In recurring to the internal situation of our country since I had last the pleasure to address you, I find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the Ruler of the Universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth. The acts of the last session which required special arrangements have been as far as circumstances would admit carried into operation. Measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship of the Indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier have been digested and adopted. In the framing of these care has been taken to guard on the one hand our advanced settlements from the predatory incursions of those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their tribes, and on the other hand to protect the rights secured to the Indians by treaty - to draw them nearer to the civilized state and inspire them with correct conceptions of the power as well as justice of the Government. The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at Colerain, in the State of Georgia, which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of their land by that State, broke up without its being accomplished, the nation having previous to their departure instructed them against making any sale. The occasion, however, has been improved to confirm by a new treaty with the Creeks their preexisting engagements with the United States, and to obtain their consent to the establishment of trading houses and military posts within their boundary, by means of which their friendship and the general peace may be more effectually secured. The period during the late session at which the appropriation was passed for carrying into effect the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States and His Brittanic Majesty necessarily procrastinated the reception of the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond the date assigned for that event. As soon, however, as the Governor-General of Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, arrangements were cordially and promptly concluded for their evacuation, and the United States took possession of the principal of them, comprehending Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Fort Miami, where such repairs and additions have been ordered to be made as appeared indispensable. The commissioners appointed on the part of the United States and of Great Britain to determine which is the river St. Croix mentioned in the treaty of peace of 1783, agreed in the choice of Egbert Benson, esq., of New York, for the 3rd commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrew's, in Passamaquoddy Bay, in the beginning of October, and directed surveys to be made of the rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable to have these surveys completed before the next year, they adjourned to meet at Boston in August, 1797, for the final decision of the question. Other commissioners appointed on the part of the United States, agreeably to the 7th article of the treaty with Great Britain, relative to captures and condemnation of vessels and other property, met the commissioners of His Britannic Majesty in London in August last, when John Trumbull, esq., was chosen by lot for the 5th commissioner. In October following the board were to proceed to business. As yet there has been no communication of commissioners on the part of Great Britain to unite with those who have been appointed on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the 6th article of the treaty. The treaty with Spain required that the commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the United States and His Catholic Majesty's provinces of East and West Florida should meet at the Natchez before the expiration of 6 months after the exchange of the ratifications, which was effected at Aranjuez on the 25th day of April [1796-04-25]; and the troops of His Catholic Majesty occupying any posts within the limits of the United States were within the same time period to be withdrawn. The commissioner of the United States therefore commenced his journey for the Natchez in September, and troops were ordered to occupy the posts from which the Spanish garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has been recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the part of His Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, but none of any appointment for the adjustment of the claims of our citizens whose vessels were captured by the armed vessels of Spain. In pursuance of the act of Congress passed in the last session for the protection and relief of American sea-men, agents were appointed, one to reside in Great Britain and the other in the West Indies. The effects of the agency in the West Indies are not yet fully ascertained, but those which have been communicated afford grounds to believe the measure will be beneficial. The agent destined to reside in Great Britain declining to accept the appointment, the business has consequently devolved on the minister of the United States in London, and will command his attention until a new agent shall be appointed. After many delays and disappointments arising out of the European war, the final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the Dey and Regency of Algiers will in all present appearance be crowned with success, but under great, though inevitable, disadvantages in the pecuniary transactions occasioned by that war, which will render further provision necessary. The actual liberation of all our citizens who were prisoners in Algiers, while it gratifies every feeling of heart, is itself an earnest of a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli. To an active external commerce the protection of a naval force is indispensable. This is manifest with regard to wars in which a State is itself a party. But besides this, it is in our own experience that the most sincere neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of nations at war. To secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or aggression. This may even prevent the necessity of going to war by discouraging belligerent powers from committing such violations of the rights of the neutral party as may, first or last, leave no other option. From the best information I have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the Mediterranean without a protecting force will always be insecure and our citizens exposed to the calamities from which numbers of them have but just been relieved. These considerations invite the United States to look to the means, and to set about the gradual creation of a navy. The increasing progress of their navigation promises them at no distant period the requisite supply of sea-men, and their means in other respects favor the undertaking. It is an encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation will give weight and influence to a moderate naval force in their hands. Will it not, then, be advisable to begin without delay to provide and lay up the materials for the building and equipping of ships of war, and to proceed in the work by degrees, in proportion as our resources shall render it practicable without inconvenience, so that a future war of Europe may not find our commerce in the same unprotected state in which it was found by the present? Congress have repeatedly, and not without success, directed their attention to the encouragement of manufactures. The object is of too much consequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible. As a general rule, manufactures on public account are inexpedient; but where the state of things in a country leaves little hope that certain branches of manufacture will for a great length of time obtain, when these are of a nature essential to the furnishing and equipping of the public force in time of war, are not establishments for procuring them on public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for the public service recommended by strong considerations of national policy as an exception to the general rule? Ought our country to remain in such cases dependent on foreign supply, precarious because liable to be interrupted? If the necessary article should in this mode cost more in time of peace, will not the security and independence thence arising form an ample compensation? Establishments of this sort, commensurate only with the calls of the public service in time of peace, will in time of war easily be extended in proportion to the exigencies of the Government, and may even perhaps be made to yield a surplus for the supply of our citizens at large, so as to mitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade. If adopted, the plan ought to exclude all those branches which are already, or likely soon to be, established in the country, in order that they may be no danger of interference with pursuits of individual industry. It will not be doubted that with reference either to individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary importance. In proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of maturity this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of the soil more and more an object of public patronage. Institutions for promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among the means which have been employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the establishment of boards (composed of proper characters) charged with collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual skill and observation, and spreading them thence over the whole nation. Experience accordingly has shewn that they are very cheap instruments of immense national benefits. I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress the expediency of establishing a national university and also a military academy. the desirableness of both these institutions has so constantly increased with every new view I have taken of the subject that I can not omit the opportunity of once for all recalling your attention to them. The assembly to which I address myself is too enlightened not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts and sciences contributes to national prosperity and reputation. True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many seminaries of learning highly repeatable and useful; but the funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the ablest professors in the different departments of liberal knowledge for the institution contemplated, though they would be excellent auxiliaries. Amongst the motives to such an institution, the assimilation of the principles, opinions, and manners of our country-men by the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves attention. The more homogenous our citizens can be made in these particulars the greater will be our prospect of permanent union; and a primary object of such a national institution should be the education of our youth in the science of government. In a republic what species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country? The institution of a military academy is also recommended by cogent reasons. However pacific the general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies. The 1st would impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety or expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided; besides that, war might often not depend upon its own choice. In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from the necessity of practicing the rules of the military art ought to be its care in preserving and transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that art. Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art of war is at once comprehensive and complicated, that it demands much previous study, and that the possession of it in its most improved and perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, therefore, ought to be a serious care of every government, and for this purpose an academy where a regular course of instruction is given is an obvious expedient which different nations have successfully employed. The compensation to the officers of the United States in various instances, and in none more than in respect to the most important stations, appear to call for legislative revision. The consequences of a defective provision are of serious import to the Government. If private wealth is to supply the defect of public retribution, it will greatly contract the sphere within which the selection of character for office is to be made, and will proportionally diminish the probability of a choice of men able as well as upright. Besides that, it should be repugnant to the vital principles of our Government virtually to exclude from public trusts talents and virtue unless accompanied by wealth. While in our external relations some serious inconveniences and embarrassments have been overcome and others lessened, it is with much pain and deep regret I mention that circumstances of a very unwelcome nature have lately occurred. Our trade has suffered and is suffering extensive injuries in the West Indies from the cruisers and agents of the French Republic, and communications have been received from its minister here which indicate the danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by its authority, and which are in other respects far from agreeable. It has been my constant, sincere, and earnest wish, in conformity with that of our nation, to maintain cordial harmony and a perfectly friendly understanding with that Republic. This wish remains unabated, and I shall persevere in the endeavor to fulfill it to the utmost extent of what shall be consistent with a just and indispensable regard to the rights and honor of our country; nor will I easily cease to cherish the expectation that a spirit of justice, candor, and friendship on the part of the Republic will eventually insure success. In pursuing this course, however, I can not forget what is due to the character of our Government and nation, or to a full and entire confidence in the good sense, patriotism, self-respect, and fortitude of my country-men. I reserve for a special message a more particular communication on this interesting subject. I have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the service of the ensuing year to be submitted from the proper Department, with a view of the public receipts and expenditures to the latest period to which an account can be prepared. It is with satisfaction I am able to inform you that the revenues of the United States continue in a state of progressive improvement. A reenforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session. Some preliminary steps were taken toward it, the maturing of which will no doubt engage your zealous attention during the present. I will only add that it will afford me a heart-felt satisfaction to concur in such further measures as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of the debt. Posterity may have cause to regret if from any motive intervals of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end. My solicitude to see the militia of the United States placed on an efficient establishment has been so often and so ardently expressed that I shall but barely recall the subject to your view on the present occasion, at the same time that I shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors are yet sufficiently secured. The situation in which I now stand for the last time, in the midst of the representatives of the people of the United States, naturally recalls the period when the administration of the present form of government commenced, and I can not omit the occasion to congratulate you and my country on the success of the experiment, nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe and Sovereign Arbiter of Nations that His providential care may still be extended to the United States, that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties may be perpetual.
In recurring to the internal situation of our country since I had last the pleasure to address you, I find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the Ruler of the Universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth. The acts of the last session which required special arrangements have been as far as circumstances would admit carried into operation. Measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship of the Indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier have been digested and adopted. In the framing of these care has been taken to guard on the one hand our advanced settlements from the predatory incursions of those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their tribes, and on the other hand to protect the rights secured to the Indians by treaty - to draw them nearer to the civilized state and inspire them with correct conceptions of the power as well as justice of the Government. The meeting of the deputies from the Creek Nation at Colerain, in the State of Georgia, which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of their land by that State, broke up without its being accomplished, the nation having previous to their departure instructed them against making any sale. The occasion, however, has been improved to confirm by a new treaty with the Creeks their preexisting engagements with the United States, and to obtain their consent to the establishment of trading houses and military posts within their boundary, by means of which their friendship and the general peace may be more effectually secured. The period during the late session at which the appropriation was passed for carrying into effect the treaty of amity, commerce, and navigation between the United States and His Brittanic Majesty necessarily procrastinated the reception of the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond the date assigned for that event. As soon, however, as the Governor-General of Canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject, arrangements were cordially and promptly concluded for their evacuation, and the United States took possession of the principal of them, comprehending Oswego, Niagara, Detroit, Michilimackinac, and Fort Miami, where such repairs and additions have been ordered to be made as appeared indispensable. The commissioners appointed on the part of the United States and of Great Britain to determine which is the river St. Croix mentioned in the treaty of peace of 1783, agreed in the choice of Egbert Benson, esq., of New York, for the 3rd commissioner. The whole met at St. Andrew's, in Passamaquoddy Bay, in the beginning of October, and directed surveys to be made of the rivers in dispute; but deeming it impracticable to have these surveys completed before the next year, they adjourned to meet at Boston in August, 1797, for the final decision of the question. Other commissioners appointed on the part of the United States, agreeably to the 7th article of the treaty with Great Britain, relative to captures and condemnation of vessels and other property, met the commissioners of His Britannic Majesty in London in August last, when John Trumbull, esq., was chosen by lot for the 5th commissioner. In October following the board were to proceed to business. As yet there has been no communication of commissioners on the part of Great Britain to unite with those who have been appointed on the part of the United States for carrying into effect the 6th article of the treaty. The treaty with Spain required that the commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the United States and His Catholic Majesty's provinces of East and West Florida should meet at the Natchez before the expiration of 6 months after the exchange of the ratifications, which was effected at Aranjuez on the 25th day of April [1796-04-25]; and the troops of His Catholic Majesty occupying any posts within the limits of the United States were within the same time period to be withdrawn. The commissioner of the United States therefore commenced his journey for the Natchez in September, and troops were ordered to occupy the posts from which the Spanish garrisons should be withdrawn. Information has been recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the part of His Catholic Majesty for running the boundary line, but none of any appointment for the adjustment of the claims of our citizens whose vessels were captured by the armed vessels of Spain. In pursuance of the act of Congress passed in the last session for the protection and relief of American sea-men, agents were appointed, one to reside in Great Britain and the other in the West Indies. The effects of the agency in the West Indies are not yet fully ascertained, but those which have been communicated afford grounds to believe the measure will be beneficial. The agent destined to reside in Great Britain declining to accept the appointment, the business has consequently devolved on the minister of the United States in London, and will command his attention until a new agent shall be appointed. After many delays and disappointments arising out of the European war, the final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the Dey and Regency of Algiers will in all present appearance be crowned with success, but under great, though inevitable, disadvantages in the pecuniary transactions occasioned by that war, which will render further provision necessary. The actual liberation of all our citizens who were prisoners in Algiers, while it gratifies every feeling of heart, is itself an earnest of a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation. Measures are in operation for effecting treaties with the Regencies of Tunis and Tripoli. To an active external commerce the protection of a naval force is indispensable. This is manifest with regard to wars in which a State is itself a party. But besides this, it is in our own experience that the most sincere neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of nations at war. To secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or aggression. This may even prevent the necessity of going to war by discouraging belligerent powers from committing such violations of the rights of the neutral party as may, first or last, leave no other option. From the best information I have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the Mediterranean without a protecting force will always be insecure and our citizens exposed to the calamities from which numbers of them have but just been relieved. These considerations invite the United States to look to the means, and to set about the gradual creation of a navy. The increasing progress of their navigation promises them at no distant period the requisite supply of sea-men, and their means in other respects favor the undertaking. It is an encouragement, likewise, that their particular situation will give weight and influence to a moderate naval force in their hands. Will it not, then, be advisable to begin without delay to provide and lay up the materials for the building and equipping of ships of war, and to proceed in the work by degrees, in proportion as our resources shall render it practicable without inconvenience, so that a future war of Europe may not find our commerce in the same unprotected state in which it was found by the present? Congress have repeatedly, and not without success, directed their attention to the encouragement of manufactures. The object is of too much consequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible. As a general rule, manufactures on public account are inexpedient; but where the state of things in a country leaves little hope that certain branches of manufacture will for a great length of time obtain, when these are of a nature essential to the furnishing and equipping of the public force in time of war, are not establishments for procuring them on public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for the public service recommended by strong considerations of national policy as an exception to the general rule? Ought our country to remain in such cases dependent on foreign supply, precarious because liable to be interrupted? If the necessary article should in this mode cost more in time of peace, will not the security and independence thence arising form an ample compensation? Establishments of this sort, commensurate only with the calls of the public service in time of peace, will in time of war easily be extended in proportion to the exigencies of the Government, and may even perhaps be made to yield a surplus for the supply of our citizens at large, so as to mitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade. If adopted, the plan ought to exclude all those branches which are already, or likely soon to be, established in the country, in order that they may be no danger of interference with pursuits of individual industry. It will not be doubted that with reference either to individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary importance. In proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of maturity this truth becomes more apparent, and renders the cultivation of the soil more and more an object of public patronage. Institutions for promoting it grow up, supported by the public purse; and to what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety? Among the means which have been employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the establishment of boards (composed of proper characters) charged with collecting and diffusing information, and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement. This species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by stimulating to enterprise and experiment, and by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual skill and observation, and spreading them thence over the whole nation. Experience accordingly has shewn that they are very cheap instruments of immense national benefits. I have heretofore proposed to the consideration of Congress the expediency of establishing a national university and also a military academy. the desirableness of both these institutions has so constantly increased with every new view I have taken of the subject that I can not omit the opportunity of once for all recalling your attention to them. The assembly to which I address myself is too enlightened not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts and sciences contributes to national prosperity and reputation. True it is that our country, much to its honor, contains many seminaries of learning highly repeatable and useful; but the funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the ablest professors in the different departments of liberal knowledge for the institution contemplated, though they would be excellent auxiliaries. Amongst the motives to such an institution, the assimilation of the principles, opinions, and manners of our country-men by the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves attention. The more homogenous our citizens can be made in these particulars the greater will be our prospect of permanent union; and a primary object of such a national institution should be the education of our youth in the science of government. In a republic what species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country? The institution of a military academy is also recommended by cogent reasons. However pacific the general policy of a nation may be, it ought never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies. The 1st would impair the energy of its character, and both would hazard its safety or expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided; besides that, war might often not depend upon its own choice. In proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from the necessity of practicing the rules of the military art ought to be its care in preserving and transmitting, by proper establishments, the knowledge of that art. Whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially viewed, a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art of war is at once comprehensive and complicated, that it demands much previous study, and that the possession of it in its most improved and perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation. This, therefore, ought to be a serious care of every government, and for this purpose an academy where a regular course of instruction is given is an obvious expedient which different nations have successfully employed. The compensation to the officers of the United States in various instances, and in none more than in respect to the most important stations, appear to call for legislative revision. The consequences of a defective provision are of serious import to the Government. If private wealth is to supply the defect of public retribution, it will greatly contract the sphere within which the selection of character for office is to be made, and will proportionally diminish the probability of a choice of men able as well as upright. Besides that, it should be repugnant to the vital principles of our Government virtually to exclude from public trusts talents and virtue unless accompanied by wealth. While in our external relations some serious inconveniences and embarrassments have been overcome and others lessened, it is with much pain and deep regret I mention that circumstances of a very unwelcome nature have lately occurred. Our trade has suffered and is suffering extensive injuries in the West Indies from the cruisers and agents of the French Republic, and communications have been received from its minister here which indicate the danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by its authority, and which are in other respects far from agreeable. It has been my constant, sincere, and earnest wish, in conformity with that of our nation, to maintain cordial harmony and a perfectly friendly understanding with that Republic. This wish remains unabated, and I shall persevere in the endeavor to fulfill it to the utmost extent of what shall be consistent with a just and indispensable regard to the rights and honor of our country; nor will I easily cease to cherish the expectation that a spirit of justice, candor, and friendship on the part of the Republic will eventually insure success. In pursuing this course, however, I can not forget what is due to the character of our Government and nation, or to a full and entire confidence in the good sense, patriotism, self-respect, and fortitude of my country-men. I reserve for a special message a more particular communication on this interesting subject. I have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the service of the ensuing year to be submitted from the proper Department, with a view of the public receipts and expenditures to the latest period to which an account can be prepared. It is with satisfaction I am able to inform you that the revenues of the United States continue in a state of progressive improvement. A reenforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session. Some preliminary steps were taken toward it, the maturing of which will no doubt engage your zealous attention during the present. I will only add that it will afford me a heart-felt satisfaction to concur in such further measures as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of the debt. Posterity may have because to regret if from any motive intervals of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end. My solicitude to see the militia of the United States placed on an efficient establishment has been so often and so ardently expressed that I shall but barely recall the subject to your view on the present occasion, at the same time that I shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors are yet sufficiently secured. The situation in which I now stand for the last time, in the midst of the representatives of the people of the United States, naturally recalls the period when the administration of the present form of government commenced, and I can not omit the occasion to congratulate you and my country on the success of the experiment, nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the Supreme Ruler of the Universe and Sovereign Arbiter of Nations that His providential care may still be extended to the United States, that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved, and that the Government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties may be perpetual.
in recurring to the internal situation of our country since i had last the pleasure to address you i find ample reason for a renewed expression of that gratitude to the ruler of the universe which a continued series of prosperity has so often and so justly called forth the acts of the last session which required special arrangements have been as far as circumstances would admit carried into operation measures calculated to insure a continuance of the friendship of the indians and to preserve peace along the extent of our interior frontier have been digested and adopted in the framing of these care has been taken to guard on the one hand our advanced settlements from the predatory incursions of those unruly individuals who can not be restrained by their tribes and on the other hand to protect the rights secured to the indians by treaty to draw them nearer to the civilized state and inspire them with correct conceptions of the power as well as justice of the government the meeting of the deputies from the creek nation at colerain in the state of georgia which had for a principal object the purchase of a parcel of their land by that state broke up without its being accomplished the nation having previous to their departure instructed them against making any sale the occasion however has been improved to confirm by a new treaty with the creeks their preexisting engagements with the united states and to obtain their consent to the establishment of trading houses and military posts within their boundary by means of which their friendship and the general peace may be more effectually secured the period during the late session at which the appropriation was passed for carrying into effect the treaty of amity commerce and navigation between the united states and his brittanic majesty necessarily procrastinated the reception of the posts stipulated to be delivered beyond the date assigned for that event as soon however as the of canada could be addressed with propriety on the subject arrangements were cordially and promptly concluded for their evacuation and the united states took possession of the principal of them comprehending oswego niagara detroit michilimackinac and fort miami where such repairs and additions have been ordered to be made as appeared indispensable the commissioners appointed on the part of the united states and of great britain to determine which is the river croix mentioned in the treaty of peace of 1783 agreed in the choice of egbert benson of new york for the 3rd commissioner the whole met at andrew in passamaquoddy bay in the beginning of october and directed surveys to be made of the rivers in dispute but deeming it impracticable to have these surveys completed before the next year they adjourned to meet at boston in august 1797 for the final decision of the question other commissioners appointed on the part of the united states agreeably to the 7th article of the treaty with great britain relative to captures and condemnation of vessels and other property met the commissioners of his britannic majesty in london in august last when john trumbull was chosen by lot for the 5th commissioner in october following the board were to proceed to business as yet there has been no communication of commissioners on the part of great britain to unite with those who have been appointed on the part of the united states for carrying into effect the 6th article of the treaty the treaty with spain required that the commissioners for running the boundary line between the territory of the united states and his catholic majesty provinces of east and west florida should meet at the natchez before the expiration of 6 months after the exchange of the ratifications which was effected at aranjuez on the 25th day of april and the troops of his catholic majesty occupying any posts within the limits of the united states were within the same time period to be withdrawn the commissioner of the united states therefore commenced his journey for the natchez in september and troops were ordered to occupy the posts from which the spanish garrisons should be withdrawn information has been recently received of the appointment of a commissioner on the part of his catholic majesty for running the boundary line but none of any appointment for the adjustment of the claims of our citizens whose vessels were captured by the armed vessels of spain in pursuance of the act of congress passed in the last session for the protection and relief of american agents were appointed one to reside in great britain and the other in the west indies the effects of the agency in the west indies are not yet fully ascertained but those which have been communicated afford grounds to believe the measure will be beneficial the agent destined to reside in great britain declining to accept the appointment the business has consequently devolved on the minister of the united states in london and will command his attention until a new agent shall be appointed after many delays and disappointments arising out of the european war the final arrangements for fulfilling the engagements made to the dey and regency of algiers will in all present appearance be crowned with success but under great though inevitable disadvantages in the pecuniary transactions occasioned by that war which will render further provision necessary the actual liberation of all our citizens who were prisoners in algiers while it gratifies every feeling of heart is itself an earnest of a satisfactory termination of the whole negotiation measures are in operation for effecting treaties with the regencies of tunis and tripoli to an active external commerce the protection of a naval force is indispensable this is manifest with regard to wars in which a state is itself a party but besides this it is in our own experience that the most sincere neutrality is not a sufficient guard against the depredations of nations at war to secure respect to a neutral flag requires a naval force organized and ready to vindicate it from insult or aggression this may even prevent the necessity of going to war by discouraging belligerent powers from committing such violations of the rights of the neutral party as may first or last leave no other option from the best information i have been able to obtain it would seem as if our trade to the mediterranean without a protecting force will always be insecure and our citizens exposed to the calamities from which numbers of them have but just been relieved these considerations invite the united states to look to the means and to set about the gradual creation of a navy the increasing progress of their navigation promises them at no distant period the requisite supply of and their means in other respects favor the undertaking it is an encouragement likewise that their particular situation will give weight and influence to a moderate naval force in their hands will it not then be advisable to begin without delay to provide and lay up the materials for the building and equipping of ships of war and to proceed in the work by degrees in proportion as our resources shall render it practicable without inconvenience so that a future war of europe may not find our commerce in the same unprotected state in which it was found by the present congress have repeatedly and not without success directed their attention to the encouragement of manufactures the object is of too much consequence not to insure a continuance of their efforts in every way which shall appear eligible as a general rule manufactures on public account are inexpedient but where the state of things in a country leaves little hope that certain branches of manufacture will for a great length of time obtain when these are of a nature essential to the furnishing and equipping of the public force in time of war are not establishments for procuring them on public account to the extent of the ordinary demand for the public service recommended by strong considerations of national policy as an exception to the general rule ought our country to remain in such cases dependent on foreign supply precarious because liable to be interrupted if the necessary article should in this mode cost more in time of peace will not the security and independence thence arising form an ample compensation establishments of this sort commensurate only with the calls of the public service in time of peace will in time of war easily be extended in proportion to the exigencies of the government and may even perhaps be made to yield a surplus for the supply of our citizens at large so as to mitigate the privations from the interruption of their trade if adopted the plan ought to exclude all those branches which are already or likely soon to be established in the country in order that they may be no danger of interference with pursuits of individual industry it will not be doubted that with reference either to individual or national welfare agriculture is of primary importance in proportion as nations advance in population and other circumstances of maturity this truth becomes more apparent and renders the cultivation of the soil more and more an object of public patronage institutions for promoting it grow up supported by the public purse and to what object can it be dedicated with greater propriety among the means which have been employed to this end none have been attended with greater success than the establishment of boards composed of proper characters charged with collecting and diffusing information and enabled by premiums and small pecuniary aids to encourage and assist a spirit of discovery and improvement this species of establishment contributes doubly to the increase of improvement by stimulating to enterprise and experiment and by drawing to a common center the results everywhere of individual skill and observation and spreading them thence over the whole nation experience accordingly has shewn that they are very cheap instruments of immense national benefits i have heretofore proposed to the consideration of congress the expediency of establishing a national university and also a military academy the desirableness of both these institutions has so constantly increased with every new view i have taken of the subject that i can not omit the opportunity of once for all recalling your attention to them the assembly to which i address myself is too enlightened not to be fully sensible how much a flourishing state of the arts and sciences contributes to national prosperity and reputation true it is that our country much to its honor contains many seminaries of learning highly repeatable and useful but the funds upon which they rest are too narrow to command the ablest professors in the different departments of liberal knowledge for the institution contemplated though they would be excellent auxiliaries amongst the motives to such an institution the assimilation of the principles opinions and manners of our by the common education of a portion of our youth from every quarter well deserves attention the more homogenous our citizens can be made in these particulars the greater will be our prospect of permanent union and a primary object of such a national institution should be the education of our youth in the science of government in a republic what species of knowledge can be equally important and what duty more pressing on its legislature than to patronize a plan for communicating it to those who are to be the future guardians of the liberties of the country the institution of a military academy is also recommended by cogent reasons however pacific the general policy of a nation may be it ought never to be without an adequate stock of military knowledge for emergencies the 1st would impair the energy of its character and both would hazard its safety or expose it to greater evils when war could not be avoided besides that war might often not depend upon its own choice in proportion as the observance of pacific maxims might exempt a nation from the necessity of practicing the rules of the military art ought to be its care in preserving and transmitting by proper establishments the knowledge of that art whatever argument may be drawn from particular examples superficially viewed a thorough examination of the subject will evince that the art of war is at once comprehensive and complicated that it demands much previous study and that the possession of it in its most improved and perfect state is always of great moment to the security of a nation this therefore ought to be a serious care of every government and for this purpose an academy where a regular course of instruction is given is an obvious expedient which different nations have successfully employed the compensation to the officers of the united states in various instances and in none more than in respect to the most important stations appear to call for legislative revision the consequences of a defective provision are of serious import to the government if private wealth is to supply the defect of public retribution it will greatly contract the sphere within which the selection of character for office is to be made and will proportionally diminish the probability of a choice of men able as well as upright besides that it should be repugnant to the vital principles of our government virtually to exclude from public trusts talents and virtue unless accompanied by wealth while in our external relations some serious inconveniences and embarrassments have been overcome and others lessened it is with much pain and deep regret i mention that circumstances of a very unwelcome nature have lately occurred our trade has suffered and is suffering extensive injuries in the west indies from the cruisers and agents of the french republic and communications have been received from its minister here which indicate the danger of a further disturbance of our commerce by its authority and which are in other respects far from agreeable it has been my constant sincere and earnest wish in conformity with that of our nation to maintain cordial harmony and a perfectly friendly understanding with that republic this wish remains unabated and i shall persevere in the endeavor to fulfill it to the utmost extent of what shall be consistent with a just and indispensable regard to the rights and honor of our country nor will i easily cease to cherish the expectation that a spirit of justice candor and friendship on the part of the republic will eventually insure success in pursuing this course however i can not forget what is due to the character of our government and nation or to a full and entire confidence in the good sense patriotism and fortitude of my i reserve for a special message a more particular communication on this interesting subject i have directed an estimate of the appropriations necessary for the service of the ensuing year to be submitted from the proper department with a view of the public receipts and expenditures to the latest period to which an account can be prepared it is with satisfaction i am able to inform you that the revenues of the united states continue in a state of progressive improvement a reenforcement of the existing provisions for discharging our public debt was mentioned in my address at the opening of the last session some preliminary steps were taken toward it the maturing of which will no doubt engage your zealous attention during the present i will only add that it will afford me a satisfaction to concur in such further measures as will ascertain to our country the prospect of a speedy extinguishment of the debt posterity may have because to regret if from any motive intervals of tranquillity are left unimproved for accelerating this valuable end my solicitude to see the militia of the united states placed on an efficient establishment has been so often and so ardently expressed that i shall but barely recall the subject to your view on the present occasion at the same time that i shall submit to your inquiry whether our harbors are yet sufficiently secured the situation in which i now stand for the last time in the midst of the representatives of the people of the united states naturally recalls the period when the administration of the present form of government commenced and i can not omit the occasion to congratulate you and my country on the success of the experiment nor to repeat my fervent supplications to the supreme ruler of the universe and sovereign arbiter of nations that his providential care may still be extended to the united states that the virtue and happiness of the people may be preserved and that the government which they have instituted for the protection of their liberties may be perpetual
recurring internal situation country since last pleasure address find ample reason renewed expression gratitude ruler universe continued series prosperity often justly called forth acts last session required special arrangements far circumstances would admit carried operation measures calculated insure continuance friendship indians preserve peace along extent interior frontier digested adopted framing care taken guard one hand advanced settlements predatory incursions unruly individuals restrained tribes hand protect rights secured indians treaty draw nearer civilized state inspire correct conceptions power well justice government meeting deputies creek nation colerain state georgia principal object purchase parcel land state broke without accomplished nation previous departure instructed making sale occasion however improved confirm new treaty creeks preexisting engagements united states obtain consent establishment trading houses military posts within boundary means friendship general peace may effectually secured period late session appropriation passed carrying effect treaty amity commerce navigation united states brittanic majesty necessarily procrastinated reception posts stipulated delivered beyond date assigned event soon however canada could addressed propriety subject arrangements cordially promptly concluded evacuation united states took possession principal comprehending oswego niagara detroit michilimackinac fort miami repairs additions ordered made appeared indispensable commissioners appointed part united states great britain determine river croix mentioned treaty peace 1783 agreed choice egbert benson new york 3rd commissioner whole met andrew passamaquoddy bay beginning october directed surveys made rivers dispute deeming impracticable surveys completed next year adjourned meet boston august 1797 final decision question commissioners appointed part united states agreeably 7th article treaty great britain relative captures condemnation vessels property met commissioners britannic majesty london august last john trumbull chosen lot 5th commissioner october following board proceed business yet communication commissioners part great britain unite appointed part united states carrying effect 6th article treaty treaty spain required commissioners running boundary line territory united states catholic majesty provinces east west florida meet natchez expiration 6 months exchange ratifications effected aranjuez 25th day april troops catholic majesty occupying posts within limits united states within time period withdrawn commissioner united states therefore commenced journey natchez september troops ordered occupy posts spanish garrisons withdrawn information recently received appointment commissioner part catholic majesty running boundary line none appointment adjustment claims citizens whose vessels captured armed vessels spain pursuance act congress passed last session protection relief american agents appointed one reside great britain west indies effects agency west indies yet fully ascertained communicated afford grounds believe measure beneficial agent destined reside great britain declining accept appointment business consequently devolved minister united states london command attention new agent shall appointed many delays disappointments arising european war final arrangements fulfilling engagements made dey regency algiers present appearance crowned success great though inevitable disadvantages pecuniary transactions occasioned war render provision necessary actual liberation citizens prisoners algiers gratifies every feeling heart earnest satisfactory termination whole negotiation measures operation effecting treaties regencies tunis tripoli active external commerce protection naval force indispensable manifest regard wars state party besides experience sincere neutrality sufficient guard depredations nations war secure respect neutral flag requires naval force organized ready vindicate insult aggression may even prevent necessity going war discouraging belligerent powers committing violations rights neutral party may first last leave option best information able obtain would seem trade mediterranean without protecting force always insecure citizens exposed calamities numbers relieved considerations invite united states look means set gradual creation navy increasing progress navigation promises distant period requisite supply means respects favor undertaking encouragement likewise particular situation give weight influence moderate naval force hands advisable begin without delay provide lay materials building equipping ships war proceed work degrees proportion resources shall render practicable without inconvenience future war europe may find commerce unprotected state found present congress repeatedly without success directed attention encouragement manufactures object much consequence insure continuance efforts every way shall appear eligible general rule manufactures public account inexpedient state things country leaves little hope certain branches manufacture great length time obtain nature essential furnishing equipping public force time war establishments procuring public account extent ordinary demand public service recommended strong considerations national policy exception general rule ought country remain cases dependent foreign supply precarious liable interrupted necessary article mode cost time peace security independence thence arising form ample compensation establishments sort commensurate calls public service time peace time war easily extended proportion exigencies government may even perhaps made yield surplus supply citizens large mitigate privations interruption trade adopted plan ought exclude branches already likely soon established country order may danger interference pursuits individual industry doubted reference either individual national welfare agriculture primary importance proportion nations advance population circumstances maturity truth becomes apparent renders cultivation soil object public patronage institutions promoting grow supported public purse object dedicated greater propriety among means employed end none attended greater success establishment boards composed proper characters charged collecting diffusing information enabled premiums small pecuniary aids encourage assist spirit discovery improvement species establishment contributes doubly increase improvement stimulating enterprise experiment drawing common center results everywhere individual skill observation spreading thence whole nation experience accordingly shewn cheap instruments immense national benefits heretofore proposed consideration congress expediency establishing national university also military academy desirableness institutions constantly increased every new view taken subject omit opportunity recalling attention assembly address enlightened fully sensible much flourishing state arts sciences contributes national prosperity reputation true country much honor contains many seminaries learning highly repeatable useful funds upon rest narrow command ablest professors different departments liberal knowledge institution contemplated though would excellent auxiliaries amongst motives institution assimilation principles opinions manners common education portion youth every quarter well deserves attention homogenous citizens made particulars greater prospect permanent union primary object national institution education youth science government republic species knowledge equally important duty pressing legislature patronize plan communicating future guardians liberties country institution military academy also recommended cogent reasons however pacific general policy nation may ought never without adequate stock military knowledge emergencies 1st would impair energy character would hazard safety expose greater evils war could avoided besides war might often depend upon choice proportion observance pacific maxims might exempt nation necessity practicing rules military art ought care preserving transmitting proper establishments knowledge art whatever argument may drawn particular examples superficially viewed thorough examination subject evince art war comprehensive complicated demands much previous study possession improved perfect state always great moment security nation therefore ought serious care every government purpose academy regular course instruction given obvious expedient different nations successfully employed compensation officers united states various instances none respect important stations appear call legislative revision consequences defective provision serious import government private wealth supply defect public retribution greatly contract sphere within selection character office made proportionally diminish probability choice men able well upright besides repugnant vital principles government virtually exclude public trusts talents virtue unless accompanied wealth external relations serious inconveniences embarrassments overcome others lessened much pain deep regret mention circumstances unwelcome nature lately occurred trade suffered suffering extensive injuries west indies cruisers agents french republic communications received minister indicate danger disturbance commerce authority respects far agreeable constant sincere earnest wish conformity nation maintain cordial harmony perfectly friendly understanding republic wish remains unabated shall persevere endeavor fulfill utmost extent shall consistent indispensable regard rights honor country easily cease cherish expectation spirit justice candor friendship part republic eventually insure success pursuing course however forget due character government nation full entire confidence good sense patriotism fortitude reserve special message particular communication interesting subject directed estimate appropriations necessary service ensuing year submitted proper department view public receipts expenditures latest period account prepared satisfaction able inform revenues united states continue state progressive improvement reenforcement existing provisions discharging public debt mentioned address opening last session preliminary steps taken toward maturing doubt engage zealous attention present add afford satisfaction concur measures ascertain country prospect speedy extinguishment debt posterity may regret motive intervals tranquillity left unimproved accelerating valuable end solicitude see militia united states placed efficient establishment often ardently expressed shall barely recall subject view present occasion time shall submit inquiry whether harbors yet sufficiently secured situation stand last time midst representatives people united states naturally recalls period administration present form government commenced omit occasion congratulate country success experiment repeat fervent supplications supreme ruler universe sovereign arbiter nations providential care may still extended united states virtue happiness people may preserved government instituted protection liberties may perpetual
recur internal situation country since last pleasure address find ample reason renew expression gratitude ruler universe continued series prosperity often justly call forth act last session require special arrangement far circumstance would admit carried operation measure calculate insure continuance friendship indians preserve peace along extent interior frontier digest adopt frame care take guard one hand advance settlement predatory incursion unruly individual restrain tribe hand protect right secure indian treaty draw nearer civilize state inspire correct conception power well justice government meeting deputy creek nation colerain state georgia principal object purchase parcel land state break without accomplished nation previous departure instruct make sale occasion however improve confirm new treaty creek preexisting engagement united state obtain consent establishment trading house military post within boundary mean friendship general peace may effectually secured period late session appropriation pass carry effect treaty amity commerce navigation unite state brittanic majesty necessarily procrastinate reception post stipulate deliver beyond date assign event soon however canada could address propriety subject arrangement cordially promptly conclude evacuation united state take possession principal comprehend oswego niagara detroit michilimackinac fort miami repair addition order make appear indispensable commissioner appoint part united state great britain determine river croix mention treaty peace 1783 agree choice egbert benson new york 3rd commissioner whole meet andrew passamaquoddy bay begin october direct survey make river dispute deem impracticable survey complete next year adjourn meet boston august 1797 final decision question commissioner appoint part united state agreeably 7th article treaty great britain relative capture condemnation vessel property meet commissioner britannic majesty london august last john trumbull choose lot 5th commissioner october follow board proceed business yet communication commissioner part great britain unite appoint part united state carry effect 6th article treaty treaty spain required commissioner run boundary line territory united state catholic majesty province east west florida meet natchez expiration 6 month exchange ratification effect aranjuez 25th day april troop catholic majesty occupy post within limit united state within time period withdrawn commissioner united state therefore commence journey natchez september troop order occupy post spanish garrison withdraw information recently receive appointment commissioner part catholic majesty run boundary line none appointment adjustment claim citizen whose vessel capture armed vessel spain pursuance act congress pass last session protection relief american agent appoint one reside great britain west indie effect agency west indie yet fully ascertain communicate afford ground believe measure beneficial agent destine reside great britain decline accept appointment business consequently devolve minister united state london command attention new agent shall appoint many delay disappointment arise european war final arrangement fulfil engagement make dey regency algiers present appearance crown success great though inevitable disadvantage pecuniary transaction occasion war render provision necessary actual liberation citizens prisoner algiers gratifies every feeling heart earnest satisfactory termination whole negotiation measure operation effect treaty regency tunis tripoli active external commerce protection naval force indispensable manifest regard war state party besides experience sincere neutrality sufficient guard depredation nation war secure respect neutral flag require naval force organize ready vindicate insult aggression may even prevent necessity go war discourage belligerent power commit violation right neutral party may first last leave option best information able obtain would seem trade mediterranean without protect force always insecure citizen expose calamity number relieve consideration invite united state look mean set gradual creation navy increase progress navigation promise distant period requisite supply mean respect favor undertaking encouragement likewise particular situation give weight influence moderate naval force hand advisable begin without delay provide lay material build equip ship war proceed work degree proportion resource shall render practicable without inconvenience future war europe may find commerce unprotected state find present congress repeatedly without success direct attention encouragement manufacture object much consequence insure continuance effort every way shall appear eligible general rule manufacture public account inexpedient state thing country leave little hope certain branch manufacture great length time obtain nature essential furnish equip public force time war establishment procure public account extent ordinary demand public service recommend strong consideration national policy exception general rule ought country remain case dependent foreign supply precarious liable interrupt necessary article mode cost time peace security independence thence arise form ample compensation establishment sort commensurate call public service time peace time war easily extend proportion exigency government may even perhaps make yield surplus supply citizen large mitigate privation interruption trade adopt plan ought exclude branch already likely soon establish country order may danger interference pursuit individual industry doubt reference either individual national welfare agriculture primary importance proportion nation advance population circumstance maturity truth become apparent render cultivation soil object public patronage institution promote grow support public purse object dedicate great propriety among mean employed end none attend great success establishment board compose proper character charge collect diffuse information enable premium small pecuniary aid encourage assist spirit discovery improvement specie establishment contribute doubly increase improvement stimulate enterprise experiment draw common center result everywhere individual skill observation spread thence whole nation experience accordingly shewn cheap instrument immense national benefit heretofore propose consideration congress expediency establish national university also military academy desirableness institution constantly increase every new view take subject omit opportunity recall attention assembly address enlighten fully sensible much flourishing state art science contributes national prosperity reputation true country much honor contain many seminary learn highly repeatable useful fund upon rest narrow command able professor different department liberal knowledge institution contemplate though would excellent auxiliary amongst motif institution assimilation principle opinion manner common education portion youth every quarter well deserve attention homogenous citizen make particular great prospect permanent union primary object national institution education youth science government republic specie knowledge equally important duty press legislature patronize plan communicate future guardian liberty country institution military academy also recommend cogent reason however pacific general policy nation may ought never without adequate stock military knowledge emergency 1st would impair energy character would hazard safety expose great evil war could avoid besides war might often depend upon choice proportion observance pacific maxim might exempt nation necessity practicing rule military art ought care preserve transmit proper establishment knowledge art whatever argument may draw particular example superficially view thorough examination subject evince art war comprehensive complicate demand much previous study possession improve perfect state always great moment security nation therefore ought serious care every government purpose academy regular course instruction give obvious expedient different nation successfully employ compensation officer united state various instance none respect important station appear call legislative revision consequence defective provision serious import government private wealth supply defect public retribution greatly contract sphere within selection character office make proportionally diminish probability choice men able well upright besides repugnant vital principle government virtually exclude public trust talent virtue unless accompany wealth external relation serious inconvenience embarrassment overcome others lessen much pain deep regret mention circumstance unwelcome nature lately occur trade suffer suffer extensive injury west indie cruiser agent french republic communication receive minister indicate danger disturbance commerce authority respect far agreeable constant sincere earnest wish conformity nation maintain cordial harmony perfectly friendly understand republic wish remains unabated shall persevere endeavor fulfill utmost extent shall consistent indispensable regard right honor country easily cease cherish expectation spirit justice candor friendship part republic eventually insure success pursue course however forget due character government nation full entire confidence good sense patriotism fortitude reserve special message particular communication interest subject directed estimate appropriation necessary service ensue year submit proper department view public receipt expenditures late period account prepared satisfaction able inform revenue united state continue state progressive improvement reenforcement exist provision discharge public debt mention address open last session preliminary step take toward mature doubt engage zealous attention present add afford satisfaction concur measure ascertain country prospect speedy extinguishment debt posterity may regret motive interval tranquillity leave unimproved accelerate valuable end solicitude see militia united state place efficient establishment often ardently express shall barely recall subject view present occasion time shall submit inquiry whether harbor yet sufficiently secure situation stand last time midst representative people united state naturally recall period administration present form government commence omit occasion congratulate country success experiment repeat fervent supplication supreme ruler universe sovereign arbiter nation providential care may still extend united state virtue happiness people may preserve government institute protection liberty may perpetual