I have the satisfaction on our present meeting of being able to communicate the successful termination of the war which had been commenced against the United States by the Regency of Algiers. The squadron in advance on that service, under Commodore Decatur, lost not a moment after its arrival in the Mediterranean in seeking the naval force of the enemy then cruising in that sea, and succeeded in capturing two of his ships, one of them the principal ship, commanded by the Algerine admiral. The high character of the American commander was brilliantly sustained on the occasion which brought his own ship into close action with that of his adversary, as was the accustomed gallantry of all the officers and men actually engaged. Having prepared the way by this demonstration of American skill and prowess, he hastened to the port of Algiers, where peace was promptly yielded to his victorious force. In the terms stipulated the rights and honor of the United States were particularly consulted by a perpetual relinquishment on the part of the Dey of all pretensions to tribute from them. The impressions which have thus been made, strengthened as they will have been by subsequent transactions with the Regencies of Tunis and of Tripoli by the appearance of the larger force which followed under Commodore Bainbridge, the chief in command of the expedition, and by the judicious precautionary arrangements left by him in that quarter, afford a reasonable prospect of future security for the valuable portion of our commerce which passes within reach of the Barbary cruisers. It is another source of satisfaction that the treaty of peace with Great Britain has been succeeded by a convention on the subject of commerce concluded by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries. In this result a disposition is manifested on the part of that nation corresponding with the disposition of the United States, which it may be hoped will be improved into liberal arrangements on other subjects on which the parties have mutual interests, or which might endanger their future harmony. Congress will decide on the expediency of promoting such a sequel by giving effect to the measure of confining the American navigation to American sea men - a measure which, at the same time that it might have that conciliatory tendency, would have the further advantage of increasing the independence of our navigation and the resources for our maritime defense. In conformity with the articles in the treaty of Ghent relating to the Indians, as well as with a view to the tranquillity of our western and northwestern frontiers, measures were taken to establish an immediate peace with the several tribes who had been engaged in hostilities against the United States. Such of them as were invited to Detroit acceded readily to a renewal of the former treaties of friendship. Of the other tribes who were invited to a station on the Mississippi the greater number have also accepted the peace offered to them. The residue, consisting of the more distant tribes or parts of tribes, remain to be brought over by further explanations, or by such other means as may be adapted to the dispositions they may finally disclose. The Indian tribes within and bordering on the southern frontier, whom a cruel war on their part had compelled us to chastise into peace, have latterly shown a restlessness which has called for preparatory measures for repressing it, and for protecting the commissioners engaged in carrying the terms of the peace into execution. The execution of the act for fixing the military peace establishment has been attended with difficulties which even now can only be overcome by legislative aid. The selection of officers, the payment and discharge of the troops enlisted for the war, the payment of the retained troops and their reunion from detached and distant stations, the collection and security of the public property in the Quartermaster, Commissary, and Ordnance departments, and the constant medical assistance required in hospitals and garrisons rendered a complete execution of the act impracticable on the 1st of May, the period more immediately contemplated. As soon, however, as circumstances would permit, and as far as it has been practicable consistently with the public interests, the reduction of the Army has been accomplished; but the appropriations for its pay and for other branches of the military service having proved inadequate, the earliest attention to that subject will be necessary; and the expediency of continuing upon the peace establishment the staff officers who have hitherto been provisionally retained is also recommended to the consideration of Congress. In the performance of the Executive duty upon this occasion there has not been wanting a just sensibility to the merits of the American Army during the late war; but the obvious policy and design in fixing an efficient military peace establishment did not afford an opportunity to distinguish the aged and infirm on account of their past services nor the wounded and disabled on account of their present sufferings. The extent of the reduction, indeed, unavoidably involved the exclusion of many meritorious officers of every rank from the service of their country; and so equal as well as so numerous were the claims to attention that a decision by the standard of comparative merit could seldom be attained. Judged, however, in candor by a general standard of positive merit, the Army Register will, it is believed, do honor to the establishment, while the case of those officers whose names are not included in it devolves with the strongest interest upon the legislative authority for such provisions as shall be deemed the best calculated to give support and solace to the veteran and the invalid, to display the beneficence as well as the justice of the Government, and to inspire a martial zeal for the public service upon every future emergency. Although the embarrassments arising from the want of an uniform national currency have not been diminished since the adjournment of Congress, great satisfaction has been derived in contemplating the revival of the public credit and the efficiency of the public resources. The receipts into the Treasury from the various branches of revenue during the nine months ending on the 30th of September last have been estimated at $12.5M; the issues of Treasury notes of every denomination during the same period amounted to the sum of $14M, and there was also obtained upon loan during the same period a sum of $9M, of which the sum of $6M was subscribed in cash and the sum of $3M in Treasury notes. With these means, added to the sum of $1.5M, being the balance of money in the Treasury on the 1st day of January, there has been paid between the 1st of January and the 1st of October on account of the appropriations of the preceding and of the present year (exclusively of the amount of the Treasury notes subscribed to the loan and of the amount redeemed in the payment of duties and taxes) the aggregate sum of $33.5M, leaving a balance then in the Treasury estimated at the sum of $3M. Independent, however of the arrearages due for military services and supplies, it is presumed that a further sum of $5M, including the interest on the public debt payable on the 1st of January next, will be demanded at the Treasury to complete the expenditures of the present year, and for which the existing ways and means will sufficiently provide. The national debt, as it was ascertained on the 1st of October last, amounted in the whole to the sum of $120M, consisting of the unredeemed balance of the debt contracted before the late war ($39M), the amount of the funded debt contracted in consequence of the war ($64M), and the amount of the unfunded and floating debt, including the various issues of Treasury notes, $17M, which is in gradual course of payment. There will probably be some addition to the public debt upon the liquidation of various claims which are depending, and a conciliatory disposition on the part of Congress may lead honorably and advantageously to an equitable arrangement of the militia expenses incurred by the several States without the previous sanction or authority of the Government of the United States; but when it is considered that the new as well as the old portion of the debt has been contracted in the assertion of the national rights and independence, and when it is recollected that the public expenditures, not being exclusively bestowed upon subjects of a transient nature, will long be visible in the number and equipments of the American Navy, in the military works for the defense of our harbors and our frontiers, and in the supplies of our arsenals and magazines the amount will bear a gratifying comparison with the objects which have been attained, as well as with the resources of the country. The arrangements of the finances with a view to the receipts and expenditures of a permanent peace establishment will necessarily enter into the deliberations of Congress during the present session. It is true that the improved condition of the public revenue will not only afford the means of maintaining the faith of the Government with its creditors inviolate, and of prosecuting successfully the measures of the most liberal policy, but will also justify an immediate alleviation of the burdens imposed by the necessities of the war. It is, however, essential to every modification of the finances that the benefits of an uniform national currency should be restored to the community. The absence of the precious metals will, it is believed, be a temporary evil, but until they can again be rendered the general medium of exchange it devolves on the wisdom of Congress to provide a substitute which shall equally engage the confidence and accommodate the wants of the citizens throughout the Union. If the operation of the State banks can not produce this result, the probable operation of a national bank will merit consideration; and if neither of these expedients be deemed effectual it may become necessary to ascertain the terms upon which the notes of the Government (no longer required as an instrument of credit) shall be issued upon motives of general policy as a common medium of circulation. Notwithstanding the security for future repose which the United States ought to find in their love of peace and their constant respect for the rights of other nations, the character of the times particularly inculcates the lesson that, whether to prevent or repel danger, we ought not to be unprepared for it. This consideration will sufficiently recommend to Congress a liberal provision for the immediate extension and gradual completion of the works of defense, both fixed and floating, on our maritime frontier, and an adequate provision for guarding our inland frontier against dangers to which certain portions of it may continue to be exposed. As an improvement in our military establishment, it will deserve the consideration of Congress whether a corps of invalids might not be so organized and employed as at once to aid in the support of meritorious individuals excluded by age or infirmities from the existing establishment, and to procure to the public the benefit of their stationary services and of their exemplary discipline. I recommend also an enlargement of the Military Academy already established, and the establishment of others in other sections of the Union; and I can not press too much on the attention of Congress such a classification and organization of the militia as will most effectually render it the safeguard of a free state. If experience has shewn in the recent splendid achievements of militia the value of this resource for the public defense, it has shewn also the importance of that skill in the use of arms and that familiarity with the essential rules of discipline which can not be expected from the regulations now in force. With this subject is intimately connected the necessity of accommodating the laws in every respect to the great object of enabling the political authority of the Union to employ promptly and effectually the physical power of the Union in the cases designated by the Constitution. The signal services which have been rendered by our Navy and the capacities it has developed for successful cooperation in the national defense will give to that portion of the public force its full value in the eyes of Congress, at an epoch which calls for the constant vigilance of all governments. To preserve the ships now in a sound state, to complete those already contemplated, to provide amply the imperishable materials for prompt augmentations, and to improve the existing arrangements into more advantageous establishments for the construction, the repairs, and the security of vessels of war is dictated by the soundest policy. In adjusting the duties on imports to the object of revenue the influence of the tariff on manufactures will necessarily present itself for consideration. However wise the theory may be which leaves to the sagacity and interest of individuals the application of their industry and resources, there are in this as in other cases exceptions to the general rule. Besides the condition which the theory itself implies of reciprocal adoption by other nations, experience teaches that so many circumstances must concur in introducing and maturing manufacturing establishments, especially of the more complicated kinds, that a country may remain long without them, although sufficiently advanced and in some respects even peculiarly fitted for carrying them on with success. Under circumstances giving a powerful impulse to manufacturing industry it has made among us a progress and exhibited an efficiency which justify the belief that with a protection not more than is due to the enterprising citizens whose interests are now at stake it will become at an early day not only safe against occasional competitions from abroad, but a source of domestic wealth and even of external commerce. In selecting the branches more especially entitled to the public patronage a preference is obviously claimed by such as will relieve the United States from a dependence on foreign supplies, ever subject to casual failures, for articles necessary for the public defense or connected with the primary wants of individuals. It will be an additional recommendation of particular manufactures where the materials for them are extensively drawn from our agriculture, and consequently impart and insure to that great fund of national prosperity and independence an encouragement which can not fail to be rewarded. Among the means of advancing the public interest the occasion is a proper one for recalling the attention of Congress to the great importance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can best be executed under the national authority. No objects within the circle of political economy so richly repay the expense bestowed on them; there are none the utility of which is more universally ascertained and acknowledged; none that do more honor to the governments whose wise and enlarged patriotism duly appreciates them. Nor is there any country which presents a field where nature invites more the art of man to complete her own work for his accommodation and benefit. These considerations are strengthened, moreover, by the political effect of these facilities for intercommunication in bringing and binding more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy. Whilst the States individually, with a laudable enterprise and emulation, avail themselves of their local advantages by new roads, by navigable canals, and by improving the streams susceptible of navigation, the General Government is the more urged to similar undertakings, requiring a national jurisdiction and national means, by the prospect of thus systematically completing so inestimable a work; and it is a happy reflection that any defect of constitutional authority which may be encountered can be supplied in a mode which the Constitution itself has providently pointed out. The present is a favorable season also for bringing again into view the establishment of a national seminary of learning within the District of Columbia, and with means drawn from the property therein, subject to the authority of the General Government. Such an institution claims the patronage of Congress as a monument of their solicitude for the advancement of knowledge, without which the blessings of liberty can not be fully enjoyed or long preserved; as a model instructive in the formation of other seminaries; as a nursery of enlightened preceptors, and as a central resort of youth and genius from every part of their country, diffusing on their return examples of those national feelings, those liberal sentiments, and those congenial manners which contribute cement to our Union and strength to the great political fabric of which that is the foundation. In closing this communication I ought not to repress a sensibility, in which you will unite, to the happy lot of our country and to the goodness of a superintending Providence, to which we are indebted for it. Whilst other portions of mankind are laboring under the distresses of war or struggling with adversity in other forms, the United States are in the tranquil enjoyment of prosperous and honorable peace. In reviewing the scenes through which it has been attained we can rejoice in the proofs given that our political institutions, founded in human rights and framed for their preservation, are equal to the severest trials of war, as well adapted to the ordinary periods of repose. As fruits of this experience and of the reputation acquired by the American arms on the land and on the water, the nation finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad and of a just confidence in itself, which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career. Under other aspects of our country the strongest features of its flourishing condition are seen in a population rapidly increasing on a territory as productive as it is extensive; in a general industry and fertile ingenuity which find their ample rewards, and in an affluent revenue which admits a reduction of the public burdens without withdrawing the means of sustaining the public credit, of gradually discharging the public debt, of providing for the necessary defensive and precautionary establishments, and of patronizing in every authorized mode undertakings conducive to the aggregate wealth and individual comfort of our citizens. It remains for the guardians of the public welfare to persevere in that justice and good will toward other nations which invite a return of these sentiments toward the United States; to cherish institutions which guarantee their safety and their liberties, civil and religious; and to combine with a liberal system of foreign commerce an improvement of the national advantages and a protection and extension of the independent resources of our highly favored and happy country. In all measures having such objects my faithful cooperation will be afforded.
I have the satisfaction on our present meeting of being able to communicate the successful termination of the war which had been commenced against the United States by the Regency of Algiers. The squadron in advance on that service, under Commodore Decatur, lost not a moment after its arrival in the Mediterranean in seeking the naval force of the enemy then cruising in that sea, and succeeded in capturing two of his ships, one of them the principal ship, commanded by the Algerine admiral. The high character of the American commander was brilliantly sustained on the occasion which brought his own ship into close action with that of his adversary, as was the accustomed gallantry of all the officers and men actually engaged. Having prepared the way by this demonstration of American skill and prowess, he hastened to the port of Algiers, where peace was promptly yielded to his victorious force. In the terms stipulated the rights and honor of the United States were particularly consulted by a perpetual relinquishment on the part of the Dey of all pretensions to tribute from them. The impressions which have thus been made, strengthened as they will have been by subsequent transactions with the Regencies of Tunis and of Tripoli by the appearance of the larger force which followed under Commodore Bainbridge, the chief in command of the expedition, and by the judicious precautionary arrangements left by him in that quarter, afford a reasonable prospect of future security for the valuable portion of our commerce which passes within reach of the Barbary cruisers. It is another source of satisfaction that the treaty of peace with Great Britain has been succeeded by a convention on the subject of commerce concluded by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries. In this result a disposition is manifested on the part of that nation corresponding with the disposition of the United States, which it may be hoped will be improved into liberal arrangements on other subjects on which the parties have mutual interests, or which might endanger their future harmony. Congress will decide on the expediency of promoting such a sequel by giving effect to the measure of confining the American navigation to American sea men - a measure which, at the same time that it might have that conciliatory tendency, would have the further advantage of increasing the independence of our navigation and the resources for our maritime defense. In conformity with the articles in the treaty of Ghent relating to the Indians, as well as with a view to the tranquillity of our western and northwestern frontiers, measures were taken to establish an immediate peace with the several tribes who had been engaged in hostilities against the United States. Such of them as were invited to Detroit acceded readily to a renewal of the former treaties of friendship. Of the other tribes who were invited to a station on the Mississippi the greater number have also accepted the peace offered to them. The residue, consisting of the more distant tribes or parts of tribes, remain to be brought over by further explanations, or by such other means as may be adapted to the dispositions they may finally disclose. The Indian tribes within and bordering on the southern frontier, whom a cruel war on their part had compelled us to chastise into peace, have latterly shown a restlessness which has called for preparatory measures for repressing it, and for protecting the commissioners engaged in carrying the terms of the peace into execution. The execution of the act for fixing the military peace establishment has been attended with difficulties which even now can only be overcome by legislative aid. The selection of officers, the payment and discharge of the troops enlisted for the war, the payment of the retained troops and their reunion from detached and distant stations, the collection and security of the public property in the Quartermaster, Commissary, and Ordnance departments, and the constant medical assistance required in hospitals and garrisons rendered a complete execution of the act impracticable on the 1st of May, the period more immediately contemplated. As soon, however, as circumstances would permit, and as far as it has been practicable consistently with the public interests, the reduction of the Army has been accomplished; but the appropriations for its pay and for other branches of the military service having proved inadequate, the earliest attention to that subject will be necessary; and the expediency of continuing upon the peace establishment the staff officers who have hitherto been provisionally retained is also recommended to the consideration of Congress. In the performance of the Executive duty upon this occasion there has not been wanting a just sensibility to the merits of the American Army during the late war; but the obvious policy and design in fixing an efficient military peace establishment did not afford an opportunity to distinguish the aged and infirm on account of their past services nor the wounded and disabled on account of their present sufferings. The extent of the reduction, indeed, unavoidably involved the exclusion of many meritorious officers of every rank from the service of their country; and so equal as well as so numerous were the claims to attention that a decision by the standard of comparative merit could seldom be attained. Judged, however, in candor by a general standard of positive merit, the Army Register will, it is believed, do honor to the establishment, while the case of those officers whose names are not included in it devolves with the strongest interest upon the legislative authority for such provisions as shall be deemed the best calculated to give support and solace to the veteran and the invalid, to display the beneficence as well as the justice of the Government, and to inspire a martial zeal for the public service upon every future emergency. Although the embarrassments arising from the want of an uniform national currency have not been diminished since the adjournment of Congress, great satisfaction has been derived in contemplating the revival of the public credit and the efficiency of the public resources. The receipts into the Treasury from the various branches of revenue during the nine months ending on the 30th of September last have been estimated at $12.5M; the issues of Treasury notes of every denomination during the same period amounted to the sum of $14M, and there was also obtained upon loan during the same period a sum of $9M, of which the sum of $6M was subscribed in cash and the sum of $3M in Treasury notes. With these means, added to the sum of $1.5M, being the balance of money in the Treasury on the 1st day of January, there has been paid between the 1st of January and the 1st of October on account of the appropriations of the preceding and of the present year (exclusively of the amount of the Treasury notes subscribed to the loan and of the amount redeemed in the payment of duties and taxes) the aggregate sum of $33.5M, leaving a balance then in the Treasury estimated at the sum of $3M. Independent, however of the arrearages due for military services and supplies, it is presumed that a further sum of $5M, including the interest on the public debt payable on the 1st of January next, will be demanded at the Treasury to complete the expenditures of the present year, and for which the existing ways and means will sufficiently provide. The national debt, as it was ascertained on the 1st of October last, amounted in the whole to the sum of $120M, consisting of the unredeemed balance of the debt contracted before the late war ($39M), the amount of the funded debt contracted in consequence of the war ($64M), and the amount of the unfunded and floating debt, including the various issues of Treasury notes, $17M, which is in gradual course of payment. There will probably be some addition to the public debt upon the liquidation of various claims which are depending, and a conciliatory disposition on the part of Congress may lead honorably and advantageously to an equitable arrangement of the militia expenses incurred by the several States without the previous sanction or authority of the Government of the United States; but when it is considered that the new as well as the old portion of the debt has been contracted in the assertion of the national rights and independence, and when it is recollected that the public expenditures, not being exclusively bestowed upon subjects of a transient nature, will long be visible in the number and equipments of the American Navy, in the military works for the defense of our harbors and our frontiers, and in the supplies of our arsenals and magazines the amount will bear a gratifying comparison with the objects which have been attained, as well as with the resources of the country. The arrangements of the finances with a view to the receipts and expenditures of a permanent peace establishment will necessarily enter into the deliberations of Congress during the present session. It is true that the improved condition of the public revenue will not only afford the means of maintaining the faith of the Government with its creditors inviolate, and of prosecuting successfully the measures of the most liberal policy, but will also justify an immediate alleviation of the burdens imposed by the necessities of the war. It is, however, essential to every modification of the finances that the benefits of an uniform national currency should be restored to the community. The absence of the precious metals will, it is believed, be a temporary evil, but until they can again be rendered the general medium of exchange it devolves on the wisdom of Congress to provide a substitute which shall equally engage the confidence and accommodate the wants of the citizens throughout the Union. If the operation of the State banks can not produce this result, the probable operation of a national bank will merit consideration; and if neither of these expedients be deemed effectual it may become necessary to ascertain the terms upon which the notes of the Government (no longer required as an instrument of credit) shall be issued upon motives of general policy as a common medium of circulation. Notwithstanding the security for future repose which the United States ought to find in their love of peace and their constant respect for the rights of other nations, the character of the times particularly inculcates the lesson that, whether to prevent or repel danger, we ought not to be unprepared for it. This consideration will sufficiently recommend to Congress a liberal provision for the immediate extension and gradual completion of the works of defense, both fixed and floating, on our maritime frontier, and an adequate provision for guarding our inland frontier against dangers to which certain portions of it may continue to be exposed. As an improvement in our military establishment, it will deserve the consideration of Congress whether a corps of invalids might not be so organized and employed as at once to aid in the support of meritorious individuals excluded by age or infirmities from the existing establishment, and to procure to the public the benefit of their stationary services and of their exemplary discipline. I recommend also an enlargement of the Military Academy already established, and the establishment of others in other sections of the Union; and I can not press too much on the attention of Congress such a classification and organization of the militia as will most effectually render it the safeguard of a free state. If experience has shewn in the recent splendid achievements of militia the value of this resource for the public defense, it has shewn also the importance of that skill in the use of arms and that familiarity with the essential rules of discipline which can not be expected from the regulations now in force. With this subject is intimately connected the necessity of accommodating the laws in every respect to the great object of enabling the political authority of the Union to employ promptly and effectually the physical power of the Union in the cases designated by the Constitution. The signal services which have been rendered by our Navy and the capacities it has developed for successful cooperation in the national defense will give to that portion of the public force its full value in the eyes of Congress, at an epoch which calls for the constant vigilance of all governments. To preserve the ships now in a sound state, to complete those already contemplated, to provide amply the imperishable materials for prompt augmentations, and to improve the existing arrangements into more advantageous establishments for the construction, the repairs, and the security of vessels of war is dictated by the soundest policy. In adjusting the duties on imports to the object of revenue the influence of the tariff on manufactures will necessarily present itself for consideration. However wise the theory may be which leaves to the sagacity and interest of individuals the application of their industry and resources, there are in this as in other cases exceptions to the general rule. Besides the condition which the theory itself implies of reciprocal adoption by other nations, experience teaches that so many circumstances must concur in introducing and maturing manufacturing establishments, especially of the more complicated kinds, that a country may remain long without them, although sufficiently advanced and in some respects even peculiarly fitted for carrying them on with success. Under circumstances giving a powerful impulse to manufacturing industry it has made among us a progress and exhibited an efficiency which justify the belief that with a protection not more than is due to the enterprising citizens whose interests are now at stake it will become at an early day not only safe against occasional competitions from abroad, but a source of domestic wealth and even of external commerce. In selecting the branches more especially entitled to the public patronage a preference is obviously claimed by such as will relieve the United States from a dependence on foreign supplies, ever subject to casual failures, for articles necessary for the public defense or connected with the primary wants of individuals. It will be an additional recommendation of particular manufactures where the materials for them are extensively drawn from our agriculture, and consequently impart and insure to that great fund of national prosperity and independence an encouragement which can not fail to be rewarded. Among the means of advancing the public interest the occasion is a proper one for recalling the attention of Congress to the great importance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can best be executed under the national authority. No objects within the circle of political economy so richly repay the expense bestowed on them; there are none the utility of which is more universally ascertained and acknowledged; none that do more honor to the governments whose wise and enlarged patriotism duly appreciates them. Nor is there any country which presents a field where nature invites more the art of man to complete her own work for his accommodation and benefit. These considerations are strengthened, moreover, by the political effect of these facilities for intercommunication in bringing and binding more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy. Whilst the States individually, with a laudable enterprise and emulation, avail themselves of their local advantages by new roads, by navigable canals, and by improving the streams susceptible of navigation, the General Government is the more urged to similar undertakings, requiring a national jurisdiction and national means, by the prospect of thus systematically completing so inestimable a work; and it is a happy reflection that any defect of constitutional authority which may be encountered can be supplied in a mode which the Constitution itself has providently pointed out. The present is a favorable season also for bringing again into view the establishment of a national seminary of learning within the District of Columbia, and with means drawn from the property therein, subject to the authority of the General Government. Such an institution claims the patronage of Congress as a monument of their solicitude for the advancement of knowledge, without which the blessings of liberty can not be fully enjoyed or long preserved; as a model instructive in the formation of other seminaries; as a nursery of enlightened preceptors, and as a central resort of youth and genius from every part of their country, diffusing on their return examples of those national feelings, those liberal sentiments, and those congenial manners which contribute cement to our Union and strength to the great political fabric of which that is the foundation. In closing this communication I ought not to repress a sensibility, in which you will unite, to the happy lot of our country and to the goodness of a superintending Providence, to which we are indebted for it. Whilst other portions of mankind are laboring under the distresses of war or struggling with adversity in other forms, the United States are in the tranquil enjoyment of prosperous and honorable peace. In reviewing the scenes through which it has been attained we can rejoice in the proofs given that our political institutions, founded in human rights and framed for their preservation, are equal to the severest trials of war, as well adapted to the ordinary periods of repose. As fruits of this experience and of the reputation acquired by the American arms on the land and on the water, the nation finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad and of a just confidence in itself, which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career. Under other aspects of our country the strongest features of its flourishing condition are seen in a population rapidly increasing on a territory as productive as it is extensive; in a general industry and fertile ingenuity which find their ample rewards, and in an affluent revenue which admits a reduction of the public burdens without withdrawing the means of sustaining the public credit, of gradually discharging the public debt, of providing for the necessary defensive and precautionary establishments, and of patronizing in every authorized mode undertakings conducive to the aggregate wealth and individual comfort of our citizens. It remains for the guardians of the public welfare to persevere in that justice and good will toward other nations which invite a return of these sentiments toward the United States; to cherish institutions which guarantee their safety and their liberties, civil and religious; and to combine with a liberal system of foreign commerce an improvement of the national advantages and a protection and extension of the independent resources of our highly favored and happy country. In all measures having such objects my faithful cooperation will be afforded.
i have the satisfaction on our present meeting of being able to communicate the successful termination of the war which had been commenced against the united states by the regency of algiers the squadron in advance on that service under commodore decatur lost not a moment after its arrival in the mediterranean in seeking the naval force of the enemy then cruising in that sea and succeeded in capturing two of his ships one of them the principal ship commanded by the algerine admiral the high character of the american commander was brilliantly sustained on the occasion which brought his own ship into close action with that of his adversary as was the accustomed gallantry of all the officers and men actually engaged having prepared the way by this demonstration of american skill and prowess he hastened to the port of algiers where peace was promptly yielded to his victorious force in the terms stipulated the rights and honor of the united states were particularly consulted by a perpetual relinquishment on the part of the dey of all pretensions to tribute from them the impressions which have thus been made strengthened as they will have been by subsequent transactions with the regencies of tunis and of tripoli by the appearance of the larger force which followed under commodore bainbridge the chief in command of the expedition and by the judicious precautionary arrangements left by him in that quarter afford a reasonable prospect of future security for the valuable portion of our commerce which passes within reach of the barbary cruisers it is another source of satisfaction that the treaty of peace with great britain has been succeeded by a convention on the subject of commerce concluded by the plenipotentiaries of the two countries in this result a disposition is manifested on the part of that nation corresponding with the disposition of the united states which it may be hoped will be improved into liberal arrangements on other subjects on which the parties have mutual interests or which might endanger their future harmony congress will decide on the expediency of promoting such a sequel by giving effect to the measure of confining the american navigation to american sea men a measure which at the same time that it might have that conciliatory tendency would have the further advantage of increasing the independence of our navigation and the resources for our maritime defense in conformity with the articles in the treaty of ghent relating to the indians as well as with a view to the tranquillity of our western and northwestern frontiers measures were taken to establish an immediate peace with the several tribes who had been engaged in hostilities against the united states such of them as were invited to detroit acceded readily to a renewal of the former treaties of friendship of the other tribes who were invited to a station on the mississippi the greater number have also accepted the peace offered to them the residue consisting of the more distant tribes or parts of tribes remain to be brought over by further explanations or by such other means as may be adapted to the dispositions they may finally disclose the indian tribes within and bordering on the southern frontier whom a cruel war on their part had compelled us to chastise into peace have latterly shown a restlessness which has called for preparatory measures for repressing it and for protecting the commissioners engaged in carrying the terms of the peace into execution the execution of the act for fixing the military peace establishment has been attended with difficulties which even now can only be overcome by legislative aid the selection of officers the payment and discharge of the troops enlisted for the war the payment of the retained troops and their reunion from detached and distant stations the collection and security of the public property in the quartermaster commissary and ordnance departments and the constant medical assistance required in hospitals and garrisons rendered a complete execution of the act impracticable on the 1st of may the period more immediately contemplated as soon however as circumstances would permit and as far as it has been practicable consistently with the public interests the reduction of the army has been accomplished but the appropriations for its pay and for other branches of the military service having proved inadequate the earliest attention to that subject will be necessary and the expediency of continuing upon the peace establishment the staff officers who have hitherto been provisionally retained is also recommended to the consideration of congress in the performance of the executive duty upon this occasion there has not been wanting a just sensibility to the merits of the american army during the late war but the obvious policy and design in fixing an efficient military peace establishment did not afford an opportunity to distinguish the aged and infirm on account of their past services nor the wounded and disabled on account of their present sufferings the extent of the reduction indeed unavoidably involved the exclusion of many meritorious officers of every rank from the service of their country and so equal as well as so numerous were the claims to attention that a decision by the standard of comparative merit could seldom be attained judged however in candor by a general standard of positive merit the army register will it is believed do honor to the establishment while the case of those officers whose names are not included in it devolves with the strongest interest upon the legislative authority for such provisions as shall be deemed the best calculated to give support and solace to the veteran and the invalid to display the beneficence as well as the justice of the government and to inspire a martial zeal for the public service upon every future emergency although the embarrassments arising from the want of an uniform national currency have not been diminished since the adjournment of congress great satisfaction has been derived in contemplating the revival of the public credit and the efficiency of the public resources the receipts into the treasury from the various branches of revenue during the nine months ending on the 30th of september last have been estimated at the issues of treasury notes of every denomination during the same period amounted to the sum of 14m and there was also obtained upon loan during the same period a sum of 9m of which the sum of 6m was subscribed in cash and the sum of 3m in treasury notes with these means added to the sum of being the balance of money in the treasury on the 1st day of january there has been paid between the 1st of january and the 1st of october on account of the appropriations of the preceding and of the present year exclusively of the amount of the treasury notes subscribed to the loan and of the amount redeemed in the payment of duties and taxes the aggregate sum of leaving a balance then in the treasury estimated at the sum of 3m independent however of the arrearages due for military services and supplies it is presumed that a further sum of 5m including the interest on the public debt payable on the 1st of january next will be demanded at the treasury to complete the expenditures of the present year and for which the existing ways and means will sufficiently provide the national debt as it was ascertained on the 1st of october last amounted in the whole to the sum of 120m consisting of the unredeemed balance of the debt contracted before the late war 39m the amount of the funded debt contracted in consequence of the war 64m and the amount of the unfunded and floating debt including the various issues of treasury notes 17m which is in gradual course of payment there will probably be some addition to the public debt upon the liquidation of various claims which are depending and a conciliatory disposition on the part of congress may lead honorably and advantageously to an equitable arrangement of the militia expenses incurred by the several states without the previous sanction or authority of the government of the united states but when it is considered that the new as well as the old portion of the debt has been contracted in the assertion of the national rights and independence and when it is recollected that the public expenditures not being exclusively bestowed upon subjects of a transient nature will long be visible in the number and equipments of the american navy in the military works for the defense of our harbors and our frontiers and in the supplies of our arsenals and magazines the amount will bear a gratifying comparison with the objects which have been attained as well as with the resources of the country the arrangements of the finances with a view to the receipts and expenditures of a permanent peace establishment will necessarily enter into the deliberations of congress during the present session it is true that the improved condition of the public revenue will not only afford the means of maintaining the faith of the government with its creditors inviolate and of prosecuting successfully the measures of the most liberal policy but will also justify an immediate alleviation of the burdens imposed by the necessities of the war it is however essential to every modification of the finances that the benefits of an uniform national currency should be restored to the community the absence of the precious metals will it is believed be a temporary evil but until they can again be rendered the general medium of exchange it devolves on the wisdom of congress to provide a substitute which shall equally engage the confidence and accommodate the wants of the citizens throughout the union if the operation of the state banks can not produce this result the probable operation of a national bank will merit consideration and if neither of these expedients be deemed effectual it may become necessary to ascertain the terms upon which the notes of the government no longer required as an instrument of credit shall be issued upon motives of general policy as a common medium of circulation notwithstanding the security for future repose which the united states ought to find in their love of peace and their constant respect for the rights of other nations the character of the times particularly inculcates the lesson that whether to prevent or repel danger we ought not to be unprepared for it this consideration will sufficiently recommend to congress a liberal provision for the immediate extension and gradual completion of the works of defense both fixed and floating on our maritime frontier and an adequate provision for guarding our inland frontier against dangers to which certain portions of it may continue to be exposed as an improvement in our military establishment it will deserve the consideration of congress whether a corps of invalids might not be so organized and employed as at once to aid in the support of meritorious individuals excluded by age or infirmities from the existing establishment and to procure to the public the benefit of their stationary services and of their exemplary discipline i recommend also an enlargement of the military academy already established and the establishment of others in other sections of the union and i can not press too much on the attention of congress such a classification and organization of the militia as will most effectually render it the safeguard of a free state if experience has shewn in the recent splendid achievements of militia the value of this resource for the public defense it has shewn also the importance of that skill in the use of arms and that familiarity with the essential rules of discipline which can not be expected from the regulations now in force with this subject is intimately connected the necessity of accommodating the laws in every respect to the great object of enabling the political authority of the union to employ promptly and effectually the physical power of the union in the cases designated by the constitution the signal services which have been rendered by our navy and the capacities it has developed for successful cooperation in the national defense will give to that portion of the public force its full value in the eyes of congress at an epoch which calls for the constant vigilance of all governments to preserve the ships now in a sound state to complete those already contemplated to provide amply the imperishable materials for prompt augmentations and to improve the existing arrangements into more advantageous establishments for the construction the repairs and the security of vessels of war is dictated by the soundest policy in adjusting the duties on imports to the object of revenue the influence of the tariff on manufactures will necessarily present itself for consideration however wise the theory may be which leaves to the sagacity and interest of individuals the application of their industry and resources there are in this as in other cases exceptions to the general rule besides the condition which the theory itself implies of reciprocal adoption by other nations experience teaches that so many circumstances must concur in introducing and maturing manufacturing establishments especially of the more complicated kinds that a country may remain long without them although sufficiently advanced and in some respects even peculiarly fitted for carrying them on with success under circumstances giving a powerful impulse to manufacturing industry it has made among us a progress and exhibited an efficiency which justify the belief that with a protection not more than is due to the enterprising citizens whose interests are now at stake it will become at an early day not only safe against occasional competitions from abroad but a source of domestic wealth and even of external commerce in selecting the branches more especially entitled to the public patronage a preference is obviously claimed by such as will relieve the united states from a dependence on foreign supplies ever subject to casual failures for articles necessary for the public defense or connected with the primary wants of individuals it will be an additional recommendation of particular manufactures where the materials for them are extensively drawn from our agriculture and consequently impart and insure to that great fund of national prosperity and independence an encouragement which can not fail to be rewarded among the means of advancing the public interest the occasion is a proper one for recalling the attention of congress to the great importance of establishing throughout our country the roads and canals which can best be executed under the national authority no objects within the circle of political economy so richly repay the expense bestowed on them there are none the utility of which is more universally ascertained and acknowledged none that do more honor to the governments whose wise and enlarged patriotism duly appreciates them nor is there any country which presents a field where nature invites more the art of man to complete her own work for his accommodation and benefit these considerations are strengthened moreover by the political effect of these facilities for intercommunication in bringing and binding more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy whilst the states individually with a laudable enterprise and emulation avail themselves of their local advantages by new roads by navigable canals and by improving the streams susceptible of navigation the general government is the more urged to similar undertakings requiring a national jurisdiction and national means by the prospect of thus systematically completing so inestimable a work and it is a happy reflection that any defect of constitutional authority which may be encountered can be supplied in a mode which the constitution itself has providently pointed out the present is a favorable season also for bringing again into view the establishment of a national seminary of learning within the district of columbia and with means drawn from the property therein subject to the authority of the general government such an institution claims the patronage of congress as a monument of their solicitude for the advancement of knowledge without which the blessings of liberty can not be fully enjoyed or long preserved as a model instructive in the formation of other seminaries as a nursery of enlightened preceptors and as a central resort of youth and genius from every part of their country diffusing on their return examples of those national feelings those liberal sentiments and those congenial manners which contribute cement to our union and strength to the great political fabric of which that is the foundation in closing this communication i ought not to repress a sensibility in which you will unite to the happy lot of our country and to the goodness of a superintending providence to which we are indebted for it whilst other portions of mankind are laboring under the distresses of war or struggling with adversity in other forms the united states are in the tranquil enjoyment of prosperous and honorable peace in reviewing the scenes through which it has been attained we can rejoice in the proofs given that our political institutions founded in human rights and framed for their preservation are equal to the severest trials of war as well adapted to the ordinary periods of repose as fruits of this experience and of the reputation acquired by the american arms on the land and on the water the nation finds itself possessed of a growing respect abroad and of a just confidence in itself which are among the best pledges for its peaceful career under other aspects of our country the strongest features of its flourishing condition are seen in a population rapidly increasing on a territory as productive as it is extensive in a general industry and fertile ingenuity which find their ample rewards and in an affluent revenue which admits a reduction of the public burdens without withdrawing the means of sustaining the public credit of gradually discharging the public debt of providing for the necessary defensive and precautionary establishments and of patronizing in every authorized mode undertakings conducive to the aggregate wealth and individual comfort of our citizens it remains for the guardians of the public welfare to persevere in that justice and good will toward other nations which invite a return of these sentiments toward the united states to cherish institutions which guarantee their safety and their liberties civil and religious and to combine with a liberal system of foreign commerce an improvement of the national advantages and a protection and extension of the independent resources of our highly favored and happy country in all measures having such objects my faithful cooperation will be afforded
satisfaction present meeting able communicate successful termination war commenced united states regency algiers squadron advance service commodore decatur lost moment arrival mediterranean seeking naval force enemy cruising sea succeeded capturing two ships one principal ship commanded algerine admiral high character american commander brilliantly sustained occasion brought ship close action adversary accustomed gallantry officers men actually engaged prepared way demonstration american skill prowess hastened port algiers peace promptly yielded victorious force terms stipulated rights honor united states particularly consulted perpetual relinquishment part dey pretensions tribute impressions thus made strengthened subsequent transactions regencies tunis tripoli appearance larger force followed commodore bainbridge chief command expedition judicious precautionary arrangements left quarter afford reasonable prospect future security valuable portion commerce passes within reach barbary cruisers another source satisfaction treaty peace great britain succeeded convention subject commerce concluded plenipotentiaries two countries result disposition manifested part nation corresponding disposition united states may hoped improved liberal arrangements subjects parties mutual interests might endanger future harmony congress decide expediency promoting sequel giving effect measure confining american navigation american sea men measure time might conciliatory tendency would advantage increasing independence navigation resources maritime defense conformity articles treaty ghent relating indians well view tranquillity western northwestern frontiers measures taken establish immediate peace several tribes engaged hostilities united states invited detroit acceded readily renewal former treaties friendship tribes invited station mississippi greater number also accepted peace offered residue consisting distant tribes parts tribes remain brought explanations means may adapted dispositions may finally disclose indian tribes within bordering southern frontier cruel war part compelled us chastise peace latterly shown restlessness called preparatory measures repressing protecting commissioners engaged carrying terms peace execution execution act fixing military peace establishment attended difficulties even overcome legislative aid selection officers payment discharge troops enlisted war payment retained troops reunion detached distant stations collection security public property quartermaster commissary ordnance departments constant medical assistance required hospitals garrisons rendered complete execution act impracticable 1st may period immediately contemplated soon however circumstances would permit far practicable consistently public interests reduction army accomplished appropriations pay branches military service proved inadequate earliest attention subject necessary expediency continuing upon peace establishment staff officers hitherto provisionally retained also recommended consideration congress performance executive duty upon occasion wanting sensibility merits american army late war obvious policy design fixing efficient military peace establishment afford opportunity distinguish aged infirm account past services wounded disabled account present sufferings extent reduction indeed unavoidably involved exclusion many meritorious officers every rank service country equal well numerous claims attention decision standard comparative merit could seldom attained judged however candor general standard positive merit army register believed honor establishment case officers whose names included devolves strongest interest upon legislative authority provisions shall deemed best calculated give support solace veteran invalid display beneficence well justice government inspire martial zeal public service upon every future emergency although embarrassments arising want uniform national currency diminished since adjournment congress great satisfaction derived contemplating revival public credit efficiency public resources receipts treasury various branches revenue nine months ending 30th september last estimated issues treasury notes every denomination period amounted sum 14m also obtained upon loan period sum 9m sum 6m subscribed cash sum 3m treasury notes means added sum balance money treasury 1st day january paid 1st january 1st october account appropriations preceding present year exclusively amount treasury notes subscribed loan amount redeemed payment duties taxes aggregate sum leaving balance treasury estimated sum 3m independent however arrearages due military services supplies presumed sum 5m including interest public debt payable 1st january next demanded treasury complete expenditures present year existing ways means sufficiently provide national debt ascertained 1st october last amounted whole sum 120m consisting unredeemed balance debt contracted late war 39m amount funded debt contracted consequence war 64m amount unfunded floating debt including various issues treasury notes 17m gradual course payment probably addition public debt upon liquidation various claims depending conciliatory disposition part congress may lead honorably advantageously equitable arrangement militia expenses incurred several states without previous sanction authority government united states considered new well old portion debt contracted assertion national rights independence recollected public expenditures exclusively bestowed upon subjects transient nature long visible number equipments american navy military works defense harbors frontiers supplies arsenals magazines amount bear gratifying comparison objects attained well resources country arrangements finances view receipts expenditures permanent peace establishment necessarily enter deliberations congress present session true improved condition public revenue afford means maintaining faith government creditors inviolate prosecuting successfully measures liberal policy also justify immediate alleviation burdens imposed necessities war however essential every modification finances benefits uniform national currency restored community absence precious metals believed temporary evil rendered general medium exchange devolves wisdom congress provide substitute shall equally engage confidence accommodate wants citizens throughout union operation state banks produce result probable operation national bank merit consideration neither expedients deemed effectual may become necessary ascertain terms upon notes government longer required instrument credit shall issued upon motives general policy common medium circulation notwithstanding security future repose united states ought find love peace constant respect rights nations character times particularly inculcates lesson whether prevent repel danger ought unprepared consideration sufficiently recommend congress liberal provision immediate extension gradual completion works defense fixed floating maritime frontier adequate provision guarding inland frontier dangers certain portions may continue exposed improvement military establishment deserve consideration congress whether corps invalids might organized employed aid support meritorious individuals excluded age infirmities existing establishment procure public benefit stationary services exemplary discipline recommend also enlargement military academy already established establishment others sections union press much attention congress classification organization militia effectually render safeguard free state experience shewn recent splendid achievements militia value resource public defense shewn also importance skill use arms familiarity essential rules discipline expected regulations force subject intimately connected necessity accommodating laws every respect great object enabling political authority union employ promptly effectually physical power union cases designated constitution signal services rendered navy capacities developed successful cooperation national defense give portion public force full value eyes congress epoch calls constant vigilance governments preserve ships sound state complete already contemplated provide amply imperishable materials prompt augmentations improve existing arrangements advantageous establishments construction repairs security vessels war dictated soundest policy adjusting duties imports object revenue influence tariff manufactures necessarily present consideration however wise theory may leaves sagacity interest individuals application industry resources cases exceptions general rule besides condition theory implies reciprocal adoption nations experience teaches many circumstances must concur introducing maturing manufacturing establishments especially complicated kinds country may remain long without although sufficiently advanced respects even peculiarly fitted carrying success circumstances giving powerful impulse manufacturing industry made among us progress exhibited efficiency justify belief protection due enterprising citizens whose interests stake become early day safe occasional competitions abroad source domestic wealth even external commerce selecting branches especially entitled public patronage preference obviously claimed relieve united states dependence foreign supplies ever subject casual failures articles necessary public defense connected primary wants individuals additional recommendation particular manufactures materials extensively drawn agriculture consequently impart insure great fund national prosperity independence encouragement fail rewarded among means advancing public interest occasion proper one recalling attention congress great importance establishing throughout country roads canals best executed national authority objects within circle political economy richly repay expense bestowed none utility universally ascertained acknowledged none honor governments whose wise enlarged patriotism duly appreciates country presents field nature invites art man complete work accommodation benefit considerations strengthened moreover political effect facilities intercommunication bringing binding closely together various parts extended confederacy whilst states individually laudable enterprise emulation avail local advantages new roads navigable canals improving streams susceptible navigation general government urged similar undertakings requiring national jurisdiction national means prospect thus systematically completing inestimable work happy reflection defect constitutional authority may encountered supplied mode constitution providently pointed present favorable season also bringing view establishment national seminary learning within district columbia means drawn property therein subject authority general government institution claims patronage congress monument solicitude advancement knowledge without blessings liberty fully enjoyed long preserved model instructive formation seminaries nursery enlightened preceptors central resort youth genius every part country diffusing return examples national feelings liberal sentiments congenial manners contribute cement union strength great political fabric foundation closing communication ought repress sensibility unite happy lot country goodness superintending providence indebted whilst portions mankind laboring distresses war struggling adversity forms united states tranquil enjoyment prosperous honorable peace reviewing scenes attained rejoice proofs given political institutions founded human rights framed preservation equal severest trials war well adapted ordinary periods repose fruits experience reputation acquired american arms land water nation finds possessed growing respect abroad confidence among best pledges peaceful career aspects country strongest features flourishing condition seen population rapidly increasing territory productive extensive general industry fertile ingenuity find ample rewards affluent revenue admits reduction public burdens without withdrawing means sustaining public credit gradually discharging public debt providing necessary defensive precautionary establishments patronizing every authorized mode undertakings conducive aggregate wealth individual comfort citizens remains guardians public welfare persevere justice good toward nations invite return sentiments toward united states cherish institutions guarantee safety liberties civil religious combine liberal system foreign commerce improvement national advantages protection extension independent resources highly favored happy country measures objects faithful cooperation afforded
satisfaction present meeting able communicate successful termination war commence united state regency algiers squadron advance service commodore decatur lose moment arrival mediterranean seek naval force enemy cruise sea succeed capture two ship one principal ship command algerine admiral high character american commander brilliantly sustain occasion bring ship close action adversary accustom gallantry officer men actually engage prepared way demonstration american skill prowess hasten port algiers peace promptly yield victorious force term stipulate right honor united state particularly consult perpetual relinquishment part dey pretension tribute impression thus make strengthened subsequent transaction regency tunis tripoli appearance large force follow commodore bainbridge chief command expedition judicious precautionary arrangement leave quarter afford reasonable prospect future security valuable portion commerce pass within reach barbary cruiser another source satisfaction treaty peace great britain succeed convention subject commerce conclude plenipotentiary two country result disposition manifest part nation correspond disposition united state may hop improved liberal arrangement subject party mutual interest might endanger future harmony congress decide expediency promote sequel give effect measure confine american navigation american sea men measure time might conciliatory tendency would advantage increase independence navigation resource maritime defense conformity article treaty ghent relating indian well view tranquillity western northwestern frontier measure take establish immediate peace several tribe engage hostility united state invite detroit accede readily renewal former treaty friendship tribe invite station mississippi great number also accept peace offer residue consist distant tribe part tribes remain brought explanation mean may adapt disposition may finally disclose indian tribe within border southern frontier cruel war part compel u chastise peace latterly show restlessness call preparatory measure repress protect commissioner engage carry term peace execution execution act fix military peace establishment attend difficulty even overcome legislative aid selection officer payment discharge troop enlist war payment retain troop reunion detach distant station collection security public property quartermaster commissary ordnance department constant medical assistance require hospital garrison render complete execution act impracticable 1st may period immediately contemplate soon however circumstance would permit far practicable consistently public interest reduction army accomplish appropriation pay branch military service prove inadequate early attention subject necessary expediency continue upon peace establishment staff officer hitherto provisionally retain also recommended consideration congress performance executive duty upon occasion want sensibility merit american army late war obvious policy design fix efficient military peace establishment afford opportunity distinguish age infirm account past service wound disabled account present suffering extent reduction indeed unavoidably involved exclusion many meritorious officer every rank service country equal well numerous claim attention decision standard comparative merit could seldom attain judge however candor general standard positive merit army register believe honor establishment case officer whose name include devolves strong interest upon legislative authority provision shall deem best calculate give support solace veteran invalid display beneficence well justice government inspire martial zeal public service upon every future emergency although embarrassment arise want uniform national currency diminish since adjournment congress great satisfaction derive contemplate revival public credit efficiency public resource receipt treasury various branch revenue nine month end 30th september last estimated issue treasury note every denomination period amount sum 14m also obtain upon loan period sum 9m sum 6m subscribed cash sum 3m treasury note mean added sum balance money treasury 1st day january pay 1st january 1st october account appropriation precede present year exclusively amount treasury note subscribe loan amount redeem payment duty tax aggregate sum leave balance treasury estimate sum 3m independent however arrearages due military service supply presume sum 5m include interest public debt payable 1st january next demanded treasury complete expenditure present year exist way mean sufficiently provide national debt ascertain 1st october last amounted whole sum 120m consist unredeemed balance debt contract late war 39m amount fund debt contract consequence war 64m amount unfunded float debt include various issue treasury note 17m gradual course payment probably addition public debt upon liquidation various claim depend conciliatory disposition part congress may lead honorably advantageously equitable arrangement militia expense incur several state without previous sanction authority government unite state consider new well old portion debt contract assertion national right independence recollect public expenditure exclusively bestow upon subject transient nature long visible number equipment american navy military work defense harbor frontier supply arsenal magazine amount bear gratify comparison object attain well resource country arrangement finance view receipt expenditures permanent peace establishment necessarily enter deliberation congress present session true improve condition public revenue afford mean maintain faith government creditor inviolate prosecute successfully measure liberal policy also justify immediate alleviation burden impose necessity war however essential every modification finance benefit uniform national currency restore community absence precious metal believe temporary evil render general medium exchange devolves wisdom congress provide substitute shall equally engage confidence accommodate want citizen throughout union operation state bank produce result probable operation national bank merit consideration neither expedient deem effectual may become necessary ascertain term upon note government longer require instrument credit shall issue upon motif general policy common medium circulation notwithstanding security future repose united state ought find love peace constant respect right nation character time particularly inculcates lesson whether prevent repel danger ought unprepared consideration sufficiently recommend congress liberal provision immediate extension gradual completion work defense fix float maritime frontier adequate provision guard inland frontier danger certain portion may continue exposed improvement military establishment deserve consideration congress whether corp invalid might organize employ aid support meritorious individual exclude age infirmity exist establishment procure public benefit stationary service exemplary discipline recommend also enlargement military academy already establish establishment others section union press much attention congress classification organization militia effectually render safeguard free state experience shewn recent splendid achievement militia value resource public defense shewn also importance skill use arm familiarity essential rule discipline expect regulation force subject intimately connect necessity accommodate law every respect great object enable political authority union employ promptly effectually physical power union case designate constitution signal service render navy capacity develop successful cooperation national defense give portion public force full value eye congress epoch call constant vigilance government preserve ship sound state complete already contemplate provide amply imperishable material prompt augmentation improve exist arrangement advantageous establishment construction repair security vessel war dictate sound policy adjust duty import object revenue influence tariff manufacture necessarily present consideration however wise theory may leave sagacity interest individual application industry resource case exception general rule besides condition theory implies reciprocal adoption nation experience teach many circumstance must concur introduce mature manufacture establishment especially complicate kind country may remain long without although sufficiently advanced respect even peculiarly fit carry success circumstance give powerful impulse manufacturing industry make among u progress exhibited efficiency justify belief protection due enterprising citizen whose interest stake become early day safe occasional competition abroad source domestic wealth even external commerce select branch especially entitle public patronage preference obviously claim relieve united state dependence foreign supply ever subject casual failure article necessary public defense connect primary want individual additional recommendation particular manufacture material extensively draw agriculture consequently impart insure great fund national prosperity independence encouragement fail reward among mean advance public interest occasion proper one recall attention congress great importance establish throughout country road canal best execute national authority object within circle political economy richly repay expense bestow none utility universally ascertain acknowledge none honor government whose wise enlarge patriotism duly appreciate country present field nature invite art man complete work accommodation benefit consideration strengthen moreover political effect facility intercommunication bring bind closely together various part extend confederacy whilst state individually laudable enterprise emulation avail local advantage new road navigable canal improve stream susceptible navigation general government urge similar undertaking require national jurisdiction national mean prospect thus systematically complete inestimable work happy reflection defect constitutional authority may encounter supplied mode constitution providently point present favorable season also bring view establishment national seminary learn within district columbia mean draw property therein subject authority general government institution claim patronage congress monument solicitude advancement knowledge without blessing liberty fully enjoy long preserved model instructive formation seminary nursery enlighten preceptor central resort youth genius every part country diffuse return example national feeling liberal sentiment congenial manner contribute cement union strength great political fabric foundation close communication ought repress sensibility unite happy lot country goodness superintend providence indebted whilst portion mankind labor distress war struggle adversity form united state tranquil enjoyment prosperous honorable peace review scene attain rejoice proof give political institution found human right frame preservation equal severest trial war well adapt ordinary period repose fruit experience reputation acquire american arm land water nation find possess grow respect abroad confidence among best pledge peaceful career aspect country strong feature flourish condition see population rapidly increase territory productive extensive general industry fertile ingenuity find ample reward affluent revenue admits reduction public burden without withdraw mean sustain public credit gradually discharge public debt provide necessary defensive precautionary establishment patronize every authorized mode undertaking conducive aggregate wealth individual comfort citizen remain guardian public welfare persevere justice good toward nation invite return sentiment toward united state cherish institution guarantee safety liberty civil religious combine liberal system foreign commerce improvement national advantage protection extension independent resource highly favor happy country measure object faithful cooperation afford