was ascertained that in nine counties of that state such combinations were active and powerful embracing a sufficient portion of the citizens to control the local authority and having among other things the object of depriving the emancipated class of the substantial benefits of freedom and of preventing the free political action of those citizens who did not sympathize with their own views among their operations were frequent scourgings and occasional assassinations generally perpetrated at night by disguised persons the victims in almost all cases being citizens of different political sentiments from their own or freed persons who had shown a disposition to claim equal rights with other citizens thousands of inoffensive and well disposed citizens were the sufferers by this lawless violence thereupon on the 12th of october 1871 a proclamation was issued in terms of the law calling upon the members of those combinations to disperse within five days and to deliver to the marshal or military officers of the united states all arms ammunition uniforms disguises and other means and implements used by them for carrying out their unlawful purposes this warning not having been heeded on the 17th of october another proclamation was issued suspending the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus in nine counties in that state direction was given that within the counties so designated persons supposed upon creditable information to be members of such unlawful combinations should be arrested by the military forces of the united states and delivered to the marshal to be dealt with according to law in two of said counties york and spartanburg many arrests have been made at the last account the number of persons thus arrested was 168 several hundred whose criminality was ascertained to be of an inferior degree were released for the present these have generally made confessions of their guilt great caution has been exercised in making these arrests and notwithstanding the large number it is believed that no innocent person is now in custody the prisoners will be held for regular trial in the judicial tribunals of the united states as soon as it appeared that the authorities of the united states were about to take vigorous measures to enforce the law many persons absconded and there is good ground for supposing that all of such persons have violated the law a full report of what has been done under this law will be submitted to congress by the in utah there still remains a remnant of barbarism repugnant to civilization to decency and to the laws of the united states territorial officers however have been found who are willing to perform their duty in a spirit of equity and with a due sense of the necessity of sustaining the majesty of the law neither polygamy nor any other violation of existing statutes will be permitted within the territory of the united states it is not with the religion of the saints that we are now dealing but with their practices they will be protected in the worship of god according to the dictates of their consciences but they will not be permitted to violate the laws under the cloak of religion it may be advisable for congress to consider what in the execution of the laws against polygamy is to be the status of plural wives and their offspring the propriety of congress passing an enabling act authorizing the territorial legislature of utah to legitimize all children born prior to a time fixed in the act might be justified by its humanity to these innocent children this is a suggestion only and not a recommendation the policy pursued toward the indians has resulted favorably so far as can be judged from the limited time during which it has been in operation through the exertions of the various societies of christians to whom has been intrusted the execution of the policy and the board of commissioners authorized by the law of april 10 1869 many tribes of indians have been induced to settle upon reservations to cultivate the soil to perform productive labor of various kinds and to partially accept civilization they are being cared for in such a way it is hoped as to induce those still pursuing their old habits of life to embrace the only opportunity which is left them to avoid extermination i recommend liberal appropriations to carry out the indian peace policy not only because it is humane christian like and economical but because it is right i recommend to your favorable consideration also the policy of granting a territorial government to the indians in the indian territory west of arkansas and missouri and south of kansas in doing so every right guaranteed to the indian by treaty should be secured such a course might in time be the means of collecting most of the indians now between the missouri and the pacific and south of the british possessions into one territory or one state the secretary of the interior has treated upon this subject at length and i commend to you his suggestions i renew my recommendation that the public lands be regarded as a heritage to our children to be disposed of only as required for occupation and to actual settlers those already granted have been in great part disposed of in such a way as to secure access to the balance by the hardy settler who may wish to avail himself of them but caution should be exercised even in attaining so desirable an object educational interest may well be served by the grant of the proceeds of the sale of public lands to settlers i do not wish to be understood as recommending in the least degree a curtailment of what is being done by the general government for the encouragement of education the report of the secretary of the interior submitted with this will give you all the information collected and prepared for publication in regard to the census taken during the year 1870 the operations of the bureau of education for the year the patent office the pension office the land office and the indian bureau the report of the commissioner of agriculture gives the operations of his department for the year as agriculture is the groundwork of our prosperity too much importance can not be attached to the labors of this department it is in the hands of an able head with able assistants all zealously devoted to introducing into the agricultural productions of the nation all useful products adapted to any of the various climates and soils of our vast territory and to giving all useful information as to the method of cultivation the plants cereals and other products adapted to particular localities quietly but surely the agricultural bureau is working a great national good and if liberally supported the more widely its influence will be extended and the less dependent we shall be upon the products of foreign countries the subject of compensation to the heads of bureaus and officials holding positions of responsibility and requiring ability and character to fill properly is one to which your attention is invited but few of the officials receive a compensation equal to the respectable support of a family while their duties are such as to involve millions of interest in private life services demand compensation equal to the services rendered a wise economy would dictate the same rule in the government service i have not given the estimates for the support of government for the ensuing year nor the comparative statement between the expenditures for the year just passed and the one just preceding because all these figures are contained in the accompanying reports or in those presented directly to congress these estimates have my approval more than six years having elapsed since the last hostile gun was fired between the armies then arrayed against each other one for the perpetuation the other for the destruction of the union it may well be considered whether it is not now time that the disabilities imposed by the fourteenth amendment should be removed that amendment does not exclude the ballot but only imposes the disability to hold offices upon certain classes when the purity of the ballot is secure majorities are sure to elect officers reflecting the views of the majority i do not see the advantage or propriety of excluding men from office merely because they were before the rebellion of standing and character sufficient to be elected to positions requiring them to take oaths to support the constitution and admitting to eligibility those entertaining precisely the same views but of less standing in their communities it may be said that the former violated an oath while the latter did not the latter did not have it in their power to do so if they had taken this oath it can not be doubted they would have broken it as did the former class if there are any great criminals distinguished above all others for the part they took in opposition to the government they might in the judgment of congress be excluded from such an amnesty this subject is submitted for your careful consideration the condition of the southern states is unhappily not such as all true patriotic citizens would like to see social ostracism for opinion sake personal violence or threats toward persons entertaining political views opposed to those entertained by the majority of the old citizens prevents immigration and the flow of capital into the states lately in rebellion it will be a happy condition of the country when the old citizens of these states will take an interest in public affairs promulgate ideas honestly entertained vote for men representing their views and tolerate the same freedom of expression and ballot in those entertaining different political convictions under the provisions of the act of congress approved february 21 1871 a territorial government was organized in the district of columbia its results have thus far fully realized the expectations of its advocates under the direction of the territorial officers a system of improvements has been inaugurated by means of which washington is rapidly becoming a city worthy of the nation capital the citizens of the district having voluntarily taxed themselves to a large amount for the purpose of contributing to the adornment of the seat of government i recommend liberal appropriations on the part of congress in order that the government may bear its just share of the expense of carrying out a judicious system of improvements by the great fire in chicago the most important of the government buildings in that city were consumed those burned had already become inadequate to the wants of the government in that growing city and looking to the near future were totally inadequate i recommend therefore that an appropriation be made immediately to purchase the remainder of the square on which the burned buildings stood provided it can be purchased at a fair valuation or provided that the legislature of illinois will pass a law authorizing its condemnation for government purposes and also an appropriation of as much money as can properly be expended toward the erection of new buildings during this fiscal year the number of immigrants ignorant of our laws habits coming into our country annually has become so great and the impositions practiced upon them so numerous and flagrant that i suggest congressional action for their protection it seems to me a fair subject of legislation by congress i can not now state as fully as i desire the nature of the complaints made by immigrants of the treatment they receive but will endeavor to do so during the session of congress particularly if the subject should receive your attention it has been the aim of the administration to enforce honesty and efficiency in all public offices every public servant who has violated the trust placed in him has been proceeded against with all the rigor of the law if bad men have secured places it has been the fault of the system established by law and custom for making appointments or the fault of those who recommend for government positions persons not sufficiently well known to them personally or who give letters indorsing the characters of office seekers without a proper sense of the grave responsibility which such a course devolves upon them a reform which can correct this abuse is much desired in mercantile pursuits the business man who gives a letter of recommendation to a friend to enable him to obtain credit from a stranger is regarded as morally responsible for the integrity of his friend and his ability to meet his obligations a reformatory law which would enforce this principle against all indorsers of persons for public place would insure great caution in making recommendations a salutary lesson has been taught the careless and the dishonest public servant in the great number of prosecutions and convictions of the last two years it is gratifying to notice the favorable change which is taking place throughout the country in bringing to punishment those who have proven recreant to the trusts confided to them and in elevating to public office none but those who possess the confidence of the honest and the virtuous who it will always be found comprise the majority of the community in which they live in my message to congress one year ago i urgently recommended a reform in the civil service of the country in conformity with that recommendation congress in the ninth section of an act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the government and for other purposes approved march 3 1871 gave the necessary authority to the executive to inaugurate a reform and placed upon him the responsibility of doing so under the authority of said act i convened a board of gentlemen eminently qualified for the work to devise rules and regulations to effect the needed reform their labors are not yet complete but it is believed that they will succeed in devising a plan that can be adopted to the great relief of the executive the heads of departments and members of congress and which will redound to the true interest of the public service at all events the experiment shall have a fair trial i have thus hastily summed up the operations of the government during the last year and made such suggestions as occur to me to be proper for your consideration i submit them with a confidence that your combined action will be wise statesmanlike and in the best interests of the whole country
addressing third annual message branch government gratifying able state past year success generally attended effort execute laws found upon statute books policy inquire wisdom laws already enacted learn spirit intent enforce accordingly past year wise providence one general prosperity nation however attended usual chastisements loss life property storm fire disasters served call forth best elements human nature country develop friendship us part foreign nations goes far toward alleviating distresses occasioned calamities benevolent generously shared means victims misfortunes reap reward consciousness performed noble act receiving grateful thanks men women children whose sufferings relieved relations united states foreign powers continue friendly year eventful one witnessing two great nations speaking one language one lineage settling peaceful arbitration disputes long standing liable time bring nations bloody costly conflict example thus set successful final issue may followed civilized nations finally means returning productive industry millions men maintained settle disputes nations bayonet broadside transmit herewith copy treaty alluded concluded since adjournment congress britannic majesty copy protocols conferences commissioners negotiated treaty provides methods adjusting questions pending two nations various questions adjusted arbitration recommend congress early day make necessary provision tribunal geneva several commissioners part united states called treaty majesty king italy president swiss confederation majesty emperor brazil consented joint request two powers name arbiter tribunal geneva caused thanks suitably expressed readiness joint request complied appointment gentlemen eminence learning important positions majesty emperor germany pleased comply joint request two governments consented act arbitrator disputed water boundary united states great britain contracting parties treaty undertaken regard certain principles public law united states contended commencement history also agreed bring principles knowledge maritime powers invite accede negotiations going form note invitation extended powers recommend legislation necessary part united states bring operation articles treaty relating fisheries matters touching relations united states toward british north american possessions become operative soon proper legislation shall part great britain possessions much desired legislation may become operative fishermen united states begin make arrangements coming season addressed communication copy transmitted herewith governors new york pennsylvania ohio indiana michigan illinois wisconsin urging upon governments states respectively necessary action part carry effect object article treaty contemplates use canals either side connected navigation lakes rivers forming boundary terms equality inhabitants countries hoped importance object benefits flow therefrom secure speedy approval legislative sanction states concerned renew recommendation appropriation determining true position parallel latitude forms boundary united states british north american possessions lake woods summit rocky mountains early action congress recommendation would put power war department place force field next summer resumption diplomatic relations france germany enabled give directions withdrawal protection extended germans france diplomatic consular representatives united states country add delicate duty protection performed minister paris various consuls france supervision latter great kindness well prudence tact course received commendation german government wounded susceptibility french government emperor germany continues manifest friendly feeling toward united states desire harmonize moderate policy government maintains relations asiatic powers well south american republics given assurances friendly feelings government fully shared united states ratifications consular naturalization conventions empire exchanged officially informed annexation states church kingdom italy removal capital kingdom rome conformity established policy united states recognized change ratifications new treaty commerce united states italy exchanged two powers agreed treaty private property sea shall exempt capture case war two powers united states spared opportunity incorporating rule obligation nations congress third session made appropriation organization mixed commission adjudicating upon claims citizens united states spain growing insurrection cuba commission since organized transmit herewith correspondence relating formation jurisdiction hoped commission afford claimants complete remedy injuries made agreeable duty united states preside conference washington plenipotentiaries spain allied south american republics resulted armistice reasonable assurance permanent peace intimate friendly relations long existed united states russia continue undisturbed visit third son emperor proof desire part government diminish cordiality relations hospitable reception given grand duke proof side share wishes government inexcusable course russian minister washington rendered necessary ask recall decline longer receive functionary diplomatic representative impossible regard dignity country permit catacazy continue hold intercourse government personal abuse government officials persistent interferences various means relations united states powers accordance wishes government relieved intercourse catacazy management affairs imperial legation passed hands gentleman entirely unobjectionable japan continue maintain intimate relations cabinet mikado since close last session congress selected citizens united states serve offices importance several departments government reason think selection due appreciation disinterestedness policy united states pursued toward japan desire continue maintain disinterested policy china well japan correspondence transmitted herewith shows disposition part government swerve established course prompted desire put end barbarous treatment shipwrecked sailors korean coast instructed minister peking endeavor conclude convention korea securing safety humane treatment mariners admiral rodgers instructed accompany sufficient force protect case need small surveying party sent reaching coast treacherously attacked disadvantage ample opportunity given explanation apology insult neither came force landed arduous march rugged difficult country forts outrages committed reduced gallant assault destroyed thus punished criminals vindicated honor flag expedition returned finding impracticable circumstances conclude desired convention respectfully refer correspondence relating thereto herewith submitted leave subject action congress may see fit take republic mexico yet repealed objectionable laws establishing known free zone frontier united states hoped may yet done also stringent measures may taken republic restraining lawless persons frontiers hope mexico action soon relieve government difficulties experienced causes relations various republics central south america continue one exception cordial friendly recommend action congress regarding overdue installments award venezuelan claims commission 1866 internal dissensions government present justification absence effort meet solemn treaty obligations ratification extradition treaty nicaragua exchanged subject congratulation great empire brazil taken initiatory step toward abolition slavery relations empire always cordial naturally made act much hope government brazil may hereafter find interest well intrinsically right advance toward entire emancipation rapidly present act contemplates true prosperity greatness nation found elevation education laborers subject regret reforms direction voluntarily promised statesmen spain carried west india colonies laws regulations apparent abolition slavery cuba porto rico leave laborers bondage hope release lives become burden employers desire direct attention fact citizens united states persons claiming citizens united states large holders foreign lands species property forbidden fundamental law alleged country recommend congress provide stringent legislation suitable remedy holding owning dealing slaves interested slave property foreign lands either owners hirers mortgagors citizens united states regretted disturbed condition island cuba continues source annoyance anxiety existence protracted struggle close proximity territory without apparent prospect early termination object concern people abstaining interference affairs powers naturally desire see every country undisturbed enjoyment peace liberty blessings free institutions naval commanders cuban waters instructed case become necessary spare effort protect lives property bona fide american citizens maintain dignity flag hoped pending questions spain growing affairs cuba may adjusted spirit peace conciliation hitherto guided two powers treatment questions give importance add efficiency diplomatic relations japan china aid retaining good opinion peoples secure united states share commerce destined flow nations balance commercial world earnestly recommend appropriation made support least four american youths countries serve part official family ministers representatives would even placed upon equality representatives great britain powers situated representatives japan china depend interpreters translators upon natives countries know language imperfectly procure occasion services employees foreign business houses interpreters foreign ministers would also recommend liberal measures purpose supporting american lines steamers plying san francisco japan china australian line almost remaining lines ocean steamers increasing services national debt reduced extent year negotiation national bonds lower rate interest interest public debt far diminished sum raised interest account nearly less 1st march 1869 highly desirable rapid diminution take place strengthen credit country convince citizens entire ability meet every dollar liability without bankrupting view accomplishment desirable ends rapid development resources country increasing ability meet large demands amount already paid desirable present resources country continue taxed order continue rapid payment therefore recommend modification tariff law recommend taxes internal sources abolished except collected spirituous vinous malt liquors tobacco various forms stamps readjusting tariff suggest careful estimate made amount surplus revenue collected present laws providing current expenses government interest count sinking fund surplus reduced manner afford greatest relief greatest number many articles produced home enter largely general consumption articles manufactured home medicines compounded little revenue derived enter general use articles recommend placed free list reduction prove advisable would recommend made upon articles best bear without disturbing home production reducing wages american labor entered figures would repeat laid report secretary treasury present laws collecting revenue pay collectors customs small salaries provide moieties shares seizures principal ports entry particularly raise compensation officials large sum always seemed system must times work perniciously holds inducement dishonest men get possession offices lax scrutiny goods entered enable finally make large seizures attention respectfully invited subject continued fluctuations value gold compared national currency damaging effect upon increase development country keeping prices articles necessary everyday life fosters spirit gambling prejudicial alike national morals national finances question met get fixed value currency value constantly uniformly approaching par specie desirable object gained operations army past year expense maintaining estimate ensuing year continuing seacoast improvements conducted supervision war department refer accompanying report secretary war call attention provisions act congress approved march 3 1869 discontinues promotions staff corps army provided law recommend number officers grade staff corps fixed whenever number one grade falls number fixed vacancy may filled promotion grade also recommend office chief corps becomes vacant place may filled selection corps vacancy exists report secretary navy shows improvement number efficiency naval force without material increase expense supporting due policy adopted extended fast material admit using smaller vessels cruisers several stations means enabled occupy larger extent cruising grounds visit frequently ports presence flag desirable generally discharge efficiently appropriate duties navy time peace without exceeding number men expenditure authorized law past year navy addition regular service supplied men officers vessels coast survey completed surveys authorized congress isthmuses darien tehuantepec like authority sent expedition completely furnished equipped explore unknown ocean north suggestions report necessity increasing improving materiel navy plan recommended reducing personnel service peace standard gradual abolition certain grades officers reduction others employment service commercial marine well considered deserve thoughtful attention congress also recommend promotions navy rank captain selection instead seniority course secure higher grades greater efficiency hold incentive young officers improve knowledge profession present cost maintaining navy cost compared preceding year estimates ensuing year contained accompanying report secretary navy enlarged receipts department shown accompanying report exhibit gratifying increase branch public service index growth education prosperity people two elements highly conducive vigor stability republics vast territory like much sparsely populated requiring services mail present expected department made gradual approach end year year confidently relied day far distant department government prove much greater blessing whole people suggestions improvements department presided earnestly recommended special attention especially recommend favorable consideration plan uniting telegraphic system united states postal system believed course cost telegraphing could much reduced service well better rendered would secure advantage extending telegraph portions country private enterprise construct commerce trade efforts bring people widely separated community interest always benefited rapid intercommunication education groundwork republican institutions encouraged increasing facilities gather speedy news parts country desire reap benefit improvements stimulate education refer report full details operations last year comparative statements results former years imposed upon executive branch government execution act congress approved april 20 1871 commonly known kuklux law portion state south carolina necessity course pursued demonstrated report committee investigate southern outrages provisions act issued proclamation calling attention people united states declaring reluctance exercise extraordinary powers thereby conferred upon except case imperative necessity making known purpose exercise powers whenever become necessary purpose securing citizens united states peaceful enjoyment rights guaranteed constitution laws passage law information received time time combinations character referred law existed powerful many parts southern states particularly certain counties state south carolina careful investigation made ascertained nine counties state combinations active powerful embracing sufficient portion citizens control local authority among things object depriving emancipated class substantial benefits freedom preventing free political action citizens sympathize views among operations frequent scourgings occasional assassinations generally perpetrated night disguised persons victims almost cases citizens different political sentiments freed persons shown disposition claim equal rights citizens thousands inoffensive well disposed citizens sufferers lawless violence thereupon 12th october 1871 proclamation issued terms law calling upon members combinations disperse within five days deliver marshal military officers united states arms ammunition uniforms disguises means implements used carrying unlawful purposes warning heeded 17th october another proclamation issued suspending privileges writ habeas corpus nine counties state direction given within counties designated persons supposed upon creditable information members unlawful combinations arrested military forces united states delivered marshal dealt according law two said counties york spartanburg many arrests made last account number persons thus arrested 168 several hundred whose criminality ascertained inferior degree released present generally made confessions guilt great caution exercised making arrests notwithstanding large number believed innocent person custody prisoners held regular trial judicial tribunals united states soon appeared authorities united states take vigorous measures enforce law many persons absconded good ground supposing persons violated law full report done law submitted congress utah still remains remnant barbarism repugnant civilization decency laws united states territorial officers however found willing perform duty spirit equity due sense necessity sustaining majesty law neither polygamy violation existing statutes permitted within territory united states religion saints dealing practices protected worship god according dictates consciences permitted violate laws cloak religion may advisable congress consider execution laws polygamy status plural wives offspring propriety congress passing enabling act authorizing territorial legislature utah legitimize children born prior time fixed act might justified humanity innocent children suggestion recommendation policy pursued toward indians resulted favorably far judged limited time operation exertions various societies christians intrusted execution policy board commissioners authorized law april 10 1869 many tribes indians induced settle upon reservations cultivate soil perform productive labor various kinds partially accept civilization cared way hoped induce still pursuing old habits life embrace opportunity left avoid extermination recommend liberal appropriations carry indian peace policy humane christian like economical right recommend favorable consideration also policy granting territorial government indians indian territory west arkansas missouri south kansas every right guaranteed indian treaty secured course might time means collecting indians missouri pacific south british possessions one territory one state secretary interior treated upon subject length commend suggestions renew recommendation public lands regarded heritage children disposed required occupation actual settlers already granted great part disposed way secure access balance hardy settler may wish avail caution exercised even attaining desirable object educational interest may well served grant proceeds sale public lands settlers wish understood recommending least degree curtailment done general government encouragement education report secretary interior submitted give information collected prepared publication regard census taken year 1870 operations bureau education year patent office pension office land office indian bureau report commissioner agriculture gives operations department year agriculture groundwork prosperity much importance attached labors department hands able head able assistants zealously devoted introducing agricultural productions nation useful products adapted various climates soils vast territory giving useful information method cultivation plants cereals products adapted particular localities quietly surely agricultural bureau working great national good liberally supported widely influence extended less dependent shall upon products foreign countries subject compensation heads bureaus officials holding positions responsibility requiring ability character fill properly one attention invited officials receive compensation equal respectable support family duties involve millions interest private life services demand compensation equal services rendered wise economy would dictate rule government service given estimates support government ensuing year comparative statement expenditures year passed one preceding figures contained accompanying reports presented directly congress estimates approval six years elapsed since last hostile gun fired armies arrayed one perpetuation destruction union may well considered whether time disabilities imposed fourteenth amendment removed amendment exclude ballot imposes disability hold offices upon certain classes purity ballot secure majorities sure elect officers reflecting views majority see advantage propriety excluding men office merely rebellion standing character sufficient elected positions requiring take oaths support constitution admitting eligibility entertaining precisely views less standing communities may said former violated oath latter latter power taken oath doubted would broken former class great criminals distinguished others part took opposition government might judgment congress excluded amnesty subject submitted careful consideration condition southern states unhappily true patriotic citizens would like see social ostracism opinion sake personal violence threats toward persons entertaining political views opposed entertained majority old citizens prevents immigration flow capital states lately rebellion happy condition country old citizens states take interest public affairs promulgate ideas honestly entertained vote men representing views tolerate freedom expression ballot entertaining different political convictions provisions act congress approved february 21 1871 territorial government organized district columbia results thus far fully realized expectations advocates direction territorial officers system improvements inaugurated means washington rapidly becoming city worthy nation capital citizens district voluntarily taxed large amount purpose contributing adornment seat government recommend liberal appropriations part congress order government may bear share expense carrying judicious system improvements great fire chicago important government buildings city consumed burned already become inadequate wants government growing city looking near future totally inadequate recommend therefore appropriation made immediately purchase remainder square burned buildings stood provided purchased fair valuation provided legislature illinois pass law authorizing condemnation government purposes also appropriation much money properly expended toward erection new buildings fiscal year number immigrants ignorant laws habits coming country annually become great impositions practiced upon numerous flagrant suggest congressional action protection seems fair subject legislation congress state fully desire nature complaints made immigrants treatment receive endeavor session congress particularly subject receive attention aim administration enforce honesty efficiency public offices every public servant violated trust placed proceeded rigor law bad men secured places fault system established law custom making appointments fault recommend government positions persons sufficiently well known personally give letters indorsing characters office seekers without proper sense grave responsibility course devolves upon reform correct abuse much desired mercantile pursuits business man gives letter recommendation friend enable obtain credit stranger regarded morally responsible integrity friend ability meet obligations reformatory law would enforce principle indorsers persons public place would insure great caution making recommendations salutary lesson taught careless dishonest public servant great number prosecutions convictions last two years gratifying notice favorable change taking place throughout country bringing punishment proven recreant trusts confided elevating public office none possess confidence honest virtuous always found comprise majority community live message congress one year ago urgently recommended reform civil service country conformity recommendation congress ninth section act making appropriations sundry civil expenses government purposes approved march 3 1871 gave necessary authority executive inaugurate reform placed upon responsibility authority said act convened board gentlemen eminently qualified work devise rules regulations effect needed reform labors yet complete believed succeed devising plan adopted great relief executive heads departments members congress redound true interest public service events experiment shall fair trial thus hastily summed operations government last year made suggestions occur proper consideration submit confidence combined action wise statesmanlike best interests whole country
address third annual message branch government gratify able state past year success generally attend effort execute law find upon statute book policy inquire wisdom law already enact learn spirit intent enforce accordingly past year wise providence one general prosperity nation however attend usual chastisement loss life property storm fire disaster serve call forth best element human nature country develop friendship u part foreign nation go far toward alleviate distress occasion calamity benevolent generously share mean victim misfortune reap reward consciousness perform noble act receive grateful thanks men woman child whose suffering relieve relation united state foreign power continue friendly year eventful one witness two great nation speak one language one lineage settle peaceful arbitration dispute long stand liable time bring nation bloody costly conflict example thus set successful final issue may follow civilized nation finally mean return productive industry million men maintain settle dispute nation bayonet broadside transmit herewith copy treaty allude conclude since adjournment congress britannic majesty copy protocol conferences commissioner negotiate treaty provide method adjust question pending two nation various question adjust arbitration recommend congress early day make necessary provision tribunal geneva several commissioner part unite state call treaty majesty king italy president swiss confederation majesty emperor brazil consent joint request two power name arbiter tribunal geneva cause thanks suitably express readiness joint request comply appointment gentleman eminence learn important position majesty emperor germany please comply joint request two government consent act arbitrator dispute water boundary united state great britain contract party treaty undertaken regard certain principle public law united state contend commencement history also agree bring principle knowledge maritime power invite accede negotiation go form note invitation extend power recommend legislation necessary part united state bring operation article treaty relate fishery matter touch relation united state toward british north american possession become operative soon proper legislation shall part great britain possession much desire legislation may become operative fisherman united state begin make arrangement come season address communication copy transmit herewith governor new york pennsylvania ohio indiana michigan illinois wisconsin urge upon government state respectively necessary action part carry effect object article treaty contemplates use canal either side connect navigation lake river form boundary term equality inhabitant country hop importance object benefit flow therefrom secure speedy approval legislative sanction state concerned renew recommendation appropriation determine true position parallel latitude form boundary united state british north american possession lake wood summit rocky mountain early action congress recommendation would put power war department place force field next summer resumption diplomatic relation france germany enable give direction withdrawal protection extend german france diplomatic consular representative united state country add delicate duty protection perform minister paris various consuls france supervision latter great kindness well prudence tact course receive commendation german government wound susceptibility french government emperor germany continue manifest friendly feel toward united state desire harmonize moderate policy government maintain relation asiatic power well south american republic give assurance friendly feelings government fully share united state ratification consular naturalization convention empire exchange officially inform annexation state church kingdom italy removal capital kingdom rome conformity establish policy unite state recognize change ratification new treaty commerce united state italy exchange two power agree treaty private property sea shall exempt capture case war two power united state spar opportunity incorporating rule obligation nation congress third session make appropriation organization mixed commission adjudicate upon claim citizen united state spain grow insurrection cuba commission since organize transmit herewith correspondence relate formation jurisdiction hop commission afford claimant complete remedy injury make agreeable duty united state preside conference washington plenipotentiary spain allied south american republic result armistice reasonable assurance permanent peace intimate friendly relation long exist united state russia continue undisturbed visit third son emperor proof desire part government diminish cordiality relation hospitable reception give grand duke proof side share wishes government inexcusable course russian minister washington render necessary ask recall decline longer receive functionary diplomatic representative impossible regard dignity country permit catacazy continue hold intercourse government personal abuse government official persistent interference various mean relation united state power accordance wishes government relieve intercourse catacazy management affair imperial legation pass hand gentleman entirely unobjectionable japan continue maintain intimate relation cabinet mikado since close last session congress select citizen united state serve office importance several department government reason think selection due appreciation disinterestedness policy united state pursue toward japan desire continue maintain disinterested policy china well japan correspondence transmit herewith show disposition part government swerve establish course prompt desire put end barbarous treatment shipwreck sailor korean coast instructed minister peking endeavor conclude convention korea secure safety humane treatment mariner admiral rodgers instruct accompany sufficient force protect case need small survey party send reach coast treacherously attack disadvantage ample opportunity give explanation apology insult neither come force land arduous march rugged difficult country fort outrage commit reduced gallant assault destroy thus punish criminal vindicate honor flag expedition return find impracticable circumstance conclude desire convention respectfully refer correspondence relate thereto herewith submit leave subject action congress may see fit take republic mexico yet repeal objectionable law establish know free zone frontier united state hop may yet do also stringent measure may take republic restrain lawless person frontier hope mexico action soon relieve government difficulty experience cause relation various republic central south america continue one exception cordial friendly recommend action congress regard overdue installment award venezuelan claim commission 1866 internal dissension government present justification absence effort meet solemn treaty obligation ratification extradition treaty nicaragua exchange subject congratulation great empire brazil take initiatory step toward abolition slavery relation empire always cordial naturally make act much hope government brazil may hereafter find interest well intrinsically right advance toward entire emancipation rapidly present act contemplate true prosperity greatness nation find elevation education laborer subject regret reform direction voluntarily promise statesman spain carried west india colony law regulation apparent abolition slavery cuba porto rico leave laborer bondage hope release live become burden employer desire direct attention fact citizen united state person claim citizen united state large holder foreign lands specie property forbid fundamental law allege country recommend congress provide stringent legislation suitable remedy hold own deal slave interested slave property foreign land either owner hirer mortgagor citizen united state regret disturbed condition island cuba continue source annoyance anxiety existence protract struggle close proximity territory without apparent prospect early termination object concern people abstain interference affair power naturally desire see every country undisturbed enjoyment peace liberty blessing free institution naval commander cuban water instruct case become necessary spare effort protect live property bona fide american citizen maintain dignity flag hop pending question spain grow affair cuba may adjust spirit peace conciliation hitherto guide two power treatment question give importance add efficiency diplomatic relation japan china aid retain good opinion people secure united state share commerce destine flow nation balance commercial world earnestly recommend appropriation make support least four american youth country serve part official family minister representative would even place upon equality representative great britain power situate representative japan china depend interpreter translator upon natives country know language imperfectly procure occasion service employee foreign business house interpreter foreign minister would also recommend liberal measure purpose support american line steamer ply san francisco japan china australian line almost remain line ocean steamer increase service national debt reduce extent year negotiation national bond lower rate interest interest public debt far diminish sum raise interest account nearly less 1st march 1869 highly desirable rapid diminution take place strengthen credit country convince citizen entire ability meet every dollar liability without bankrupt view accomplishment desirable end rapid development resource country increase ability meet large demand amount already pay desirable present resource country continue tax order continue rapid payment therefore recommend modification tariff law recommend tax internal source abolish except collect spirituous vinous malt liquor tobacco various form stamp readjust tariff suggest careful estimate make amount surplus revenue collect present law provide current expense government interest count sink fund surplus reduce manner afford great relief great number many article produce home enter largely general consumption article manufacture home medicine compound little revenue derive enter general use article recommend place free list reduction prove advisable would recommend make upon article best bear without disturb home production reduce wage american labor enter figure would repeat laid report secretary treasury present law collect revenue pay collector customs small salary provide moiety share seizure principal port entry particularly raise compensation official large sum always seem system must time work perniciously hold inducement dishonest men get possession office lax scrutiny good enter enable finally make large seizure attention respectfully invite subject continue fluctuation value gold compare national currency damage effect upon increase development country keep price article necessary everyday life foster spirit gamble prejudicial alike national moral national finance question meet get fix value currency value constantly uniformly approach par specie desirable object gain operation army past year expense maintain estimate ensue year continue seacoast improvement conduct supervision war department refer accompany report secretary war call attention provision act congress approve march 3 1869 discontinues promotion staff corps army provide law recommend number officer grade staff corp fix whenever number one grade fall number fix vacancy may fill promotion grade also recommend office chief corp become vacant place may fill selection corp vacancy exist report secretary navy show improvement number efficiency naval force without material increase expense support due policy adopt extend fast material admit use small vessel cruiser several station mean enable occupy large extent cruise ground visit frequently port presence flag desirable generally discharge efficiently appropriate duty navy time peace without exceed number men expenditure authorize law past year navy addition regular service supply men officer vessel coast survey complete survey authorize congress isthmus darien tehuantepec like authority send expedition completely furnish equip explore unknown ocean north suggestion report necessity increase improve materiel navy plan recommend reduce personnel service peace standard gradual abolition certain grade officer reduction others employment service commercial marine well consider deserve thoughtful attention congress also recommend promotion navy rank captain selection instead seniority course secure high grade great efficiency hold incentive young officer improve knowledge profession present cost maintain navy cost compare precede year estimate ensue year contain accompany report secretary navy enlarge receipt department show accompany report exhibit gratify increase branch public service index growth education prosperity people two element highly conducive vigor stability republic vast territory like much sparsely populated require service mail present expect department make gradual approach end year year confidently rely day far distant department government prove much great bless whole people suggestion improvement department preside earnestly recommend special attention especially recommend favorable consideration plan unite telegraphic system united state postal system believe course cost telegraphing could much reduce service well well render would secure advantage extend telegraph portion country private enterprise construct commerce trade effort bring people widely separate community interest always benefit rapid intercommunication education groundwork republican institution encourage increase facility gather speedy news part country desire reap benefit improvement stimulate education refer report full detail operation last year comparative statement result former year impose upon executive branch government execution act congress approve april 20 1871 commonly know kuklux law portion state south carolina necessity course pursue demonstrated report committee investigate southern outrage provision act issue proclamation call attention people united state declare reluctance exercise extraordinary power thereby confer upon except case imperative necessity make know purpose exercise power whenever become necessary purpose secure citizen united state peaceful enjoyment right guarantee constitution law passage law information receive time time combination character refer law exist powerful many part southern state particularly certain county state south carolina careful investigation make ascertained nine county state combination active powerful embrace sufficient portion citizen control local authority among thing object deprive emancipate class substantial benefit freedom prevent free political action citizen sympathize view among operation frequent scourgings occasional assassination generally perpetrate night disguised person victim almost case citizens different political sentiment free person show disposition claim equal right citizen thousand inoffensive well disposed citizen sufferer lawless violence thereupon 12th october 1871 proclamation issue term law call upon member combination disperse within five day deliver marshal military officer united state arm ammunition uniforms disguise mean implement use carry unlawful purpose warn heed 17th october another proclamation issue suspend privilege writ habeas corpus nine county state direction give within county designate person suppose upon creditable information member unlawful combination arrest military force united state deliver marshal dealt accord law two say county york spartanburg many arrest make last account number person thus arrest 168 several hundred whose criminality ascertain inferior degree release present generally make confession guilt great caution exercise make arrest notwithstanding large number believe innocent person custody prisoner hold regular trial judicial tribunal united state soon appear authority united state take vigorous measure enforce law many person abscond good ground suppose person violate law full report do law submit congress utah still remain remnant barbarism repugnant civilization decency law united state territorial officer however find willing perform duty spirit equity due sense necessity sustain majesty law neither polygamy violation exist statute permit within territory united state religion saint deal practice protect worship god accord dictate conscience permit violate law cloak religion may advisable congress consider execution law polygamy status plural wife offspring propriety congress pass enable act authorize territorial legislature utah legitimize child bear prior time fix act might justify humanity innocent child suggestion recommendation policy pursue toward indian result favorably far judge limited time operation exertion various society christian intrusted execution policy board commissioners authorize law april 10 1869 many tribe indian induce settle upon reservation cultivate soil perform productive labor various kind partially accept civilization care way hop induce still pursue old habit life embrace opportunity leave avoid extermination recommend liberal appropriation carry indian peace policy humane christian like economical right recommend favorable consideration also policy grant territorial government indian indian territory west arkansas missouri south kansa every right guarantee indian treaty secure course might time mean collect indian missouri pacific south british possession one territory one state secretary interior treat upon subject length commend suggestion renew recommendation public land regarded heritage child dispose require occupation actual settler already grant great part dispose way secure access balance hardy settler may wish avail caution exercise even attain desirable object educational interest may well serve grant proceeds sale public land settler wish understood recommend least degree curtailment do general government encouragement education report secretary interior submit give information collect prepared publication regard census take year 1870 operation bureau education year patent office pension office land office indian bureau report commissioner agriculture give operation department year agriculture groundwork prosperity much importance attach labor department hand able head able assistant zealously devote introduce agricultural production nation useful product adapt various climate soil vast territory give useful information method cultivation plant cereal product adapt particular locality quietly surely agricultural bureau work great national good liberally support widely influence extend less dependent shall upon product foreign country subject compensation head bureaus official hold position responsibility require ability character fill properly one attention invite official receive compensation equal respectable support family duty involve million interest private life service demand compensation equal service render wise economy would dictate rule government service give estimate support government ensue year comparative statement expenditure year pass one preceding figure contain accompany report present directly congress estimate approval six year elapse since last hostile gun fire army array one perpetuation destruction union may well consider whether time disability impose fourteenth amendment remove amendment exclude ballot impose disability hold office upon certain class purity ballot secure majorities sure elect officer reflect view majority see advantage propriety exclude men office merely rebellion stand character sufficient elect position require take oaths support constitution admit eligibility entertain precisely view less stand community may say former violate oath latter latter power take oath doubt would break former class great criminal distinguish others part take opposition government might judgment congress exclude amnesty subject submit careful consideration condition southern state unhappily true patriotic citizen would like see social ostracism opinion sake personal violence threat toward person entertain political view oppose entertained majority old citizen prevent immigration flow capital state lately rebellion happy condition country old citizen state take interest public affair promulgate idea honestly entertain vote men represent view tolerate freedom expression ballot entertain different political conviction provision act congress approve february 21 1871 territorial government organize district columbia result thus far fully realize expectation advocate direction territorial officer system improvement inaugurate mean washington rapidly become city worthy nation capital citizen district voluntarily tax large amount purpose contribute adornment seat government recommend liberal appropriation part congress order government may bear share expense carry judicious system improvement great fire chicago important government building city consume burn already become inadequate want government grow city look near future totally inadequate recommend therefore appropriation make immediately purchase remainder square burn building stand provide purchased fair valuation provide legislature illinois pas law authorize condemnation government purpose also appropriation much money properly expend toward erection new building fiscal year number immigrant ignorant law habit come country annually become great imposition practice upon numerous flagrant suggest congressional action protection seem fair subject legislation congress state fully desire nature complaint make immigrant treatment receive endeavor session congress particularly subject receive attention aim administration enforce honesty efficiency public office every public servant violate trust place proceed rigor law bad men secure place fault system establish law custom make appointment fault recommend government position person sufficiently well know personally give letter indorse character office seeker without proper sense grave responsibility course devolve upon reform correct abuse much desire mercantile pursuit business man give letter recommendation friend enable obtain credit stranger regard morally responsible integrity friend ability meet obligation reformatory law would enforce principle indorser person public place would insure great caution make recommendation salutary lesson teach careless dishonest public servant great number prosecution conviction last two year gratify notice favorable change take place throughout country bring punishment proven recreant trust confide elevate public office none possess confidence honest virtuous always find comprise majority community live message congress one year ago urgently recommend reform civil service country conformity recommendation congress ninth section act make appropriation sundry civil expense government purpose approve march 3 1871 give necessary authority executive inaugurate reform place upon responsibility authority say act convene board gentleman eminently qualify work devise rule regulation effect need reform labor yet complete believe succeed devise plan adopt great relief executive head department member congress redound true interest public service event experiment shall fair trial thus hastily sum operation government last year make suggestion occur proper consideration submit confidence combine action wise statesmanlike best interest whole country