Many causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting to out constituents. The operation of our laws on the various subjects to which they apply, with the amendments which they occasionally require, imposes annually an important duty on the representatives of a free people. Our system has happily advanced to such maturity that I am not aware that your cares in that respect will be augmented. Other causes exist which are highly interesting to the whole civilized world and to no portion of it more so, in certain views, than to the United States. Of these causes and of their bearing on the interests of our Union I shall communicate the sentiments which I have formed with that freedom which a sense of duty dictates. It is proper, however, to invite your attention in the first instance to those concerns respecting which legislative provision is thought to be particularly urgent. On the 24th of June last a convention of navigation and commerce was concluded in this city between the United States and France by ministers duly authorized for the purpose. The sanction of the Executive having been given to this convention under a conviction that, taking all its stipulations into view, it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, I deemed it my duty, in compliance with the authority vested in the Executive by the second section of the act of the last session of the 6th of May, concerning navigation, to suspend by proclamation until the end of the next session of Congress the operation of the act entitled "An act to impose a new tonnage duty on French ships and vessels, and for other purposes", and to suspend likewise all other duties on French vessels or the goods imported in them which exceeded the duties on American vessels and on similar goods imported in them. I shall submit this convention forthwith to the Senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification. Since your last session the prohibition which had been imposed on the commerce between the United States and the British colonies in the West Indies and on this continent has likewise been removed. Satisfactory evidence having been adduced that the ports of those colonies had been opened to the vessels of the United States by an act of the British Parliament bearing date on the 24th of June last, on the conditions specified therein, I deemed it proper, in compliance with the provision of the first section of the act of the last session above recited, to declare, by proclamation bearing date on the 24th of August last, that the ports of the United States should thenceforward and until the end of the next session of Congress be opened to the vessels of Great Britain employed in that trade, under the limitation specified in that proclamation. A doubt was entertained whether the act of Congress applied to the British colonies on this continent as well as to those in the West Indies, but as the act of Parliament opened the intercourse equally with both, and it was the manifest intention of Congress, as well as the obvious policy of the United States, that the provisions of the act of Parliament should be met in equal extent on the part of the United States, and as also the act of Congress was supposed to vest in the President some discretion in the execution of it, I thought it advisable to give it a corresponding construction. Should the constitutional sanction of the Senate be given to the ratification of the convention with France, legislative provisions will be necessary to carry it fully into effect, as it likewise will be to continue in force, on such conditions as may be deemed just and proper, the intercourse which has been opened between the United States and the British colonies. Every light in the possession of the Executive will in due time be communicated on both subjects. Resting essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, it has been the object of the Executive in transactions with other powers to meet the propositions of each with a liberal spirit, believing that thereby the interest of our country would be most effectually promoted. This course has been systematically pursued in the late occurrences with France and Great Britain, and in strict accord with the views of the Legislature. A confident hope is entertained that by the arrangement thus commenced with each all differences respecting navigation and commerce with the dominions in question will be adjusted, and a solid foundation be laid for an active and permanent intercourse which will prove equally advantageous to both parties. The decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia on the question submitted to him by the United States and Great Britain, concerning the construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent, has been received. A convention has since been concluded between the parties, under the mediation of His Imperial Majesty, to prescribe the mode by which that article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision. I shall submit this convention to the Senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification, and, if obtained, shall immediately bring the subject before Congress for such provisions as may require the interposition of the Legislature. In compliance with an act of the last session a Territorial Government has been established in FL on the principles of our system. By this act the inhabitants are secured in the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties, and to admission into the Union, with equal participation in the Government with the original States on the conditions heretofore prescribed to other Territories. By a clause in the 9th article of the treaty with Spain, by which that Territory was ceded to the United States, it is stipulated that satisfaction shall be made for the injuries, if any, which by process of law shall be established to have been suffered by the Spanish officers and individual Spanish inhabitants by the late operations of our troops in Florida. No provision having yet been made to carry that stipulation into effect, it is submitted to the consideration of Congress whether it will not be proper to vest the competent power in the district court at Pensacola, or in some tribunal to be specially organized for the purpose. The fiscal operations of the year have been more successful than had been anticipated at the commencement of the last session of Congress. The receipts into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year have exceeded the sum of $14.745M. The payments made at the Treasury during the same period have exceeded $12.279M, leaving the Treasury on the 30th day of September last, including $1,168,592.24 which were in the Treasury on the first day of January last, a sum exceeding $4.128M. Besides discharging all demands for the current service of the year, including the interest and reimbursement of the public debt, the 6% stock of 1796, amounting to $80,000, has been redeemed. It is estimated that, after defraying the current expenses of the present quarter and redeeming the $2M of 6% stock of 1820, there will remain in the Treasury on the first of January next nearly $3M. It is estimated that the gross amount of duties which have been secured from the first of January to the 30th of September last has exceeded $19.5M, and the amount for the whole year will probably not fall short of $23M. Of the actual force in service under the present military establishment, the posts at which it is stationed, and the condition of each post, a report from the Sec of War which is now communicated will give a distinct idea. By like reports the state of the Academy at West Point will be seen, as will be the progress which has been made on the fortifications along the coast and at the national armories and arsenals. The organization of the several corps composing the Army is such as to admit its expansion to a great extent in case of emergency, the officers carrying with them all the light which they possess to the new corps to which they might be appointed. With the organization of the staff there is equal cause to be satisfied. By the concentration of every branch with its chief in this city, in the presence of the Department, and with a grade in the chief military station to keep alive and cherish a military spirit, the greatest promptitude in the execution of orders, with the greatest economy and efficiency, are secured. The same view is taken of the Military Academy. Good order is preserved in it, and the youth are well instructed in every science connected with the great objects of the institution. They are also well trained and disciplined in the practical parts of the profession. It has been always found difficult to control the ardor inseparable from that early age in such manner as to give it a proper direction. The rights of manhood are too often claimed prematurely, in pressing which too far the respect which is due to age and the obedience necessary to a course of study and instruction in every such institution are sometimes lost sight of. The great object to be accomplished is the restraint of that ardor by such wise regulations and Government as, by directing all the energies of the youthful mind to the attainment of useful knowledge, will keep it within a just subordination and at the same time elevate it to the highest purposes. This object seems to be essentially obtained in this institution, and with great advantage to the Union. The Military Academy forms the basis, in regard to science, on which the military establishment rests. It furnishes annually, after due examination and on the report of the academic staff, many well- informed youths to fill the vacancies which occur in the several corps of the Army, while others who retire to private life carry with them such attainments as, under the right reserved to the several States to appoint the officers and to train the militia, will enable them, by affording a wider field for selection, to promote the great object of the power vested in Congress of providing for the organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia. Thus by the mutual and harmonious cooperation of the two governments in the execution of a power divided between them, an object always to be cherished, the attainment of a great result, on which our liberties may depend, can not fail to be secured. I have to add that in proportion as our regular force is small should the instruction and discipline of the militia, the great resource on which we rely, be pushed to the utmost extent that circumstances will admit. A report from the Secretary of the Navy will communicate the progress which has been made in the construction of vessels of war, with other interesting details respecting the actual state of the affairs of that Department. It has been found necessary for the protection of our commerce to maintain the usual squadrons on the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and along the Atlantic coast, extending the cruises of the latter into the West Indies, where piracy, organized into a system, has preyed on the commerce of every country trading thither. A cruise has also been maintained on the coast of Africa, when the season would permit, for the suppression of the slave trade, and orders have been given to the commanders of all our public ships to seize our own vessels, should they find any engaging in that trade, and to bring them in for adjudication. In the West Indies piracy is of recent date, which may explain the cause why other powers have not combined against it. By the documents communicated it will be seen that the efforts of the United States to suppress it have had a very salutary effect. The benevolent provision of the act under which the protection has been extended alike to the commerce of other nations can not fail to be duly appreciated by them. In compliance with the act of the last session entitled "An act to abolish the United States trading establishments", agents were immediately appointed and instructed, under the direction of the Sec of the Treasury, to close the business of the trading houses among the Indian tribes and to settle the accounts of the factors and sub-factors engaged in that trade, and to execute in all other respects the injunction of that act in the mode prescribed therein. A final report of their proceedings shall be communicated to Congress as soon as it is received. It is with great regret I have to state that a serious malady has deprived us of many valuable citizens of Pensacola and checked the progress of some of those arrangements which are important to the Territory. This effect has been sensibly felt in respect to the Indians who inhabit that Territory, consisting of the remnants of the several tribes who occupy the middle ground between St. Augustine and Pensacola, with extensive claims but undefined boundaries. Although peace is preserved with those Indians, yet their position and claims tend essentially to interrupt the intercourse between the eastern and western parts of the Territory, on which our inhabitants are principally settled. It is essential to the growth and prosperity of the Territory, as well as to the interests of the Union, that those Indians should be removed, by special compact with them, to some other position or concentration within narrower limits where they are. With the limited means in the power of the Executive, instructions were given to the governor to accomplish this object so far as it might be practicable, which was prevented by the distressing malady referred to. To carry it fully into effect in either mode additional funds will be necessary, to the provision of which the powers of Congress are competent. With a view to such provision as may be deemed proper, the subject is submitted to your consideration, and in the interim further proceedings are suspended. It appearing that so much of the act entitled "An act regulating the staff of the Army", which passed on [1818-04-14], as relates to the commissariat will expire in April next, and the practical operation of that department having evinced its great utility, the propriety of its renewal is submitted to your consideration. The view which has been taken of the probable productiveness of the lead mines, connected with the importance of the material to the public defense, makes it expedient that they should be managed with peculiar care. It is therefore suggested whether it will not comport with the public interest to provide by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in mineralogy to superintend them, under the direction of the proper department. It is understood that the Cumberland road, which was constructed at great expense, has already suffered from the want of that regular superintendence and of those repairs which are indispensable to the preservation of such a work. This road is of incalculable advantage in facilitating the intercourse between the Western and the Atlantic States. Through the whole country from the northern extremity of Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and from all the waters which empty into each, finds and easy and direct communication to the seat of Government, and thence to the Atlantic. The facility which it affords to all military and commercial operations, and also to those of the Post Office Dep't, can not be estimated too highly. This great work is likewise an ornament and an honor to the nation. Believing that a competent power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement has not been granted to Congress, but that such a power, confined to great national purposes and with proper limitations, would be productive of eminent advantage to our Union, I have thought it advisable that an amendment of the Constitution to that effect should be recommended to the several States. A bill which assumed the right to adopt and execute such a system having been presented for my signature at the last session, I was compelled, from the view which I had taken of the powers of the General Government, to negative it, on which occasion I thought it proper to communicate the sentiments which I had formed, on mature consideration, on the whole subject. To that communication, in all the views in which the great interest to which it relates may be supposed to merit your attention, I have now to refer. Should Congress, however, deem it improper to recommend such an amendment, they have, according to my judgment, the right to keep the road in repair by providing for the superintendence of it and appropriating the money necessary for repairs. Surely if they had the right to appropriate money to make the road they have a right to appropriate it to preserve the road from ruin. From the exercise of this power no danger is to be apprehended. Under our happy system the people are the sole and exclusive fountain of power. Each Government originates from them, and to them alone, each to its proper constituents, are they respectively and solely responsible for the faithful discharge of their duties within their constitutional limits; and that the people will confine their public agents of every station to the strict line of their constitutional duties there is no cause of doubt. Having, however, communicated my sentiments to Congress at the last session fully in the document to which I have referred, respecting the right of appropriation as distinct from the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty over the territory in question, I deem it improper to enlarge on the subject here. From the best information I have been able to obtain it appears that our manufactures, though depressed immediately after the peace, have considerably increased, and are still increasing, under the encouragement given them by the tariff of 1816 and by subsequent laws. Satisfied I am, whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce, provided all nations would concur in it and it was not liable to be interrupted by war, which has never occurred and can not be expected, that there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation and relations with other countries which impose on us the obligation to cherish and sustain our manufactures. Satisfied, however, I likewise am that the interest of every part of our Union, even of those most benefitted by manufactures, requires that this subject should be touched with the greatest caution, and a critical knowledge of the effect to be produced by the slightest change. On full consideration of the subject in all its relations I am persuaded that a further augmentation may now be made of the duties on certain foreign articles in favor of our own and without affecting injuriously any other interest. For more precise details I refer you to the communications which were made to Congress during the last session. So great was the amount of accounts for moneys advanced during the late war, in addition to others of a previous date which in the regular operations of the Government necessarily remained unsettled, that it required a considerable length of time for their adjustment. By a report from the first Comptroller of the Treasury it appears that on [1817-03-04], the accounts then unsettled amounted to $103,068,876.41, of which on [1922-09-30], $93,175,396.56 had been settled, leaving on that day a balance unsettled of $9,893,479.85. That there have been drawn from the Treasury, in paying the public debt and sustaining the Government in all its operations and disbursements, since [1817-03-04], $157,199,380.96, the accounts for which have been settled to the amount of $137,501,451.12, leaving a balance unsettled of $19,697,929.84. for precise details respecting each of these balances I refer to the report of the Comptroller and the documents which accompany it. From this view it appears Other objects will likewise claim your attention, because from the station which the United States hold as a member of the great community of nations they have rights to maintain, duties to perform, and dangers to encounter. A strong hope was entertained that peace would ere this have been concluded between Spain and the independent governments south of the United States in this hemisphere. Long experience having evinced the competency of those governments to maintain the independence which they had declared, it was presumed that the considerations which induced their recognition by the United States would have had equal weight with other powers, and that Spain herself, yielding to those magnanimous feelings of which her history furnishes so many examples, would have terminated on that basis a controversy so unavailing and at the same time so destructive. We still cherish the hope that this result will not long be postponed. Sustaining our neutral position and allowing to each party while the war continues equal rights, it is incumbent on the United States to claim of each with equal rigor the faithful observance of our rights according to the well-known law of nations. From each, therefore, a like cooperation is expected in the suppression of the piratical practice which has grown out of this war and of blockades of extensive coasts on both seas, which, considering the small force employed to sustain them, have not the slightest foundation to rest on. Europe is still unsettled, and although the war long menaced between Russia and Turkey has not broken out, there is no certainty that the differences between those powers will be amicably adjusted. It is impossible to look to the oppressions of the country respecting which those differences arose without being deeply affected. The mention of Greece fills the mind with the most exalted sentiments and arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of which our nature is susceptible. Superior skill and refinement in the arts, heroic gallantry in action, disinterested patriotism, enthusiastic zeal and devotion in favor of public and personal liberty are associated with our recollections of ancient Greece. That such a country should have been overwhelmed and so long hidden, as it were, from the world under a gloomy despotism has been a cause of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds for ages past. It was natural, therefore, that the reappearance of those people in their original character, contending in favor of their liberties, should produce that great excitement and sympathy in their favor which have been so signally displayed throughout the United States. A strong hope is entertained that these people will recover their independence and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth. A great effort has been made in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people, and it must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to see the extraordinary moderation with which it has been conducted. That it may promote the happiness of both nations is the ardent wish of this whole people, to the expression of which we confine ourselves; for whatever may be the feelings or sentiments which every individual under our Government has a right to indulge and express, it is nevertheless a sacred maxim, equally with the Government and people, that the destiny of every independent nation in what relates to such improvements of right belongs and ought to be left exclusively to themselves. Whether we reason from the late wars or from those menacing symptoms which now appear in Europe, it is manifest that if a convulsion should take place in any of those countries it will proceed from causes which have no existence and are utterly unknown in these States, in which there is but one order, that of the people, to whom the sovereignty exclusively belongs. Should war break out in any of those countries who can foretell the extent to which it may be carried or the desolation which it may spread? Exempt as we are from these causes, our internal tranquillity is secure; and distant as we are from the troubled scene, and faithful to first principles in regard to other powers, we might reasonably presume that we should not be molested by them. This, however, ought not to be calculated on as certain. Unprovoked injuries are often inflicted and even the peculiar felicity of our situation might with some be a cause for excitement and aggression. The history of the late wars in Europe furnishes a complete demonstration If there be a people on earth whose more especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to defend the rights with which they are blessed, and to surpass all others in sustaining the necessary burthens, and in submitting to sacrifices to make such preparations, it is undoubtedly the people of these States. When we see the reasons for sustaining the attitude which we now hold and for pushing forward all our measures of defense with the utmost vigor appear to me to acquire new force. The United States owe to the world a great example, and, by means thereof, to the cause of liberty and humanity a generous support. They have so far succeeded to the satisfaction of the virtuous and enlightened of every country. There is no reason to doubt that their whole movement will be regulated by a sacred regard to principle, all our institutions being founded on that basis. The ability to support our own cause under any trial to which it may be exposed is the great point on which the public solicitude rests. It has been often charged against free governments I have full confidence that this charge so far as relates to the United States will be shewn to be utterly destitute of truth.
Many causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting to out constituents. The operation of our laws on the various subjects to which they apply, with the amendments which they occasionally require, imposes annually an important duty on the representatives of a free people. Our system has happily advanced to such maturity that I am not aware that your cares in that respect will be augmented. Other causes exist which are highly interesting to the whole civilized world and to no portion of it more so, in certain views, than to the United States. Of these causes and of their bearing on the interests of our Union I shall communicate the sentiments which I have formed with that freedom which a sense of duty dictates. It is proper, however, to invite your attention in the first instance to those concerns respecting which legislative provision is thought to be particularly urgent. On the 24th of June last a convention of navigation and commerce was concluded in this city between the United States and France by ministers duly authorized for the purpose. The sanction of the Executive having been given to this convention under a conviction that, taking all its stipulations into view, it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, I deemed it my duty, in compliance with the authority vested in the Executive by the second section of the act of the last session of the 6th of May, concerning navigation, to suspend by proclamation until the end of the next session of Congress the operation of the act entitled "An act to impose a new tonnage duty on French ships and vessels, and for other purposes", and to suspend likewise all other duties on French vessels or the goods imported in them which exceeded the duties on American vessels and on similar goods imported in them. I shall submit this convention forthwith to the Senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification. Since your last session the prohibition which had been imposed on the commerce between the United States and the British colonies in the West Indies and on this continent has likewise been removed. Satisfactory evidence having been adduced that the ports of those colonies had been opened to the vessels of the United States by an act of the British Parliament bearing date on the 24th of June last, on the conditions specified therein, I deemed it proper, in compliance with the provision of the first section of the act of the last session above recited, to declare, by proclamation bearing date on the 24th of August last, that the ports of the United States should thenceforward and until the end of the next session of Congress be opened to the vessels of Great Britain employed in that trade, under the limitation specified in that proclamation. A doubt was entertained whether the act of Congress applied to the British colonies on this continent as well as to those in the West Indies, but as the act of Parliament opened the intercourse equally with both, and it was the manifest intention of Congress, as well as the obvious policy of the United States, that the provisions of the act of Parliament should be met in equal extent on the part of the United States, and as also the act of Congress was supposed to vest in the President some discretion in the execution of it, I thought it advisable to give it a corresponding construction. Should the constitutional sanction of the Senate be given to the ratification of the convention with France, legislative provisions will be necessary to carry it fully into effect, as it likewise will be to continue in force, on such conditions as may be deemed just and proper, the intercourse which has been opened between the United States and the British colonies. Every light in the possession of the Executive will in due time be communicated on both subjects. Resting essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage, it has been the object of the Executive in transactions with other powers to meet the propositions of each with a liberal spirit, believing that thereby the interest of our country would be most effectually promoted. This course has been systematically pursued in the late occurrences with France and Great Britain, and in strict accord with the views of the Legislature. A confident hope is entertained that by the arrangement thus commenced with each all differences respecting navigation and commerce with the dominions in question will be adjusted, and a solid foundation be laid for an active and permanent intercourse which will prove equally advantageous to both parties. The decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia on the question submitted to him by the United States and Great Britain, concerning the construction of the first article of the treaty of Ghent, has been received. A convention has since been concluded between the parties, under the mediation of His Imperial Majesty, to prescribe the mode by which that article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision. I shall submit this convention to the Senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification, and, if obtained, shall immediately bring the subject before Congress for such provisions as may require the interposition of the Legislature. In compliance with an act of the last session a Territorial Government has been established in FL on the principles of our system. By this act the inhabitants are secured in the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties, and to admission into the Union, with equal participation in the Government with the original States on the conditions heretofore prescribed to other Territories. By a clause in the 9th article of the treaty with Spain, by which that Territory was ceded to the United States, it is stipulated that satisfaction shall be made for the injuries, if any, which by process of law shall be established to have been suffered by the Spanish officers and individual Spanish inhabitants by the late operations of our troops in Florida. No provision having yet been made to carry that stipulation into effect, it is submitted to the consideration of Congress whether it will not be proper to vest the competent power in the district court at Pensacola, or in some tribunal to be specially organized for the purpose. The fiscal operations of the year have been more successful than had been anticipated at the commencement of the last session of Congress. The receipts into the Treasury during the three first quarters of the year have exceeded the sum of $14.745M. The payments made at the Treasury during the same period have exceeded $12.279M, leaving the Treasury on the 30th day of September last, including $1,168,592.24 which were in the Treasury on the first day of January last, a sum exceeding $4.128M. Besides discharging all demands for the current service of the year, including the interest and reimbursement of the public debt, the 6% stock of 1796, amounting to $80,000, has been redeemed. It is estimated that, after defraying the current expenses of the present quarter and redeeming the $2M of 6% stock of 1820, there will remain in the Treasury on the first of January next nearly $3M. It is estimated that the gross amount of duties which have been secured from the first of January to the 30th of September last has exceeded $19.5M, and the amount for the whole year will probably not fall short of $23M. Of the actual force in service under the present military establishment, the posts at which it is stationed, and the condition of each post, a report from the Sec of War which is now communicated will give a distinct idea. By like reports the state of the Academy at West Point will be seen, as will be the progress which has been made on the fortifications along the coast and at the national armories and arsenals. The organization of the several corps composing the Army is such as to admit its expansion to a great extent in case of emergency, the officers carrying with them all the light which they possess to the new corps to which they might be appointed. With the organization of the staff there is equal because to be satisfied. By the concentration of every branch with its chief in this city, in the presence of the Department, and with a grade in the chief military station to keep alive and cherish a military spirit, the greatest promptitude in the execution of orders, with the greatest economy and efficiency, are secured. The same view is taken of the Military Academy. Good order is preserved in it, and the youth are well instructed in every science connected with the great objects of the institution. They are also well trained and disciplined in the practical parts of the profession. It has been always found difficult to control the ardor inseparable from that early age in such manner as to give it a proper direction. The rights of manhood are too often claimed prematurely, in pressing which too far the respect which is due to age and the obedience necessary to a course of study and instruction in every such institution are sometimes lost sight of. The great object to be accomplished is the restraint of that ardor by such wise regulations and Government as, by directing all the energies of the youthful mind to the attainment of useful knowledge, will keep it within a just subordination and at the same time elevate it to the highest purposes. This object seems to be essentially obtained in this institution, and with great advantage to the Union. The Military Academy forms the basis, in regard to science, on which the military establishment rests. It furnishes annually, after due examination and on the report of the academic staff, many well- informed youths to fill the vacancies which occur in the several corps of the Army, while others who retire to private life carry with them such attainments as, under the right reserved to the several States to appoint the officers and to train the militia, will enable them, by affording a wider field for selection, to promote the great object of the power vested in Congress of providing for the organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia. Thus by the mutual and harmonious cooperation of the two governments in the execution of a power divided between them, an object always to be cherished, the attainment of a great result, on which our liberties may depend, can not fail to be secured. I have to add that in proportion as our regular force is small should the instruction and discipline of the militia, the great resource on which we rely, be pushed to the utmost extent that circumstances will admit. A report from the Secretary of the Navy will communicate the progress which has been made in the construction of vessels of war, with other interesting details respecting the actual state of the affairs of that Department. It has been found necessary for the protection of our commerce to maintain the usual squadrons on the Mediterranean, the Pacific, and along the Atlantic coast, extending the cruises of the latter into the West Indies, where piracy, organized into a system, has preyed on the commerce of every country trading thither. A cruise has also been maintained on the coast of Africa, when the season would permit, for the suppression of the slave trade, and orders have been given to the commanders of all our public ships to seize our own vessels, should they find any engaging in that trade, and to bring them in for adjudication. In the West Indies piracy is of recent date, which may explain the because why other powers have not combined against it. By the documents communicated it will be seen that the efforts of the United States to suppress it have had a very salutary effect. The benevolent provision of the act under which the protection has been extended alike to the commerce of other nations can not fail to be duly appreciated by them. In compliance with the act of the last session entitled "An act to abolish the United States trading establishments", agents were immediately appointed and instructed, under the direction of the Sec of the Treasury, to close the business of the trading houses among the Indian tribes and to settle the accounts of the factors and sub-factors engaged in that trade, and to execute in all other respects the injunction of that act in the mode prescribed therein. A final report of their proceedings shall be communicated to Congress as soon as it is received. It is with great regret I have to state that a serious malady has deprived us of many valuable citizens of Pensacola and checked the progress of some of those arrangements which are important to the Territory. This effect has been sensibly felt in respect to the Indians who inhabit that Territory, consisting of the remnants of the several tribes who occupy the middle ground between St. Augustine and Pensacola, with extensive claims but undefined boundaries. Although peace is preserved with those Indians, yet their position and claims tend essentially to interrupt the intercourse between the eastern and western parts of the Territory, on which our inhabitants are principally settled. It is essential to the growth and prosperity of the Territory, as well as to the interests of the Union, that those Indians should be removed, by special compact with them, to some other position or concentration within narrower limits where they are. With the limited means in the power of the Executive, instructions were given to the governor to accomplish this object so far as it might be practicable, which was prevented by the distressing malady referred to. To carry it fully into effect in either mode additional funds will be necessary, to the provision of which the powers of Congress are competent. With a view to such provision as may be deemed proper, the subject is submitted to your consideration, and in the interim further proceedings are suspended. It appearing that so much of the act entitled "An act regulating the staff of the Army", which passed on [1818-04-14], as relates to the commissariat will expire in April next, and the practical operation of that department having evinced its great utility, the propriety of its renewal is submitted to your consideration. The view which has been taken of the probable productiveness of the lead mines, connected with the importance of the material to the public defense, makes it expedient that they should be managed with peculiar care. It is therefore suggested whether it will not comport with the public interest to provide by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in mineralogy to superintend them, under the direction of the proper department. It is understood that the Cumberland road, which was constructed at great expense, has already suffered from the want of that regular superintendence and of those repairs which are indispensable to the preservation of such a work. This road is of incalculable advantage in facilitating the intercourse between the Western and the Atlantic States. Through the whole country from the northern extremity of Lake Erie to the Mississippi, and from all the waters which empty into each, finds and easy and direct communication to the seat of Government, and thence to the Atlantic. The facility which it affords to all military and commercial operations, and also to those of the Post Office Dep't, can not be estimated too highly. This great work is likewise an ornament and an honor to the nation. Believing that a competent power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement has not been granted to Congress, but that such a power, confined to great national purposes and with proper limitations, would be productive of eminent advantage to our Union, I have thought it advisable that an amendment of the Constitution to that effect should be recommended to the several States. A bill which assumed the right to adopt and execute such a system having been presented for my signature at the last session, I was compelled, from the view which I had taken of the powers of the General Government, to negative it, on which occasion I thought it proper to communicate the sentiments which I had formed, on mature consideration, on the whole subject. To that communication, in all the views in which the great interest to which it relates may be supposed to merit your attention, I have now to refer. Should Congress, however, deem it improper to recommend such an amendment, they have, according to my judgment, the right to keep the road in repair by providing for the superintendence of it and appropriating the money necessary for repairs. Surely if they had the right to appropriate money to make the road they have a right to appropriate it to preserve the road from ruin. From the exercise of this power no danger is to be apprehended. Under our happy system the people are the sole and exclusive fountain of power. Each Government originates from them, and to them alone, each to its proper constituents, are they respectively and solely responsible for the faithful discharge of their duties within their constitutional limits; and that the people will confine their public agents of every station to the strict line of their constitutional duties there is no because of doubt. Having, however, communicated my sentiments to Congress at the last session fully in the document to which I have referred, respecting the right of appropriation as distinct from the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty over the territory in question, I deem it improper to enlarge on the subject here. From the best information I have been able to obtain it appears that our manufactures, though depressed immediately after the peace, have considerably increased, and are still increasing, under the encouragement given them by the tariff of 1816 and by subsequent laws. Satisfied I am, whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce, provided all nations would concur in it and it was not liable to be interrupted by war, which has never occurred and can not be expected, that there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation and relations with other countries which impose on us the obligation to cherish and sustain our manufactures. Satisfied, however, I likewise am that the interest of every part of our Union, even of those most benefitted by manufactures, requires that this subject should be touched with the greatest caution, and a critical knowledge of the effect to be produced by the slightest change. On full consideration of the subject in all its relations I am persuaded that a further augmentation may now be made of the duties on certain foreign articles in favor of our own and without affecting injuriously any other interest. For more precise details I refer you to the communications which were made to Congress during the last session. So great was the amount of accounts for moneys advanced during the late war, in addition to others of a previous date which in the regular operations of the Government necessarily remained unsettled, that it required a considerable length of time for their adjustment. By a report from the first Comptroller of the Treasury it appears that on [1817-03-04], the accounts then unsettled amounted to $103,068,876.41, of which on [1922-09-30], $93,175,396.56 had been settled, leaving on that day a balance unsettled of $9,893,479.85. That there have been drawn from the Treasury, in paying the public debt and sustaining the Government in all its operations and disbursements, since [1817-03-04], $157,199,380.96, the accounts for which have been settled to the amount of $137,501,451.12, leaving a balance unsettled of $19,697,929.84. for precise details respecting each of these balances I refer to the report of the Comptroller and the documents which accompany it. From this view it appears Other objects will likewise claim your attention, because from the station which the United States hold as a member of the great community of nations they have rights to maintain, duties to perform, and dangers to encounter. A strong hope was entertained that peace would ere this have been concluded between Spain and the independent governments south of the United States in this hemisphere. Long experience having evinced the competency of those governments to maintain the independence which they had declared, it was presumed that the considerations which induced their recognition by the United States would have had equal weight with other powers, and that Spain herself, yielding to those magnanimous feelings of which her history furnishes so many examples, would have terminated on that basis a controversy so unavailing and at the same time so destructive. We still cherish the hope that this result will not long be postponed. Sustaining our neutral position and allowing to each party while the war continues equal rights, it is incumbent on the United States to claim of each with equal rigor the faithful observance of our rights according to the well-known law of nations. From each, therefore, a like cooperation is expected in the suppression of the piratical practice which has grown out of this war and of blockades of extensive coasts on both seas, which, considering the small force employed to sustain them, have not the slightest foundation to rest on. Europe is still unsettled, and although the war long menaced between Russia and Turkey has not broken out, there is no certainty that the differences between those powers will be amicably adjusted. It is impossible to look to the oppressions of the country respecting which those differences arose without being deeply affected. The mention of Greece fills the mind with the most exalted sentiments and arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of which our nature is susceptible. Superior skill and refinement in the arts, heroic gallantry in action, disinterested patriotism, enthusiastic zeal and devotion in favor of public and personal liberty are associated with our recollections of ancient Greece. That such a country should have been overwhelmed and so long hidden, as it were, from the world under a gloomy despotism has been a because of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds for ages past. It was natural, therefore, that the reappearance of those people in their original character, contending in favor of their liberties, should produce that great excitement and sympathy in their favor which have been so signally displayed throughout the United States. A strong hope is entertained that these people will recover their independence and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth. A great effort has been made in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people, and it must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to see the extraordinary moderation with which it has been conducted. That it may promote the happiness of both nations is the ardent wish of this whole people, to the expression of which we confine ourselves; for whatever may be the feelings or sentiments which every individual under our Government has a right to indulge and express, it is nevertheless a sacred maxim, equally with the Government and people, that the destiny of every independent nation in what relates to such improvements of right belongs and ought to be left exclusively to themselves. Whether we reason from the late wars or from those menacing symptoms which now appear in Europe, it is manifest that if a convulsion should take place in any of those countries it will proceed from causes which have no existence and are utterly unknown in these States, in which there is but one order, that of the people, to whom the sovereignty exclusively belongs. Should war break out in any of those countries who can foretell the extent to which it may be carried or the desolation which it may spread? Exempt as we are from these causes, our internal tranquillity is secure; and distant as we are from the troubled scene, and faithful to first principles in regard to other powers, we might reasonably presume that we should not be molested by them. This, however, ought not to be calculated on as certain. Unprovoked injuries are often inflicted and even the peculiar felicity of our situation might with some be a because for excitement and aggression. The history of the late wars in Europe furnishes a complete demonstration If there be a people on earth whose more especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to defend the rights with which they are blessed, and to surpass all others in sustaining the necessary burthens, and in submitting to sacrifices to make such preparations, it is undoubtedly the people of these States. When we see the reasons for sustaining the attitude which we now hold and for pushing forward all our measures of defense with the utmost vigor appear to me to acquire new force. The United States owe to the world a great example, and, by means thereof, to the because of liberty and humanity a generous support. They have so far succeeded to the satisfaction of the virtuous and enlightened of every country. There is no reason to doubt that their whole movement will be regulated by a sacred regard to principle, all our institutions being founded on that basis. The ability to support our own because under any trial to which it may be exposed is the great point on which the public solicitude rests. It has been often charged against free governments I have full confidence that this charge so far as relates to the United States will be shewn to be utterly destitute of truth.
many causes unite to make your present meeting peculiarly interesting to out constituents the operation of our laws on the various subjects to which they apply with the amendments which they occasionally require imposes annually an important duty on the representatives of a free people our system has happily advanced to such maturity that i am not aware that your cares in that respect will be augmented other causes exist which are highly interesting to the whole civilized world and to no portion of it more so in certain views than to the united states of these causes and of their bearing on the interests of our union i shall communicate the sentiments which i have formed with that freedom which a sense of duty dictates it is proper however to invite your attention in the first instance to those concerns respecting which legislative provision is thought to be particularly urgent on the 24th of june last a convention of navigation and commerce was concluded in this city between the united states and france by ministers duly authorized for the purpose the sanction of the executive having been given to this convention under a conviction that taking all its stipulations into view it rested essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage i deemed it my duty in compliance with the authority vested in the executive by the second section of the act of the last session of the 6th of may concerning navigation to suspend by proclamation until the end of the next session of congress the operation of the act entitled an act to impose a new tonnage duty on french ships and vessels and for other purposes and to suspend likewise all other duties on french vessels or the goods imported in them which exceeded the duties on american vessels and on similar goods imported in them i shall submit this convention forthwith to the senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification since your last session the prohibition which had been imposed on the commerce between the united states and the british colonies in the west indies and on this continent has likewise been removed satisfactory evidence having been adduced that the ports of those colonies had been opened to the vessels of the united states by an act of the british parliament bearing date on the 24th of june last on the conditions specified therein i deemed it proper in compliance with the provision of the first section of the act of the last session above recited to declare by proclamation bearing date on the 24th of august last that the ports of the united states should thenceforward and until the end of the next session of congress be opened to the vessels of great britain employed in that trade under the limitation specified in that proclamation a doubt was entertained whether the act of congress applied to the british colonies on this continent as well as to those in the west indies but as the act of parliament opened the intercourse equally with both and it was the manifest intention of congress as well as the obvious policy of the united states that the provisions of the act of parliament should be met in equal extent on the part of the united states and as also the act of congress was supposed to vest in the president some discretion in the execution of it i thought it advisable to give it a corresponding construction should the constitutional sanction of the senate be given to the ratification of the convention with france legislative provisions will be necessary to carry it fully into effect as it likewise will be to continue in force on such conditions as may be deemed just and proper the intercourse which has been opened between the united states and the british colonies every light in the possession of the executive will in due time be communicated on both subjects resting essentially on a basis of reciprocal and equal advantage it has been the object of the executive in transactions with other powers to meet the propositions of each with a liberal spirit believing that thereby the interest of our country would be most effectually promoted this course has been systematically pursued in the late occurrences with france and great britain and in strict accord with the views of the legislature a confident hope is entertained that by the arrangement thus commenced with each all differences respecting navigation and commerce with the dominions in question will be adjusted and a solid foundation be laid for an active and permanent intercourse which will prove equally advantageous to both parties the decision of his imperial majesty the emperor of russia on the question submitted to him by the united states and great britain concerning the construction of the first article of the treaty of ghent has been received a convention has since been concluded between the parties under the mediation of his imperial majesty to prescribe the mode by which that article shall be carried into effect in conformity with that decision i shall submit this convention to the senate for its advice and consent as to the ratification and if obtained shall immediately bring the subject before congress for such provisions as may require the interposition of the legislature in compliance with an act of the last session a territorial government has been established in fl on the principles of our system by this act the inhabitants are secured in the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties and to admission into the union with equal participation in the government with the original states on the conditions heretofore prescribed to other territories by a clause in the 9th article of the treaty with spain by which that territory was ceded to the united states it is stipulated that satisfaction shall be made for the injuries if any which by process of law shall be established to have been suffered by the spanish officers and individual spanish inhabitants by the late operations of our troops in florida no provision having yet been made to carry that stipulation into effect it is submitted to the consideration of congress whether it will not be proper to vest the competent power in the district court at pensacola or in some tribunal to be specially organized for the purpose the fiscal operations of the year have been more successful than had been anticipated at the commencement of the last session of congress the receipts into the treasury during the three first quarters of the year have exceeded the sum of the payments made at the treasury during the same period have exceeded leaving the treasury on the 30th day of september last including which were in the treasury on the first day of january last a sum exceeding besides discharging all demands for the current service of the year including the interest and reimbursement of the public debt the 6 stock of 1796 amounting to has been redeemed it is estimated that after defraying the current expenses of the present quarter and redeeming the 2m of 6 stock of 1820 there will remain in the treasury on the first of january next nearly 3m it is estimated that the gross amount of duties which have been secured from the first of january to the 30th of september last has exceeded and the amount for the whole year will probably not fall short of 23m of the actual force in service under the present military establishment the posts at which it is stationed and the condition of each post a report from the sec of war which is now communicated will give a distinct idea by like reports the state of the academy at west point will be seen as will be the progress which has been made on the fortifications along the coast and at the national armories and arsenals the organization of the several corps composing the army is such as to admit its expansion to a great extent in case of emergency the officers carrying with them all the light which they possess to the new corps to which they might be appointed with the organization of the staff there is equal because to be satisfied by the concentration of every branch with its chief in this city in the presence of the department and with a grade in the chief military station to keep alive and cherish a military spirit the greatest promptitude in the execution of orders with the greatest economy and efficiency are secured the same view is taken of the military academy good order is preserved in it and the youth are well instructed in every science connected with the great objects of the institution they are also well trained and disciplined in the practical parts of the profession it has been always found difficult to control the ardor inseparable from that early age in such manner as to give it a proper direction the rights of manhood are too often claimed prematurely in pressing which too far the respect which is due to age and the obedience necessary to a course of study and instruction in every such institution are sometimes lost sight of the great object to be accomplished is the restraint of that ardor by such wise regulations and government as by directing all the energies of the youthful mind to the attainment of useful knowledge will keep it within a just subordination and at the same time elevate it to the highest purposes this object seems to be essentially obtained in this institution and with great advantage to the union the military academy forms the basis in regard to science on which the military establishment rests it furnishes annually after due examination and on the report of the academic staff many informed youths to fill the vacancies which occur in the several corps of the army while others who retire to private life carry with them such attainments as under the right reserved to the several states to appoint the officers and to train the militia will enable them by affording a wider field for selection to promote the great object of the power vested in congress of providing for the organizing arming and disciplining the militia thus by the mutual and harmonious cooperation of the two governments in the execution of a power divided between them an object always to be cherished the attainment of a great result on which our liberties may depend can not fail to be secured i have to add that in proportion as our regular force is small should the instruction and discipline of the militia the great resource on which we rely be pushed to the utmost extent that circumstances will admit a report from the secretary of the navy will communicate the progress which has been made in the construction of vessels of war with other interesting details respecting the actual state of the affairs of that department it has been found necessary for the protection of our commerce to maintain the usual squadrons on the mediterranean the pacific and along the atlantic coast extending the cruises of the latter into the west indies where piracy organized into a system has preyed on the commerce of every country trading thither a cruise has also been maintained on the coast of africa when the season would permit for the suppression of the slave trade and orders have been given to the commanders of all our public ships to seize our own vessels should they find any engaging in that trade and to bring them in for adjudication in the west indies piracy is of recent date which may explain the because why other powers have not combined against it by the documents communicated it will be seen that the efforts of the united states to suppress it have had a very salutary effect the benevolent provision of the act under which the protection has been extended alike to the commerce of other nations can not fail to be duly appreciated by them in compliance with the act of the last session entitled an act to abolish the united states trading establishments agents were immediately appointed and instructed under the direction of the sec of the treasury to close the business of the trading houses among the indian tribes and to settle the accounts of the factors and engaged in that trade and to execute in all other respects the injunction of that act in the mode prescribed therein a final report of their proceedings shall be communicated to congress as soon as it is received it is with great regret i have to state that a serious malady has deprived us of many valuable citizens of pensacola and checked the progress of some of those arrangements which are important to the territory this effect has been sensibly felt in respect to the indians who inhabit that territory consisting of the remnants of the several tribes who occupy the middle ground between augustine and pensacola with extensive claims but undefined boundaries although peace is preserved with those indians yet their position and claims tend essentially to interrupt the intercourse between the eastern and western parts of the territory on which our inhabitants are principally settled it is essential to the growth and prosperity of the territory as well as to the interests of the union that those indians should be removed by special compact with them to some other position or concentration within narrower limits where they are with the limited means in the power of the executive instructions were given to the governor to accomplish this object so far as it might be practicable which was prevented by the distressing malady referred to to carry it fully into effect in either mode additional funds will be necessary to the provision of which the powers of congress are competent with a view to such provision as may be deemed proper the subject is submitted to your consideration and in the interim further proceedings are suspended it appearing that so much of the act entitled an act regulating the staff of the army which passed on as relates to the commissariat will expire in april next and the practical operation of that department having evinced its great utility the propriety of its renewal is submitted to your consideration the view which has been taken of the probable productiveness of the lead mines connected with the importance of the material to the public defense makes it expedient that they should be managed with peculiar care it is therefore suggested whether it will not comport with the public interest to provide by law for the appointment of an agent skilled in mineralogy to superintend them under the direction of the proper department it is understood that the cumberland road which was constructed at great expense has already suffered from the want of that regular superintendence and of those repairs which are indispensable to the preservation of such a work this road is of incalculable advantage in facilitating the intercourse between the western and the atlantic states through the whole country from the northern extremity of lake erie to the mississippi and from all the waters which empty into each finds and easy and direct communication to the seat of government and thence to the atlantic the facility which it affords to all military and commercial operations and also to those of the post office can not be estimated too highly this great work is likewise an ornament and an honor to the nation believing that a competent power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement has not been granted to congress but that such a power confined to great national purposes and with proper limitations would be productive of eminent advantage to our union i have thought it advisable that an amendment of the constitution to that effect should be recommended to the several states a bill which assumed the right to adopt and execute such a system having been presented for my signature at the last session i was compelled from the view which i had taken of the powers of the general government to negative it on which occasion i thought it proper to communicate the sentiments which i had formed on mature consideration on the whole subject to that communication in all the views in which the great interest to which it relates may be supposed to merit your attention i have now to refer should congress however deem it improper to recommend such an amendment they have according to my judgment the right to keep the road in repair by providing for the superintendence of it and appropriating the money necessary for repairs surely if they had the right to appropriate money to make the road they have a right to appropriate it to preserve the road from ruin from the exercise of this power no danger is to be apprehended under our happy system the people are the sole and exclusive fountain of power each government originates from them and to them alone each to its proper constituents are they respectively and solely responsible for the faithful discharge of their duties within their constitutional limits and that the people will confine their public agents of every station to the strict line of their constitutional duties there is no because of doubt having however communicated my sentiments to congress at the last session fully in the document to which i have referred respecting the right of appropriation as distinct from the right of jurisdiction and sovereignty over the territory in question i deem it improper to enlarge on the subject here from the best information i have been able to obtain it appears that our manufactures though depressed immediately after the peace have considerably increased and are still increasing under the encouragement given them by the tariff of 1816 and by subsequent laws satisfied i am whatever may be the abstract doctrine in favor of unrestricted commerce provided all nations would concur in it and it was not liable to be interrupted by war which has never occurred and can not be expected that there are other strong reasons applicable to our situation and relations with other countries which impose on us the obligation to cherish and sustain our manufactures satisfied however i likewise am that the interest of every part of our union even of those most benefitted by manufactures requires that this subject should be touched with the greatest caution and a critical knowledge of the effect to be produced by the slightest change on full consideration of the subject in all its relations i am persuaded that a further augmentation may now be made of the duties on certain foreign articles in favor of our own and without affecting injuriously any other interest for more precise details i refer you to the communications which were made to congress during the last session so great was the amount of accounts for moneys advanced during the late war in addition to others of a previous date which in the regular operations of the government necessarily remained unsettled that it required a considerable length of time for their adjustment by a report from the first comptroller of the treasury it appears that on the accounts then unsettled amounted to of which on had been settled leaving on that day a balance unsettled of that there have been drawn from the treasury in paying the public debt and sustaining the government in all its operations and disbursements since the accounts for which have been settled to the amount of leaving a balance unsettled of for precise details respecting each of these balances i refer to the report of the comptroller and the documents which accompany it from this view it appears other objects will likewise claim your attention because from the station which the united states hold as a member of the great community of nations they have rights to maintain duties to perform and dangers to encounter a strong hope was entertained that peace would ere this have been concluded between spain and the independent governments south of the united states in this hemisphere long experience having evinced the competency of those governments to maintain the independence which they had declared it was presumed that the considerations which induced their recognition by the united states would have had equal weight with other powers and that spain herself yielding to those magnanimous feelings of which her history furnishes so many examples would have terminated on that basis a controversy so unavailing and at the same time so destructive we still cherish the hope that this result will not long be postponed sustaining our neutral position and allowing to each party while the war continues equal rights it is incumbent on the united states to claim of each with equal rigor the faithful observance of our rights according to the law of nations from each therefore a like cooperation is expected in the suppression of the piratical practice which has grown out of this war and of blockades of extensive coasts on both seas which considering the small force employed to sustain them have not the slightest foundation to rest on europe is still unsettled and although the war long menaced between russia and turkey has not broken out there is no certainty that the differences between those powers will be amicably adjusted it is impossible to look to the oppressions of the country respecting which those differences arose without being deeply affected the mention of greece fills the mind with the most exalted sentiments and arouses in our bosoms the best feelings of which our nature is susceptible superior skill and refinement in the arts heroic gallantry in action disinterested patriotism enthusiastic zeal and devotion in favor of public and personal liberty are associated with our recollections of ancient greece that such a country should have been overwhelmed and so long hidden as it were from the world under a gloomy despotism has been a because of unceasing and deep regret to generous minds for ages past it was natural therefore that the reappearance of those people in their original character contending in favor of their liberties should produce that great excitement and sympathy in their favor which have been so signally displayed throughout the united states a strong hope is entertained that these people will recover their independence and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth a great effort has been made in spain and portugal to improve the condition of the people and it must be very consoling to all benevolent minds to see the extraordinary moderation with which it has been conducted that it may promote the happiness of both nations is the ardent wish of this whole people to the expression of which we confine ourselves for whatever may be the feelings or sentiments which every individual under our government has a right to indulge and express it is nevertheless a sacred maxim equally with the government and people that the destiny of every independent nation in what relates to such improvements of right belongs and ought to be left exclusively to themselves whether we reason from the late wars or from those menacing symptoms which now appear in europe it is manifest that if a convulsion should take place in any of those countries it will proceed from causes which have no existence and are utterly unknown in these states in which there is but one order that of the people to whom the sovereignty exclusively belongs should war break out in any of those countries who can foretell the extent to which it may be carried or the desolation which it may spread exempt as we are from these causes our internal tranquillity is secure and distant as we are from the troubled scene and faithful to first principles in regard to other powers we might reasonably presume that we should not be molested by them this however ought not to be calculated on as certain unprovoked injuries are often inflicted and even the peculiar felicity of our situation might with some be a because for excitement and aggression the history of the late wars in europe furnishes a complete demonstration if there be a people on earth whose more especial duty it is to be at all times prepared to defend the rights with which they are blessed and to surpass all others in sustaining the necessary burthens and in submitting to sacrifices to make such preparations it is undoubtedly the people of these states when we see the reasons for sustaining the attitude which we now hold and for pushing forward all our measures of defense with the utmost vigor appear to me to acquire new force the united states owe to the world a great example and by means thereof to the because of liberty and humanity a generous support they have so far succeeded to the satisfaction of the virtuous and enlightened of every country there is no reason to doubt that their whole movement will be regulated by a sacred regard to principle all our institutions being founded on that basis the ability to support our own because under any trial to which it may be exposed is the great point on which the public solicitude rests it has been often charged against free governments i have full confidence that this charge so far as relates to the united states will be shewn to be utterly destitute of truth
many causes unite make present meeting peculiarly interesting constituents operation laws various subjects apply amendments occasionally require imposes annually important duty representatives free people system happily advanced maturity aware cares respect augmented causes exist highly interesting whole civilized world portion certain views united states causes bearing interests union shall communicate sentiments formed freedom sense duty dictates proper however invite attention first instance concerns respecting legislative provision thought particularly urgent 24th june last convention navigation commerce concluded city united states france ministers duly authorized purpose sanction executive given convention conviction taking stipulations view rested essentially basis reciprocal equal advantage deemed duty compliance authority vested executive second section act last session 6th may concerning navigation suspend proclamation end next session congress operation act entitled act impose new tonnage duty french ships vessels purposes suspend likewise duties french vessels goods imported exceeded duties american vessels similar goods imported shall submit convention forthwith senate advice consent ratification since last session prohibition imposed commerce united states british colonies west indies continent likewise removed satisfactory evidence adduced ports colonies opened vessels united states act british parliament bearing date 24th june last conditions specified therein deemed proper compliance provision first section act last session recited declare proclamation bearing date 24th august last ports united states thenceforward end next session congress opened vessels great britain employed trade limitation specified proclamation doubt entertained whether act congress applied british colonies continent well west indies act parliament opened intercourse equally manifest intention congress well obvious policy united states provisions act parliament met equal extent part united states also act congress supposed vest president discretion execution thought advisable give corresponding construction constitutional sanction senate given ratification convention france legislative provisions necessary carry fully effect likewise continue force conditions may deemed proper intercourse opened united states british colonies every light possession executive due time communicated subjects resting essentially basis reciprocal equal advantage object executive transactions powers meet propositions liberal spirit believing thereby interest country would effectually promoted course systematically pursued late occurrences france great britain strict accord views legislature confident hope entertained arrangement thus commenced differences respecting navigation commerce dominions question adjusted solid foundation laid active permanent intercourse prove equally advantageous parties decision imperial majesty emperor russia question submitted united states great britain concerning construction first article treaty ghent received convention since concluded parties mediation imperial majesty prescribe mode article shall carried effect conformity decision shall submit convention senate advice consent ratification obtained shall immediately bring subject congress provisions may require interposition legislature compliance act last session territorial government established fl principles system act inhabitants secured full enjoyment rights liberties admission union equal participation government original states conditions heretofore prescribed territories clause 9th article treaty spain territory ceded united states stipulated satisfaction shall made injuries process law shall established suffered spanish officers individual spanish inhabitants late operations troops florida provision yet made carry stipulation effect submitted consideration congress whether proper vest competent power district court pensacola tribunal specially organized purpose fiscal operations year successful anticipated commencement last session congress receipts treasury three first quarters year exceeded sum payments made treasury period exceeded leaving treasury 30th day september last including treasury first day january last sum exceeding besides discharging demands current service year including interest reimbursement public debt 6 stock 1796 amounting redeemed estimated defraying current expenses present quarter redeeming 2m 6 stock 1820 remain treasury first january next nearly 3m estimated gross amount duties secured first january 30th september last exceeded amount whole year probably fall short 23m actual force service present military establishment posts stationed condition post report sec war communicated give distinct idea like reports state academy west point seen progress made fortifications along coast national armories arsenals organization several corps composing army admit expansion great extent case emergency officers carrying light possess new corps might appointed organization staff equal satisfied concentration every branch chief city presence department grade chief military station keep alive cherish military spirit greatest promptitude execution orders greatest economy efficiency secured view taken military academy good order preserved youth well instructed every science connected great objects institution also well trained disciplined practical parts profession always found difficult control ardor inseparable early age manner give proper direction rights manhood often claimed prematurely pressing far respect due age obedience necessary course study instruction every institution sometimes lost sight great object accomplished restraint ardor wise regulations government directing energies youthful mind attainment useful knowledge keep within subordination time elevate highest purposes object seems essentially obtained institution great advantage union military academy forms basis regard science military establishment rests furnishes annually due examination report academic staff many informed youths fill vacancies occur several corps army others retire private life carry attainments right reserved several states appoint officers train militia enable affording wider field selection promote great object power vested congress providing organizing arming disciplining militia thus mutual harmonious cooperation two governments execution power divided object always cherished attainment great result liberties may depend fail secured add proportion regular force small instruction discipline militia great resource rely pushed utmost extent circumstances admit report secretary navy communicate progress made construction vessels war interesting details respecting actual state affairs department found necessary protection commerce maintain usual squadrons mediterranean pacific along atlantic coast extending cruises latter west indies piracy organized system preyed commerce every country trading thither cruise also maintained coast africa season would permit suppression slave trade orders given commanders public ships seize vessels find engaging trade bring adjudication west indies piracy recent date may explain powers combined documents communicated seen efforts united states suppress salutary effect benevolent provision act protection extended alike commerce nations fail duly appreciated compliance act last session entitled act abolish united states trading establishments agents immediately appointed instructed direction sec treasury close business trading houses among indian tribes settle accounts factors engaged trade execute respects injunction act mode prescribed therein final report proceedings shall communicated congress soon received great regret state serious malady deprived us many valuable citizens pensacola checked progress arrangements important territory effect sensibly felt respect indians inhabit territory consisting remnants several tribes occupy middle ground augustine pensacola extensive claims undefined boundaries although peace preserved indians yet position claims tend essentially interrupt intercourse eastern western parts territory inhabitants principally settled essential growth prosperity territory well interests union indians removed special compact position concentration within narrower limits limited means power executive instructions given governor accomplish object far might practicable prevented distressing malady referred carry fully effect either mode additional funds necessary provision powers congress competent view provision may deemed proper subject submitted consideration interim proceedings suspended appearing much act entitled act regulating staff army passed relates commissariat expire april next practical operation department evinced great utility propriety renewal submitted consideration view taken probable productiveness lead mines connected importance material public defense makes expedient managed peculiar care therefore suggested whether comport public interest provide law appointment agent skilled mineralogy superintend direction proper department understood cumberland road constructed great expense already suffered want regular superintendence repairs indispensable preservation work road incalculable advantage facilitating intercourse western atlantic states whole country northern extremity lake erie mississippi waters empty finds easy direct communication seat government thence atlantic facility affords military commercial operations also post office estimated highly great work likewise ornament honor nation believing competent power adopt execute system internal improvement granted congress power confined great national purposes proper limitations would productive eminent advantage union thought advisable amendment constitution effect recommended several states bill assumed right adopt execute system presented signature last session compelled view taken powers general government negative occasion thought proper communicate sentiments formed mature consideration whole subject communication views great interest relates may supposed merit attention refer congress however deem improper recommend amendment according judgment right keep road repair providing superintendence appropriating money necessary repairs surely right appropriate money make road right appropriate preserve road ruin exercise power danger apprehended happy system people sole exclusive fountain power government originates alone proper constituents respectively solely responsible faithful discharge duties within constitutional limits people confine public agents every station strict line constitutional duties doubt however communicated sentiments congress last session fully document referred respecting right appropriation distinct right jurisdiction sovereignty territory question deem improper enlarge subject best information able obtain appears manufactures though depressed immediately peace considerably increased still increasing encouragement given tariff 1816 subsequent laws satisfied whatever may abstract doctrine favor unrestricted commerce provided nations would concur liable interrupted war never occurred expected strong reasons applicable situation relations countries impose us obligation cherish sustain manufactures satisfied however likewise interest every part union even benefitted manufactures requires subject touched greatest caution critical knowledge effect produced slightest change full consideration subject relations persuaded augmentation may made duties certain foreign articles favor without affecting injuriously interest precise details refer communications made congress last session great amount accounts moneys advanced late war addition others previous date regular operations government necessarily remained unsettled required considerable length time adjustment report first comptroller treasury appears accounts unsettled amounted settled leaving day balance unsettled drawn treasury paying public debt sustaining government operations disbursements since accounts settled amount leaving balance unsettled precise details respecting balances refer report comptroller documents accompany view appears objects likewise claim attention station united states hold member great community nations rights maintain duties perform dangers encounter strong hope entertained peace would ere concluded spain independent governments south united states hemisphere long experience evinced competency governments maintain independence declared presumed considerations induced recognition united states would equal weight powers spain yielding magnanimous feelings history furnishes many examples would terminated basis controversy unavailing time destructive still cherish hope result long postponed sustaining neutral position allowing party war continues equal rights incumbent united states claim equal rigor faithful observance rights according law nations therefore like cooperation expected suppression piratical practice grown war blockades extensive coasts seas considering small force employed sustain slightest foundation rest europe still unsettled although war long menaced russia turkey broken certainty differences powers amicably adjusted impossible look oppressions country respecting differences arose without deeply affected mention greece fills mind exalted sentiments arouses bosoms best feelings nature susceptible superior skill refinement arts heroic gallantry action disinterested patriotism enthusiastic zeal devotion favor public personal liberty associated recollections ancient greece country overwhelmed long hidden world gloomy despotism unceasing deep regret generous minds ages past natural therefore reappearance people original character contending favor liberties produce great excitement sympathy favor signally displayed throughout united states strong hope entertained people recover independence resume equal station among nations earth great effort made spain portugal improve condition people must consoling benevolent minds see extraordinary moderation conducted may promote happiness nations ardent wish whole people expression confine whatever may feelings sentiments every individual government right indulge express nevertheless sacred maxim equally government people destiny every independent nation relates improvements right belongs ought left exclusively whether reason late wars menacing symptoms appear europe manifest convulsion take place countries proceed causes existence utterly unknown states one order people sovereignty exclusively belongs war break countries foretell extent may carried desolation may spread exempt causes internal tranquillity secure distant troubled scene faithful first principles regard powers might reasonably presume molested however ought calculated certain unprovoked injuries often inflicted even peculiar felicity situation might excitement aggression history late wars europe furnishes complete demonstration people earth whose especial duty times prepared defend rights blessed surpass others sustaining necessary burthens submitting sacrifices make preparations undoubtedly people states see reasons sustaining attitude hold pushing forward measures defense utmost vigor appear acquire new force united states owe world great example means thereof liberty humanity generous support far succeeded satisfaction virtuous enlightened every country reason doubt whole movement regulated sacred regard principle institutions founded basis ability support trial may exposed great point public solicitude rests often charged free governments full confidence charge far relates united states shewn utterly destitute truth
many cause unite make present meeting peculiarly interesting constituent operation law various subject apply amendment occasionally require imposes annually important duty representative free people system happily advance maturity aware care respect augment cause exist highly interesting whole civilize world portion certain view unite state cause bear interest union shall communicate sentiment form freedom sense duty dictate proper however invite attention first instance concern respect legislative provision think particularly urgent 24th june last convention navigation commerce conclude city united state france minister duly authorize purpose sanction executive give convention conviction take stipulation view rest essentially basis reciprocal equal advantage deem duty compliance authority vested executive second section act last session 6th may concern navigation suspend proclamation end next session congress operation act entitle act impose new tonnage duty french ship vessel purpose suspend likewise duty french vessel good import exceeded duty american vessel similar good import shall submit convention forthwith senate advice consent ratification since last session prohibition impose commerce united state british colony west indie continent likewise remove satisfactory evidence adduce port colony open vessel unite state act british parliament bearing date 24th june last condition specify therein deem proper compliance provision first section act last session recite declare proclamation bearing date 24th august last port unite state thenceforward end next session congress open vessel great britain employed trade limitation specify proclamation doubt entertain whether act congress apply british colony continent well west indie act parliament open intercourse equally manifest intention congress well obvious policy united state provision act parliament meet equal extent part unite state also act congress suppose vest president discretion execution think advisable give corresponding construction constitutional sanction senate give ratification convention france legislative provision necessary carry fully effect likewise continue force condition may deem proper intercourse open united state british colony every light possession executive due time communicated subject rest essentially basis reciprocal equal advantage object executive transaction power meet proposition liberal spirit believe thereby interest country would effectually promote course systematically pursue late occurrence france great britain strict accord view legislature confident hope entertain arrangement thus commence difference respect navigation commerce dominion question adjust solid foundation lay active permanent intercourse prove equally advantageous party decision imperial majesty emperor russia question submit united state great britain concern construction first article treaty ghent receive convention since conclude party mediation imperial majesty prescribe mode article shall carry effect conformity decision shall submit convention senate advice consent ratification obtain shall immediately bring subject congress provision may require interposition legislature compliance act last session territorial government establish fl principle system act inhabitant secure full enjoyment right liberties admission union equal participation government original state condition heretofore prescribed territory clause 9th article treaty spain territory cede united state stipulate satisfaction shall make injury process law shall establish suffer spanish officer individual spanish inhabitant late operation troop florida provision yet make carry stipulation effect submit consideration congress whether proper vest competent power district court pensacola tribunal specially organize purpose fiscal operation year successful anticipate commencement last session congress receipt treasury three first quarter year exceed sum payment make treasury period exceed leave treasury 30th day september last include treasury first day january last sum exceed besides discharge demand current service year include interest reimbursement public debt 6 stock 1796 amounting redeem estimate defray current expense present quarter redeem 2m 6 stock 1820 remain treasury first january next nearly 3m estimate gross amount duty secure first january 30th september last exceeded amount whole year probably fall short 23m actual force service present military establishment post station condition post report sec war communicate give distinct idea like report state academy west point see progress make fortification along coast national armory arsenal organization several corp compose army admit expansion great extent case emergency officer carry light possess new corp might appoint organization staff equal satisfied concentration every branch chief city presence department grade chief military station keep alive cherish military spirit great promptitude execution order greatest economy efficiency secure view take military academy good order preserve youth well instructed every science connect great object institution also well trained discipline practical part profession always find difficult control ardor inseparable early age manner give proper direction right manhood often claim prematurely press far respect due age obedience necessary course study instruction every institution sometimes lose sight great object accomplish restraint ardor wise regulation government direct energy youthful mind attainment useful knowledge keep within subordination time elevate high purpose object seem essentially obtain institution great advantage union military academy form basis regard science military establishment rest furnish annually due examination report academic staff many informed youth fill vacancy occur several corp army others retire private life carry attainment right reserve several state appoint officer train militia enable afford wider field selection promote great object power vest congress provide organize arm discipline militia thus mutual harmonious cooperation two government execution power divide object always cherish attainment great result liberty may depend fail secure add proportion regular force small instruction discipline militia great resource rely push utmost extent circumstance admit report secretary navy communicate progress make construction vessel war interest detail respect actual state affair department find necessary protection commerce maintain usual squadron mediterranean pacific along atlantic coast extending cruise latter west indie piracy organize system prey commerce every country trading thither cruise also maintain coast africa season would permit suppression slave trade order give commander public ship seize vessel find engaging trade bring adjudication west indie piracy recent date may explain power combine document communicate see effort united state suppress salutary effect benevolent provision act protection extend alike commerce nation fail duly appreciate compliance act last session entitle act abolish united state trade establishment agent immediately appoint instructed direction sec treasury close business trading house among indian tribe settle account factor engage trade execute respect injunction act mode prescribe therein final report proceeding shall communicate congress soon receive great regret state serious malady deprive u many valuable citizen pensacola check progress arrangement important territory effect sensibly felt respect indian inhabit territory consist remnant several tribe occupy middle ground augustine pensacola extensive claim undefined boundary although peace preserve indian yet position claim tend essentially interrupt intercourse eastern western part territory inhabitant principally settle essential growth prosperity territory well interest union indians remove special compact position concentration within narrow limit limit mean power executive instruction give governor accomplish object far might practicable prevented distress malady refer carry fully effect either mode additional fund necessary provision power congress competent view provision may deem proper subject submit consideration interim proceeding suspend appear much act entitle act regulate staff army pass relates commissariat expire april next practical operation department evince great utility propriety renewal submit consideration view take probable productiveness lead mine connect importance material public defense make expedient manage peculiar care therefore suggest whether comport public interest provide law appointment agent skilled mineralogy superintend direction proper department understood cumberland road construct great expense already suffer want regular superintendence repair indispensable preservation work road incalculable advantage facilitate intercourse western atlantic state whole country northern extremity lake erie mississippi water empty find easy direct communication seat government thence atlantic facility affords military commercial operation also post office estimate highly great work likewise ornament honor nation believe competent power adopt execute system internal improvement grant congress power confine great national purpose proper limitation would productive eminent advantage union think advisable amendment constitution effect recommend several state bill assume right adopt execute system present signature last session compel view take power general government negative occasion think proper communicate sentiment form mature consideration whole subject communication view great interest relates may suppose merit attention refer congress however deem improper recommend amendment accord judgment right keep road repair provide superintendence appropriate money necessary repair surely right appropriate money make road right appropriate preserve road ruin exercise power danger apprehend happy system people sole exclusive fountain power government originate alone proper constituent respectively solely responsible faithful discharge duty within constitutional limit people confine public agent every station strict line constitutional duty doubt however communicate sentiment congress last session fully document refer respect right appropriation distinct right jurisdiction sovereignty territory question deem improper enlarge subject best information able obtain appear manufacture though depressed immediately peace considerably increase still increase encouragement give tariff 1816 subsequent law satisfy whatever may abstract doctrine favor unrestricted commerce provide nation would concur liable interrupted war never occur expect strong reason applicable situation relation country impose u obligation cherish sustain manufacture satisfy however likewise interest every part union even benefit manufacture require subject touched great caution critical knowledge effect produce slight change full consideration subject relation persuade augmentation may make duty certain foreign article favor without affect injuriously interest precise detail refer communication make congress last session great amount account money advance late war addition others previous date regular operation government necessarily remain unsettled require considerable length time adjustment report first comptroller treasury appear account unsettled amount settled leaving day balance unsettle drawn treasury pay public debt sustaining government operation disbursement since account settle amount leave balance unsettle precise detail respect balance refer report comptroller document accompany view appear object likewise claim attention station united state hold member great community nation right maintain duty perform danger encounter strong hope entertain peace would ere conclude spain independent government south united state hemisphere long experience evince competency government maintain independence declare presumed consideration induced recognition united state would equal weight power spain yield magnanimous feeling history furnishes many example would terminate basis controversy unavailing time destructive still cherish hope result long postpone sustain neutral position allow party war continue equal right incumbent united state claim equal rigor faithful observance right accord law nation therefore like cooperation expect suppression piratical practice grown war blockade extensive coast seas consider small force employ sustain slight foundation rest europe still unsettle although war long menace russia turkey broken certainty difference power amicably adjust impossible look oppression country respect difference arose without deeply affected mention greece fill mind exalted sentiment arouse bosom best feeling nature susceptible superior skill refinement art heroic gallantry action disinterested patriotism enthusiastic zeal devotion favor public personal liberty associate recollection ancient greece country overwhelm long hidden world gloomy despotism unceasing deep regret generous mind age past natural therefore reappearance people original character contend favor liberty produce great excitement sympathy favor signally display throughout united state strong hope entertain people recover independence resume equal station among nation earth great effort make spain portugal improve condition people must console benevolent mind see extraordinary moderation conduct may promote happiness nation ardent wish whole people expression confine whatever may feelings sentiment every individual government right indulge express nevertheless sacred maxim equally government people destiny every independent nation relate improvement right belongs ought leave exclusively whether reason late war menace symptom appear europe manifest convulsion take place country proceed cause existence utterly unknown state one order people sovereignty exclusively belongs war break country foretell extent may carry desolation may spread exempt cause internal tranquillity secure distant trouble scene faithful first principle regard power might reasonably presume molest however ought calculate certain unprovoked injury often inflict even peculiar felicity situation might excitement aggression history late war europe furnishes complete demonstration people earth whose especial duty time prepared defend right bless surpass others sustain necessary burthen submit sacrifice make preparation undoubtedly people state see reason sustain attitude hold push forward measure defense utmost vigor appear acquire new force united state owe world great example mean thereof liberty humanity generous support far succeeded satisfaction virtuous enlighten every country reason doubt whole movement regulate sacred regard principle institution found basis ability support trial may expose great point public solicitude rest often charge free government full confidence charge far relate united state shew utterly destitute truth