Many important subjects will claim your attention during the present session, of which I shall endeavor to give, in aid of your deliberations, a just idea in this communication. I undertake this duty with diffidence, from the vast extent of the interests on which I have to treat and of their great importance to every portion of our Union. I enter on it with zeal from a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the establishment of our Revolution when, regarding the condition of the civilized world and its bearing on us, there was greater necessity for devotion in the public servants to their respective duties, or for virtue, patriotism, and union in our constituents. Meeting in you a new Congress, I deem it proper to present this view of public affairs in greater detail than might otherwise be necessary. I do it, however, with peculiar satisfaction, from a knowledge that in this respect I shall comply more fully with the sound principles of our Government. The people being with us exclusively the sovereign, it is indispensable that full information be laid before them on all important subjects, to enable them to exercise that high power with complete effect. If kept in the dark, they must be incompetent to it. We are all liable to error, and those who are engaged in the management of public affairs are more subject to excitement and to be led astray by their particular interests and passions than the great body of our constituents, who, living at home in the pursuit of their ordinary avocations, are calm but deeply interested spectators of events and of the conduct of those who are parties to them. To the people every department of the Government and every individual in each are responsible, and the more full their information the better they can judge of the wisdom of the policy pursued and of the conduct of each in regard to it. From their dispassionate judgment much aid may always be obtained, while their approbation will form the greatest incentive and most gratifying reward for virtuous actions, and the dread of their censure the best security against the abuse of their confidence. Their interests in all vital questions are the same, and the bond, by sentiment as well as by interest, will be proportionably strengthened as they are better informed of the real state of public affairs, especially in difficult conjunctures. It is by such knowledge that local prejudices and jealousies are surmounted, and that a national policy extending its fostering care and protection to all the great interests of our Union, is formed and steadily adhered to. A precise knowledge of our relations with foreign powers as respects our negotiations and transactions with each is thought to be particularly necessary. Equally necessary is it that we should form   a just estimate of our resources, revenue, and progress in every kind of improvement connected with the national prosperity and public defense. It is by rendering justice to other nations that we may expect it from them. It is by our ability to resent injuries and redress wrongs that we may avoid them. The commissioners under the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having disagreed in their opinions respecting that portion of the boundary between the Territories of the United States and of Great Britain the establishment of which had been submitted to them, have made their respective reports in compliance with that article, that the same might be referred to the decision of a friendly power. It being manifest, however, that it would be difficult, if not impossible, for any power to perform that office without great delay and much inconvenience to itself, a proposal has been made by this Government, and acceded to by that of Great Britain, to endeavor to establish that boundary by amicable negotiation. It appearing from long experience that no satisfactory arrangement could be formed of the commercial intercourse between the United States and the British colonies in this hemisphere by legislative acts while each party pursued its own course without agreement or concert with the other, a proposal has been made to the British Government to regulate this commerce by treaty, as it has been to arrange in like manner the just claim of the citizens of the United States inhabiting the States and Territories bordering on the lakes and rivers which empty into the St. Lawrence to the navigation of that river to the ocean. For these and other objects of high importance to the interests of both parties a negotiation has been opened with the British Government which it is hoped will have a satisfactory result. The commissioners under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of Ghent having successfully closed their labors in relation to the 6th, have proceeded to the discharge of those relating to the 7th. Their progress in the extensive survey required for the performance of their duties justifies the presumption that it will be completed in the ensuing year. The negotiation which had been long depending with the French Government on several important subjects, and particularly for a just indemnity for losses sustained in the late wars by the citizens of the United States under unjustifiable seizures and confiscations of their property, has not as yet had the desired effect. As this claim rests on the same principle with others which have been admitted by the French Government, it is not perceived on what just ground it can be rejected. A minister will be immediately appointed to proceed to France and resume the negotiation on this and other subjects which may arise between the two nations. At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the North West coast of this continent. A similar proposal had been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. Since the close of the last session of Congress the commissioners and arbitrators for ascertaining and determining the amount of indemnification which may be due to citizens of the United States under the decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia, in conformity to the convention concluded at St. Petersburg on [1822-07-12], have assembled in this city, and organized themselves as a board for the performance of the duties assigned to them by that treaty. The commission constituted under the 11th article of the treaty of [1819-02-22], between the United States and Spain is also in session here, and as the term of three years limited by the treaty for the execution of the trust will expire before the period of the next regular meeting of Congress, the attention of the Legislature will be drawn to the measures which may be necessary to accomplish the objects for which the commission was instituted. In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives adopted at their last session, instructions have been given to all the ministers of the United States accredited to the powers of Europe and America to propose the proscription of the African slave trade by classing it under the denomination, and inflicting on its perpetrators the punishment, of piracy. Should this proposal be acceded to, it is not doubted that this odious and criminal practice will be promptly and entirely suppressed. It is earnestly hoped that it will be acceded to, from the firm belief that it is the most effectual expedient that can be adopted for the purpose. At the commencement of the recent war between France and Spain it was declared by the French Government that it would grant no commissions to privateers, and that neither the commerce of Spain herself nor of neutral nations should be molested by the naval force of France, except in the breach of a lawful blockade. This declaration, which appears to have been faithfully carried into effect, concurring with principles proclaimed and cherished by the United States from the first establishment of their independence, suggested the hope that the time had arrived when the proposal for adopting it as a permanent and invariable rule in all future maritime wars might meet the favorable consideration of the great European powers. Instructions have accordingly been given to our ministers with France, Russia, and Great Britain to make those proposals to their respective Governments, and when the friends of humanity reflect on the essential amelioration to the condition of the human race which would result from the abolition of private war on the sea and on the great facility by which it might be accomplished, requiring only the consent of a few sovereigns, an earnest hope is indulged that these overtures will meet with an attention animated by the spirit in which they were made, and that they will ultimately be successful. The ministers who were appointed to the Republics of Colombia and Buenos Ayres during the last session of Congress proceeded shortly afterwards to their destinations. Of their arrival there official intelligence has not yet been received. The minister appointed to the Republic of Chile will sail in a few days. An early appointment will also be made to Mexico. A minister has been received from Colombia, and the other Governments have been informed that ministers, or diplomatic agents of inferior grade, would be received from each, accordingly as they might prefer the one or the other. The minister appointed to Spain proceeded soon after his appointment for Cadiz, the residence of the Sovereign to whom he was accredited. In approaching that port the frigate which conveyed him was warned off by the commander of the French squadron by which it was blockaded and not permitted to enter, although apprised by the captain of the frigate of the public character of the person whom he had on board, the landing of whom was the sole object of his proposed entry. This act, being considered an infringement of the rights of ambassadors and of nations, will form a just cause of complaint to the Government of France against the officer by whom it was committed. The actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the last session of Congress. On the first of January there was a balance in the Treasury of $4,237,427.55. From that time to the 30th of September the receipts amounted to upward of $16.1M, and the expenditures to $11.4M. During the 4th quarter of the year it is estimated that the receipts will at least equal the expenditures, and that there will remain in the Treasury on the first day of January next a surplus of nearly $9M. On [1825-01-01], a large amount of the war debt and a part of the Revolutionary debt become redeemable. Additional portions of the former will continue to become redeemable annually until the year 1835. it is believed, however, that if the United States remain at peace the whole of that debt may be redeemed by the ordinary revenue of those years during that period under the provision of the act of [1817-03-03], creating the sinking fund, and in that case the only part of the debt that will remain after the year 1835 will be the $7M of 5% stock subscribed to the Bank of the United States, and the 3% Revolutionary debt, amounting to $13,296,099.06, both of which are redeemable at the pleasure of the Government. The state of the Army in its organization and discipline has been gradually improving for several years, and has now attained a high degree of perfection. The military disbursements have been regularly made and the accounts regularly and promptly rendered for settlement. The supplies of various descriptions have been of good quality, and regularly issued at all of the posts. A system of economy and accountability has been introduced into every branch of the service which admits of little additional improvement. This desirable state has been attained by the act reorganizing the staff of the Army, passed on [1818-04-14]. The moneys appropriated for fortifications have been regularly and economically applied, and all the works advanced as rapidly as the amount appropriated would admit. Three important works will be completed in the course of this year -- that is, Fort Washington, Fort Delaware, and the fort at the Rigolets, in Louisiana. The Board of Engineers and the Topographical Corps have been in constant and active service in surveying the coast and projecting the works necessary for its defense. The Military Academy has attained a degree of perfection in its discipline and instruction equal, as is believed, to any institution of its kind in any country. The money appropriated for the use of the Ordnance Department has been regularly and economically applied. The fabrication of arms at the national armories and by contract with the Department has been gradually improving in quality and cheapness. It is believed that their quality is now such as to admit of but little improvement. The completion of the fortifications renders it necessary that there should be a suitable appropriation for the purpose of fabricating the cannon and carriages necessary for those works. Under the appropriation of $5,000 for exploring the Western waters for the location of a site for a Western armory, a commission was constituted, consisting of Colonel McRee, Colonel Lee, and Captain Talcott, who have been engaged in exploring the country. They have not yet reported the result of their labors, but it is believed that they will be prepared to do it at an early part of the session of Congress. During the month of June last General Ashley and his party, who were trading under a license from the Government, were attacked by the Ricarees while peaceably trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the party were killed and wounded and their property taken or destroyed. Colonel Leavenworth, who commanded Fort Atkinson, at the Council Bluffs, the most western post, apprehending that the hostile spirit of the Ricarees would extend to other tribes in that quarter, and that thereby the lives of the traders on the Missouri and the peace of the frontier would be endangered, took immediate measures to check the evil. With a detachment of the regiment stationed at the Bluffs he successfully attacked the Ricaree village, and it is hoped that such an impression has been made on them as well as on the other tribes on the Missouri as will prevent a recurrence of future hostility. The report of the Secretary of War, which is herewith transmitted, will exhibit in greater detail the condition of the Department in its various branches, and the progress which has been made in its administration during the three first quarters of the year. I transmit a return of the militia of the several States according to the last reports which have been made by the proper officers in each to the Department of War. by reference to this return it will be seen that it is not complete, although great exertions have been made to make it so. As the defense and even the liberties of the country must depend in times of imminent danger on the militia, it is of the highest importance that it be well organized, armed, and disciplined throughout the Union. The report of the Secretary of War shews the progress made during the three first quarters of the present year by the application of the fund appropriated for arming the militia. Much difficulty is found in distributing the arms according to the act of Congress providing for it from the failure of the proper departments in many of the States to make regular returns. The act of [1820-05-12] provides that the system of tactics and regulations of the various corps of the Regular Army shall be extended to the militia. This act has been very imperfectly executed from the want of uniformity in the organization of the militia, proceeding from the defects of the system itself, and especially in its application to that main arm of the public defense. It is thought that this important subject in all its branches merits the attention of Congress. The report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is now communicated, furnishes an account of the administration of that Department for the three first quarters of the present year, with the progress made in augmenting the Navy, and the manner in which the vessels in commission have been employed. The usual force has been maintained in the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, and along the Atlantic coast, and has afforded the necessary protection to our commerce in those seas. In the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico our naval force has been augmented by the addition of several small vessels provided for by the "act authorizing an additional naval force for the suppression of piracy", passed by Congress at their last session. That armament has been eminently successful in the accomplishment of its object. The piracies by which our commerce in the neighborhood of the island of Cuba had been afflicted have been repressed and the confidence of our merchants in a great measure restored. The patriotic zeal and enterprise of Commodore Porter, to whom the command of the expedition was confided, has been fully seconded by the officers and men under his command. And in reflecting with high satisfaction on the honorable manner in which they have sustained the reputation of their country and its Navy, the sentiment is alloyed only by a concern that in the fulfillment of that arduous service the diseases incident to the season and to the climate in which it was discharged have deprived the nation of many useful lives, and among them of several officers of great promise. In the month of August a very malignant fever made its appearance at Thompsons Island, which threatened the destruction of our station there. Many perished, and the commanding officer was severely attacked. Uncertain as to his fate and knowing that most of the medical officers had been rendered incapable of discharging their duties, it was thought expedient to send to that post an officer of rank and experience, with several skilled surgeons, to ascertain the origin of the fever and the probability of its recurrence there in future seasons; to furnish every assistance to those who were suffering, and, if practicable, to avoid the necessity of abandoning so important a station. Commodore Rodgers, with a promptitude which did him honor, cheerfully accepted that trust, and has discharged it in the manner anticipated from his skill and patriotism. Before his arrival Commodore Porter, with the greater part of the squadron, had removed from the island and returned to the United States in consequence of the prevailing sickness. Much useful information has, however, been obtained as to the state of the island and great relief afforded to those who had been necessarily left there. Although our expedition, cooperating with an invigorated administration of the government of the island of Cuba, and with the corresponding active exertions of a British naval force in the same seas, have almost entirely destroyed the unlicensed piracies from that island, the success of our exertions has not been equally effectual to suppress the same crime, under other pretenses and colors, in the neighboring island of Porto Rico. They have been committed there under the abusive issue of Spanish commissions. At an early period of the present year remonstrances were made to the governor of that island, by an agent who was sent for the purpose, against those outrages on the peaceful commerce of the United States, of which many had occurred. That officer, professing his own want of authority to make satisfaction for our just complaints, answered only by a reference of them to the Government of Spain. The minister of the United States to that court was specially instructed to urge the necessity of immediate and effectual interposition of that Government, directing restitution and indemnity for wrongs already committed and interdicting the repetition of them. The minister, as has been seen, was debarred access to the Spanish Government, and in the mean time several new cases of flagrant outrage have occurred, and citizens of the United States in the island of Porto Rico have suffered, and others been threatened with assassination for asserting their unquestionable rights even before the lawful tribunals of the country. The usual orders have been given to all our public ships to seize American vessels in the slave trade and bring them in for adjudication, and I have the gratification to state that not one so employed has been discovered, and there is good reason to believe that our flag is now seldom, if at all, disgraced by that traffic. It is a source of great satisfaction that we are always enabled to recur to the conduct of our Navy with price and commendation. As a means of national defense it enjoys the public confidence, and is steadily assuming additional importance. It is submitted whether a more efficient and equally economical organization of it might not in several respects be effected. It is supposed that higher grades than now exist by law would be useful. They would afford well-merited rewards to those who have long and faithfully served their country, present the best incentives to good conduct, and the best means of insuring a proper discipline; destroy the inequality in that respect between military and naval services, and relieve our officers from many inconveniences and mortifications which occur when our vessels meet those of other nations, ours being the only service in which such grades do not exist. A report of the PostMaster-General, which accompanies this communication, will shew the present state of the Post-Office Department and its general operations for some years past. There is established by law 88,600 miles of post roads, on which the mail is now transported 85,700 miles, and contracts have been made for its transportation on all the established routes, with one or 2 exceptions. There are 5,240 post offices in the Union, and as many post masters. The gross amount of postage which accrued from [1822-07-01] to [1823-07-01] was $1,114,345.12. During the same period the expenditures of the Post-Office Department amounted to $1,169,885.51 and consisted of the following items, viz: making a total amount of balances due to the Department of $391,994.59. These balances embrace all delinquencies of post masters and contractors which have taken place since the organization of the Department. There was due by the Department to contractors on the first of July last $26,548.64. The transportation of the mail within five years past has been greatly extended, and the expenditures of the Department proportionably increased. Although the postage which has accrued within the last three years has fallen short of the expenditures $262,821.46, it appears that collections have been made from the outstanding balances to meet the principal part of the current demands. It is estimated that not more than $250,000 of the above balances can be collected, and that a considerable part of this sum can only be realized by a resort to legal process. Some improvements in the receipts for postage is expected. A prompt attention to the collection of moneys received by post masters, it is believed, will enable the Department to continue its operations without aid from the Treasury, unless the expenditures shall be increased by the establishment of new mail routes. A revision of some parts of the post office law may be necessary; and it is submitted whether it would not be proper to provide for the appointment of post masters, where the compensation exceeds a certain amount, by nomination to the Senate, as other officers of the General Government are appointed. Having communicated my views to Congress at the commencement of the last session respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our manufactures and the principle on which it should be founded, I have only to add that those views remain unchanged, and that the present state of those countries with which we have the most immediate political relations and greatest commercial intercourse tends to confirm them. Under this impression I recommend a review of the tariff for the purpose of affording such additional protection to those articles which we are prepared to manufacture, or which are more immediately connected with the defense and independence of the country. The actual state of the public accounts furnishes additional evidence of the efficiency of the present system of accountability in relation to the public expenditure. Of the moneys drawn from the Treasury since [1817-03-04], the sum remaining unaccounted for on the 30th of September last is more than $1.5M less than on the 30th of September preceding; and during the same period a reduction of nearly $1M has been made in the amount of the unsettled accounts for moneys advanced previously to [1817-03-04]. It will be obvious that in proportion as the mass of accounts of the latter description is diminished by settlement the difficulty of settling the residue is increased from the consideration that in many instances it can be obtained only by legal process. For more precise details on this subject I refer to a report from the first Comptroller of the Treasury. The sum which was appropriated at the last session for the repairs of the Cumberland road has been applied with good effect to that object. A final report has not been received from the agent who was appointed to superintend it. As soon as it is received it shall be communicated to Congress. Many patriotic and enlightened citizens who have made the subject an object of particular investigation have suggested an improvement of still greater importance. They are of the opinion that the waters of the Chesapeake and Ohio may be connected together by one continued canal, and at an expense far short of the value and importance of the object to be obtained. If this could be accomplished it is impossible to calculate the beneficial consequences which would result from it. A great portion of the produce of the very fertile country through which it would pass would find a market through that channel. Troops might be moved with great facility in war, with cannon and every kind of munition, and in either direction. Connecting the Atlantic with the Western country in a line passing through the seat of the National Government, it would contribute essentially to strengthen the bond of union itself. Believing as I do that Congress possess the right to appropriate money for such a national object (the jurisdiction remaining to the States through which the canal would pass), I submit it to your consideration whether it may not be advisable to authorize by an adequate appropriation the employment of a suitable number of the officers of the Corps of Engineers to examine the unexplored ground during the next season and to report their opinion thereon. It will likewise be proper to extend their examination to the several routes through which the waters of the Ohio may be connected by canals with those of Lake Erie. As the Cumberland road will require annual repairs, and Congress have not thought it expedient to recommend to the States an amendment to the Constitution for the purpose of vesting in the United States a power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement, it is also submitted to your consideration whether it may not be expedient to authorize the Executive to enter into an arrangement with the several States through which the road passes to establish tolls, each within its limits, for the purpose of defraying the expense of future repairs and of providing also by suitable penalties for its protection against future injuries. The act of Congress of [1822-05-07], appropriated the sum of $22,700 for the purpose of erecting two piers as a shelter for vessels from ice near Cape Henlopen, Delaware Bay. To effect the object of the act the officers of the Board of Engineers, with Commodore Bainbridge, were directed to prepare plans and estimates of piers sufficient to answer the purpose intended by the act. It appears by their report, which accompanies the documents from the War Department, that the appropriation is not adequate to the purpose intended; and as the piers would be of great service both to the navigation of the Delaware Bay and the protection of vessels on the adjacent parts of the coast, I submit for the consideration of Congress whether additional and sufficient appropriations should not be made. The Board of Engineers were also directed to examine and survey the entrance of the harbor of the port of Presquille, in PA, in order to make an estimate of the expense of removing the obstructions to the entrance, with a plan of the best mode of effecting the same, under the appropriation for that purpose by act of Congress passed 3rd of March last. The report of the Board accompanies the papers from the War Department, and is submitted for the consideration of Congress. A strong hope has been long entertained, founded on the heroic struggle of the Greeks, that they would succeed in their contest and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth. It is believed that the whole civilized world take a deep interest in their welfare. Although no power has declared in their favor, yet none according to our information, has taken part against them. Their cause and their name have protected them from dangers which might ere this have overwhelmed any other people. The ordinary calculations of interest and of acquisition with a view to aggrandizement, which mingles so much in the transactions of nations, seem to have had no effect in regard to them. From the facts which have come to our knowledge there is good cause to believe that their enemy has lost forever all dominion over them; that Greece will become again an independent nation. That she may obtain that rank is the object of our most ardent wishes. It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the result has been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere, but with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security. The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course. If we compare the present condition of our Union with its actual state at the close of our Revolution, the history of the world furnishes no example of a progress in improvement in all the important circumstances which constitute the happiness of a nation which bears any resemblance to it. At the first epoch our population did not exceed 3,000,000. by the last census it amounted to about 10,000,000, and, what is more extraordinary, it is almost altogether native, for the immigration from other countries has been inconsiderable. At the first epoch half the territory within our acknowledged limits was uninhabited and a wilderness. Since then new territory has been acquired of vast extent, comprising within it many rivers, particularly the Mississippi, the navigation of which to the ocean was of the highest importance to the original States. Over this territory our population has expanded in every direction, and new States have been established almost equal in number to those which formed the first bond of our Union. This expansion of our population and accession of new States to our Union have had the happiest effect on all its highest interests. That it has eminently augmented our resources and added to our strength and respectability as a power is admitted by all, but it is not in these important circumstances only that this happy effect is felt. It is manifest that by enlarging the basis of our system and increasing the number of States the system itself has been greatly strengthened in both its branches. Consolidation and disunion have thereby been rendered equally impracticable. Each Government, confiding in its own strength, has less to apprehend from the other, and in consequence each, enjoying a greater freedom of action, is rendered more efficient for all the purposes for which it was instituted. It is unnecessary to treat here of the vast improvement made in the system itself by the adoption of this Constitution and of its happy effect in elevating the character and in protecting the rights of the nation as well as individuals. To what, then, do we owe these blessings? It is known to all that we derive them from the excellence of our institutions. Ought we not, then, to adopt every measure which may be necessary to perpetuate them?
Many important subjects will claim your attention during the present session, of which I shall endeavor to give, in aid of your deliberations, a just idea in this communication. I undertake this duty with diffidence, from the vast extent of the interests on which I have to treat and of their great importance to every portion of our Union. I enter on it with zeal from a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the establishment of our Revolution when, regarding the condition of the civilized world and its bearing on us, there was greater necessity for devotion in the public servants to their respective duties, or for virtue, patriotism, and union in our constituents. Meeting in you a new Congress, I deem it proper to present this view of public affairs in greater detail than might otherwise be necessary. I do it, however, with peculiar satisfaction, from a knowledge that in this respect I shall comply more fully with the sound principles of our Government. The people being with us exclusively the sovereign, it is indispensable that full information be laid before them on all important subjects, to enable them to exercise that high power with complete effect. If kept in the dark, they must be incompetent to it. We are all liable to error, and those who are engaged in the management of public affairs are more subject to excitement and to be led astray by their particular interests and passions than the great body of our constituents, who, living at home in the pursuit of their ordinary avocations, are calm but deeply interested spectators of events and of the conduct of those who are parties to them. To the people every department of the Government and every individual in each are responsible, and the more full their information the better they can judge of the wisdom of the policy pursued and of the conduct of each in regard to it. From their dispassionate judgment much aid may always be obtained, while their approbation will form the greatest incentive and most gratifying reward for virtuous actions, and the dread of their censure the best security against the abuse of their confidence. Their interests in all vital questions are the same, and the bond, by sentiment as well as by interest, will be proportionably strengthened as they are better informed of the real state of public affairs, especially in difficult conjunctures. It is by such knowledge that local prejudices and jealousies are surmounted, and that a national policy extending its fostering care and protection to all the great interests of our Union, is formed and steadily adhered to. A precise knowledge of our relations with foreign powers as respects our negotiations and transactions with each is thought to be particularly necessary. Equally necessary is it that we should form a just estimate of our resources, revenue, and progress in every kind of improvement connected with the national prosperity and public defense. It is by rendering justice to other nations that we may expect it from them. It is by our ability to resent injuries and redress wrongs that we may avoid them. The commissioners under the 5th article of the treaty of Ghent, having disagreed in their opinions respecting that portion of the boundary between the Territories of the United States and of Great Britain the establishment of which had been submitted to them, have made their respective reports in compliance with that article, that the same might be referred to the decision of a friendly power. It being manifest, however, that it would be difficult, if not impossible, for any power to perform that office without great delay and much inconvenience to itself, a proposal has been made by this Government, and acceded to by that of Great Britain, to endeavor to establish that boundary by amicable negotiation. It appearing from long experience that no satisfactory arrangement could be formed of the commercial intercourse between the United States and the British colonies in this hemisphere by legislative acts while each party pursued its own course without agreement or concert with the other, a proposal has been made to the British Government to regulate this commerce by treaty, as it has been to arrange in like manner the just claim of the citizens of the United States inhabiting the States and Territories bordering on the lakes and rivers which empty into the St. Lawrence to the navigation of that river to the ocean. For these and other objects of high importance to the interests of both parties a negotiation has been opened with the British Government which it is hoped will have a satisfactory result. The commissioners under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of Ghent having successfully closed their labors in relation to the 6th, have proceeded to the discharge of those relating to the 7th. Their progress in the extensive survey required for the performance of their duties justifies the presumption that it will be completed in the ensuing year. The negotiation which had been long depending with the French Government on several important subjects, and particularly for a just indemnity for losses sustained in the late wars by the citizens of the United States under unjustifiable seizures and confiscations of their property, has not as yet had the desired effect. As this claim rests on the same principle with others which have been admitted by the French Government, it is not perceived on what just ground it can be rejected. A minister will be immediately appointed to proceed to France and resume the negotiation on this and other subjects which may arise between the two nations. At the proposal of the Russian Imperial Government, made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the United States at St. Petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the North West coast of this continent. A similar proposal had been made by His Imperial Majesty to the Government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The Government of the United States has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the Emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his Government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers. Since the close of the last session of Congress the commissioners and arbitrators for ascertaining and determining the amount of indemnification which may be due to citizens of the United States under the decision of His Imperial Majesty the Emperor of Russia, in conformity to the convention concluded at St. Petersburg on [1822-07-12], have assembled in this city, and organized themselves as a board for the performance of the duties assigned to them by that treaty. The commission constituted under the 11th article of the treaty of [1819-02-22], between the United States and Spain is also in session here, and as the term of three years limited by the treaty for the execution of the trust will expire before the period of the next regular meeting of Congress, the attention of the Legislature will be drawn to the measures which may be necessary to accomplish the objects for which the commission was instituted. In compliance with a resolution of the House of Representatives adopted at their last session, instructions have been given to all the ministers of the United States accredited to the powers of Europe and America to propose the proscription of the African slave trade by classing it under the denomination, and inflicting on its perpetrators the punishment, of piracy. Should this proposal be acceded to, it is not doubted that this odious and criminal practice will be promptly and entirely suppressed. It is earnestly hoped that it will be acceded to, from the firm belief that it is the most effectual expedient that can be adopted for the purpose. At the commencement of the recent war between France and Spain it was declared by the French Government that it would grant no commissions to privateers, and that neither the commerce of Spain herself nor of neutral nations should be molested by the naval force of France, except in the breach of a lawful blockade. This declaration, which appears to have been faithfully carried into effect, concurring with principles proclaimed and cherished by the United States from the first establishment of their independence, suggested the hope that the time had arrived when the proposal for adopting it as a permanent and invariable rule in all future maritime wars might meet the favorable consideration of the great European powers. Instructions have accordingly been given to our ministers with France, Russia, and Great Britain to make those proposals to their respective Governments, and when the friends of humanity reflect on the essential amelioration to the condition of the human race which would result from the abolition of private war on the sea and on the great facility by which it might be accomplished, requiring only the consent of a few sovereigns, an earnest hope is indulged that these overtures will meet with an attention animated by the spirit in which they were made, and that they will ultimately be successful. The ministers who were appointed to the Republics of Colombia and Buenos Ayres during the last session of Congress proceeded shortly afterwards to their destinations. Of their arrival there official intelligence has not yet been received. The minister appointed to the Republic of Chile will sail in a few days. An early appointment will also be made to Mexico. A minister has been received from Colombia, and the other Governments have been informed that ministers, or diplomatic agents of inferior grade, would be received from each, accordingly as they might prefer the one or the other. The minister appointed to Spain proceeded soon after his appointment for Cadiz, the residence of the Sovereign to whom he was accredited. In approaching that port the frigate which conveyed him was warned off by the commander of the French squadron by which it was blockaded and not permitted to enter, although apprised by the captain of the frigate of the public character of the person whom he had on board, the landing of whom was the sole object of his proposed entry. This act, being considered an infringement of the rights of ambassadors and of nations, will form a just because of complaint to the Government of France against the officer by whom it was committed. The actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the last session of Congress. On the first of January there was a balance in the Treasury of $4,237,427.55. From that time to the 30th of September the receipts amounted to upward of $16.1M, and the expenditures to $11.4M. During the 4th quarter of the year it is estimated that the receipts will at least equal the expenditures, and that there will remain in the Treasury on the first day of January next a surplus of nearly $9M. On [1825-01-01], a large amount of the war debt and a part of the Revolutionary debt become redeemable. Additional portions of the former will continue to become redeemable annually until the year 1835. it is believed, however, that if the United States remain at peace the whole of that debt may be redeemed by the ordinary revenue of those years during that period under the provision of the act of [1817-03-03], creating the sinking fund, and in that case the only part of the debt that will remain after the year 1835 will be the $7M of 5% stock subscribed to the Bank of the United States, and the 3% Revolutionary debt, amounting to $13,296,099.06, both of which are redeemable at the pleasure of the Government. The state of the Army in its organization and discipline has been gradually improving for several years, and has now attained a high degree of perfection. The military disbursements have been regularly made and the accounts regularly and promptly rendered for settlement. The supplies of various descriptions have been of good quality, and regularly issued at all of the posts. A system of economy and accountability has been introduced into every branch of the service which admits of little additional improvement. This desirable state has been attained by the act reorganizing the staff of the Army, passed on [1818-04-14]. The moneys appropriated for fortifications have been regularly and economically applied, and all the works advanced as rapidly as the amount appropriated would admit. Three important works will be completed in the course of this year -- that is, Fort Washington, Fort Delaware, and the fort at the Rigolets, in Louisiana. The Board of Engineers and the Topographical Corps have been in constant and active service in surveying the coast and projecting the works necessary for its defense. The Military Academy has attained a degree of perfection in its discipline and instruction equal, as is believed, to any institution of its kind in any country. The money appropriated for the use of the Ordnance Department has been regularly and economically applied. The fabrication of arms at the national armories and by contract with the Department has been gradually improving in quality and cheapness. It is believed that their quality is now such as to admit of but little improvement. The completion of the fortifications renders it necessary that there should be a suitable appropriation for the purpose of fabricating the cannon and carriages necessary for those works. Under the appropriation of $5,000 for exploring the Western waters for the location of a site for a Western armory, a commission was constituted, consisting of Colonel McRee, Colonel Lee, and Captain Talcott, who have been engaged in exploring the country. They have not yet reported the result of their labors, but it is believed that they will be prepared to do it at an early part of the session of Congress. During the month of June last General Ashley and his party, who were trading under a license from the Government, were attacked by the Ricarees while peaceably trading with the Indians at their request. Several of the party were killed and wounded and their property taken or destroyed. Colonel Leavenworth, who commanded Fort Atkinson, at the Council Bluffs, the most western post, apprehending that the hostile spirit of the Ricarees would extend to other tribes in that quarter, and that thereby the lives of the traders on the Missouri and the peace of the frontier would be endangered, took immediate measures to check the evil. With a detachment of the regiment stationed at the Bluffs he successfully attacked the Ricaree village, and it is hoped that such an impression has been made on them as well as on the other tribes on the Missouri as will prevent a recurrence of future hostility. The report of the Secretary of War, which is herewith transmitted, will exhibit in greater detail the condition of the Department in its various branches, and the progress which has been made in its administration during the three first quarters of the year. I transmit a return of the militia of the several States according to the last reports which have been made by the proper officers in each to the Department of War. by reference to this return it will be seen that it is not complete, although great exertions have been made to make it so. As the defense and even the liberties of the country must depend in times of imminent danger on the militia, it is of the highest importance that it be well organized, armed, and disciplined throughout the Union. The report of the Secretary of War shews the progress made during the three first quarters of the present year by the application of the fund appropriated for arming the militia. Much difficulty is found in distributing the arms according to the act of Congress providing for it from the failure of the proper departments in many of the States to make regular returns. The act of [1820-05-12] provides that the system of tactics and regulations of the various corps of the Regular Army shall be extended to the militia. This act has been very imperfectly executed from the want of uniformity in the organization of the militia, proceeding from the defects of the system itself, and especially in its application to that main arm of the public defense. It is thought that this important subject in all its branches merits the attention of Congress. The report of the Secretary of the Navy, which is now communicated, furnishes an account of the administration of that Department for the three first quarters of the present year, with the progress made in augmenting the Navy, and the manner in which the vessels in commission have been employed. The usual force has been maintained in the Mediterranean Sea, the Pacific Ocean, and along the Atlantic coast, and has afforded the necessary protection to our commerce in those seas. In the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico our naval force has been augmented by the addition of several small vessels provided for by the "act authorizing an additional naval force for the suppression of piracy", passed by Congress at their last session. That armament has been eminently successful in the accomplishment of its object. The piracies by which our commerce in the neighborhood of the island of Cuba had been afflicted have been repressed and the confidence of our merchants in a great measure restored. The patriotic zeal and enterprise of Commodore Porter, to whom the command of the expedition was confided, has been fully seconded by the officers and men under his command. And in reflecting with high satisfaction on the honorable manner in which they have sustained the reputation of their country and its Navy, the sentiment is alloyed only by a concern that in the fulfillment of that arduous service the diseases incident to the season and to the climate in which it was discharged have deprived the nation of many useful lives, and among them of several officers of great promise. In the month of August a very malignant fever made its appearance at Thompsons Island, which threatened the destruction of our station there. Many perished, and the commanding officer was severely attacked. Uncertain as to his fate and knowing that most of the medical officers had been rendered incapable of discharging their duties, it was thought expedient to send to that post an officer of rank and experience, with several skilled surgeons, to ascertain the origin of the fever and the probability of its recurrence there in future seasons; to furnish every assistance to those who were suffering, and, if practicable, to avoid the necessity of abandoning so important a station. Commodore Rodgers, with a promptitude which did him honor, cheerfully accepted that trust, and has discharged it in the manner anticipated from his skill and patriotism. Before his arrival Commodore Porter, with the greater part of the squadron, had removed from the island and returned to the United States in consequence of the prevailing sickness. Much useful information has, however, been obtained as to the state of the island and great relief afforded to those who had been necessarily left there. Although our expedition, cooperating with an invigorated administration of the government of the island of Cuba, and with the corresponding active exertions of a British naval force in the same seas, have almost entirely destroyed the unlicensed piracies from that island, the success of our exertions has not been equally effectual to suppress the same crime, under other pretenses and colors, in the neighboring island of Porto Rico. They have been committed there under the abusive issue of Spanish commissions. At an early period of the present year remonstrances were made to the governor of that island, by an agent who was sent for the purpose, against those outrages on the peaceful commerce of the United States, of which many had occurred. That officer, professing his own want of authority to make satisfaction for our just complaints, answered only by a reference of them to the Government of Spain. The minister of the United States to that court was specially instructed to urge the necessity of immediate and effectual interposition of that Government, directing restitution and indemnity for wrongs already committed and interdicting the repetition of them. The minister, as has been seen, was debarred access to the Spanish Government, and in the mean time several new cases of flagrant outrage have occurred, and citizens of the United States in the island of Porto Rico have suffered, and others been threatened with assassination for asserting their unquestionable rights even before the lawful tribunals of the country. The usual orders have been given to all our public ships to seize American vessels in the slave trade and bring them in for adjudication, and I have the gratification to state that not one so employed has been discovered, and there is good reason to believe that our flag is now seldom, if at all, disgraced by that traffic. It is a source of great satisfaction that we are always enabled to recur to the conduct of our Navy with price and commendation. As a means of national defense it enjoys the public confidence, and is steadily assuming additional importance. It is submitted whether a more efficient and equally economical organization of it might not in several respects be effected. It is supposed that higher grades than now exist by law would be useful. They would afford well-merited rewards to those who have long and faithfully served their country, present the best incentives to good conduct, and the best means of insuring a proper discipline; destroy the inequality in that respect between military and naval services, and relieve our officers from many inconveniences and mortifications which occur when our vessels meet those of other nations, ours being the only service in which such grades do not exist. A report of the PostMaster-General, which accompanies this communication, will shew the present state of the Post-Office Department and its general operations for some years past. There is established by law 88,600 miles of post roads, on which the mail is now transported 85,700 miles, and contracts have been made for its transportation on all the established routes, with one or 2 exceptions. There are 5,240 post offices in the Union, and as many post masters. The gross amount of postage which accrued from [1822-07-01] to [1823-07-01] was $1,114,345.12. During the same period the expenditures of the Post-Office Department amounted to $1,169,885.51 and consisted of the following items, viz: making a total amount of balances due to the Department of $391,994.59. These balances embrace all delinquencies of post masters and contractors which have taken place since the organization of the Department. There was due by the Department to contractors on the first of July last $26,548.64. The transportation of the mail within five years past has been greatly extended, and the expenditures of the Department proportionably increased. Although the postage which has accrued within the last three years has fallen short of the expenditures $262,821.46, it appears that collections have been made from the outstanding balances to meet the principal part of the current demands. It is estimated that not more than $250,000 of the above balances can be collected, and that a considerable part of this sum can only be realized by a resort to legal process. Some improvements in the receipts for postage is expected. A prompt attention to the collection of moneys received by post masters, it is believed, will enable the Department to continue its operations without aid from the Treasury, unless the expenditures shall be increased by the establishment of new mail routes. A revision of some parts of the post office law may be necessary; and it is submitted whether it would not be proper to provide for the appointment of post masters, where the compensation exceeds a certain amount, by nomination to the Senate, as other officers of the General Government are appointed. Having communicated my views to Congress at the commencement of the last session respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our manufactures and the principle on which it should be founded, I have only to add that those views remain unchanged, and that the present state of those countries with which we have the most immediate political relations and greatest commercial intercourse tends to confirm them. Under this impression I recommend a review of the tariff for the purpose of affording such additional protection to those articles which we are prepared to manufacture, or which are more immediately connected with the defense and independence of the country. The actual state of the public accounts furnishes additional evidence of the efficiency of the present system of accountability in relation to the public expenditure. Of the moneys drawn from the Treasury since [1817-03-04], the sum remaining unaccounted for on the 30th of September last is more than $1.5M less than on the 30th of September preceding; and during the same period a reduction of nearly $1M has been made in the amount of the unsettled accounts for moneys advanced previously to [1817-03-04]. It will be obvious that in proportion as the mass of accounts of the latter description is diminished by settlement the difficulty of settling the residue is increased from the consideration that in many instances it can be obtained only by legal process. For more precise details on this subject I refer to a report from the first Comptroller of the Treasury. The sum which was appropriated at the last session for the repairs of the Cumberland road has been applied with good effect to that object. A final report has not been received from the agent who was appointed to superintend it. As soon as it is received it shall be communicated to Congress. Many patriotic and enlightened citizens who have made the subject an object of particular investigation have suggested an improvement of still greater importance. They are of the opinion that the waters of the Chesapeake and Ohio may be connected together by one continued canal, and at an expense far short of the value and importance of the object to be obtained. If this could be accomplished it is impossible to calculate the beneficial consequences which would result from it. A great portion of the produce of the very fertile country through which it would pass would find a market through that channel. Troops might be moved with great facility in war, with cannon and every kind of munition, and in either direction. Connecting the Atlantic with the Western country in a line passing through the seat of the National Government, it would contribute essentially to strengthen the bond of union itself. Believing as I do that Congress possess the right to appropriate money for such a national object (the jurisdiction remaining to the States through which the canal would pass), I submit it to your consideration whether it may not be advisable to authorize by an adequate appropriation the employment of a suitable number of the officers of the Corps of Engineers to examine the unexplored ground during the next season and to report their opinion thereon. It will likewise be proper to extend their examination to the several routes through which the waters of the Ohio may be connected by canals with those of Lake Erie. As the Cumberland road will require annual repairs, and Congress have not thought it expedient to recommend to the States an amendment to the Constitution for the purpose of vesting in the United States a power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement, it is also submitted to your consideration whether it may not be expedient to authorize the Executive to enter into an arrangement with the several States through which the road passes to establish tolls, each within its limits, for the purpose of defraying the expense of future repairs and of providing also by suitable penalties for its protection against future injuries. The act of Congress of [1822-05-07], appropriated the sum of $22,700 for the purpose of erecting two piers as a shelter for vessels from ice near Cape Henlopen, Delaware Bay. To effect the object of the act the officers of the Board of Engineers, with Commodore Bainbridge, were directed to prepare plans and estimates of piers sufficient to answer the purpose intended by the act. It appears by their report, which accompanies the documents from the War Department, that the appropriation is not adequate to the purpose intended; and as the piers would be of great service both to the navigation of the Delaware Bay and the protection of vessels on the adjacent parts of the coast, I submit for the consideration of Congress whether additional and sufficient appropriations should not be made. The Board of Engineers were also directed to examine and survey the entrance of the harbor of the port of Presquille, in PA, in order to make an estimate of the expense of removing the obstructions to the entrance, with a plan of the best mode of effecting the same, under the appropriation for that purpose by act of Congress passed 3rd of March last. The report of the Board accompanies the papers from the War Department, and is submitted for the consideration of Congress. A strong hope has been long entertained, founded on the heroic struggle of the Greeks, that they would succeed in their contest and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth. It is believed that the whole civilized world take a deep interest in their welfare. Although no power has declared in their favor, yet none according to our information, has taken part against them. Their because and their name have protected them from dangers which might ere this have overwhelmed any other people. The ordinary calculations of interest and of acquisition with a view to aggrandizement, which mingles so much in the transactions of nations, seem to have had no effect in regard to them. From the facts which have come to our knowledge there is good because to believe that their enemy has lost forever all dominion over them; that Greece will become again an independent nation. That she may obtain that rank is the object of our most ardent wishes. It was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked that the result has been so far very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense. With the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective Governments; and to the defense of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered and shall not interfere, but with the Governments who have declared their independence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States. In the war between those new Governments and Spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this Government, shall make a corresponding change on the part of the United States indispensable to their security. The late events in Spain and Portugal shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested, even those most remote, and surely none more so than the United States. Our policy in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy, meeting in all instances the just claims of every power, submitting to injuries from none. But in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness; nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new Governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course. If we compare the present condition of our Union with its actual state at the close of our Revolution, the history of the world furnishes no example of a progress in improvement in all the important circumstances which constitute the happiness of a nation which bears any resemblance to it. At the first epoch our population did not exceed 3,000,000. by the last census it amounted to about 10,000,000, and, what is more extraordinary, it is almost altogether native, for the immigration from other countries has been inconsiderable. At the first epoch half the territory within our acknowledged limits was uninhabited and a wilderness. Since then new territory has been acquired of vast extent, comprising within it many rivers, particularly the Mississippi, the navigation of which to the ocean was of the highest importance to the original States. Over this territory our population has expanded in every direction, and new States have been established almost equal in number to those which formed the first bond of our Union. This expansion of our population and accession of new States to our Union have had the happiest effect on all its highest interests. That it has eminently augmented our resources and added to our strength and respectability as a power is admitted by all, but it is not in these important circumstances only that this happy effect is felt. It is manifest that by enlarging the basis of our system and increasing the number of States the system itself has been greatly strengthened in both its branches. Consolidation and disunion have thereby been rendered equally impracticable. Each Government, confiding in its own strength, has less to apprehend from the other, and in consequence each, enjoying a greater freedom of action, is rendered more efficient for all the purposes for which it was instituted. It is unnecessary to treat here of the vast improvement made in the system itself by the adoption of this Constitution and of its happy effect in elevating the character and in protecting the rights of the nation as well as individuals. To what, then, do we owe these blessings? It is known to all that we derive them from the excellence of our institutions. Ought we not, then, to adopt every measure which may be necessary to perpetuate them?
many important subjects will claim your attention during the present session of which i shall endeavor to give in aid of your deliberations a just idea in this communication i undertake this duty with diffidence from the vast extent of the interests on which i have to treat and of their great importance to every portion of our union i enter on it with zeal from a thorough conviction that there never was a period since the establishment of our revolution when regarding the condition of the civilized world and its bearing on us there was greater necessity for devotion in the public servants to their respective duties or for virtue patriotism and union in our constituents meeting in you a new congress i deem it proper to present this view of public affairs in greater detail than might otherwise be necessary i do it however with peculiar satisfaction from a knowledge that in this respect i shall comply more fully with the sound principles of our government the people being with us exclusively the sovereign it is indispensable that full information be laid before them on all important subjects to enable them to exercise that high power with complete effect if kept in the dark they must be incompetent to it we are all liable to error and those who are engaged in the management of public affairs are more subject to excitement and to be led astray by their particular interests and passions than the great body of our constituents who living at home in the pursuit of their ordinary avocations are calm but deeply interested spectators of events and of the conduct of those who are parties to them to the people every department of the government and every individual in each are responsible and the more full their information the better they can judge of the wisdom of the policy pursued and of the conduct of each in regard to it from their dispassionate judgment much aid may always be obtained while their approbation will form the greatest incentive and most gratifying reward for virtuous actions and the dread of their censure the best security against the abuse of their confidence their interests in all vital questions are the same and the bond by sentiment as well as by interest will be proportionably strengthened as they are better informed of the real state of public affairs especially in difficult conjunctures it is by such knowledge that local prejudices and jealousies are surmounted and that a national policy extending its fostering care and protection to all the great interests of our union is formed and steadily adhered to a precise knowledge of our relations with foreign powers as respects our negotiations and transactions with each is thought to be particularly necessary equally necessary is it that we should form a just estimate of our resources revenue and progress in every kind of improvement connected with the national prosperity and public defense it is by rendering justice to other nations that we may expect it from them it is by our ability to resent injuries and redress wrongs that we may avoid them the commissioners under the 5th article of the treaty of ghent having disagreed in their opinions respecting that portion of the boundary between the territories of the united states and of great britain the establishment of which had been submitted to them have made their respective reports in compliance with that article that the same might be referred to the decision of a friendly power it being manifest however that it would be difficult if not impossible for any power to perform that office without great delay and much inconvenience to itself a proposal has been made by this government and acceded to by that of great britain to endeavor to establish that boundary by amicable negotiation it appearing from long experience that no satisfactory arrangement could be formed of the commercial intercourse between the united states and the british colonies in this hemisphere by legislative acts while each party pursued its own course without agreement or concert with the other a proposal has been made to the british government to regulate this commerce by treaty as it has been to arrange in like manner the just claim of the citizens of the united states inhabiting the states and territories bordering on the lakes and rivers which empty into the lawrence to the navigation of that river to the ocean for these and other objects of high importance to the interests of both parties a negotiation has been opened with the british government which it is hoped will have a satisfactory result the commissioners under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of ghent having successfully closed their labors in relation to the 6th have proceeded to the discharge of those relating to the 7th their progress in the extensive survey required for the performance of their duties justifies the presumption that it will be completed in the ensuing year the negotiation which had been long depending with the french government on several important subjects and particularly for a just indemnity for losses sustained in the late wars by the citizens of the united states under unjustifiable seizures and confiscations of their property has not as yet had the desired effect as this claim rests on the same principle with others which have been admitted by the french government it is not perceived on what just ground it can be rejected a minister will be immediately appointed to proceed to france and resume the negotiation on this and other subjects which may arise between the two nations at the proposal of the russian imperial government made through the minister of the emperor residing here a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the minister of the united states at petersburg to arrange by amicable negotiation the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the north west coast of this continent a similar proposal had been made by his imperial majesty to the government of great britain which has likewise been acceded to the government of the united states has been desirous by this friendly proceeding of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the emperor and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his government in the discussions to which this interest has given rise and in the arrangements by which they may terminate the occasion has been judged proper for asserting as a principle in which the rights and interests of the united states are involved that the american continents by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any european powers since the close of the last session of congress the commissioners and arbitrators for ascertaining and determining the amount of indemnification which may be due to citizens of the united states under the decision of his imperial majesty the emperor of russia in conformity to the convention concluded at petersburg on have assembled in this city and organized themselves as a board for the performance of the duties assigned to them by that treaty the commission constituted under the 11th article of the treaty of between the united states and spain is also in session here and as the term of three years limited by the treaty for the execution of the trust will expire before the period of the next regular meeting of congress the attention of the legislature will be drawn to the measures which may be necessary to accomplish the objects for which the commission was instituted in compliance with a resolution of the house of representatives adopted at their last session instructions have been given to all the ministers of the united states accredited to the powers of europe and america to propose the proscription of the african slave trade by classing it under the denomination and inflicting on its perpetrators the punishment of piracy should this proposal be acceded to it is not doubted that this odious and criminal practice will be promptly and entirely suppressed it is earnestly hoped that it will be acceded to from the firm belief that it is the most effectual expedient that can be adopted for the purpose at the commencement of the recent war between france and spain it was declared by the french government that it would grant no commissions to privateers and that neither the commerce of spain herself nor of neutral nations should be molested by the naval force of france except in the breach of a lawful blockade this declaration which appears to have been faithfully carried into effect concurring with principles proclaimed and cherished by the united states from the first establishment of their independence suggested the hope that the time had arrived when the proposal for adopting it as a permanent and invariable rule in all future maritime wars might meet the favorable consideration of the great european powers instructions have accordingly been given to our ministers with france russia and great britain to make those proposals to their respective governments and when the friends of humanity reflect on the essential amelioration to the condition of the human race which would result from the abolition of private war on the sea and on the great facility by which it might be accomplished requiring only the consent of a few sovereigns an earnest hope is indulged that these overtures will meet with an attention animated by the spirit in which they were made and that they will ultimately be successful the ministers who were appointed to the republics of colombia and buenos ayres during the last session of congress proceeded shortly afterwards to their destinations of their arrival there official intelligence has not yet been received the minister appointed to the republic of chile will sail in a few days an early appointment will also be made to mexico a minister has been received from colombia and the other governments have been informed that ministers or diplomatic agents of inferior grade would be received from each accordingly as they might prefer the one or the other the minister appointed to spain proceeded soon after his appointment for cadiz the residence of the sovereign to whom he was accredited in approaching that port the frigate which conveyed him was warned off by the commander of the french squadron by which it was blockaded and not permitted to enter although apprised by the captain of the frigate of the public character of the person whom he had on board the landing of whom was the sole object of his proposed entry this act being considered an infringement of the rights of ambassadors and of nations will form a just because of complaint to the government of france against the officer by whom it was committed the actual condition of the public finances more than realizes the favorable anticipations that were entertained of it at the opening of the last session of congress on the first of january there was a balance in the treasury of from that time to the 30th of september the receipts amounted to upward of and the expenditures to during the 4th quarter of the year it is estimated that the receipts will at least equal the expenditures and that there will remain in the treasury on the first day of january next a surplus of nearly 9m on a large amount of the war debt and a part of the revolutionary debt become redeemable additional portions of the former will continue to become redeemable annually until the year it is believed however that if the united states remain at peace the whole of that debt may be redeemed by the ordinary revenue of those years during that period under the provision of the act of creating the sinking fund and in that case the only part of the debt that will remain after the year 1835 will be the 7m of 5 stock subscribed to the bank of the united states and the 3 revolutionary debt amounting to both of which are redeemable at the pleasure of the government the state of the army in its organization and discipline has been gradually improving for several years and has now attained a high degree of perfection the military disbursements have been regularly made and the accounts regularly and promptly rendered for settlement the supplies of various descriptions have been of good quality and regularly issued at all of the posts a system of economy and accountability has been introduced into every branch of the service which admits of little additional improvement this desirable state has been attained by the act reorganizing the staff of the army passed on the moneys appropriated for fortifications have been regularly and economically applied and all the works advanced as rapidly as the amount appropriated would admit three important works will be completed in the course of this year that is fort washington fort delaware and the fort at the rigolets in louisiana the board of engineers and the topographical corps have been in constant and active service in surveying the coast and projecting the works necessary for its defense the military academy has attained a degree of perfection in its discipline and instruction equal as is believed to any institution of its kind in any country the money appropriated for the use of the ordnance department has been regularly and economically applied the fabrication of arms at the national armories and by contract with the department has been gradually improving in quality and cheapness it is believed that their quality is now such as to admit of but little improvement the completion of the fortifications renders it necessary that there should be a suitable appropriation for the purpose of fabricating the cannon and carriages necessary for those works under the appropriation of for exploring the western waters for the location of a site for a western armory a commission was constituted consisting of colonel mcree colonel lee and captain talcott who have been engaged in exploring the country they have not yet reported the result of their labors but it is believed that they will be prepared to do it at an early part of the session of congress during the month of june last general ashley and his party who were trading under a license from the government were attacked by the ricarees while peaceably trading with the indians at their request several of the party were killed and wounded and their property taken or destroyed colonel leavenworth who commanded fort atkinson at the council bluffs the most western post apprehending that the hostile spirit of the ricarees would extend to other tribes in that quarter and that thereby the lives of the traders on the missouri and the peace of the frontier would be endangered took immediate measures to check the evil with a detachment of the regiment stationed at the bluffs he successfully attacked the ricaree village and it is hoped that such an impression has been made on them as well as on the other tribes on the missouri as will prevent a recurrence of future hostility the report of the secretary of war which is herewith transmitted will exhibit in greater detail the condition of the department in its various branches and the progress which has been made in its administration during the three first quarters of the year i transmit a return of the militia of the several states according to the last reports which have been made by the proper officers in each to the department of war by reference to this return it will be seen that it is not complete although great exertions have been made to make it so as the defense and even the liberties of the country must depend in times of imminent danger on the militia it is of the highest importance that it be well organized armed and disciplined throughout the union the report of the secretary of war shews the progress made during the three first quarters of the present year by the application of the fund appropriated for arming the militia much difficulty is found in distributing the arms according to the act of congress providing for it from the failure of the proper departments in many of the states to make regular returns the act of provides that the system of tactics and regulations of the various corps of the regular army shall be extended to the militia this act has been very imperfectly executed from the want of uniformity in the organization of the militia proceeding from the defects of the system itself and especially in its application to that main arm of the public defense it is thought that this important subject in all its branches merits the attention of congress the report of the secretary of the navy which is now communicated furnishes an account of the administration of that department for the three first quarters of the present year with the progress made in augmenting the navy and the manner in which the vessels in commission have been employed the usual force has been maintained in the mediterranean sea the pacific ocean and along the atlantic coast and has afforded the necessary protection to our commerce in those seas in the west indies and the gulf of mexico our naval force has been augmented by the addition of several small vessels provided for by the act authorizing an additional naval force for the suppression of piracy passed by congress at their last session that armament has been eminently successful in the accomplishment of its object the piracies by which our commerce in the neighborhood of the island of cuba had been afflicted have been repressed and the confidence of our merchants in a great measure restored the patriotic zeal and enterprise of commodore porter to whom the command of the expedition was confided has been fully seconded by the officers and men under his command and in reflecting with high satisfaction on the honorable manner in which they have sustained the reputation of their country and its navy the sentiment is alloyed only by a concern that in the fulfillment of that arduous service the diseases incident to the season and to the climate in which it was discharged have deprived the nation of many useful lives and among them of several officers of great promise in the month of august a very malignant fever made its appearance at thompsons island which threatened the destruction of our station there many perished and the commanding officer was severely attacked uncertain as to his fate and knowing that most of the medical officers had been rendered incapable of discharging their duties it was thought expedient to send to that post an officer of rank and experience with several skilled surgeons to ascertain the origin of the fever and the probability of its recurrence there in future seasons to furnish every assistance to those who were suffering and if practicable to avoid the necessity of abandoning so important a station commodore rodgers with a promptitude which did him honor cheerfully accepted that trust and has discharged it in the manner anticipated from his skill and patriotism before his arrival commodore porter with the greater part of the squadron had removed from the island and returned to the united states in consequence of the prevailing sickness much useful information has however been obtained as to the state of the island and great relief afforded to those who had been necessarily left there although our expedition cooperating with an invigorated administration of the government of the island of cuba and with the corresponding active exertions of a british naval force in the same seas have almost entirely destroyed the unlicensed piracies from that island the success of our exertions has not been equally effectual to suppress the same crime under other pretenses and colors in the neighboring island of porto rico they have been committed there under the abusive issue of spanish commissions at an early period of the present year remonstrances were made to the governor of that island by an agent who was sent for the purpose against those outrages on the peaceful commerce of the united states of which many had occurred that officer professing his own want of authority to make satisfaction for our just complaints answered only by a reference of them to the government of spain the minister of the united states to that court was specially instructed to urge the necessity of immediate and effectual interposition of that government directing restitution and indemnity for wrongs already committed and interdicting the repetition of them the minister as has been seen was debarred access to the spanish government and in the mean time several new cases of flagrant outrage have occurred and citizens of the united states in the island of porto rico have suffered and others been threatened with assassination for asserting their unquestionable rights even before the lawful tribunals of the country the usual orders have been given to all our public ships to seize american vessels in the slave trade and bring them in for adjudication and i have the gratification to state that not one so employed has been discovered and there is good reason to believe that our flag is now seldom if at all disgraced by that traffic it is a source of great satisfaction that we are always enabled to recur to the conduct of our navy with price and commendation as a means of national defense it enjoys the public confidence and is steadily assuming additional importance it is submitted whether a more efficient and equally economical organization of it might not in several respects be effected it is supposed that higher grades than now exist by law would be useful they would afford rewards to those who have long and faithfully served their country present the best incentives to good conduct and the best means of insuring a proper discipline destroy the inequality in that respect between military and naval services and relieve our officers from many inconveniences and mortifications which occur when our vessels meet those of other nations ours being the only service in which such grades do not exist a report of the which accompanies this communication will shew the present state of the department and its general operations for some years past there is established by law miles of post roads on which the mail is now transported miles and contracts have been made for its transportation on all the established routes with one or 2 exceptions there are post offices in the union and as many post masters the gross amount of postage which accrued from to was during the same period the expenditures of the department amounted to and consisted of the following items viz making a total amount of balances due to the department of these balances embrace all delinquencies of post masters and contractors which have taken place since the organization of the department there was due by the department to contractors on the first of july last the transportation of the mail within five years past has been greatly extended and the expenditures of the department proportionably increased although the postage which has accrued within the last three years has fallen short of the expenditures it appears that collections have been made from the outstanding balances to meet the principal part of the current demands it is estimated that not more than of the above balances can be collected and that a considerable part of this sum can only be realized by a resort to legal process some improvements in the receipts for postage is expected a prompt attention to the collection of moneys received by post masters it is believed will enable the department to continue its operations without aid from the treasury unless the expenditures shall be increased by the establishment of new mail routes a revision of some parts of the post office law may be necessary and it is submitted whether it would not be proper to provide for the appointment of post masters where the compensation exceeds a certain amount by nomination to the senate as other officers of the general government are appointed having communicated my views to congress at the commencement of the last session respecting the encouragement which ought to be given to our manufactures and the principle on which it should be founded i have only to add that those views remain unchanged and that the present state of those countries with which we have the most immediate political relations and greatest commercial intercourse tends to confirm them under this impression i recommend a review of the tariff for the purpose of affording such additional protection to those articles which we are prepared to manufacture or which are more immediately connected with the defense and independence of the country the actual state of the public accounts furnishes additional evidence of the efficiency of the present system of accountability in relation to the public expenditure of the moneys drawn from the treasury since the sum remaining unaccounted for on the 30th of september last is more than less than on the 30th of september preceding and during the same period a reduction of nearly 1m has been made in the amount of the unsettled accounts for moneys advanced previously to it will be obvious that in proportion as the mass of accounts of the latter description is diminished by settlement the difficulty of settling the residue is increased from the consideration that in many instances it can be obtained only by legal process for more precise details on this subject i refer to a report from the first comptroller of the treasury the sum which was appropriated at the last session for the repairs of the cumberland road has been applied with good effect to that object a final report has not been received from the agent who was appointed to superintend it as soon as it is received it shall be communicated to congress many patriotic and enlightened citizens who have made the subject an object of particular investigation have suggested an improvement of still greater importance they are of the opinion that the waters of the chesapeake and ohio may be connected together by one continued canal and at an expense far short of the value and importance of the object to be obtained if this could be accomplished it is impossible to calculate the beneficial consequences which would result from it a great portion of the produce of the very fertile country through which it would pass would find a market through that channel troops might be moved with great facility in war with cannon and every kind of munition and in either direction connecting the atlantic with the western country in a line passing through the seat of the national government it would contribute essentially to strengthen the bond of union itself believing as i do that congress possess the right to appropriate money for such a national object the jurisdiction remaining to the states through which the canal would pass i submit it to your consideration whether it may not be advisable to authorize by an adequate appropriation the employment of a suitable number of the officers of the corps of engineers to examine the unexplored ground during the next season and to report their opinion thereon it will likewise be proper to extend their examination to the several routes through which the waters of the ohio may be connected by canals with those of lake erie as the cumberland road will require annual repairs and congress have not thought it expedient to recommend to the states an amendment to the constitution for the purpose of vesting in the united states a power to adopt and execute a system of internal improvement it is also submitted to your consideration whether it may not be expedient to authorize the executive to enter into an arrangement with the several states through which the road passes to establish tolls each within its limits for the purpose of defraying the expense of future repairs and of providing also by suitable penalties for its protection against future injuries the act of congress of appropriated the sum of for the purpose of erecting two piers as a shelter for vessels from ice near cape henlopen delaware bay to effect the object of the act the officers of the board of engineers with commodore bainbridge were directed to prepare plans and estimates of piers sufficient to answer the purpose intended by the act it appears by their report which accompanies the documents from the war department that the appropriation is not adequate to the purpose intended and as the piers would be of great service both to the navigation of the delaware bay and the protection of vessels on the adjacent parts of the coast i submit for the consideration of congress whether additional and sufficient appropriations should not be made the board of engineers were also directed to examine and survey the entrance of the harbor of the port of presquille in pa in order to make an estimate of the expense of removing the obstructions to the entrance with a plan of the best mode of effecting the same under the appropriation for that purpose by act of congress passed 3rd of march last the report of the board accompanies the papers from the war department and is submitted for the consideration of congress a strong hope has been long entertained founded on the heroic struggle of the greeks that they would succeed in their contest and resume their equal station among the nations of the earth it is believed that the whole civilized world take a deep interest in their welfare although no power has declared in their favor yet none according to our information has taken part against them their because and their name have protected them from dangers which might ere this have overwhelmed any other people the ordinary calculations of interest and of acquisition with a view to aggrandizement which mingles so much in the transactions of nations seem to have had no effect in regard to them from the facts which have come to our knowledge there is good because to believe that their enemy has lost forever all dominion over them that greece will become again an independent nation that she may obtain that rank is the object of our most ardent wishes it was stated at the commencement of the last session that a great effort was then making in spain and portugal to improve the condition of the people of those countries and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation it need scarcely be remarked that the result has been so far very different from what was then anticipated of events in that quarter of the globe with which we have so much intercourse and from which we derive our origin we have always been anxious and interested spectators the citizens of the united states cherish sentiments the most friendly in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the atlantic in the wars of the european powers in matters relating to themselves we have never taken any part nor does it comport with our policy so to do it is only when our rights are invaded or seriously menaced that we resent injuries or make preparation for our defense with the movements in this hemisphere we are of necessity more immediately connected and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers the political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of america this difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective governments and to the defense of our own which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity this whole nation is devoted we owe it therefore to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the united states and those powers to declare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety with the existing colonies or dependencies of any european power we have not interfered and shall not interfere but with the governments who have declared their independence and maintained it and whose independence we have on great consideration and on just principles acknowledged we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them or controlling in any other manner their destiny by any european power in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the united states in the war between those new governments and spain we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition and to this we have adhered and shall continue to adhere provided no change shall occur which in the judgment of the competent authorities of this government shall make a corresponding change on the part of the united states indispensable to their security the late events in spain and portugal shew that europe is still unsettled of this important fact no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper on any principle satisfactory to themselves to have interposed by force in the internal concerns of spain to what extent such interposition may be carried on the same principle is a question in which all independent powers whose governments differ from theirs are interested even those most remote and surely none more so than the united states our policy in regard to europe which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe nevertheless remains the same which is not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us to cultivate friendly relations with it and to preserve those relations by a frank firm and manly policy meeting in all instances the just claims of every power submitting to injuries from none but in regard to those continents circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different it is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent without endangering our peace and happiness nor can anyone believe that our southern brethren if left to themselves would adopt it of their own accord it is equally impossible therefore that we should behold such interposition in any form with indifference if we look to the comparative strength and resources of spain and those new governments and their distance from each other it must be obvious that she can never subdue them it is still the true policy of the united states to leave the parties to themselves in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course if we compare the present condition of our union with its actual state at the close of our revolution the history of the world furnishes no example of a progress in improvement in all the important circumstances which constitute the happiness of a nation which bears any resemblance to it at the first epoch our population did not exceed by the last census it amounted to about and what is more extraordinary it is almost altogether native for the immigration from other countries has been inconsiderable at the first epoch half the territory within our acknowledged limits was uninhabited and a wilderness since then new territory has been acquired of vast extent comprising within it many rivers particularly the mississippi the navigation of which to the ocean was of the highest importance to the original states over this territory our population has expanded in every direction and new states have been established almost equal in number to those which formed the first bond of our union this expansion of our population and accession of new states to our union have had the happiest effect on all its highest interests that it has eminently augmented our resources and added to our strength and respectability as a power is admitted by all but it is not in these important circumstances only that this happy effect is felt it is manifest that by enlarging the basis of our system and increasing the number of states the system itself has been greatly strengthened in both its branches consolidation and disunion have thereby been rendered equally impracticable each government confiding in its own strength has less to apprehend from the other and in consequence each enjoying a greater freedom of action is rendered more efficient for all the purposes for which it was instituted it is unnecessary to treat here of the vast improvement made in the system itself by the adoption of this constitution and of its happy effect in elevating the character and in protecting the rights of the nation as well as individuals to what then do we owe these blessings it is known to all that we derive them from the excellence of our institutions ought we not then to adopt every measure which may be necessary to perpetuate them
many important subjects claim attention present session shall endeavor give aid deliberations idea communication undertake duty diffidence vast extent interests treat great importance every portion union enter zeal thorough conviction never period since establishment revolution regarding condition civilized world bearing us greater necessity devotion public servants respective duties virtue patriotism union constituents meeting new congress deem proper present view public affairs greater detail might otherwise necessary however peculiar satisfaction knowledge respect shall comply fully sound principles government people us exclusively sovereign indispensable full information laid important subjects enable exercise high power complete effect kept dark must incompetent liable error engaged management public affairs subject excitement led astray particular interests passions great body constituents living home pursuit ordinary avocations calm deeply interested spectators events conduct parties people every department government every individual responsible full information better judge wisdom policy pursued conduct regard dispassionate judgment much aid may always obtained approbation form greatest incentive gratifying reward virtuous actions dread censure best security abuse confidence interests vital questions bond sentiment well interest proportionably strengthened better informed real state public affairs especially difficult conjunctures knowledge local prejudices jealousies surmounted national policy extending fostering care protection great interests union formed steadily adhered precise knowledge relations foreign powers respects negotiations transactions thought particularly necessary equally necessary form estimate resources revenue progress every kind improvement connected national prosperity public defense rendering justice nations may expect ability resent injuries redress wrongs may avoid commissioners 5th article treaty ghent disagreed opinions respecting portion boundary territories united states great britain establishment submitted made respective reports compliance article might referred decision friendly power manifest however would difficult impossible power perform office without great delay much inconvenience proposal made government acceded great britain endeavor establish boundary amicable negotiation appearing long experience satisfactory arrangement could formed commercial intercourse united states british colonies hemisphere legislative acts party pursued course without agreement concert proposal made british government regulate commerce treaty arrange like manner claim citizens united states inhabiting states territories bordering lakes rivers empty lawrence navigation river ocean objects high importance interests parties negotiation opened british government hoped satisfactory result commissioners 6th 7th articles treaty ghent successfully closed labors relation 6th proceeded discharge relating 7th progress extensive survey required performance duties justifies presumption completed ensuing year negotiation long depending french government several important subjects particularly indemnity losses sustained late wars citizens united states unjustifiable seizures confiscations property yet desired effect claim rests principle others admitted french government perceived ground rejected minister immediately appointed proceed france resume negotiation subjects may arise two nations proposal russian imperial government made minister emperor residing full power instructions transmitted minister united states petersburg arrange amicable negotiation respective rights interests two nations north west coast continent similar proposal made imperial majesty government great britain likewise acceded government united states desirous friendly proceeding manifesting great value invariably attached friendship emperor solicitude cultivate best understanding government discussions interest given rise arrangements may terminate occasion judged proper asserting principle rights interests united states involved american continents free independent condition assumed maintain henceforth considered subjects future colonization european powers since close last session congress commissioners arbitrators ascertaining determining amount indemnification may due citizens united states decision imperial majesty emperor russia conformity convention concluded petersburg assembled city organized board performance duties assigned treaty commission constituted 11th article treaty united states spain also session term three years limited treaty execution trust expire period next regular meeting congress attention legislature drawn measures may necessary accomplish objects commission instituted compliance resolution house representatives adopted last session instructions given ministers united states accredited powers europe america propose proscription african slave trade classing denomination inflicting perpetrators punishment piracy proposal acceded doubted odious criminal practice promptly entirely suppressed earnestly hoped acceded firm belief effectual expedient adopted purpose commencement recent war france spain declared french government would grant commissions privateers neither commerce spain neutral nations molested naval force france except breach lawful blockade declaration appears faithfully carried effect concurring principles proclaimed cherished united states first establishment independence suggested hope time arrived proposal adopting permanent invariable rule future maritime wars might meet favorable consideration great european powers instructions accordingly given ministers france russia great britain make proposals respective governments friends humanity reflect essential amelioration condition human race would result abolition private war sea great facility might accomplished requiring consent sovereigns earnest hope indulged overtures meet attention animated spirit made ultimately successful ministers appointed republics colombia buenos ayres last session congress proceeded shortly afterwards destinations arrival official intelligence yet received minister appointed republic chile sail days early appointment also made mexico minister received colombia governments informed ministers diplomatic agents inferior grade would received accordingly might prefer one minister appointed spain proceeded soon appointment cadiz residence sovereign accredited approaching port frigate conveyed warned commander french squadron blockaded permitted enter although apprised captain frigate public character person board landing sole object proposed entry act considered infringement rights ambassadors nations form complaint government france officer committed actual condition public finances realizes favorable anticipations entertained opening last session congress first january balance treasury time 30th september receipts amounted upward expenditures 4th quarter year estimated receipts least equal expenditures remain treasury first day january next surplus nearly 9m large amount war debt part revolutionary debt become redeemable additional portions former continue become redeemable annually year believed however united states remain peace whole debt may redeemed ordinary revenue years period provision act creating sinking fund case part debt remain year 1835 7m 5 stock subscribed bank united states 3 revolutionary debt amounting redeemable pleasure government state army organization discipline gradually improving several years attained high degree perfection military disbursements regularly made accounts regularly promptly rendered settlement supplies various descriptions good quality regularly issued posts system economy accountability introduced every branch service admits little additional improvement desirable state attained act reorganizing staff army passed moneys appropriated fortifications regularly economically applied works advanced rapidly amount appropriated would admit three important works completed course year fort washington fort delaware fort rigolets louisiana board engineers topographical corps constant active service surveying coast projecting works necessary defense military academy attained degree perfection discipline instruction equal believed institution kind country money appropriated use ordnance department regularly economically applied fabrication arms national armories contract department gradually improving quality cheapness believed quality admit little improvement completion fortifications renders necessary suitable appropriation purpose fabricating cannon carriages necessary works appropriation exploring western waters location site western armory commission constituted consisting colonel mcree colonel lee captain talcott engaged exploring country yet reported result labors believed prepared early part session congress month june last general ashley party trading license government attacked ricarees peaceably trading indians request several party killed wounded property taken destroyed colonel leavenworth commanded fort atkinson council bluffs western post apprehending hostile spirit ricarees would extend tribes quarter thereby lives traders missouri peace frontier would endangered took immediate measures check evil detachment regiment stationed bluffs successfully attacked ricaree village hoped impression made well tribes missouri prevent recurrence future hostility report secretary war herewith transmitted exhibit greater detail condition department various branches progress made administration three first quarters year transmit return militia several states according last reports made proper officers department war reference return seen complete although great exertions made make defense even liberties country must depend times imminent danger militia highest importance well organized armed disciplined throughout union report secretary war shews progress made three first quarters present year application fund appropriated arming militia much difficulty found distributing arms according act congress providing failure proper departments many states make regular returns act provides system tactics regulations various corps regular army shall extended militia act imperfectly executed want uniformity organization militia proceeding defects system especially application main arm public defense thought important subject branches merits attention congress report secretary navy communicated furnishes account administration department three first quarters present year progress made augmenting navy manner vessels commission employed usual force maintained mediterranean sea pacific ocean along atlantic coast afforded necessary protection commerce seas west indies gulf mexico naval force augmented addition several small vessels provided act authorizing additional naval force suppression piracy passed congress last session armament eminently successful accomplishment object piracies commerce neighborhood island cuba afflicted repressed confidence merchants great measure restored patriotic zeal enterprise commodore porter command expedition confided fully seconded officers men command reflecting high satisfaction honorable manner sustained reputation country navy sentiment alloyed concern fulfillment arduous service diseases incident season climate discharged deprived nation many useful lives among several officers great promise month august malignant fever made appearance thompsons island threatened destruction station many perished commanding officer severely attacked uncertain fate knowing medical officers rendered incapable discharging duties thought expedient send post officer rank experience several skilled surgeons ascertain origin fever probability recurrence future seasons furnish every assistance suffering practicable avoid necessity abandoning important station commodore rodgers promptitude honor cheerfully accepted trust discharged manner anticipated skill patriotism arrival commodore porter greater part squadron removed island returned united states consequence prevailing sickness much useful information however obtained state island great relief afforded necessarily left although expedition cooperating invigorated administration government island cuba corresponding active exertions british naval force seas almost entirely destroyed unlicensed piracies island success exertions equally effectual suppress crime pretenses colors neighboring island porto rico committed abusive issue spanish commissions early period present year remonstrances made governor island agent sent purpose outrages peaceful commerce united states many occurred officer professing want authority make satisfaction complaints answered reference government spain minister united states court specially instructed urge necessity immediate effectual interposition government directing restitution indemnity wrongs already committed interdicting repetition minister seen debarred access spanish government mean time several new cases flagrant outrage occurred citizens united states island porto rico suffered others threatened assassination asserting unquestionable rights even lawful tribunals country usual orders given public ships seize american vessels slave trade bring adjudication gratification state one employed discovered good reason believe flag seldom disgraced traffic source great satisfaction always enabled recur conduct navy price commendation means national defense enjoys public confidence steadily assuming additional importance submitted whether efficient equally economical organization might several respects effected supposed higher grades exist law would useful would afford rewards long faithfully served country present best incentives good conduct best means insuring proper discipline destroy inequality respect military naval services relieve officers many inconveniences mortifications occur vessels meet nations service grades exist report accompanies communication shew present state department general operations years past established law miles post roads mail transported miles contracts made transportation established routes one 2 exceptions post offices union many post masters gross amount postage accrued period expenditures department amounted consisted following items viz making total amount balances due department balances embrace delinquencies post masters contractors taken place since organization department due department contractors first july last transportation mail within five years past greatly extended expenditures department proportionably increased although postage accrued within last three years fallen short expenditures appears collections made outstanding balances meet principal part current demands estimated balances collected considerable part sum realized resort legal process improvements receipts postage expected prompt attention collection moneys received post masters believed enable department continue operations without aid treasury unless expenditures shall increased establishment new mail routes revision parts post office law may necessary submitted whether would proper provide appointment post masters compensation exceeds certain amount nomination senate officers general government appointed communicated views congress commencement last session respecting encouragement ought given manufactures principle founded add views remain unchanged present state countries immediate political relations greatest commercial intercourse tends confirm impression recommend review tariff purpose affording additional protection articles prepared manufacture immediately connected defense independence country actual state public accounts furnishes additional evidence efficiency present system accountability relation public expenditure moneys drawn treasury since sum remaining unaccounted 30th september last less 30th september preceding period reduction nearly 1m made amount unsettled accounts moneys advanced previously obvious proportion mass accounts latter description diminished settlement difficulty settling residue increased consideration many instances obtained legal process precise details subject refer report first comptroller treasury sum appropriated last session repairs cumberland road applied good effect object final report received agent appointed superintend soon received shall communicated congress many patriotic enlightened citizens made subject object particular investigation suggested improvement still greater importance opinion waters chesapeake ohio may connected together one continued canal expense far short value importance object obtained could accomplished impossible calculate beneficial consequences would result great portion produce fertile country would pass would find market channel troops might moved great facility war cannon every kind munition either direction connecting atlantic western country line passing seat national government would contribute essentially strengthen bond union believing congress possess right appropriate money national object jurisdiction remaining states canal would pass submit consideration whether may advisable authorize adequate appropriation employment suitable number officers corps engineers examine unexplored ground next season report opinion thereon likewise proper extend examination several routes waters ohio may connected canals lake erie cumberland road require annual repairs congress thought expedient recommend states amendment constitution purpose vesting united states power adopt execute system internal improvement also submitted consideration whether may expedient authorize executive enter arrangement several states road passes establish tolls within limits purpose defraying expense future repairs providing also suitable penalties protection future injuries act congress appropriated sum purpose erecting two piers shelter vessels ice near cape henlopen delaware bay effect object act officers board engineers commodore bainbridge directed prepare plans estimates piers sufficient answer purpose intended act appears report accompanies documents war department appropriation adequate purpose intended piers would great service navigation delaware bay protection vessels adjacent parts coast submit consideration congress whether additional sufficient appropriations made board engineers also directed examine survey entrance harbor port presquille pa order make estimate expense removing obstructions entrance plan best mode effecting appropriation purpose act congress passed 3rd march last report board accompanies papers war department submitted consideration congress strong hope long entertained founded heroic struggle greeks would succeed contest resume equal station among nations earth believed whole civilized world take deep interest welfare although power declared favor yet none according information taken part name protected dangers might ere overwhelmed people ordinary calculations interest acquisition view aggrandizement mingles much transactions nations seem effect regard facts come knowledge good believe enemy lost forever dominion greece become independent nation may obtain rank object ardent wishes stated commencement last session great effort making spain portugal improve condition people countries appeared conducted extraordinary moderation need scarcely remarked result far different anticipated events quarter globe much intercourse derive origin always anxious interested spectators citizens united states cherish sentiments friendly favor liberty happiness fellow men side atlantic wars european powers matters relating never taken part comport policy rights invaded seriously menaced resent injuries make preparation defense movements hemisphere necessity immediately connected causes must obvious enlightened impartial observers political system allied powers essentially different respect america difference proceeds exists respective governments defense achieved loss much blood treasure matured wisdom enlightened citizens enjoyed unexampled felicity whole nation devoted owe therefore candor amicable relations existing united states powers declare consider attempt part extend system portion hemisphere dangerous peace safety existing colonies dependencies european power interfered shall interfere governments declared independence maintained whose independence great consideration principles acknowledged could view interposition purpose oppressing controlling manner destiny european power light manifestation unfriendly disposition toward united states war new governments spain declared neutrality time recognition adhered shall continue adhere provided change shall occur judgment competent authorities government shall make corresponding change part united states indispensable security late events spain portugal shew europe still unsettled important fact stronger proof adduced allied powers thought proper principle satisfactory interposed force internal concerns spain extent interposition may carried principle question independent powers whose governments differ interested even remote surely none united states policy regard europe adopted early stage wars long agitated quarter globe nevertheless remains interfere internal concerns powers consider government de facto legitimate government us cultivate friendly relations preserve relations frank firm manly policy meeting instances claims every power submitting injuries none regard continents circumstances eminently conspicuously different impossible allied powers extend political system portion either continent without endangering peace happiness anyone believe southern brethren left would adopt accord equally impossible therefore behold interposition form indifference look comparative strength resources spain new governments distance must obvious never subdue still true policy united states leave parties hope powers pursue course compare present condition union actual state close revolution history world furnishes example progress improvement important circumstances constitute happiness nation bears resemblance first epoch population exceed last census amounted extraordinary almost altogether native immigration countries inconsiderable first epoch half territory within acknowledged limits uninhabited wilderness since new territory acquired vast extent comprising within many rivers particularly mississippi navigation ocean highest importance original states territory population expanded every direction new states established almost equal number formed first bond union expansion population accession new states union happiest effect highest interests eminently augmented resources added strength respectability power admitted important circumstances happy effect felt manifest enlarging basis system increasing number states system greatly strengthened branches consolidation disunion thereby rendered equally impracticable government confiding strength less apprehend consequence enjoying greater freedom action rendered efficient purposes instituted unnecessary treat vast improvement made system adoption constitution happy effect elevating character protecting rights nation well individuals owe blessings known derive excellence institutions ought adopt every measure may necessary perpetuate
many important subject claim attention present session shall endeavor give aid deliberation idea communication undertake duty diffidence vast extent interest treat great importance every portion union enter zeal thorough conviction never period since establishment revolution regard condition civilize world bear u great necessity devotion public servant respective duty virtue patriotism union constituent meet new congress deem proper present view public affair great detail might otherwise necessary however peculiar satisfaction knowledge respect shall comply fully sound principle government people u exclusively sovereign indispensable full information lay important subject enable exercise high power complete effect keep dark must incompetent liable error engage management public affair subject excitement lead astray particular interest passion great body constituent live home pursuit ordinary avocation calm deeply interested spectator event conduct party people every department government every individual responsible full information well judge wisdom policy pursue conduct regard dispassionate judgment much aid may always obtain approbation form great incentive gratify reward virtuous action dread censure best security abuse confidence interest vital question bond sentiment well interest proportionably strengthen well informed real state public affair especially difficult conjuncture knowledge local prejudice jealousy surmount national policy extend foster care protection great interest union form steadily adhere precise knowledge relation foreign power respect negotiation transaction think particularly necessary equally necessary form estimate resource revenue progress every kind improvement connect national prosperity public defense render justice nation may expect ability resent injury redress wrong may avoid commissioner 5th article treaty ghent disagree opinion respect portion boundary territory united state great britain establishment submit make respective report compliance article might refer decision friendly power manifest however would difficult impossible power perform office without great delay much inconvenience proposal make government accede great britain endeavor establish boundary amicable negotiation appear long experience satisfactory arrangement could form commercial intercourse united state british colony hemisphere legislative act party pursue course without agreement concert proposal make british government regulate commerce treaty arrange like manner claim citizen united state inhabit state territory border lakes river empty lawrence navigation river ocean object high importance interest party negotiation open british government hop satisfactory result commissioner 6th 7th article treaty ghent successfully close labor relation 6th proceed discharge relate 7th progress extensive survey require performance duty justify presumption complete ensue year negotiation long depend french government several important subject particularly indemnity loss sustain late war citizen united state unjustifiable seizure confiscation property yet desire effect claim rest principle others admit french government perceive ground reject minister immediately appoint proceed france resume negotiation subject may arise two nation proposal russian imperial government make minister emperor reside full power instruction transmit minister united state petersburg arrange amicable negotiation respective right interest two nation north west coast continent similar proposal make imperial majesty government great britain likewise acceded government unite state desirous friendly proceed manifest great value invariably attach friendship emperor solicitude cultivate best understanding government discussion interest give rise arrangement may terminate occasion judge proper assert principle right interest united state involve american continent free independent condition assume maintain henceforth consider subject future colonization european power since close last session congress commissioner arbitrator ascertain determine amount indemnification may due citizen united state decision imperial majesty emperor russia conformity convention conclude petersburg assemble city organize board performance duty assign treaty commission constitute 11th article treaty united state spain also session term three year limit treaty execution trust expire period next regular meeting congress attention legislature draw measure may necessary accomplish object commission institute compliance resolution house representative adopt last session instruction give minister united state accredit power europe america propose proscription african slave trade class denomination inflict perpetrator punishment piracy proposal accede doubt odious criminal practice promptly entirely suppress earnestly hop acceded firm belief effectual expedient adopt purpose commencement recent war france spain declare french government would grant commission privateer neither commerce spain neutral nation molest naval force france except breach lawful blockade declaration appear faithfully carried effect concur principle proclaim cherished united state first establishment independence suggest hope time arrive proposal adopt permanent invariable rule future maritime war might meet favorable consideration great european power instruction accordingly give minister france russia great britain make proposal respective government friends humanity reflect essential amelioration condition human race would result abolition private war sea great facility might accomplish require consent sovereign earnest hope indulge overture meet attention animate spirit make ultimately successful minister appoint republic colombia buenos ayres last session congress proceed shortly afterwards destination arrival official intelligence yet receive minister appoint republic chile sail day early appointment also make mexico minister receive colombia government inform minister diplomatic agent inferior grade would receive accordingly might prefer one minister appoint spain proceed soon appointment cadiz residence sovereign accredit approach port frigate convey warn commander french squadron blockade permitted enter although apprised captain frigate public character person board land sole object propose entry act consider infringement right ambassador nation form complaint government france officer commit actual condition public finance realize favorable anticipation entertain open last session congress first january balance treasury time 30th september receipt amount upward expenditure 4th quarter year estimate receipt least equal expenditure remain treasury first day january next surplus nearly 9m large amount war debt part revolutionary debt become redeemable additional portion former continue become redeemable annually year believe however united state remain peace whole debt may redeem ordinary revenue year period provision act create sink fund case part debt remain year 1835 7m 5 stock subscribe bank united state 3 revolutionary debt amount redeemable pleasure government state army organization discipline gradually improve several year attain high degree perfection military disbursement regularly make account regularly promptly render settlement supply various description good quality regularly issue post system economy accountability introduce every branch service admit little additional improvement desirable state attain act reorganizing staff army pass money appropriate fortification regularly economically apply work advance rapidly amount appropriate would admit three important work complete course year fort washington fort delaware fort rigolets louisiana board engineer topographical corp constant active service survey coast projecting work necessary defense military academy attain degree perfection discipline instruction equal believe institution kind country money appropriate use ordnance department regularly economically applied fabrication arm national armory contract department gradually improve quality cheapness believe quality admit little improvement completion fortification render necessary suitable appropriation purpose fabricate cannon carriage necessary work appropriation explore western water location site western armory commission constitute consist colonel mcree colonel lee captain talcott engage explore country yet report result labor believe prepared early part session congress month june last general ashley party trading license government attack ricarees peaceably trade indian request several party kill wounded property take destroyed colonel leavenworth command fort atkinson council bluff western post apprehend hostile spirit ricarees would extend tribes quarter thereby live trader missouri peace frontier would endanger take immediate measure check evil detachment regiment station bluff successfully attack ricaree village hop impression make well tribes missouri prevent recurrence future hostility report secretary war herewith transmit exhibit great detail condition department various branch progress make administration three first quarter year transmit return militia several state accord last report make proper officer department war reference return see complete although great exertion make make defense even liberties country must depend time imminent danger militia high importance well organize arm discipline throughout union report secretary war shews progress make three first quarter present year application fund appropriate arm militia much difficulty find distribute arm accord act congress provide failure proper department many state make regular return act provide system tactic regulation various corps regular army shall extend militia act imperfectly execute want uniformity organization militia proceed defect system especially application main arm public defense think important subject branch merit attention congress report secretary navy communicate furnishes account administration department three first quarter present year progress make augment navy manner vessel commission employ usual force maintain mediterranean sea pacific ocean along atlantic coast afford necessary protection commerce seas west indie gulf mexico naval force augment addition several small vessel provide act authorize additional naval force suppression piracy pass congress last session armament eminently successful accomplishment object piracy commerce neighborhood island cuba afflict repressed confidence merchant great measure restore patriotic zeal enterprise commodore porter command expedition confide fully second officer men command reflect high satisfaction honorable manner sustain reputation country navy sentiment alloy concern fulfillment arduous service disease incident season climate discharge deprived nation many useful life among several officer great promise month august malignant fever make appearance thompson island threaten destruction station many perish command officer severely attack uncertain fate know medical officer render incapable discharge duty think expedient send post officer rank experience several skilled surgeon ascertain origin fever probability recurrence future season furnish every assistance suffer practicable avoid necessity abandon important station commodore rodgers promptitude honor cheerfully accept trust discharge manner anticipate skill patriotism arrival commodore porter great part squadron remove island return united state consequence prevail sickness much useful information however obtain state island great relief afford necessarily leave although expedition cooperate invigorate administration government island cuba correspond active exertion british naval force sea almost entirely destroy unlicensed piracy island success exertion equally effectual suppress crime pretenses color neighbor island porto rico commit abusive issue spanish commission early period present year remonstrance make governor island agent send purpose outrage peaceful commerce unite state many occur officer professing want authority make satisfaction complaint answer reference government spain minister united state court specially instruct urge necessity immediate effectual interposition government direct restitution indemnity wrong already commit interdict repetition minister see debarred access spanish government mean time several new case flagrant outrage occur citizen united state island porto rico suffer others threaten assassination assert unquestionable right even lawful tribunal country usual order give public ship seize american vessel slave trade bring adjudication gratification state one employed discover good reason believe flag seldom disgrace traffic source great satisfaction always enable recur conduct navy price commendation mean national defense enjoy public confidence steadily assume additional importance submit whether efficient equally economical organization might several respect effect suppose high grade exist law would useful would afford reward long faithfully serve country present best incentive good conduct best mean insure proper discipline destroy inequality respect military naval service relieve officer many inconvenience mortification occur vessel meet nation service grade exist report accompanies communication shew present state department general operation year past establish law mile post road mail transport mile contract make transportation establish rout one 2 exception post office union many post master gross amount postage accrue period expenditures department amount consist follow item viz make total amount balance due department balance embrace delinquency post master contractor take place since organization department due department contractor first july last transportation mail within five year past greatly extended expenditure department proportionably increase although postage accrue within last three year fall short expenditure appear collection make outstanding balance meet principal part current demand estimate balance collect considerable part sum realize resort legal process improvement receipt postage expect prompt attention collection money receive post master believe enable department continue operation without aid treasury unless expenditure shall increase establishment new mail route revision part post office law may necessary submit whether would proper provide appointment post master compensation exceeds certain amount nomination senate officer general government appoint communicate view congress commencement last session respect encouragement ought give manufacture principle found add view remain unchanged present state country immediate political relation great commercial intercourse tends confirm impression recommend review tariff purpose afford additional protection article prepared manufacture immediately connect defense independence country actual state public account furnish additional evidence efficiency present system accountability relation public expenditure money draw treasury since sum remain unaccounted 30th september last less 30th september precede period reduction nearly 1m make amount unsettled account money advance previously obvious proportion mass account latter description diminish settlement difficulty settle residue increase consideration many instance obtain legal process precise detail subject refer report first comptroller treasury sum appropriate last session repair cumberland road apply good effect object final report receive agent appoint superintend soon receive shall communicate congress many patriotic enlighten citizen make subject object particular investigation suggest improvement still great importance opinion water chesapeake ohio may connect together one continue canal expense far short value importance object obtain could accomplish impossible calculate beneficial consequence would result great portion produce fertile country would pass would find market channel troop might move great facility war cannon every kind munition either direction connect atlantic western country line pass seat national government would contribute essentially strengthen bond union believe congress possess right appropriate money national object jurisdiction remain state canal would pass submit consideration whether may advisable authorize adequate appropriation employment suitable number officer corps engineer examine unexplored ground next season report opinion thereon likewise proper extend examination several route water ohio may connect canal lake erie cumberland road require annual repair congress think expedient recommend state amendment constitution purpose vest united state power adopt execute system internal improvement also submit consideration whether may expedient authorize executive enter arrangement several state road pass establish toll within limit purpose defray expense future repair provide also suitable penalty protection future injury act congress appropriate sum purpose erect two pier shelter vessel ice near cape henlopen delaware bay effect object act officer board engineer commodore bainbridge direct prepare plan estimate pier sufficient answer purpose intend act appear report accompanies document war department appropriation adequate purpose intend pier would great service navigation delaware bay protection vessel adjacent part coast submit consideration congress whether additional sufficient appropriation make board engineer also direct examine survey entrance harbor port presquille pa order make estimate expense remove obstruction entrance plan best mode effect appropriation purpose act congress pass 3rd march last report board accompany paper war department submit consideration congress strong hope long entertain found heroic struggle greek would succeed contest resume equal station among nation earth believe whole civilized world take deep interest welfare although power declare favor yet none accord information take part name protect danger might ere overwhelmed people ordinary calculation interest acquisition view aggrandizement mingles much transaction nation seem effect regard facts come knowledge good believe enemy lose forever dominion greece become independent nation may obtain rank object ardent wish state commencement last session great effort make spain portugal improve condition people country appear conducted extraordinary moderation need scarcely remark result far different anticipated event quarter globe much intercourse derive origin always anxious interested spectator citizen united state cherish sentiment friendly favor liberty happiness fellow men side atlantic war european power matter relate never take part comport policy right invade seriously menace resent injury make preparation defense movement hemisphere necessity immediately connected cause must obvious enlightened impartial observer political system ally power essentially different respect america difference proceeds exist respective government defense achieve loss much blood treasure mature wisdom enlighten citizen enjoy unexampled felicity whole nation devote owe therefore candor amicable relation exist united state power declare consider attempt part extend system portion hemisphere dangerous peace safety exist colony dependency european power interfere shall interfere government declare independence maintain whose independence great consideration principle acknowledge could view interposition purpose oppress control manner destiny european power light manifestation unfriendly disposition toward united state war new government spain declared neutrality time recognition adhere shall continue adhere provide change shall occur judgment competent authority government shall make correspond change part united state indispensable security late event spain portugal shew europe still unsettle important fact strong proof adduce allied power think proper principle satisfactory interpose force internal concern spain extent interposition may carry principle question independent power whose government differ interested even remote surely none united state policy regard europe adopt early stage war long agitated quarter globe nevertheless remain interfere internal concern power consider government de facto legitimate government u cultivate friendly relation preserve relation frank firm manly policy meeting instance claim every power submit injury none regard continent circumstance eminently conspicuously different impossible allied power extend political system portion either continent without endanger peace happiness anyone believe southern brother leave would adopt accord equally impossible therefore behold interposition form indifference look comparative strength resource spain new government distance must obvious never subdue still true policy unite state leave party hope power pursue course compare present condition union actual state close revolution history world furnish example progress improvement important circumstance constitute happiness nation bear resemblance first epoch population exceed last census amount extraordinary almost altogether native immigration country inconsiderable first epoch half territory within acknowledge limit uninhabited wilderness since new territory acquire vast extent comprise within many river particularly mississippi navigation ocean high importance original state territory population expand every direction new state establish almost equal number form first bond union expansion population accession new state union happiest effect high interest eminently augment resource add strength respectability power admit important circumstance happy effect felt manifest enlarge basis system increase number state system greatly strengthen branch consolidation disunion thereby render equally impracticable government confide strength less apprehend consequence enjoy great freedom action render efficient purpose institute unnecessary treat vast improvement make system adoption constitution happy effect elevate character protect right nation well individual owe blessing know derive excellence institution ought adopt every measure may necessary perpetuate