{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Nucleoside analogues, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Remdesivir, peptide (EK1), abidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine, such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, could be the drug treatment options for 2019-nCoV. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoiding exposure to or use of 5G networks prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, to provide evidence on the rational use of masks, and to discuss additional measures important for the protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: How the pandemic is changing criminality in our neighbourhoods", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The symptoms of COVID-19, including fever and cough", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "it has been shown that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might protect against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, up to date, no drugs have been confirmed as a definitive treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering that SARS-CoV-2 cannot tolerate temperatures above 70 C, here we designed and fabricated efficient filters based on heated nickel (Ni) foam to catch and kill SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol can be used to disinfect surfaces and kill COVID-19, and some distilleries are making hand sanitizer to address the shortage. But drinking it will not provide any protection against this", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "Exposure to nature or green space also has positive physical and mental health benefits. Closures of parks and green spaces during the COVID-19 pandemic has limited the options for physical activity and may affect vulnerable populations more than others.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you test positive for COVID-19, the best thing you can do is stay home and rest until your doctor says you're infection-free.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "airborne transmission can't be ruled out", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors' diagnosis, improve patients' medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The results of molecular docking showed that among 67 molecules of natural origin, three molecules (Crocin, Digitoxigenin, and -Eudesmol) are proposed as inhibitors against the coronavirus based on the energy types of interaction between these molecules and studied protein. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several Steroids May Also Help Battle COVID-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "children make up more than 7% of all coronavirus cases in the US", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Treatment in Covid-19 Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, treatment with dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality than usual care", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Using marijuana might provide some benefits for people with diabetes, but the drug also has its drawbacks. Marijuana affects the developing brain, potentially impairing learning and memory", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Between 1st March and 15th May 2020, 166 children (<18 years of age) presented to a specialist childrens hospital with clinical features of possible COVID-19 infection. 65 patients (39.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, currently, no approved vaccine exists for these coronavirus strains.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "A series of epidemiological explorations has suggested a negative association between national bacillus Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination policy and the prevalence and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": " CONCLUSIONS: The urologists expertise with BCG and the infrastructure of urologic clinics may afford several opportunities for collaboration and leadership to evaluate and understand the potential role of BCG in the current COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Confined spaces are associated with increased risk of COVID-19 transmission.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Is Affordable and Promising in Treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Immune system dysregulation such as lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokine storm has been observed in COVID-19 patients, but it remains unclear for the change of key immune cell subsets and their states during COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can compromise peoples' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the crude case fatality rates are lower for countries with BCG vaccination compared to those without such programs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although most people with COVID-19 have mild to moderate symptoms, the disease can cause severe medical complications and lead to death in some people. Older adults or people with existing chronic medical conditions are at greater risk of becoming seriously ill with COVID-19 .", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Is Just A Bad Version Of The Flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not a virus, but SARS-CoV-2 is", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "For better dealing with these psychosocial issues of different strata of the society, psychosocial crisis prevention and intervention models should be urgently developed by the government, health care personnel and other stakeholders.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold. No, it is in the same family as the common cold, but it is believed that the COVID-19 virus originated with bats and later transferred to humans. Common cold viruses utilize humans as their primary hosts.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Moroccan Medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, mesh masks won't protect you from the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A major difference between the flu and COVID-19 is that the former has both preventative and curative treatments, and the latter does not.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As the number of infected individuals increases, we are learning that not only lungs, but also other organs can be affected by the virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms generally appear two to 14 days after exposure. Flu symptoms usually appear about one to four days after exposure.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, up to date, no drugs have been confirmed as a definitive treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can catch COVID-19, no matter how sunny or hot the weather is.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Currently, there are several drugs and vaccines being tested for their potential activity against the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG may offer protection from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts say there are a number of reasons why COVID-19 is a more serious illness than the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recent Coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2]-associated multiorgan disease, called COVID-19, has high morbidity and mortality due to autoimmune destruction of the lungs stemming from the release of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol (beer, wine, distilled spirits or herbal alcohol) stimulates immunity and resistance to the virus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has rapidly evolved as a viral pandemic. Countries worldwide have been affected by the recent outbreak caused by the SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome)-CoV-2 virus. As with prior viral pandemics, health-care workers are at increased risk. Orthopaedic surgical procedures are common in health-care systems, ranging from emergency to elective procedures. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There has been huge speculation and uncertainty about the role of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID-19, but an absence of reliable information from large randomised trials.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "In many hospitals, entire wards, including some psychiatric wards, have been reorganized to admit patients with COVID-19, and many physicians and nurses have been diverted to wards managing patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Risk of severe infection and mortality increase with advancing age and male sex. Mortality is increased by comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats generally don't show signs of illness from COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "by lessening the amount of virus you take in by putting on a mask, you may also lessen the likelihood of getting severely sick if you contract COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV lights kill up to 99.9% of a room's airborne pathogens (coronavirus) in minutes.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Excessive alcohol use can weaken the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children at Low Risk for Severe COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The common symptoms were as follows: fever (25%), dry cough (17.3%), chest distress (11.5%), and fatigue (9.6%). There were 33 (63.5%) patients had comorbidities, the most common symptom was hypertension (17, 51.5%). Twenty-six (78.8%) patients developed pneumonia on admission. Lymphocytes (0.6  109/L) decreased in both mild and severe/critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A high prevalence of obesity in patients with severe COVID-19 requiring invasive mechanical ventilation was recently reported.(1)", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded around the globe, there have been a few reports of pets and other animals kept in captivity being infected.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Rashes, headaches, tingling: the less common coronavirus symptoms that patients have", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Your Headache a Symptom of Coronavirus? No, It's not the most common sign of COVID-19, but experts say a pounding head shouldn't be ignored.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case raised the alarming possibility that pets could become part of the transmission chain for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which could potentially harm both them and us", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone was found by British researchers to be effective in treating severely ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "The basic treatments are mainly represented by antiviral drugs, even if the evidence is not satisfactory Among the antivirals, the most promising appears to be remdesivir Corticosteroids and tocilizumab seem to guarantee positive results in selected patients so far, although the timing of starting therapy and the most appropriate therapeutic schemes remain to be clarified", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Here we reported a case of 2019 novel coronavirus-infected patient (NCIP) with diarrhea as the initial symptom.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not a treatment for covid-19.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "Most day facilities for patients with psychiatric needs have been temporarily closed, whereas in residential facilities, patients who usually are free to come and go during the day have had to be confined in the facilities with very limited or no leave. These changes have produced considerable stresses on people with severe mental disorders.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even though most people don't experience cytokine storm, certain types of infections are more likely to cause it than others. For reasons that aren't yet completely clear, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 seems more prone to result in cytokine storm compared to diseases caused by some other viruses. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking weed can ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not a virus, but SARS-CoV-2 is", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "COVID-19 cases are reported very much less in the countries with universal BCG vaccination policies such as India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Israel, Japan, etc. as compared to without BCG implemented countries such as the USA, Italy, Spain, Canada, UK, etc. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "combinatorial VC and GA treatment for COVID-19 was associated with elevation of immunity and suppression of inflammatory stress, including activation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway, regulation of Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, ErbB signaling pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many drugs have shown promise for treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "These measures can help to stop the spread of the virus: Cancel events where lots of people gather, like concerts, festivals, and conferences. Work from home. Keep kids out of school. Don't travel by plane or train. Visit with family and friends by phone and computer instead of in person. Stand at least 6 feet away from people. Wear a mask in public Don't hug or shake hands with anyone except your immediate family. Do your shopping, especially for groceries or drugstore items, online if possible. If you do have to shop in person, keep a 6-foot distance between yourself and others.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you or another member of your household is showing signs of COVID-19, experts say you should treat your pets like you would any other family member. You should not have pets in the same room as someone who is sick because while they may not necessarily cause or get sick themselves, and we don't see them as a conduit, we don't necessarily want to bet the farm on that either", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Travel increases your chances of getting and spreading COVID-19.", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": "All surgery performed in an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, irrespective of the known or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) status of the patient, should be regarded as high risk and protection of the surgical team at the bedside should be at the highest level.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We discuss evidence regarding role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment and prophylaxis, use of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, safety of ibuprofen, unusual clinical features like gastrointestinal symptoms and interpretation of tests for cardiac enzymes and biomarkers.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgeons and perioperative teams at risk for contracting COVID-19 should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 respirators or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs), when risk of viral spread is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently available published, peer-reviewed results mostly involve small sample sizes with study limitations restricting the interpretation of the findings.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "universal BCG vaccination has a protective effect on the course of COVID-19 probably preventing progression to severe disease and death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is an antiviral previously indicated for influenza and Ebola, which has shown some promise in early trials for treatment of COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Thinly slice or grate turmeric and ginger, skin on.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 outbreak results in considerable psychological effects among the Mexican sample.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "At a news briefing , WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, noted that over the past 2 weeks, the number of cases outside China increased 13-fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold. Further increases are expected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "It is too early to be sure of them as safe treatments because some reports seem to suggest some alarming side effects.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recent Coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2]-associated multiorgan disease, called COVID-19, has high morbidity and mortality due to autoimmune destruction of the lungs stemming from the release of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone, and testing may be needed to help confirm a diagnosis.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, you should wear coronavirus outside if you're in a crowded area.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? In fact, taking too much vitamin C can lead to upset stomach, diarrhea, and reduce the effectiveness of some medications. If you want to take a supplement of vitamin C, I'm not opposed and it may even offer some benefits. Just keep in mind that more isn't always more. Take a food-first approach by enjoying a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is more likely to kill than flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Risk of severe infection and mortality increase with advancing age and male sex. Mortality is increased by comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, chronic pulmonary disease, and cancer.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Both the expected and worst-case scenarios are investigated to show the efficacy of the upper-room UV-C approach to reduce COVID-19 air transmission in a confined space with moderate but sufficient height.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks are a proven and effective tool in fighting the spread of COVID-19, but some people still resist wearing them.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks might help keep people with COVID-19 from unknowingly passing along the coronavirus. But the evidence for the efficacy of surgical or homemade masks is limited.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "No specific treatment has been reported.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system over-activation known as a \"cytokine storm\" does not play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might come too late to affect the first wave of this pandemic, but they might be useful if additional subsequent waves occur or in a post-pandemic perspective in which the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children make up more than 7% of all coronavirus cases in the US", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As COVID-19 has spread around the world, there has been a global run on surgical masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol can be used to disinfect surfaces and kill COVID-19, and some distilleries are making hand sanitizer to address the shortage. But drinking it will not provide any protection against this", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cases in children were up more than 720 percent compared to just 270 percent for all Americans. Kids still shed virus when asymptomatic", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "The therapeutic regimens proposed now in clinical recommendations have no evidence base, and the studies indicated in them are at best considered hypothesizing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are not particularly hard to please when it comes to potential hosts -- they've been detected in many mammal and bird species, including dogs and cats, as well as livestock like cows, chickens and pigs.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID and the flu have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We conducted a retrospective analysis of children with suspected COVID-19 at a Specialist Childrens Hospital to determine outcomes based on COVID-19 testing status and underlying health vulnerabilities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight (UV light) can kill the virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe patients (n=38) develop a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, including IgG and IgA antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "excessive alcohol consumption will not protect you against Covid-19. It won't kill the virus, either -- the opposite is true.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Such Previous research efforts to develop a coronavirus vaccine in the years following the 2003 pandemic have opened the door for the scientist to design a new vaccine for the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine patches may soon be added to the growing list of tools that could potentially help protect people from the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The response to the ongoing pandemic has caused many people to become trapped with abusive partners.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone can be used in covid-19 patients who are on a ventilator", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone was found by British researchers to be effective in treating severely ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone can be used in covid-19 patients who are on a ventilator", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID19 cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than older people at risk of severe disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can compromise peoples' immune systems and make them more vulnerable to the adverse health effects of COVID-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The harms of tobacco use are well-established. Tobacco causes 8 million deaths every year from cardiovascular diseases, lung disorders, cancers, diabetes, and hypertension.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The non-specific beneficial effects of Bacille Calmette-Gurin (BCG) vaccination suggest that this vaccine might play a role in protecting individuals against severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "revious work to develop a vaccine against the coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses - which accelerated development during early 2020 of varied technology platforms for a COVID-19 vaccine.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Vaccines for this deadly virus are currently under development and many drugs used for other indications have been repurposed and investigated for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of studies have shown how excessive alcohol consumption can weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The two drugs acetaminophen with ibuprofen are broken down by different organs in the body, so as long as you stick to the recommended doses, you should be OK.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Malaria drugs tied to risk of death, heart problems in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is an antiviral previously indicated for influenza and Ebola, which has shown some promise in early trials for treatment of COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is the pathogen that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "an N95 mask is designed to block 95% of very small particles. Although cloth masks and N95 masks have different purposes, both are intended to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Under this emergency situation that the world facing against COVID-19, there are about 15 potential vaccine candidates tested globally based on messenger RNA, DNA-based, nanoparticle, synthetic, and modified virus-like particle. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Putting sesame oil on my skin will protect me against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "More dangerously, 20.6% and 19.2% students believed antibiotics and smoking to be a protective measure against the infection respectively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening the time to recovery in adults who were hospitalized with Covid-19 and had evidence of lower respiratory tract infection. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you test positive for COVID-19, the best thing you can do is stay home and rest until your doctor says you're infection-free.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with COVID-19 lack antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in the first 10 days of illness while the virus drives disease pathogenesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Currently, it is not possible to discuss the efficacy and safety of a drug in the treatment of COVID-19, as most studies have just begun.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Both the expected and worst-case scenarios are investigated to show the efficacy of the upper-room UV-C approach to reduce COVID-19 air transmission in a confined space with moderate but sufficient height.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, damage can spread beyond the lungs and into other organs, such as the heart, liver, kidney and parts of the neurological system.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, up to date, no drugs have been confirmed as a definitive treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The infection rate of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with cancer was higher than the general population, cancer patients with COVID-19 showed deteriorating conditions and poor outcomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case raised the alarming possibility that pets could become part of the transmission chain for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which could potentially harm both them and us", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Of late, Bacillus CalmetteGurin (BCG) has been speculated as a possible protection from COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people who suspect they have COVID-19 (the name of the illness caused by novel coronavirus) and who need symptom relief take paracetamol, better known in Canada and the U.S. as acetaminophen (brand name Tylenol).", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone: Promising Treatment for COVID-19 Is Not a Miracle Cure", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The researchers found: 1) individuals with mild and severe disease produced neutralizing IgG to SARS-CoV-2 10 days after disease onset; 2) SARS-CoV-2 persisted longer in those with severe disease; and 3) there was cross-reactivity between antibodies to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, but only antibodies from patients with COVID-19 neutralized SARS-CoV-2. These observations provide important information on the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 that can inform the use of convalescent plasma therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": " the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The emergence of the strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) that causes corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its impact on in the world have made imperative progress to develop an effective and safe vaccine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In animals, coronavirus leads to damage to mucous membranes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting surgical mask usage for prevention of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "number of studies have shown how excessive alcohol consumption can weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While a few studies stated that the virus has presented with milder symptoms in the pediatric population, some studies have presented data of children who have suffered life-threatening complications due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children can be infected early in the course of a COVID-19 epidemic and should, therefore, be shielded from infection.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is much more dangerous and deadly than Flu.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is a great body of evidence concerning several human organ abnormalities associated to the SARSCoV-2, enough to consider COVID-19 as a multi-systemic and polyhedral disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the countries with a universal BCG vaccination policy had a mean 131.2 (median 40) cases per million and 4 deaths (median 1) per population. The difference is highly significant (P < 0.001).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results support the view that the pet owners and other persons with COVID-19 in close contact with animals should be cautious of the way they interact with them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Others have linked use of the drugs in COVID-19 patients with prolonged QT interval, which can cause an irregular heartbeat and increase the risk of sudden cardiac arrest. QT prolongation is a known side effect of hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking certain supplements such as vitamin d and vitamin c help boost your immune system in the fight against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": " We conducted an online survey to evaluate demographic, lifestyle and mental health variables in the Portuguese population.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light sanitizers are effective in killing coronavirus on our hands and phones", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": " CONCLUSIONS: The urologists expertise with BCG and the infrastructure of urologic clinics may afford several opportunities for collaboration and leadership to evaluate and understand the potential role of BCG in the current COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "headache was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, Drinking Tonic Water Won't Protect You Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by several important systemic problems such as severe pneumonia. One of mechanisms responsible of these systemic problems is the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6(Conti et al., 2020).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is still no licensed specific antiviral treatment for the human coronavirus disease and a vaccine will not be ready soon.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill dangerous pathogens in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus saliva tests are a new type of PCR diagnostic for COVID-19.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Intravenous high-dose vitamin C for the treatment of severe COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It also highlights the relationships between animal, human, and environmental health, as well as the importance of taking a collaborative transdisciplinary One Health approach to help prevent future COVID-19 outbreaks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Vaccines for this deadly virus are currently under development and many drugs used for other indications have been repurposed and investigated for prophylaxis and treatment of COVID 19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on these natural infection reports and experimental data, whether the pets are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 spread to human; needs to be deeply investigated.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 definition, a potentially severe, primarily respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus and characterized by fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. In some patients, the disease can also damage major organs, as the heart or kidneys.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving coronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for dexamethasone as a possible treatment for Covid-19 is that the virus can trigger inflammation and an uncontrolled immune response from your body.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A major difference between the flu and COVID-19 is that the former has both preventative and curative treatments, and the latter does not.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the countries with a universal BCG vaccination policy had a mean 131.2 (median 40) cases per million and 4 deaths (median 1) per population. The difference is highly significant (P < 0.001).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks and eye protection prevent spread of Covid-19", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the COVID-19 pandemic still going as the country enters flu season, public health experts are urging Americans to get the flu vaccine", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": " Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The evidence that COVID-19 is a bioweapon is overwhelming", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill dangerous pathogens in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fire needling therapy has the effects of clearing heat, removing dampness, replenishing for the deficiency, removing stasis and detoxifying, which is mainly aimed at preventing populations, light and common types cases, and cases in the recovery period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a lung infection that aggressively attacks the lungs and even leaves lung cells and tissue dead", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person, typically through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There Is No Cure for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You see, we actually don't have any idea whether a Vitamin D supplement will improve COVID-19 outcomes. We don't even really know if low levels of the vitamin make outcomes worse.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spraying alcohol or chlorine over my body will kill the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you or another member of your household is showing signs of COVID-19, experts say you should treat your pets like you would any other family member. You should not have pets in the same room as someone who is sick because while they may not necessarily cause or get sick themselves, and we don't see them as a conduit, we don't necessarily want to bet the farm on that either", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone, a cheap and widely available steroid, may be a good treatment for patients with severe COVID-19-but not milder cases.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with severe COVID-19 may require stays of 10 days or longer in the ICU and mechanical ventilation.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks and respirators do not work. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving coronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for many respiratory infections and increases the severity of respiratory diseases. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can't protect against infection with SARS-CoV-2. Not only does the mask not filter out smaller aerosol particles, but air leakage also occurs through the sides of the mask as you inhale.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " UV lights can be used against other coronaviruses.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Is Just A Bad Version Of The Flu", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young and healthy people are in low risk with covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG vaccine) designed to prevent tuberculosis in children has been shown to induce a adaptive immune response in the body to fight against bacteria as well as other parasites and viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Confined spaces are associated with increased risk of COVID-19 transmission.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the COVID-19 pandemic still going as the country enters flu season, public health experts are urging Americans to get the flu vaccine", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": "All surgery performed in an epicenter of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, irrespective of the known or suspected severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) status of the patient, should be regarded as high risk and protection of the surgical team at the bedside should be at the highest level.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a lung infection that aggressively attacks the lungs and even leaves lung cells and tissue dead", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death and recovery after coronavirus infected for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination were 0.258 (with 95% CI= (0.254,0.261)) and 2.151 (with 95% CI= (2.140,2.163)), respectively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember that viruses can sometimes infect a species but not cause illness in that species, nor become transmissible to others. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For 16 years the SARS virus mutated in bats and pangolins to create a second subspecies, SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19. The species name of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is SARS. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spraying and introducing bleach or another disinfectant into your body will not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no direct research that I'm aware of in relation to alcohol and COVID-19", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this study, we aimed to identify these potential molecular signaling pathways, and repurpose existing drugs as a potentially effective treatment of COVID-19 to facilitate the therapeutic discovery, based on the transcriptional response of host cells.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " the patients who were hospitalized with COVID-19 and compared details of the patients who passed away and patients that survived.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Whether antibodies are important for the adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be determined. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking. Scientists are still learning about the disease, but we know that smoking weakens the immune system, which makes it harder for your body to fight disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ultraviolet light kill coronavirus in the air, or on surfaces.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to find effective and acceptable safe treatments for COVID-19 and any possible future outbreak", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol does not destroy SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 can result in acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, leucopenia (with lymphopenia) and thrombocytopenia, also seen in rheumatic diseases like lupus and Sjogrens syndrome.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 database of integrated TCM and Western medicine can be used to prepare for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG can be uses as a prophylactic treatment until the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Flu: Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, including common signs and symptoms listed above. COVID-19: Other signs and symptoms of COVID-19, different from flu, may include change in or loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the countries with a universal BCG vaccination policy had a mean 131.2 (median 40) cases per million and 4 deaths (median 1) per population. The difference is highly significant (P < 0.001).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 primarily affects the lungs, causing interstitial pneumonitis and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), it also affects multiple organs, particularly the cardiovascular system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people are touting the use of hydroxychloroquine, alone, or in combination with an antibiotic called azithromycin, for the treatment of people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks may be better protection than vaccines", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG vaccine) designed to prevent tuberculosis in children has been shown to induce a adaptive immune response in the body to fight against bacteria as well as other parasites and viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "we've learned that children are not immune to the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Some clinical trials have identified vitamin C (VC) as a potent compound pneumonia management.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a respiratory disease, which can evolve into multi-organ failure (MOF), leading to death.", "Question": "which tests indicate severe covid infection?", "Evidence": " Quantitative smell testing demonstrates that decreased smell function, but not always anosmia, is a major marker for SARS-CoV-2 infection and suggests the possibility that smell testing may help, in some cases, to identify COVID-19 patients in need of early treatment or quarantine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Results fail to confirm the null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 mortality, and suggest that BCG could have a protective effect.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is being implicated in damage to several organ systems. While underlying conditions and adverse effects of certain drugs are being investigated, the likely culprit in many patients with extrapulmonary disease is thought to be a cytokine storm, in which the patient's immune system responds overwhelmingly to an infection.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Flu: Flu viruses can cause mild to severe illness, including common signs and symptoms listed above. COVID-19: Other signs and symptoms of COVID-19, different from flu, may include change in or loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone is at risk of getting COVID-19, but you have a higher chance of getting seriously ill from it if you: Are 65 or older, especially if you live in a nursing home or other care facility ;Have asthma or lung disease, though more research is needed on this.; Have a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer and HIV, or from medications; Are severely obese with a BMI over 40; Have type II diabetes; Have a serious heart condition; Have kidney, liver, or heart disease", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "COVID-19 cases are reported very much less in the countries with universal BCG vaccination policies such as India, Afghanistan, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Israel, Japan, etc. as compared to without BCG implemented countries such as the USA, Italy, Spain, Canada, UK, etc. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fire needling therapy has the effects of clearing heat, removing dampness, replenishing for the deficiency, removing stasis and detoxifying, which is mainly aimed at preventing populations, light and common types cases, and cases in the recovery period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "This recommendation can inform how other countries can overcome mental health challenges during this pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "The importance of engaging in any type of physical activity regularly, for both physical and mental health, is well established, and may be particularly beneficial in protecting the body and limiting the damage caused by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Ginger Tea Treat COVID-19 Within Three Days? No Absolutly not", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "universal BCG vaccination has a protective effect on the course of COVID-19 probably preventing progression to severe disease and death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While severe COVID-19 patients develop a strong antibody response, mild SARS-CoV-2 infections induce a modest antibody response. Long term monitoring will show whether these responses predict protection against future infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of acetic acid, the active component of vinegar, as a potential disinfectant agent for upper airways.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this study, we aimed to identify these potential molecular signaling pathways, and repurpose existing drugs as a potentially effective treatment of COVID-19 to facilitate the therapeutic discovery, based on the transcriptional response of host cells.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks and eye protection prevent spread of Covid-19", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "In December 2019, the world awoke to a new zoonotic strain of CoV that was named SARS-CoV-2 (standing for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which has been classified as a high-consequence infectious disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The symptoms most commonly reported by patients affected by coronavirus disease (COVID-19) include cough, fever, and shortness of breath. However, other major events usually observed in COVID-19 patients (e.g., high blood pressure, arterial and venous thromboembolism, kidney disease, neurologic disorders, and diabetes mellitus) indicate that the virus is targeting the endothelium, one of the largest organs in the human body.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But COVID-19 is not the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Clinical trials are not often conducted among pregnant patients for safety reasons and this means that drugs that may be effective in general population cannot be used for pregnant women due to the lack of knowledge of side effects in this category of people .", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not a treatment for covid-19.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Particularly in situations like pandemic outbreak, it is crucial to interrupt the transmission chain of the virus by the practice of proper hand sanitization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach. Neither will cure the virus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "The ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been a Public Health Emergency of International Concern, which was officially declared by the World Health Organization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the available literature regarding COVID19 and BCG vaccination.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In no way will consumption of alcohol protect you from COVID-19 or prevent you from being infected by it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering that SARS-CoV-2 cannot tolerate temperatures above 70 C, here we designed and fabricated efficient filters based on heated nickel (Ni) foam to catch and kill SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic and bleach won't cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical face masks help prevent the spread of infections through droplets among healthcare workers.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Hence, dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "it has been shown that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might protect against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoiding exposure to or use of 5G networks prevent infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is much more dangerous and deadly than Flu.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "At a news briefing , WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, noted that over the past 2 weeks, the number of cases outside China increased 13-fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold. Further increases are expected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although vinegar has disinfectant properties, it is not effective against the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results support the view that the pet owners and other persons with COVID-19 in close contact with animals should be cautious of the way they interact with them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't yet know how frequently cats become infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the real world", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New Study Highlights New Evidence That Masks Prevent Coronavirus Spread", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by bacteria", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG can be uses as a prophylactic treatment until the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Note: SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus, COVID-19 is the name of the illness.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling steam will not treat or cure novel coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world, which has led to increased discussions across online platforms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the combination has health benefits such as pain relief, inflammation management and sore throat management, it does not help prevent the onset of Covid-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "For better dealing with these psychosocial issues of different strata of the society, psychosocial crisis prevention and intervention models should be urgently developed by the government, health care personnel and other stakeholders.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "By an increase in the prevalence rate of COVID-19 and its resulted restrictions, the level of anxiety increases, as well; therefore, raising public awareness of the disease and providing positive psychological programs in the media aimed at controlling stress can reduce anxiety in society.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Though its still not verified in any way whether the BCG vaccination can actually prevent COVID-19 or not but we believe a thorough analytical research in this regard is indeed worth a shot.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "As of May 19(th), 2020, approximately 4,731,458 cases of contamination and 316,169 deaths from Covid19 were recorded (https://who.sprinklr.com).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "With more and more patients diagnosed, China has carried out more than 100 clinical studies of new coronavirus infection, including antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, glucocorticoids, plasma therapy, virus vaccine, and other Western drugs, while Chinese medicine research accounted for half of the studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can enhance our innate immune systems", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "In the event that BCG vaccination provides non-specific protection against COVID-19, administering it could be helpful in controlling the transmission of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases during future pandemics.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering that SARS-CoV-2 cannot tolerate temperatures above 70 C, here we designed and fabricated efficient filters based on heated nickel (Ni) foam to catch and kill SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may be more severe in some people because of the medications they take should not stop taking their drugs.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Older people, and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? In fact, taking too much vitamin C can lead to upset stomach, diarrhea, and reduce the effectiveness of some medications. If you want to take a supplement of vitamin C, I'm not opposed and it may even offer some benefits. Just keep in mind that more isn't always more. Take a food-first approach by enjoying a diet rich in fruits and vegetables.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fire needling therapy has the effects of clearing heat, removing dampness, replenishing for the deficiency, removing stasis and detoxifying, which is mainly aimed at preventing populations, light and common types cases, and cases in the recovery period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In some circumstances, thermal inactivation at 56 C has been recommended to inactivate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before NAT.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Systematic inflammation with induced cardiac dysfunction is likely a primary reason for death events in severe COVID-19 except for acute respiratory distress syndrome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic has helped drive gun violence and increase killings ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Domestic violence is a global public health problem.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "A multiple sclerosis patient infected by SARS-CoV-2 during fingolimod therapy was hospitalized with moderate clinical features, and recovered in 15 days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, research investigating garlic's antiviral properties is limited. Though garlic is considered to be a healthy food, there's no evidence showing that eating it can prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many coronaviruses are sensitive to heat, heating inactivation of samples at 56C prior to testing is considered a possible method to reduce the risk of transmission, but the effect of heating on the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is still unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Dexamethasone the COVID-19 Cure We've Been Looking For? No Absolutely not", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic sweeps across the world, it is causing widespread concern, fear and stress, all of which are natural and normal reactions to the changing and uncertain situation that everyone finds themselves in.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 can result in acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, leucopenia (with lymphopenia) and thrombocytopenia, also seen in rheumatic diseases like lupus and Sjogrens syndrome.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ATS and dogs can transmit coronavirus to humans via their fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "The world is facing a medical crisis amid the CoViD-19 pandemic and the role of adequate hygiene and hand sanitisers is inevitable in controlling the spread of infection in public places and healthcare institutions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You see, we actually don't have any idea whether a Vitamin D supplement will improve COVID-19 outcomes. We don't even really know if low levels of the vitamin make outcomes worse.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important to slow the spread of coronavirus because coronavirus is thought to spread mainly when an infected person coughs, sneezes or speaks, and transmits small droplets - packed with the virus - into the air.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is not enough evidence to know the effects of cannabis on the immune system or on the susceptibility to viral infections.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " UV lights can be used against other coronaviruses.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dexamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid approved by the FDA 1958 as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor and it is about 30 times as active and with longer duration of action (2-3 days) than cortisone. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While we are focused on cough and fever as the initial signs of COVID-19, it's also important to be aware that abdominal pain and diarrhea could precede respiratory symptoms.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A marijuana-smoking habit could also make a person's symptoms with coivd-19 more severe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Here we reported a case of 2019 novel coronavirus-infected patient (NCIP) with diarrhea as the initial symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you are sick with covid-19, you should refrain from taking other painkillers, such as Aleve or Tylenol. there is no reason to treat a fever with any kind of fever-reducing drug.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently no treatment has been proved to be efficient in the treatment of infected patients by COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": " The amount of economic damage associated with disease caused by coronavirus is significant and includes death of animals, decreased meat and dairy productivity, decreased weight gain, culling, loss from abortion and infertility.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the primary threat posed by COVID-19 is to people's physical health, the pandemic is also taking its toll on economies, social and cultural activities, and people's mental health.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more is discovered about the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2, an unexpected cause of death has been identified-heart attacks and strokes caused by blood clots. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG could prevent severe COVID-19 disease has made headlines, but until we have the results of clinical trials, it is too early to draw conclusions.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand washing is the primary barrier to prevent transmission of enteric pathogens via cross-contamination from infected persons. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But inhaling steam will not cure a novel coronavirus infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco smoking is a known risk factor for many respiratory infections and increases the severity of respiratory diseases. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light on Airplanes Could Prevent Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using a dryer may be better than hanging the clothes to dry because the heat may also help inactivate any viral microbes.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sesame oil does not kill this coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Special Issues for COVID-19 in Children and Adolescents.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold. No, it is in the same family as the common cold, but it is believed that the COVID-19 virus originated with bats and later transferred to humans. Common cold viruses utilize humans as their primary hosts.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks and then tested positive for COVID-19 without any history of respiratory symptoms", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "studies indicated hemp extracts high in CBD may help block proteins that provide a gateway for COVID-19 to enter host cells.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might come too late to affect the first wave of this pandemic, but they might be useful if additional subsequent waves occur or in a post-pandemic perspective in which the virus continues to circulate as a seasonal virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The WHO says there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus, or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a mask to prevent contracting the coronavirus? there's little scientific evidence to show that medical face masks or other forms of facial protective gear alone are effective in keeping healthy individuals from inhaling infectious particles.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The volume of existing reports is irrefutable evidence that foods and herbs possess a potential antiviral ability against SARS-CoV-2 and can prevent COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New study will test whether nicotine patches can keep the coronavirus away.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Community mask use was possibly associated with decreased risk for SARS-CoV-1 infection in observational studies. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system protects us against the invader and can even be helpful for its therapy. But sometimes it can turn against us.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Six coronavirus vaccine candidates have been determined to be the likeliest to succeed", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The bradykinin storm is not mutually exclusive from the cytokine storm described in severe COVID-19 in the early stages of the pandemic.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is no vaccine or therapeutic available for this disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the 2019 coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic, it's especially important to understand that no supplement, diet, or other lifestyle modification other than physical distancing, also known as social distancing, and proper hygiene practices can protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "gargling warm water with salt or vinegar can eliminate the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Such Previous research efforts to develop a coronavirus vaccine in the years following the 2003 pandemic have opened the door for the scientist to design a new vaccine for the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Countries with hot weather have not reported cases of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic is a healthy food that may have some antimicrobial properties. However, there is no evidence from the current outbreak that eating garlic has protected people from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "The need for developing respective bioanalytical protocols for food and environmental safety applications to adapt in the post-lockdown period is also highlighted.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ventilation and COVID-19: Reduce spread with proper airflow", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "No specific treatment has been reported.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in the COVID-19 pandemic, it appeared that the primary risk of death from the disease was severe pneumonia followed by a cytokine storm.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Since the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic, children have been largely spared the worst health impacts of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, currently there are no licensed vaccines for the novel coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Nucleoside analogues, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Remdesivir, peptide (EK1), abidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine, such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, could be the drug treatment options for 2019-nCoV. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several Steroids May Also Help Battle COVID-19", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The countries without universal vaccination policies (i.e.: Italy, Netherlands, United States) would seemto be hit more severely against COVID-19, than in countries with universal vaccination policies and for a long time with BCG.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is Your Headache a Symptom of Coronavirus? No, It's not the most common sign of COVID-19, but experts say a pounding head shouldn't be ignored.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of acetic acid, the active component of vinegar, as a potential disinfectant agent for upper airways.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can catch COVID-19, no matter how sunny or hot the weather is.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Disease itself multiplied by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from COVID-19 can be especially difficult if you were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people, particularly those with pre-existing conditions such as heart disease, lung disease and diabetes.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: what is remdesivir and how effective is it against Covid-19? Remdesivir is an experimental antiviral made by pharmaceutical firm Gilead Sciences that was first developed to treat Ebola", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "Currently, COVID-19 represents a health emergency worldwide, leading, in severe cases, to pneumonia, severe acute respiratory syndrome, multiorgan dysfunction or failure, and death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most protective masks, N95 respirators, block 95% of tiny particles, including viruses", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In early research, the targeted antivirals remdesivir and favipiravir appear to benefit patients by decreasing viral replication; clinical trials suggest that remdesivir speeds recovery from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Apple cider vinegar won't prevent you from getting COVID-19 or another virus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": " Studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In the meantime, prevention, control, active communication and investment in research are the only ways to overcome this challenge.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a homemade cloth face mask is an easy way you can help protect others in your family and community.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But as with most colds and flus, coronavirus is a viral infection - which means treating it with antibiotics is useless. Antibiotics only work in treating bacteria.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has provided emergency authorization for the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "sars-cov-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. sars-cov-2 is the strain of coronavirus that causes the covid-19 disease.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 Pandemic Has Escalated Domestic Violence Worldwide", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the 100-year-old BCG vaccine has received increasing attention, even though it is only partially functional in fighting the disease it was made to battle - tuberculosis.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Since 1975, BCG vaccination policy in Sweden changed from routine vaccination of all newborn infants to selective vaccination of groups at higher risk [3], andSpain did the same, but not Portugal(Fig.1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Moroccan Medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease, so humans can pass it to animals and vice-versa. Here's what to know about novel coronavirus in cats, dogs, and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For deaths with conditions or causes in addition to COVID-19, on average, there were 2.6 additional conditions or causes per death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ngiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), which are commonly used in patients with hypertension or diabetes and may raise tissue ACE2 levels, could increase the risk of severe COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking may help you RESIST Covid-19... if you don't mind dying of something else", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Though its still not verified in any way whether the BCG vaccination can actually prevent COVID-19 or not but we believe a thorough analytical research in this regard is indeed worth a shot.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on these natural infection reports and experimental data, whether the pets are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 spread to human; needs to be deeply investigated.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember, however, that people who recover from COVID-19 can still have some lingering symptoms, like difficulty breathing, fatigue, or a persistent cough or headache, William", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review focused on the use of plant-based foods for enhancing the immunity of all aged groups against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures like cancelling public gatherings are key to fighting the spread of the coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "coronavirus disease 19 (Covid19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11(th), 2020", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Extensive stressors will emerge or become worsened. Many medical staff workers will be harmfully psychologically affected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks with exhalation valves do not prevent the person wearing the mask from transmitting COVID-19 to others.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cause of Death in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "combinatorial VC and GA treatment for COVID-19 was associated with elevation of immunity and suppression of inflammatory stress, including activation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway, regulation of Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, ErbB signaling pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol (beer, wine, distilled spirits or herbal alcohol) stimulates immunity and resistance to the virus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ginger can treat a coronavirus infection", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many drugs have shown promise for treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In rare cases, a coronavirus jumps from animals to humans. This is thought to have happened for the virus that causes COVID-19, as well as two other types of deadly coronaviruses, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). All three originated in bats. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between a potential vaccine and the rollout of 5G technology.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics: Antibiotics work against bacterial infections, not viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D3 is showing impressive effects in buffering the severity of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "No specific treatment has been reported.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat the new coronavirus, which causes the COVID-19 disease", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with hot weather have not reported cases of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is no evidence that vitamin C can have an impact on COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The evidence we have is that people will be immune after a bout with this new coronanvirus", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 database of integrated TCM and Western medicine can be used to prepare for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Excessive alcohol use can weaken the immune system", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "At a news briefing , WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, noted that over the past 2 weeks, the number of cases outside China increased 13-fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold. Further increases are expected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "healthy blood levels of vitamin D may give patients with COVID-19 a survival advantage by helping them avoid cytokine storm, when the immune system overreacts and attacks your body's own cells and tissues.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "We observed that factors related with living conditions, maintaining the work either online or in the workplace, frequency of exercise and absence of a previous psychological or physic disorders are protective features of psychological well-being (anxiety, depression, stress and obsessive-compulsive symptoms).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of the 74 confirmed patients with COVID-19, 26 (35%) recovered during the study period and voluntarily stopped using the system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19. certain nutrients are known to be particularly helpful to boost your immunity, including beta carotene, vita", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can impact the heart muscle long after diagnosis. Long-term COVID-19.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children May Be Silent Carriers of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In some circumstances, thermal inactivation at 56 C has been recommended to inactivate Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) before NAT.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light Work To Prevent The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There currently isn't a vaccine against developing COVID-19. Antibiotics are also ineffective because COVID-19 is a viral infection and not bacterial.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ongoing studies and accumulated data are de- tailing the features and the effects of the new coronavirus disease 19 (COVID 19) in the adult population, and cardiovascular involvement is emerging as the most significant and life-threatening complication, with an in- creased risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with underlying cardiovascular disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although face masks can reduce transmission of the Covid-19 virus, not completely. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Try to limit alcohol consumption to a moderate level to avoid vitamin deficiencies and lowered immunity.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic, patients with cough, sore throat, dyspnea, hyposmia/anosmia and a history of travel to the region with confirmed COVID-19 patients, should be considered as potential COVID-19 cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The two drugs acetaminophen with ibuprofen are broken down by different organs in the body, so as long as you stick to the recommended doses, you should be OK.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus isn't real, so masking isn't necessary", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can keep exposure to COVID-19 from becoming an infection that can cause you and other people harm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dietary supplements containing micronutrients and vitamins C and D are a safe, low-cost, and effective way of helping the immune system fight off COVID-19 other acute respiratory", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Risk factors for death on admission using logistic regression", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What are the early warning signs? As Covid-19 is a new virus, experts are still working to understand it.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will white wine vinegar protect me from Covid-19?  No", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in covid-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, no vaccine is available to control further dissemination of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Similarly, not all critically ill patients in hospital will be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), because the chances of meaningful survival for some will be viewed as too low", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Here we report on the most recent updates on experimental drugs successfully employed in the treatment of the disease caused by SARS CoV-2 coronavirus, also referred to as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For 16 years the SARS virus mutated in bats and pangolins to create a second subspecies, SARS-CoV-2 which causes COVID-19. The species name of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 is SARS. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting surgical mask usage for prevention of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a large family of viruses that cause disorders ranging from a mild cold to severe disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Everyone is at risk of getting COVID-19, but you have a higher chance of getting seriously ill from it if you: Are 65 or older, especially if you live in a nursing home or other care facility ;Have asthma or lung disease, though more research is needed on this.; Have a weakened immune system from conditions such as cancer and HIV, or from medications; Are severely obese with a BMI over 40; Have type II diabetes; Have a serious heart condition; Have kidney, liver, or heart disease", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people are touting the use of hydroxychloroquine, alone, or in combination with an antibiotic called azithromycin, for the treatment of people with suspected or confirmed COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "FDA approves combination ibuprofen-acetaminophen drug for U.S.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "To date, clinical evidence and guidelines based on reliable data and randomized clinical trials for the treatment of COVID-19 are lacking In the absence of definitive management protocols, many treatments for COVID-19 are currently being evaluated and tested worldwide", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Busting garlic cures coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Covid19 origin and transmission to humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "practicing social distancing is an effective public health tool to reduce the spread of the disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) and its sister drug chloroquine are under investigation for treatment of the COVID-19 coronavirus disease; Korean doctors used these anti-malaria drugs to treat COVID-19 with some success, according to a paper filed with Elsevier in March 2020, but effectiveness is unproven.Hydroxychloroquine is classified as an anti-malarial drug.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study reports the promising effectiveness of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another difference between COVID-19 and the flu, according to the CDC, are the fatality rates.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can People Who Recover from COVID-19 Become Reinfected? Yes", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Natural herbal remedies have long been the main, if not the only, remedy in the oral tradition for treating illnesses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "One COVID-19 patient who did not produce any SARS-CoV-2-bound IgG successfully cleared SARS-CoV-2 after 46 days of illness, revealing that without antibody-mediated adaptive immunity, innate immunity alone may still be powerful enough to eliminate SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "combinatorial VC and GA treatment for COVID-19 was associated with elevation of immunity and suppression of inflammatory stress, including activation of the T cell receptor signaling pathway, regulation of Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis, ErbB signaling pathway and vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus has been found to live on some surfaces for longer than 9 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): While garlic may have some benefit for preventing the common cold, there is no good evidence to support using it for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol use, especially heavy use, weakens the immune system and thus reduces the ability to cope with infectious diseases", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 spreads mainly from person to person, typically through respiratory droplets from coughing, sneezing, or talking", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Furthermore, students with greater perceived social support reported less alcohol consumption. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't yet know how frequently cats become infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the real world", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "low coverage cloth face masks made of 100% cotton, scarf, pillowcase, antimicrobial pillowcase, silk, linen, tea towel, or vacuum bag, present marginal/reasonable protection against particles while high coverage cloth masks provide high protection. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only sick people need to wear face masks", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You don't have to wear a mask outside", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) doesn't prevent the COVID-19 virus or cure COVID-19. You can get the COVID-19 virus in sunny, hot and humid weather. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing masks really wasn't protective after the symptoms started", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others. ", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "health care workers interacting with a coronavirus patient should wear a heavy-duty mask called an N95 respirator. These respirators are designed to fit tightly around the nose and mouth, and, when worn correctly, block out at least 95% of small airborne particles.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "our immune response to this particular disease is not yet clearly understood: Patients with MERS-CoV infection are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover, but it is not yet known whether similar immune protection will be observed for patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine substitutes could have a positive effect in fighting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats, dogs and COVID-19 A small number of animals around the world have been infected with the coronavirus after having contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Surrogate points are usually evaluated, such as: clinical recovery, symptom-based disease relief (fever, cough, diarrhea, myalgia, shortness of breath), lack of progression of shortness of breath, rate of artificial ventilation, rate of admission to the intensive care unit, etc. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B not only helps to build and maintain a healthy immune system, but it could potentially prevent or reduce COVID-19 symptoms or treat SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine Storms May Be Fueling Some COVID Deaths", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're deficient in vitamin D, that does have an impact on your susceptibility to infection", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " A face covering can prevent people who are asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 from spreading the virus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Air Conditioning May Be Spreading COVID", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people with certain medical conditions, such as kidney problems, cannot safely take vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no studies exist directly linking cannabis combustion (or cannabis consumption in general) to coronavirus symptoms, COVID-19 causes respiratory illness, an issue smoking only exacerbates.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seriously sick coronavirus patients in New York state's largest hospital system are being given massive doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some researchers have already keyed in on the well-established fact that nicotine is not responsible for the grave health effects of smoking, and have begun experimenting with nicotine as a treatment [4] and prevention tactic for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People infected with the coronavirus carry immune cells known as T cells that help the body fight off the infection", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG vaccine) designed to prevent tuberculosis in children has been shown to induce a adaptive immune response in the body to fight against bacteria as well as other parasites and viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The type of UV light that can kill the new coronavirus is dangerous to use unless you're properly trained for it", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG can be uses as a prophylactic treatment until the availability of the COVID-19 vaccine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing? YES", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks will weaken your immune system", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who are physically near (within 6 feet) a person with COVID-19 or have direct contact with that person are at greatest risk of infection.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that regularly rinsing the nose with saline or eating garlic has protected people from infection with the new coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms That Lead to Severe COVID-19 Identified Nearly everyone on the planet is well aware of COVID-19's most common symptoms, which include fever, shortness of breath, and a dry cough.", "Question": "What are some of the more severe symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly presents as fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone is not effective to treat covid-19", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity, particularly in young people, was an additional risk factor.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "flu deaths were 2.7 times higher than Covid-19 at around 19.6 deaths per", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even though most people don't experience cytokine storm, certain types of infections are more likely to cause it than others. For reasons that aren't yet completely clear, the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19 seems more prone to result in cytokine storm compared to diseases caused by some other viruses. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a strong evidence that lack of vitamin D is linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 patients not showing symptoms may have similar amounts of the novel coronavirus in their bodies as those who do show symptoms", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "This article briefly reports the experience of mental health services and the lessons learned during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there's a lot of research looking at vitamin C to help prevent the common cold and it has shown to not be effective.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "animals, such as long-haired cats and dogs, were more likely to catch the airborne droplets that carry the covid-19 virus", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While having diabetes may put you at higher risk for COVID-19-related complications, there are ways to reduce that risk.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Miracle Mineral Solution can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case raised the alarming possibility that pets could become part of the transmission chain for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which could potentially harm both them and us", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, to provide evidence on the rational use of masks, and to discuss additional measures important for the protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 affects only the lungs", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "coronavirus disease 19 (Covid19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11(th), 2020", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposure to the sun or to temperatures higher than 77 F (25 C) prevent the COVID-19 virus cure COVID-19.  ", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Here we report on the most recent updates on experimental drugs successfully employed in the treatment of the disease caused by SARS CoV-2 coronavirus, also referred to as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is not currently a cure for COVID-19 or a vaccine against coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are considered high risk, you may show rarer and more severe symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone, a steroid commonly used to treat inflammation, can drastically reduce death in patients who are severely sick with COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "In this study, we aimed to explore the elements that may reduce the negative effects on mental health of the quarantine period imposed by most governments during this worldwide crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask is effective in preventing COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Heartburn drug linked to 'reduced risk of death' in COVID-19 patients \"Famotidine is commonly used for gastric acid suppression but also has recently gained attention as an antiviral that may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Saline nasal rinses will protect me against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts say there are a number of reasons why COVID-19 is a more serious illness than the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's very important to do what you can to reduce the risk of you and other people getting ill with coronavirus.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID and the flu have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is suggested that Chinese medicine of clearing heat and removing toxin should be used to prevent the uninfected people from COVID-19, and intervene in the early stage of the disease and control the development of it to be severe by inhibiting the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 seems to most seriously affect older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Key to Lowering COVID-19 Disease Risk", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is caused by infection with a new coronavirus (called SARS-CoV-2) and flu is caused by infection with influenza viruses.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "New Evidence Suggests Young Children Spread Covid-19 More efficiently than adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Colloidal silver can cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, helps prevent the destruction of the alveolar capillaries in the lungs and helps control the severity of the disease that can progress to potentially deadly pneumonia.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "only people with visible symptoms of coronavirus (COVID-19) are capable of spreading the virus", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Surgical masks may help, but not as first line", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgeons and perioperative teams at risk for contracting COVID-19 should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 respirators or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs), when risk of viral spread is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Experts believe nicotine, the chemical that makes tobacco addictive, competes with the virus to binds with cells in the body, therefore blocking it from entering. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV light kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Access to safe Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) services have been recognized as a highly precautionary measure essential to protecting human health during this COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Do COVID-19 Face Masks Work If Kids Can't Stop Touching them? Yes, masks are still effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19, even if children keep touching them. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We designed a trial to evaluate the effectiveness of early intravenous dexamethasone administration on the number of days alive and free of mechanical ventilation within 28 days after randomization in adult patients with moderate or severe ARDS due to confirmed or probable COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "the resulting clinical condition coronavirus disease (COVID19) in light of recent epidemiologic work suggesting decreased infection severity in BCG immunized populations while highlighting the potential role of the urologist in clinical trials and ongoing research efforts.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The test suggests that people who have had the coronavirus are at no risk of further spreading the infection ", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus is man-made:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Treatment in Covid-19 Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, treatment with dexamethasone resulted in lower 28-day mortality than usual care", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Proper Vitamin D Levels May Reduce Coronavirus Complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic, which has brought sickness, death, and disruption to daily life for millions of people worldwide, may also bring long-term mental health effects", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are common viruses that can infect humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil), should be avoided when sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Dexamethasone the COVID-19 Cure We've Been Looking For? No Absolutely not", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people breaking social distancing rules for the increase in coronavirus cases.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While some children and infants have been sick with COVID-19, adults make up most of the known cases to date.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no current standard of care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D for prevention of respiratory tract infections", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dexamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid approved by the FDA 1958 as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor and it is about 30 times as active and with longer duration of action (2-3 days) than cortisone. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Skeptics say: Why wear masks if they don't filter out all coronavirus? Scientists say: Because it could mean less severe illness.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might help protect against the flu in addition to novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics do not prevent or treat coronavirus disease (COVID-19), because COVID-19 is caused by a virus, not bacteria. Some patients with COVID-19 may also develop a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Good ventilation can reduce the risk of catching coronavirus.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that heat inactivation of serum at 56C for 30 minutes interferes with the immunoanalysis of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Heat inactivation prior to immunoanalysis is not recommended, and the possibility of false-negative results should be considered if the sample was pre-inactivated by heating.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a sauna or hot bath can kill covid-19", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) has spread widely throughout the world since the end of 2019. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) has played an important role in patient diagnosis and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tylenol doesn't work the same way as NSAIDs, and it's thought to affect the part of the brain that regulates temperature.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to find effective and acceptable safe treatments for COVID-19 and any possible future outbreak", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Are antibiotics effective in preventing or treating COVID-19? No. Antibiotics do not work against viruses; they only work on bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Despite frequent prescription of broad-spectrum empirical antimicrobials in patients with coronavirus associated respiratory infections, there is a paucity of data to support the association with respiratory bacterial/fungal co-infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "This means that antibiotics, which are designed to kill bacteria, simply don't work against viruses.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Teicoplanin, an antibiotic used to treat staphylococci infection, previously showed efficacy to inhibit the first stage of MERS-coronarivus viral cycle in human cells. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure remained the leading cause of death (69.5%), followed by sepsis/multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MOF) (28.0%), cardiac failure (14.6%), hemorrhage (6.1%)", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently available published, peer-reviewed results mostly involve small sample sizes with study limitations restricting the interpretation of the findings.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous. ", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Looking at children as the silent spreaders of SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": " The amount of economic damage associated with disease caused by coronavirus is significant and includes death of animals, decreased meat and dairy productivity, decreased weight gain, culling, loss from abortion and infertility.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks aren't the most important protection against the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "host immunity to this unpredictable and highly contagious virus may not be fleeting and may be similar to that elicited by most other viral infections", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people suffering from symptoms of the illness avoid taking the common anti-inflammatory painkiller, which is known by brand names like Advil and Motrin.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is no coincidence that the world's first 5G-masts were in Wuhan-a misleading claim as 5G was piloted in multiple cities, and there have been severe COVID-19 outbreaks in parts of the world without any 5G network (e.g., Iran).", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The practice of social distancing means staying home and away from others as much as possible to help prevent spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The fall will bring new risks in the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather and indoor family holiday gatherings, Canada's chief public health officer warned Friday.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "IL-17A helps trigger immune system response during early infection and INF-g combats replication of the virus. Higher levels of the two molecules may be associated with better outcomes in COVID-19 patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 Patients are unlikely to be reinfected shortly after they recover", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The cell disruption that COVID-19 causes in the lungs is the main reason this illness causes a severe respiratory pathology, which is the behaviour and characteristics of the disease", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors and researchers have been unsure whether people who recover from COVID-19 who test positive again continue to be contagious, or if they could get a second infection", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Aspirin in honey, raw garlic: Dubious COVID-19 'cures' spread", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Inflammatory disorders like Covid-19 tend to be very catabolic, meaning that as your immune system revs up to fight the infection, your metabolism increases as well.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When the cold weather arrives, the number of cases from covid-19 will increase", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "n invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 ARDS. In addition, the largest case series published to date did not report the outcome of patients receiving mechanical ventilation specifically,6 there is no daily information on ventilatory variables, vital signs and laboratory tests, and no information on duration of follow-up and cause of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "CORONAVIRUS first emerged from a seafood market in the Chinese city of Wuhan but that theory has been challenged.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis can be used as A Potential Way To prevent covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Twenty-nine studies were identified as potential sources of evidence of the clinical safety of favipiravir. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D is inexpensive, generally very safe to take, and can be widely scaled.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having obesity (a BMI of 30 or above) may triple the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 infection. It's linked to impaired immune function, decreased lung capacity", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": " the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Influenza vaccine may provide roadmap to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "China Treating Coronavirus COVID-19 with Intravenous Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "Hand hygiene is of utmost importance as it may be contaminated easily from direct contact with airborne microorganism droplets from coughs and sneezes. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Combining ginger with other ingredients, such as lemon, garlic, honey, or vinegar, will destroy the virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a common misconception that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG as a game-changer to prevent the infection and severity of COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is especially dangerous for older people and people with other health problems, such as diabetes, heart disease and weak immune systems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Protect Me from Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen does lead to more sever coronaviru outcomes", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drink lots of water or hot tea to help keep your airways clear.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Epidemiologic evidence suggests that the crude case fatality rates are lower for countries with BCG vaccination compared to those without such programs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is more likely to kill than flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D helps us fight Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache isn't a common symptom of the covid-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the majority of COVID-19 deaths had contributing conditions", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic Carriers May Still Transmit Coronavirus", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When children and teens get sick with COVID-19, their symptoms appear to be milder than in adults.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New findings have confirmed the efficacy of dietary vitamin supplements - including vitamin C and vitamin D - in helping the immune system fight off COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are medications for patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks, high blood pressure, diabetes and chronic kidney disease to name a few", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19. The claim is false; ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fat-soluble vitamins, such as vitamin A and D, can be quite toxic at high doses, but vitamin C is reasonably safe as it is easily excreted", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease has a range of clinical presentations in children, for which the potential need for further investigation of myocardial injury and cardiovascular issues should be kept in mind to avoid misdiagnosing severe clinical entities. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During quarantine due to the COVID-19, home risks to become a very dangerous place for victims of domestic violence.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, patients with [high blood pressure] or diabetes have worse outcomes with COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks don't offer any protection for the wearer against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The patient was transported to operating theatre with supplemental oxygen over a face mask and plastic covering over the trolley.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Giant anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, horses, dogs, alligators, cats, sheep and Siberian tigers are also on the list of animals that may be able to catch and transmit the deadly pandemic coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "older people are so much more vulnerable", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "an uptick in COVID-19 cases among young people could put older populations at higher risk of exposure to the virus, which has proven to be more deadly for those who are older or have underlying conditions", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone, a cheap and widely available steroid, may be a good treatment for patients with severe COVID-19-but not milder cases.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are Advil and Motrin bad for a coronavirus fever or headache? The short answer is YES.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The flu and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses that have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, there is a lack of experimental evidence supporting surgical mask usage for prevention of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "remdesivir can not treat covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From a mechanistic angle, there are good reasons to postulate that vitamin D favourably modulates host responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both in the early viraemic and later hyperinflammatory phases of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking is a plausible risk factor for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is being implicated in damage to several organ systems. While underlying conditions and adverse effects of certain drugs are being investigated, the likely culprit in many patients with extrapulmonary disease is thought to be a cytokine storm, in which the patient's immune system responds overwhelmingly to an infection.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is insufficient scientific evidence to show that drinking tea is effective in preventing or curing COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can not contract coronaviruses, most commonly the canine respiratory coronavirus. This specific novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is not believed to be a health threat to dogs", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My advice would be to take those vitamin K supplements to cure covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone Is Affordable and Promising in Treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "When shopping for hand sanitizer, make sure you choose a sanitizer that contains between 60-95% alcohol. Also, when you use hand sanitizer, make sure you do so the right way", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "With the beginning of the pandemic of COVID-19 throughout the world, the demand and consumption of hand sanitizers has increased, which had led to a sharp crunch in these products at all levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The flu and COVID-19 are both contagious respiratory illnesses that have similar symptoms", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "make a soup by boiling eight cloves of garlic in water to cure the coronavirus", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is a broad-spectrum oral antiviral agent that shows in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hospitals get paid more if patients are listed as COVID-19, and on ventilators", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight and Hot Temperatures Do Not Prevent the Coronavirus", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Heating to temperatures above 65 degrees C has been shown to successfully inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 virus on various surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone is touted to help COVID-19 survival rates.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Insufficient evidence for vitamin D preventing or treating covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "A strong correlation between the BCG index, an estimation of the degree of universal BCG vaccination deployment in a country, and COVID-19 mortality in different socially similar European countries was observed (r 2 = 0.88; P = 8  10-7), indicating that every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can protect you from the coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're smoking weed to ease your stress during the coronavirus pandemic, experts say it's time to think twice. Smoking marijuana, even occasionally, can increase your risk for more severe", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People taking two very commonly used types of drugs for high blood pressure are at no heightened risk, as has been feared, for complications of COVID-19.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cytokine storm becomes an all-too-frequent phenomenon, particularly among the young. But treatments are being tested.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Gargling with Salt Water or Vinegar  Eliminate' the COVID-19 Coronavirus? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks are a proven and effective tool in fighting the spread of COVID-19, but some people still resist wearing them.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of masks as a means of reducing transmission of COVID-19 outside healthcare settings has proved controversial.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we examine the effects of Favipiravir (FPV) versus Lopinavir (LPV)/ritonavir (RTV) for the treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Taken together, our results provide crucial insights into the immune response against patients with severe COVID-19 and recovered patients and valuable information for the development of vaccines and therapeutic strategies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) can help lower your fever, assuming you do not have a health history that should prevent you from using them", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Chloroquine, interferon, and antiviral agents such as remdesivir, lopinavir, and ritonavir are agents under investigation in these trials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "spread is uncommon so social distancing still make sense", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It also highlights the relationships between animal, human, and environmental health, as well as the importance of taking a collaborative transdisciplinary One Health approach to help prevent future COVID-19 outbreaks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no products can cure covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Can large doses of vitamin C prevent or help to treat covid-10? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Various semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics including vancomycin, eremomycin, teicoplanin, ristocetin A and DA-40926 have been evaluated for their inhibitory activity against feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and human (SARS-CoV, Frankfurt-1 strain) coronavirus in cell culture in comparison with their activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may be more severe in colder months than warmer ones", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lemon and hot water can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And while there aren't foods that can prevent you from contracting COVID-19, there are ways to make viral symptoms less painful.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dexamethasone is a synthetic corticosteroid approved by the FDA 1958 as a broad-spectrum immunosuppressor and it is about 30 times as active and with longer duration of action (2-3 days) than cortisone. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various studies over time have shown that vitamin C contains antioxidants that can help improve the body's ability to fight diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "Numerous articles have reported a decrease in reports of domestic violence since quarantine began", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients who are administered Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors have higher levels of ACE2 receptors in their blood after taking the medication.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing measures could be effective in stopping the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can pass covid-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "20% of Coronavirus Infections Are Asymptomatic but Still Contagious If you have SARS-CoV-2 you can spread the disease even without symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Altogether, our study shows that these three polyphenols can be used as potential inhibitors against SARS CoV-2 Mpro and are promising drug candidates for COVID-19 treatment.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The emergence of the strain of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) that causes corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its impact on in the world have made imperative progress to develop an effective and safe vaccine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does vitamin D help protect against COVID-19? A: Some scientists have hypothesized vitamin D might be helpful, but there is no direct evidence that vitamin D can prevent COVID-19 ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The role of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19 is not known.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people from all cultures, religions, gender, and age groups around the world.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": " Too many of the ongoing interventional studies have a small expected sample size and may not generate credible evidence at completion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no relationship between the increased crimes and covid-19", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are helpful at reducing how much virus a sick person spreads.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is neither harm nor benefit to treating a fever with fever-reducing medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes will save a person from getting infected by the coronavirus or that the stomach acid will kill the virus.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "while the hydroxychloroquine treatment caused no harm to patients, it was unlikely to be beneficial.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can become contaminated very quickly, and every time the wearer breathes in, they inhale contaminants", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very high vitamin C levels may create free radicals that destroy viruses and bacteria.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Some clinical trials have identified vitamin C (VC) as a potent compound pneumonia management.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Whilethe lopinavir-ritonavir-, hydroxychloroquine sulfate-, or emtricitabine-tenofovirtreated group exhibited lower overall clinical scores than the phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated control group, the virus titers in nasal washes, stool specimens,and respiratory tissues were similar between all three antiviral-candidate-treated groups and the PBS-treated control group.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having optimal blood levels of 25(OH)-vitamin D (75-150 nmol/L) reduces covid-19 risks: reduced risk of infection; reduced risk of severe disease; reduced risk of dying", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The lockdown declared to prevent the spread of Covid 19 in India created unforeseen problems, including severe alcohol withdrawal symptoms and the need to manage them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Some recent pre-print articles have highlighted that countries with mass BCG immunizations seems to have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to those without BCG immunization.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence so far that Covid-19 is man-made or that it is biological terrorism", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Altogether, our study shows that these three polyphenols can be used as potential inhibitors against SARS CoV-2 Mpro and are promising drug candidates for COVID-19 treatment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Experts warn that their findings paint a grim picture for the colder weather, when it is thought the coronavirus may re-emerge.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Leading causes of death included respiratory failure (92.7%), septic shock (39.7%), and kidney failure (37.6%), with many patients having multiple causes. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are two kinds of tests available for COVID-19: A viral test tells you if you currently have an infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Molecular and antigen tests are types of viral tests. Viral tests are also called diagnostic tests.", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the pets caught the new coronavirus from close contact with people who had it.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early immune responses may be why younger people get less sick from COVID-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) - such as lockdowns, closures, travel restrictions, stay-home orders, event bans, quarantines, curfews, and mask mandates - do not seem to affect COVID-19 transmission rates overall. ", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Human can not infect cats and dogs, lions and tigers, and now mink.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established warnings to avoid smoking should be emphasized", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early Symptoms Of COVID-19 Initial reports stated that COVID-19 symptoms usually take two to 10 days to appear after contracting the virus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To date, a headache has been reported both early and late in the infection phase, with a later headache possibly being associated with worsening illness.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Intravenous vitamin C is already being employed in China against COVID-19 coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment for: COVID-19. Remdesivir is an investigational nucleotide analog antiviral in development as a treatment for COVID-19.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The winter can spread the coronavirus transmission as in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, the number of covid-19 cases increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "no-one can ever recover from COVID-19", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Immune system dysregulation such as lymphopenia and inflammatory cytokine storm has been observed in COVID-19 patients, but it remains unclear for the change of key immune cell subsets and their states during COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D appears to play role in COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C deficiency is related to the increased risk and severity of influenza infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a runaway immune system reaction could be one mechanism behind severe COVID-19 cases.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a medical mask causes you to breathe in more carbon dioxide", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " person may still have immunity protection against COVID-19 even if antibodies aren't present", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The poor IFN responses in COVID-19 patients may be explained by the action of this viral product", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "currently, appropriate treatment for patients with COVID19 is an ACE2 inhibitor and a clinical problem reducing agent such as favipiravir in addition to hydroxychloroquine and corticosteroids.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be passed through food? So far, there is no evidence that food is a likely source or route of transmission of the virus", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "garlic and onions can prevent and cure infection from novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The weather can affect the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature significantly changes COVID-19 transmission in (sub)tropical cities of Brazil", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The effectiveness of intravenous vitamin C as a treatment for-or buffer against-COVID-19 is not established with solid clinical evidence", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are no vitamins or supplements known to help prevent coronavirus, including covid-19.", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears pets can contract the novel coronavirus from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with high blood pressure may be at increased risk, especially if it's not under control and they have other health problems. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus is primarily transmitted through physical contact and respiratory droplets from an infected person coughing, sneezing and talking within close range.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While all children are capable of getting the virus that causes COVID-19, they don't become sick as often as adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More studies are needed to further understand the presentation and outcomes of children with COVID-19 in children with special needs. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana May Prevent The Coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu. So far, however, the evidence remains unclear, so it's still best to use hand sanitizers if soap and water aren't available.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New Evidence Suggests Young Children Spread Covid-19 More efficiently than adults", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard that coronaviruses can infect animals and wondered whether your pets could get COVID-19 -- or pass the virus to you. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing during coronavirus Social distancing means limiting close contact between yourself and others in your community, even if you are not sick or at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol on the breath kills the virus in the air", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In animals, coronavirus leads to damage to mucous membranes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks include the ones that are made at home (typically cloth masks, made out of T-shirts and the like) as well as other non-medical and non-N95 masks are effective in limiting the spread of covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But there is a lot of competition, with more than 200 coronavirus vaccine candidates under investigation around the world. Two dozen are undergoing testing in humans, and six are in phase 3 ", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "marijuana does not go well with COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is SARS-CoV-2 RNA in various clinical specimens, suggesting other transmission routes for this virus besides respiratory secretions ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no risk of being infected by groceries and packages that we have delivered", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no robust research to support supplemental therapy for the prevention or treatment of patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's important to remember that viruses can sometimes infect a species but not cause illness in that species, nor become transmissible to others. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientifc evidence that ibuprofen and other drugs like it, can make you sicker if you have covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade hand sanitizers are just as effective as what you buy as long as you use the right percentage of alcohol,", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone: Promising Treatment for COVID-19 Is Not a Miracle Cure", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Distinguishing medicinal nicotine treatment from cigarette smoking for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is critical: simply stated, smoking has no therapeutic role.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot Weather May Make It Harder for Coronavirus to Survive.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there is scarce evidence for the current treatment options available for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is most likely to spread from person to person, when we come into close contact with one another.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And, most importantly, there's scant evidence to support taking supplements to prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Anything that covers my nose and mouth, regardless of how it's made, will keep me from spreading the virus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the world races for a COVID-19 vaccine, it has never been more important for clinical trials to reflect the population at large.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently available published, peer-reviewed results mostly involve small sample sizes with study limitations restricting the interpretation of the findings.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acute kidney injury is the main cause of death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine protect against coronavirus? Not exactly.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asking everyone to wear cloth masks can help reduce the spread of the virus by people who have COVID-19 but don't realize it", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "excessive alcohol consumption will not protect you against Covid-19. It won't kill the virus, either -- the opposite is true.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pixatimod is active in lab studies against SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone is associated with increased risk of viral and respiratory infections, and causes lymphopenia, which is associated with worse outcomes during COVID-19 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The rate of coronavirus cases per capita is still much higher among younger people than older ones", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate was active against other coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot tea almost doubles risk of esophageal cancer risk", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among the groups most at risk for more severe complications to the novel coronavirus and its disease, COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Virus test results revealed that 99.8% of the aerosolized SARS-CoV-2 was caught and killed by a single pass through a novel Ni-foam-based filter when heated up to 200 C. Additionally, the same filter was also used to catch and kill 99.9% of Bacillus anthracis, an airborne spore. This study paves the way for preventing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and other highly infectious airborne agents in closed environments.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can increase the risk of catching Covid-19 and make it worse if you do get it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Low protein blood levels is the main cause of death from the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "some people may experience heart damage that mimics heart attack injury even if their arteries lack the fatty, calcified flow-limiting blockages known to cause classic heart attacks.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headache was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 and the flu appear at different times and have some differences. With COVID-19, you may experience loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Recent announcements indicated, without sharing any distinct published set of results, that the corticosteroid dexamethasone may reduce mortality of severe COVID-19 patients only.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Once a person has contracted coronavirus, it can take 2-14 days for symptoms to appear. The average incubation period appears to be roughly 5-6 days.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizer against the coronavirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "No specific treatment has been reported.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Inhaling, smoking, or vaping cannabis products in the face of COVID-19 is not recommended", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is only one existing treatment for the new coronavirus: vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG have reduced the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The countries without universal vaccination policies (i.e.: Italy, Netherlands, United States) would seemto be hit more severely against COVID-19, than in countries with universal vaccination policies and for a long time with BCG.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For someone who died of COVID-19, the death certificate might read COVID-19, as well as pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) as causes of death, with diabetes and hypertension", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of ascorbic acid (vitamin c) and zinc gluconate in reducing duration of symptoms in patients diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In fact, there is no scientific evidence that any supplement-vitamin C, vitamin D, prebiotics, or probiotics-can help prevent or speed recovery from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Multiple sclerosis drug dimethyl fumarate may suppress viral multiplication and reduce inflammation in COVID-19 patients A number of drugs like remdesivir specifically target the RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, causing it to stop multiplying while other drugs like hydroxychloroquine focus on reducing inflammation, a possible cause of death in coronavirus patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D reduces infection and impact of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In particular, several cases of recovered patients have been reported after being treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (which is widely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) in combination with the anti-flu drug oseltamivir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking vitamin D supplement can reduce the risk of becoming infected with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The cytokine storm in COVID-19 may have some differences from the cytokine storms in other clinical settings.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine could contribute to preventing people from contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no evidence COVID-19 impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks offer little protection against coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, like other coronaviruses, can infect people of any age. However, older adults or individuals with preexisting health conditions, such as diabetes or asthma, are more likely to become severely ill.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks offer no protection from COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "It was seen that the countries with no universal BCG policy had a mean 1272.9 (median 795) cases per million and 80.7 deaths (median 18) per million population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having adequate levels of Vitamin D may improve the outcome of patients hospitalized with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence of cytokine storm in COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "At a news briefing , WHO Director-General, Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, noted that over the past 2 weeks, the number of cases outside China increased 13-fold and the number of countries with cases increased threefold. Further increases are expected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus and COVID-19: Younger Adults Are at Risk, Too", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking has severe pathological consequences and remains a serious danger for health", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "homemade hand sanitizer will protect against wuhan corona virus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Foods and herbs could be used as dietary or complementary therapy to prevent infection and strengthen immunity, as antiviral agents for masks, as disinfectants to curb aerosol transmission, or as sanitizing agents to disinfect surfaces. However, these hypotheses need to be experimentally verified for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Better? No it does not", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) rapidly spread around the globe after its emergence in Wuhan in December 2019.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a vaccine exists for the novel covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "scientists recommend against using dexamethasone in patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The use of ARBs was not associated with a lower risk for COVID-19 hospitalization for either group.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The emerging epidemic caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 represents the most important socio-health threat of the 21st century.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Patients Having Sufficient Vitamin D Experience reduced complications and lower mortality.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "There is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency is associated with numerous chronic diseases, which we know also affect COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cats and dogs can get the coronavirus but are unlikely to get sick.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "revious work to develop a vaccine against the coronavirus diseases SARS and MERS established knowledge about the structure and function of coronaviruses - which accelerated development during early 2020 of varied technology platforms for a COVID-19 vaccine.", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings may contribute to the design of an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently, numerous trials testing potential treatment and preventative options are undertaken globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spraying alcohol or chlorine over my body will kill the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists now suspect this coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, originated in a bat and somehow hopped to another animal, possibly the pangolin, which then passed it on to humans", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cannot be transmitted in hotter, more humid climates", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Patients with cardiovascular diseases are often prescribed angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs or ACE inhibitors), which they take on a daily basis.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Rationale for Using Vitamin C in Patients With COVID-19. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is a water-soluble vitamin that is thought to have beneficial effects in patients with severe and critical illnesses.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol May Increase Your COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The truth is that the flu is a lot less deadly than COVID", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origins: genome analysis suggests two viruses may have combined", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 pandemic is having a significant impact on mental health", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D would reduce COVID-19 hospitalisations", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19? No", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A day-by-day breakdown of coronavirus symptoms shows how COVID-19 goes from bad to worse.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Can Help Reduce COVID-19 Risks", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are immunocompromised, the best way to prevent COVID-19 is to avoid being exposed to this virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "coronavirus disease 19 (Covid19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11(th), 2020", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with H.I.V.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are antiviral medicines that can be used to fight some viruses, such as those that cause flu. However, scientists haven't yet developed antiviral medicines that can kill the coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Generation of prospective evidence to support development of antimicrobial policy and appropriate stewardship interventions specific for the COVID-19 pandemic are urgently required.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 only kills the elderly, so younger people can relax", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most common symptoms are: Respiratory illness symptoms (sore throat, cough (usually dry), shortness of breath, chest pain)", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "in vivo preclinical results with favipiravir which indicate that antiviral efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 might only be achieved with a very high dose.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk, and potentially severity, of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There's no evidence that taking vitamin C regularly can help prevent coronavirus or COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "male patients with other COVID-19 mortality risk factors, such as older age and additional comorbidities, had an increased risk of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Level Reduces The Risk of Death From COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, the more closely you interact with others and the longer that interaction, the higher the risk of COVID-19 spread.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections with the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 tend to result in milder disease in younger people, although it is unclear why.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath also can't prevent you from catching the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does vinegar really help to kill viruses? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many drugs have shown promise for treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks work in two ways, Schaffner explained. They prevent particles from exiting the mask wear's nose and mouth but masks also prevent outside particles from getting inside the wear's nose and mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking mega-doses of vitamin C can cure COVID-19 (the disease caused by novel coronavirus).", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Frequently using hand sanitizer can help stop the spread of the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "The world is facing a medical crisis amid the CoViD-19 pandemic and the role of adequate hygiene and hand sanitisers is inevitable in controlling the spread of infection in public places and healthcare institutions. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Do people ever recover from COVID-19?. 'People who have already got diabetes or heart disease or high blood pressure seem to be more badly affected by the disease.'", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, also known as the new coronavirus.COVID-19 can have a wide variety of symptoms, including a sore throat.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and Marijuana: Smoking Weed Could Make Coronavirus Symptoms Worse", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C, especially in the form of an intravenous (IV) infusion, is thought to help reverse some of the damage that COVID-19 can cause.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "we have not seen any scientifically reliable data to support an association between the use of ibuprofen and worsened outcomes from COVID-19.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "There are currently no approved medications or vaccines which have been claimed to be effective in COVID-19 prevention or treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this open-label nonrandomized control study, FPV showed significantly better treatment effects on COVID-19 in terms of disease progression and viral clearance; if causal, these results should be important information for establishing standard treatment guidelines to combat the SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once the virus reaches the lungs, it causes inflammation which results in fluid accumulating in the lung and difficulty breathing", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The molecular mechanism of the cytokine storm has not been explored extensively yet.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is a common remedy that will cure the common cold and flu, and covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is different from other coronaviruses that cause mild illness, such as the common cold.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No definitive studies exist that prove masks prevent infections. Also, masks are designed for different purposes, and only some guard against infectious diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is Potential Role of Social Distancing in Mitigating Spread of Coronavirus Disease", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infection by the new corona virus strain SARS-CoV-2 and its related syndrome COVID-19 has caused several hundreds of thousands of deaths worldwide.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But blocking the immune system's communications network as the coronavirus mounts an attack could have unintended consequences.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "in northern China the negative effects of rising temperature on COVID-19 is counteracted by aggravated air pollution", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another difference between COVID-19 and the flu, according to the CDC, are the fatality rates.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who have recovered from COVID-19 can safely interact with others for three months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "snow kills coronavirus 2019.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand dryers, a hot bath, and cold weather or snow are not effective in killing the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Will Wearing A Face Mask For COVID-19 Also Protect You from covid-19 ? the short answer is YES", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a link between vitamin D status and COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Reduce COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is the practice of increasing the space between individuals and decreasing the frequency of contact to reduce the risk of spreading a disease (ideally to maintain at least 6 feet between all individuals, even those who are asymptomatic). ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, apple cider vinegar does not 'kill' coronavirus", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "On April 22, CDC and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) reported cases of two domestic cats with confirmed infection with SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In early research, the targeted antivirals remdesivir and favipiravir appear to benefit patients by decreasing viral replication; clinical trials suggest that remdesivir speeds recovery from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine can not protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Two recent studies have suggested a link between the BCG vaccination policy and the morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes are among those at increased risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen (Advil) are both over-the-counter (OTC) medications that can be used to relieve pain caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, on the other hand, completely lacks antiviral activity, thus providing no scientific basis for its further use in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Viruses, like the novel coronavirus, may also aggravate preexisting diabetic systems leading to added challenges managing blood sugar levels and worse outcomes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people are infecting older family members with coronavirus in multigenerational homes", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Domestic Cats Can Pass COVID-19 to One Another and Not Appear Sick", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COCKTAIL of cheap vitamin supplements could prevent death from Covid-19", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdown 14-04-2020 Alcohol is known to be harmful to health in general, and is well understood to increase the risk of injury and violence, including intimate partner violence, and can cause alcohol poisoning.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early symptoms in most COVID-19 patients include fever, myalgia, cough, and sore throat (5), which are common in other acute respiratory virus infections", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no effect of either surgical or fabric masks on reducing SARS-CoV-2 spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is an infectious disease characterized by several important systemic problems such as severe pneumonia. One of mechanisms responsible of these systemic problems is the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6(Conti et al., 2020).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "researchers studying the spread of the virus pinpoints COVID-19's likely origin to a wet market, or live animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "while dogs don't seem to spread the disease, coronavirus-infected cats do", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UV light kills coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, having a strong immune system to stave off infection from the new coronavirus can only be an advantage. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "scientists recommend against using dexamethasone in patients", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Two medical-grade masks, N99 and N95, are the most effective at filtering viral particles.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus cannot survive in tropical temperatures:", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking ibuprofen is not safe for covid-19 patients since ibuprofen could increase the expression of an enzyme that facilitates SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may have originated in bats or pangolins.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19? Yes, you can", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence evaluating these supplements in COVID-19 patients is lacking, and providers and patients should not rely on dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does nicotine help against the new coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Intravenous high-dose vitamin C for the treatment of severe COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main finding of our study was the significant association of low plasma vitamin D level with the likelihood of COVID-19 infection among patients who were tested for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Vaccinations represent the most effective strategy to prevent the epidemic of the virus and to further reduce morbidity and mortality with long-lasting effects. Nevertheless, currently there are no licensed vaccines for the novel coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "you can take acetaminophen (Tylenol) for fever and other symptoms. If you already take NSAIDs regularly, you do not need to stop.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 and the flu appear at different times and have some differences. With COVID-19, you may experience loss of taste or smell.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "airborne transmission can't be ruled out", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID 19 is so dangerous despite the low mortality rate", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In general, people with diabetes are more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications when infected with a virus. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Currently, there are several drugs and vaccines being tested for their potential activity against the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The high contagiousness of the virus, the strong impact on the health system of the various countries and the absence to date of treatments able to improve the prognosis of the disease make the introduction of a vaccine indispensable, even though there are currently no approved human coronavirus vaccines.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C appeared to decrease the time on a ventilator for seriously ill people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Over-the-counter and prescription medication can help alleviate mild to moderate symptoms of COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can chloroquine treat coronavirus? There's some very early science, but not a lot, to back the idea that this antimalarial drug might have promise against COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Is it true that using ibuprofen has been shown to worsen symptoms of Coronavirus? the short answer is NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does A Cloth Mask Protect Me From COVID-19? Yes ", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone infected with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: There were no significant changes in the frequency of serious assaults in public or (contrary to the concerns of policy makers) any change to the frequency of serious assaults in residences. ", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone and other corticosteroid drugs are effective treatments for seriously ill COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is a common cause of death from coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hospitalization rates and deaths among Black Americans for COVID-19 are significantly higher than for their white peers", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We don't know yet whether BCG will reduce the severity of COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": " CONCLUSIONS: The urologists expertise with BCG and the infrastructure of urologic clinics may afford several opportunities for collaboration and leadership to evaluate and understand the potential role of BCG in the current COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most respiratory diseases, including COVID-19, do not tend to last on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "trying to get too much of vitamin d from the sun puts people at risk for skin cancer.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Restaurants are facing their next big challenge under COVID-19: winter weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the imune system alone can not fight against covid-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Everyone who get the coronavirus will die", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma. lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should you wear a face mask to prevent COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Old malaria drug hydroxychloroquine may help cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are currently no drugs licensed for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "coronavirus disease 19 (Covid19) was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11(th), 2020", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The fall will spread the COVID-19 pandemic along with colder weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath does not prevent the new coronavirus disease ", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We showed that heat inactivation significantly interferes with the levels of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. The IgM levels of all the 34 serum samples (100%) from COVID-19 patients decreased by an average level of 53.56%. The IgG levels were decreased in 22 of 34 samples (64.71%) by an average level of 49.54%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with a history of a bone marrow transplant are at higher risk, too, because their immune system would be suppressed long-term.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific research supporting the claim that taking high doses of vitamin C could help prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing is our one and only big hope for intervening early enough to dramatically reduce the spread of the disease and deaths.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is hard to say which dose is most beneficial for COVID-19. However, it is clear that vitamin D deficiency is harmful, and it can be easily addressed with appropriate supplementation.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Coronavirus Patients Betrayed by Their Own Immune Systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "apple cider vinegar can kill coronavirus, whether you do a shot of it or use it to wash your hands", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking tea is effective in curing and relieving symptoms of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are many things we can do to prevent the spread of COVID-19 (coronavirus): washing our hands, coughing into our elbows, avoiding touching our faces, staying home if we're feeling sick and social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 Respirator Mask Protect You Against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To be effective at killing some types of germs, hand sanitizers need to have a strength of at least 60% alcohol and be used when hands are not visibly dirty or greasy.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and covid-19: enough evidence to recommend supplements", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adequate Levels of Vitamin D Reduce Complications, Death Among COVID-19 Patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The good news. Properly disinfecting our homes and commonly touched objects helps prevent the spread of all contagious diseases, including COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "After all, we know smoking is bad for our health. It's a leading risk factor for heart disease, lung disease and many cancers. Smoking also reduces our immunity, and makes us more susceptible to respiratory infections including pneumonia. And smokers touch their mouth and face more, a risk for COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this case-control Mexican study we found that obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes and chronic renal failure in females only.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The researchers did not study whether cats could pass the virus to people", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D, on the other hand, is in fact being tested as a potential treatment for COVID-19 after studies showed that patients who were given the supplement showed fewer instances of ICU admissions and risk of death. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers 'four times less likely' to contract Covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But COVID-19 is not the seasonal flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "Temporal analyses of laboratory results revealed that compared to influenza, patients with COVID-19 exhibited a continued increase in the white blood cell count, rapid decline of hemoglobin, more rapid increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and D-dimer, and higher level of alanine transaminase, C-reactive protein, ferritin, and fibrinogen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While it has been established that the virus spreads through infected people, many people want to know if they can be exposed to the virus through the food they eat.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Nevertheless, currently there are no licensed vaccines for the novel coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It is reasonable to believe that remdesivir may be effective in treating Covid-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been employed as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "virtue of weather will not stop the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, mesh masks won't protect you from the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A conspiracy theory linking 5G wireless networks to the Covid-19 pandemic is spreading. The theory is false.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world, which has led to increased discussions across online platforms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If somebody is only going to use headache as a trigger to go get tested for COVID-19, that headache should be something that either is a headache that's new for them or that is sticking around a bit longer than they are used to   or it's associated with another symptom that may also be subtle, like fatigue or feeling kind of worn out", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Rashes, headaches, tingling: the less common coronavirus symptoms that patients have", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that COVID-19 can spread to people from pet fur", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "phony product to prevent sars-cov-2 - use a silver spray instead of hand sanitizer", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus mainly attacks the lungs.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cancer survivors and patients should be treated similarly to other high-risk groups since an overreaction from the immune system can lead to cancer progression if infected with the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks and social distancing measures reduce COVID-19 spread, but they also work against other pathogens.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a respiratory condition caused by a coronavirus. Some people are infected but don't notice any symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The tricky thing about high blood pressure is that it doesn't cause obvious signs and symptoms for covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can NOT Be Crushed By Warmer Weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of coronavirus vary from person to person and can be more severe in some people. Generally, common symptoms have been described as being flu-like, with fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smokers Hospitalized Less Often for COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D : for prevention of Covid 19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is no clear evidence that vitamin C is capable of treating patients with coronavirus, maintaining vitamin C levels in the body could help manage the symptoms.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "there is not enough evidence on the association between vitamin D levels and COVID-19 severity and mortality. Therefore, randomized control trials and cohort studies are necessary to test this hypothesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists were able to prove that the virus evolved naturally in animals before jumping to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather kills coronavirus 2019 and 13 other COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The treatment appears to have provided vitamin C and vitamin D to patients as well", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency linked to increased risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although scientists are still studying immunity among people who have recovered from COVID-19, current evidence suggests that previously being infected may not be a guarantee that you won't get sick again.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does heat prevent COVID-19? No, Absolutely not", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via air-conditioning systems poses a significant threat for the continued escalation of the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for dexamethasone as a possible treatment for Covid-19 is that the virus can trigger inflammation and an uncontrolled immune response from your body.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No evidence' that vitamin D can prevent or treat COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine might even be able to protect people who come into contact with COVID-19 patients and are therefore at higher risk of infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "oronavirus infections requiring hospitalization are not only possible in younger adults, but the rate of these cases is higher now that the virus is spreading across other countries.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing, also called physical distancing, means keeping a safe space between yourself and other people who are not from your household.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 death surge: Can traditional medicine and herbs help? No ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're uncomfortable, take acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) or aspirin", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm can severely damage lungs and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in covid-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is absolutely no evidence that ACE-inhibitors or ARBs increase the risk of COVID-19 infection or severe consequences from it", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can children get COVID-19? Sean O'Leary, MD, MPH, FAAP Answer Yes", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is spreading globally. Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's a common misconception that COVID-19 is no deadlier than the flu.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears Vitamin D deficiency may increase your risk of getting the infection and doing really badly if you get it", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are at greater risk of complications from COVID-19 than non-smokers. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "\"Isopropyl alcohol 70 percent, or isopropyl alcohol 99 percent diluted to 70 percent with purified water, kills organisms by denaturing their proteins.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 shutdown is making weather prediction more difficult", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Alzheimer's led to the deaths of around 80.6 people in England per 100,000 in August, compared with 7.2 for Covid-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are risks that come with using UV light devices, especially when using them on your skin.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "To evaluate the hypothesis that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is a medication that doctors prescribe to treat a variety of conditions, including malaria, arthritis, and lupus.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It is possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object, including food or food packaging, that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. However, this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: Patients treated with massive doses of Vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "I got the coronavirus, but I treated myself solely with medicinal herbs", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wear cloth face masks in public places where it is difficult to maintain physical distancing. This will help slow the spread of the virus from people who do not know that they have contracted it, including those who are asymptomatic.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking tobacco is also a known risk factor for severe disease and death from many respiratory infections.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer may help rid your hands of unwanted germs.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on available evidence, children do not appear to be at higher risk for COVID-19 than adults. ", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks offer no protection to the wearer", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "facing the reality that there's no vaccine available yet to prevent the continuous spread of the novel coronavirus, coupled with the still increasing number of positive cases, and not knowing when exactly the virus will be defeated is a daunting prospect for many.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will domestic pets get COVID-19? No the domestic pets will not get COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is a coronavirus responsible for COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) which resulted in a cluster of cases of pneumonia that originated in China around 31 December 2019 and has subsequently spread across the globe.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a seasonal disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Garlic can cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus, which first sickened people in China in December, is thought to have passed from animals to humans, like many similar pathogens, but nothing has been confirmed yet by any peer-reviewed scientific research, global public health agency or academic expert. ", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the 100-year-old BCG vaccine has received increasing attention, even though it is only partially functional in fighting the disease it was made to battle - tuberculosis.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Though its still not verified in any way whether the BCG vaccination can actually prevent COVID-19 or not but we believe a thorough analytical research in this regard is indeed worth a shot.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus that causes COVID-19 mainly spreads from person to person. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can unfortunately be fatal for those with suppressed immune systems.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of infection by COVID-19 appears to be reduced by half among current smokers", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The COVID crisis has created mental health issues that cannot be ignored.", "Question": "How to stay mentally healthy during COVID-19 crisis?", "Evidence": "The results shows how the topic covid19 was increasing during the time, sleep patterns changed, and people were worried about fear to death, family travelling outside of Colombia and public health actions.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is vinegar and water an effective disinfectant? Probably not. Although acids will inactivate viruses (vinegar is acetic acid), it's quite dilute and the pH isn't likely low enough.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effect of acetic acid, the active component of vinegar, as a potential disinfectant agent for upper airways.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Results fail to confirm the null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 mortality, and suggest that BCG could have a protective effect.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic can protect people against the coronavirus:", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you smoke weed, you might be putting yourself at higher risk of suffering severe complications if you get infected with the novel coronavirus. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In particular, several cases of recovered patients have been reported after being treated with lopinavir/ritonavir (which is widely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection) in combination with the anti-flu drug oseltamivir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there's not adequate evidence that wearing a face mask can help you get immunity like a vaccine would, it is a good way to help prevent the spread of the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Covid-19, the new coronavirus, be cured by garlic or garlic water? No.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Early mild symptoms appeared during course of disease provide a chance to early detect Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Wearing a Mask Protect Me? Some Evidence Says Yes", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) live map tracker from Microsoft Bing", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Travel increases your chances of getting and spreading COVID-19.", "Question": "Is it safe to go outside during COVID-19 pandemic?", "Evidence": " Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "abnormal blood clotting contributes to death in some covid-19 patients.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Having other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, such as hypertension (high blood pressure) or stroke, may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if they develop a fever and COVID-19 symptoms, they should not take NSAIDs (ibuprofen) because it can worsen the covid-19 disease", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 virus can spread in hot and humid climates", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "As of May 19(th), 2020, approximately 4,731,458 cases of contamination and 316,169 deaths from Covid19 were recorded (https://who.sprinklr.com).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped completely, with the immediate widespread use of favipiravir", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease19 (COVID19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people recover from Covid-19.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I've heard hot drinks can kill the virus.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain stable on cardboard for up to 24 hours and 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several types of OTC medicine can help to reduce the fever, headaches, and body aches that may come with COVID-19. That includes acetaminophen and ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth Masks Protect You From Getting the Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "universal BCG vaccination has a protective effect on the course of COVID-19 probably preventing progression to severe disease and death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The adjusted rates ratio of COVID-19 confirmed cases for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination was 0.339 (with 95% CI= (0.338,0.340)). ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with chronic conditions like diabetes and lung and heart disease are at greater risk of being hospitalized due to the coronavirus - but more than one in five patients who end up in intensive care had no such health problems.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus definition is - any of a family (Coronaviridae) of large single-stranded RNA viruses that have a lipid envelope studded with club-shaped spike proteins, infect birds and many mammals including humans, and include the causative agents of MERS, SARS, and COVID-19 -abbreviation CoV, CV.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients having better medical outcomes when they used vitamin C supplements.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Very often, people with covid-19 start off with minor physical complaints - slight cough, headache, low-grade fever - that gradually worsen.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Sepsis is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Stress and poor sleep may boost your COVID-19 risk", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Once symptoms appear, some early signs should be treated with more caution than others.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana and COVID-19: What a Doctor Wants You to Know", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the use of ibuprofen and similar anti-inflammatory drugs could be \"an aggravating factor\" in COVID-19 infections", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Most people who get COVID-19 recover from it", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID May Trigger 'Cytokine Storm' in Some Cases", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some of the treatment Trump has received isn't even available to the American public. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may cause direct myocardial toxicity and worsen cardiomyopathy, a problem that can lead to heart failure.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Can Linger in Air for Hours, CDC Says Oct 6, 2020, 1:34 pm EDT The CDC updates its guidance on coronavirus. Here's the latest on how the deadly virus can spread.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although there have not been reports of pets or other animals becoming sick with 2019-nCoV, several types of coronaviruses can cause illness in animals and spread between animals and people.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot peppers in your food, though very tasty, cannot prevent or cure COVID-19. ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C may be beneficial in certain groups of  covid-19 patients, particularly those already deficient in vitamin C who develop COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the new coronavirus is staying in people's systems, then they may not be able to be reinfected,", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "The world is facing a medical crisis amid the CoViD-19 pandemic and the role of adequate hygiene and hand sanitisers is inevitable in controlling the spread of infection in public places and healthcare institutions. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "These findings outline the existence of especially vulnerable social groups to the impact of the pandemic, and suggest lines of action that help reduce the psychosocial consequences of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine help to stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lockdowns and Mask Mandates Do Not Lead to Reduced COVID transmission rates or deaths", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine has not worked in treating COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a trial of the drug dexamethasone shows it may be the first treatment demonstrated to save the lives of Covid-19 patients.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In June 2020, a large randomised controlled clinical trial in the UK found that dexamethasone was effective in reducing the number of deaths in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may be linked to COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At present, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention do not believe that COVID-19 is spread through food, however, the agency is continuing to investigate this new virus.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Symptoms of COVID-19 can range from mild symptoms to severe illness and death.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Lemon Juice Tea Does Not Cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To reduce the risk of of covid-19 infection, it is recommended that people at risk of influenza and/or COVID-19 consider taking 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D 3 for a few weeks to rapidly raise 25(OH)D concentrations, followed by 5000 IU/d.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgeons and perioperative teams at risk for contracting COVID-19 should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including N95 respirators or powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs), when risk of viral spread is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? This is the question on everyone's mind as we face a worldwide crisis.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your normal body temperature remains the same, regardless of the temperature of your bath or shower.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine, by itself or with azithromycin, did not improve the clinical status of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients with high blood pressure had twice the risk of dying as patients who didn't have hypertension", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no reports of pets being infected with the virus that causes COVID-19 after being in contact with people who were positive for COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results of a trial that found dexamethasone reduced the risk of death in extremely ill coronavirus patients", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11 declared COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that surgical masks help prevent sick people from infecting healthy people.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 is not dangerous", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Complicated objective factors such as the long-term existence of source of infection, difficulty in completely blocking the transmission route and a large susceptible population suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic might stay with us for long term. Therefore, we should be ready for a tough and long-term battle against the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "obesity is the most common risk factor for severe illness from COVID-19 with over 30% of the population affected. Obesity causes several health issues that predispose people to complications.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 infections leave an impact on the heart, raising concerns about lasting damage", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The widely shared post also falsely claimed that hospitals in China were giving Covid-19 patients tea three times a day.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Presently, data on the effectiveness and optimal dosage of favipiravir for treating COVID-19 is limited.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that taking garlic, ginger or lemon or other herbal remedies can protect you from Covid-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus is a respiratory virus [that] invades the respiratory system. Coronavirus can infect both the upper and lower respiratory tract.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the use of fever-lowering such as  paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) over-the-counter medicines to cope with COVID-19 symptoms is recommended.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Boiled Garlic Water For Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG vaccine may protect against COVID-19 infection", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Moreover, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of death and recovery after coronavirus infected for Current BCG vaccination vs. non-Current BCG vaccination were 0.258 (with 95% CI= (0.254,0.261)) and 2.151 (with 95% CI= (2.140,2.163)), respectively.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In an article released Tuesday by the U., health care professionals recognized these cardiovascular consequences in severe COVID-19 cases and it was more common among patients who are older adults and have known risk factors of heart disease.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tea also contains catechins , including ECGC, which act like a cleanup crew against free radicals.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of death from COVID-19 is up to 50 percent higher in people with diabetes than in those without it.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is evidences that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Scientists now report that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, doesnt do a good job of copying itself in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks But cats are susceptible to the virus and can give it to one another via airborne transmission", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Felines are susceptible to coronaviruses in general.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The dexamethasone was top-ranked in the prediction, which was the first reported drug to be able to significantly reduce the death rate of COVID-19 patients receiving respiratory support.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Covid-19 pandemic could have a similar effect, according to experts. Even if you aren't clinically diagnosed with PTSD, you may have a strong emotional reaction to the trauma of Covid-19 that can last long after an incident.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But wearing a mask is not a substitute for physical distancing. Staying at least 6 feet apart from others while in public is still the most important tool to stopping the spread of the virus (SARS-CoV-2).", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Twenty-nine studies were identified as potential sources of evidence of the clinical safety of favipiravir. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Using masks in public may help reduce the spread from people who don't have symptoms. Non-medical cloth masks are recommended for the public. Surgical masks and N-95 respirators are in short supply and should be reserved for health care providers.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D, which helps the body absorb calcium to strengthen bones, could play a role in COVID-19 patients-from preventing infection to making the disease less severe.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having serious COVID-19 symptoms and taking medications to treat the disease may have negative effects on the liver.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerged infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) that was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11th March, 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Consuming alcohol can destroy the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists think COVID-19 originated in bats and then jumped to another animal host, possibly pangolins, before spreading to humans.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is not effective against COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Ups Severe COVID-19 Risk in Young Patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We therefore suggest that the majority of patients had died of COVID-19 with only contributory implications of preexisting health conditions to the mechanism of death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplementation could be especially important for older people as they are at high risk of poor outcome from COVID-19 and of vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "research on other coronaviruses suggests they can survive for more than 28 days at 4C.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases a person's risk of COVID-19 by 77%, compared to those with sufficient levels of the nutrient.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Different variants of the theory exist. Some assume that not the coronavirus but 5G radiation is the real cause of COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As more companies begin clinical trials for a coronavirus vaccine", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "Currently available published, peer-reviewed results mostly involve small sample sizes with study limitations restricting the interpretation of the findings.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a Mountain of Evidence That Hydroxychloroquine Is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Trials such as the SOLIDARITY and RECOVERY are ongoing, and first results were announced in favour of therapy with dexamethasone with a significant trend showing greatest benefit among those patients requiring ventilation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is possible to get COVID-19 by coming into contact with infected particles that can survive on surfaces for days or weeks. That led people to vigorously wipe down their light switches, scrub their groceries, and horde cleaning supplies.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "During the Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak, The Weather Channel is providing this data as a service to our users.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "meteorological conditions and air pollution, as concurring factors, impact COVID-19 transmission, using data on new confirmed cases from 219 prefecture cities from January 24 to February 29, 2020. Results revealed a kind of nonlinear dose-response relationship between temperature and coronavirus transmission", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine may limit spread of SARS-CoV-2 and morbidity and mortality of COVID-19 pandemic", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The effects of COVID-19 on the lungs are well-known. As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, more information is becoming available about the role the virus, called SARS-CoV-2, has on the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some HIV patients with 'powerful immune systems' may naturally clear HIV infections", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "In total, 309 trials evaluating therapeutic management options, 23 studies assessing preventive strategies and 3 studies examining both were retrieved.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a viral infection that causes COVID-19. Symptoms can affect the airways and lungs, although this may vary from person to person.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Scientists now report that SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, doesnt do a good job of copying itself in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks But cats are susceptible to the virus and can give it to one another via airborne transmission", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G mobile networks do not cause or spread COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The novel coronavirus is a zoonotic disease, meaning an infection that can jump between different species", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The likelihood of shoes spreading COVID-19 is very low", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "New study warns of COVID-19 impact on cardiovascular health", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplementation could hold promise as a preventive or therapeutic agent for COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cancer patients are highly vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he coronavirus can spread more than 6 feet through the air, especially in poorly ventilated and enclosed spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Headache and feeling dizzy may be signs of coronavirus", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some people should not wear face coverings, such as children under 3 and people with breathing difficulties.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of catching the virus isn't higher than anyone else's.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer can not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is evidence that under certain conditions, people with COVID-19 seem to have infected others who were more than 6 feet away.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, can live on surfaces and it can live for varying lengths of time on different surfaces.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "But Tylenol isn't risk-free, either. It can damage the liver in high doses.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "We aimed to provide a literature review on the putative effectiveness and safety of available treatments for COVID-19 in pregnant women.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C infusion is not approved as a standard treatment for SARS-CoV-2 and thus was not part of the hospital's COVID-19 treatment regimen.", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Some clinical trials have identified vitamin C (VC) as a potent compound pneumonia management.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms generally appear two to 14 days after exposure. Flu symptoms usually appear about one to four days after exposure.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Lower Your Risk of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although Vitamin C helps us maintain good immune function, there's little evidence that it can prevent or substantially reduce either of cold and flu, and covid-19 diseases.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D can play in helping a patient fight off COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pet cats and dogs could transmit coronavirus to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2's rapid spread is likely due to the movements of people with no or very mild symptoms - namely, those who are unaware that they even have the virus. That is why social distancing is such an important containment measure, they explain.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks and N95 respirators should be saved for health care workers as they are more effective in preventing covid-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as temperatures rise.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "I don't think that there's any convincing evidence that smoking protects against coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks are not an effective way of protection from the new coronavirus, only N95 are, and masks have disclaimers saying they cannot prevent someone from acquiring the new coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not originate in nature and did not emerge from the market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses, like the one that causes COVID-19, are thought to spread mostly person-to-person through respiratory droplets when someone coughs, sneezes, or talks", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A cup of tea in the making. [Photo provided to China Daily] An article claiming that drinking tea may help prevent novel coronavirus infections has raised questions among the public and academics", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As cold weather arrives, U.S. states see record increases", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A case of COVID-19 patient with the diarrhea as initial symptom", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana, or cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no reason to believe cold weather can kill the new coronavirus  or other diseases, for that matter.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizers won't protect you against covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Widely used drugs to control high blood pressure do not help protect against severe Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks can not slow the spread of coronavirus", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The rationale for using vitamin D is based largely on immunomodulatory effects that could potentially protect against COVID-19 infection or decrease the severity of illness", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "children are not risk of the new coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone can not improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Corticosteroids could be useful in patients with an inflammatory profile, considering that acute respiratory distress syndrome may be the consequence of cytokine storm syndrome. LEARNING POINTS: One of the main pathophysiological hypotheses for severe COVID-19 pneumonia is inappropriate immunological hyperactivation. Corticosteroid therapy may be useful in these patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While garlic is known to have health benefits, most are not well proven by research and there are no studies on the benefits with Covid-19 infection.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many clinical studies of experimental treatments.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "On April 28, 2020, a total of 945 studies on COVID-19 have been registered in ClinicalTrials.gov; 586 studies are interventional (62.0%), the most frequent allocation scheme is the parallel group assignment (437; 74.6%), they are open-label and the most common primary purpose is the research on treatment.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports providing evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in household pets. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of COVID-19 complications and deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can survive on plastic, metal surfaces, but it does not matter as transmission through inanimate surfaces is very small", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mask-wearing can lessen COVID-19 severity", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " Most people will experience a mild case with a 2-week recovery.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 mask helps protect the wearer from getting the covid-19, while a surgical or cloth mask is really to help protect others in case the wearer has the virus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, has declared the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak a global pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 (WHO, 2020) and passing the 3 million mark on 27 April, the world is under formidable strain with respect to public health, economy and personal life.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In many critically ill coronavirus patients, ARDS (acute respiratory distress syndrome) is a common cause of death related to COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "What the various recent studies find is that having a Vitamin D level lower than 30ng/ml is a severe deficiency in Vitamin D and puts a person at higher risk of dying from a case of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence to say that masks are effective", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "outbreaks of the new coronavirus will wane as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "I HEARD that white wine vinegar can help protect you from the virus.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a cytokine storm is associated with COVID-19 severity and is also a crucial cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with COVID-19 lack antibody to SARS-CoV-2 in the first 10 days of illness while the virus drives disease pathogenesis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both vitamin C and vitamin D have been implicated in boosting immune response.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Deadly Coronavirus can Be Carried And Spread By Your Pets", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir may treat SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is an antiviral previously indicated for influenza and Ebola, which has shown some promise in early trials for treatment of COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "But at the start of the pandemic, there was concern that specific medications for high blood pressure could be linked with worse outcomes for COVID-19 patients", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The researchers did not study whether cats could pass the virus to people", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "rinsing your nose with saline protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D may also reduce the risk of catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recent Coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2]-associated multiorgan disease, called COVID-19, has high morbidity and mortality due to autoimmune destruction of the lungs stemming from the release of a storm of pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The invisible light can kill viruses and pathogens like the one that causes COVID-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis Could Help Fight COVID-19 Infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus Origin \"When you look at the genetic sequence of the virus, and you match it up with every known coronavirus, the closest relatives are from bats", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks can help prevent the spread of COVID-19 and that the more people wearing masks, the better", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Self-quarantine is strictly reserved for those who have come into close contact with a coronavirus-infected person.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does Smoking Make COVID-19 Worse? Better? Yes it does", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Cause Heart Damage Even If You Are Asymptomatic", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has no causal connection to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G technology is not linked to coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Science is hoping that Covid-19 will also trigger an immune response from another arm of the adaptive immune system -- T cells.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another 2,034 coronavirus cases were reported in North Carolina on Friday, the second straight day the state has topped 2,000 new cases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure drugs do increase COVID-19 risk", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the only cause of the death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients. COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Warm Weather slow The Spread Of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 pandemic has unfolded around the globe, there have been a few reports of pets and other animals kept in captivity being infected.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Between 1st March and 15th May 2020, 166 children (<18 years of age) presented to a specialist childrens hospital with clinical features of possible COVID-19 infection. 65 patients (39.2%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 virus. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G is the thing triggering the COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crime in a time of COVID-19: How the pandemic is changing criminality in our neighbourhoods", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted violence in society, including violent crimes?", "Evidence": "The novel coronavirus pandemic (hereafter COVID-19) is likely to have unprecedented impacts on the incidence and impacts of crime and violence globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine (brand name: Plaquenil) does not provide a medical benefit for hospitalized patients with COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is fake and that the pandemic is part of a wider conspiracy to deploy 5G network towers", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking tea with meals is a controversial topic. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin and minerals that can help with coronavirus if you're not getting enough Vitamin D Vitamin D supplements, taken daily in moderate doses, may help to reduce the risk of respiratory infections and viruses such as influenza A in children and adults who are deficient (< 20 ng/mL) or severely deficient (< 10 ng/mL) in vitamin D", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing for COVID-19 means avoiding places or gatherings where you are likely to be exposed to respiratory droplets from others - directly or on surfaces", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many supplements and natural or other alternative treatments are being promoted to prevent or treat coronavirus (COVID-19). None have been proven to work, but some have potential benefit.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that viruses can spread to people or other animals from a pet's skin, fur or hair.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that people use to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UV Light is a really good way to tackle coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lignans like podophyllotoxin and bicyclol show strong antiviral activities against different viruses, and essential oils can directly interact with viral membranes and reduce the hosts inflammatory responses (e.g., 1,8-cineol). Echinacea extracts stimulate the immune system, and bioavailable alkamides are key players by interacting with immunomodulating cannabinoid receptors.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a mask may offer protection against catching severe covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C has been postulated by this paper as one of the treatment measures that can reduce the infection rate and also contribute to the cure of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can vitamin C treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing involves staying away from other people in order to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "[COVID-19] is an organic infection that is based on a living viral agent,. It's not something you can link with any kind of technology. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "washing hands with soap and water is the best way to get rid of germs in most situations. But hand sanitizer can help out, too, especially if it is alcohol-based with 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Among patients who die before reaching the hospital, some will present too late in the course of the disease to be saved, whereas end-of-life care will be viewed as preferable for others because little chance of survival with a meaningful quality of life exists. ", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The origin of the Covid-19 virus is still unclear", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking Alcohol Will Not Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Spraying and introducing bleach or another disinfectant into your body will not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Common Steroid Could Be Cheap and Effective Treatment for Severe COVID-19.", "Question": "Is dexamethasone effective for treating COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are many therapeutics undergoing clinical trials, but there is no effective vaccine or therapy for treatment thus far.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Depending on the material, the coronavirus can last on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs anywhere from several hours to days.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the coronavirus hasn't been bioengineered", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Even younger people may experience a similar pattern of severe disease as older people", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "You can spread the virus even if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many people lose their appetite when they're diagnosed with Covid-19, but not getting enough calories can impede your recovery.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 prevention: Wash 25 pcs small or 13 pcs large fresh organic turmeric root, 3 inches ginger root, 1 bulb garlic (preferably native), peeled and crushed, 25 pcs calamansi or two organic lemons, juiced.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Currently, the CDC does NOT recommend using essential oils such as lavender oil or GRAS ingredients such as vinegar in homemade cleaning products to prevent the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both SARS and MERS are examples of viruses that came from mother nature", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus survives better in cold", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A spike in pneumonia cases is the first sign of the new coronavirus", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no rigorous scientific evidence to suggest hydroxychloroquine prevents, treats or cures COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans can not infect other animals with the Covid-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In some covid-19 cases, older adults and people of any age with underlying health conditions may have symptoms that are not typically seen in others, or they may take longer than others to develop fever and other symptoms.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Another complication for assigning a cause of death for COVID-19 is that some younger people have died of strokes and heart attacks", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking vitamin D supplements could help boost the immune system, an essential piece of the puzzle in terms of how serious Covid-19 can be. ", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the covid-19 is a us biological weapon to reduce the planet's population", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Is Muscle Pain a Symptom of Coronavirus? Yes", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads less commonlythrough contact with contaminated surfaces, and rarely between people and animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We present a case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with an initial medical presentation of keratoconjunctivitis, the first such reported case in North America. The patient's primary symptom was a red eye with watery discharge, though she did have mild respiratory symptoms, without fever.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of coronavirus with diabetes In general people with diabetes face greater risks of complications when dealing with viral infections like flu, and that is likely to be true with COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "face masks can provide a temporary barrier against viruses", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing protects high-risk individuals Most people who get COVID-19, the illness caused by the new coronavirus, experience mild to moderate symptoms, including fever, cough and shortness of breath", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G has link to COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently recommending anyone infected with the novel coronavirus or being tested for it to wear a surgical mask when in public", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements containing vitamins C and D, along with other micronutrients, can be a safe, effective and low-cost means to fight off the novel coronavirus and other acute respiratory tract.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A new drug trial is underway at Stanford to determine if the anti-viral drug favipiravir can treat the four in five cases with mild or moderate symptoms.", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this article, we have tried to reach a therapeutic window of drugs available to patients with COVID19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Testing negative for coronavirus antibodies doesn't mean you are not immune to COVID-19", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "surgical masks are effective barriers in preventing people from discharging infectious particles, at least quantity-wise.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "N95 respirators might reduce SARS-CoV-1 risk versus surgical masks in health care settings, but applicability to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D deficiency may raise risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar is sometimes used as a fabric softener or for getting rid of stains and odors in laundry, but as with dishwashers, it can damage the rubber seals and hoses in some washing machines", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "With the so-called neutrophils and the monocytes we have found that these immune cells are activated, i.e. ready to defend the patient against COVID-19 in the case of mild disease courses.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cytokine storm is now seen as a likely major cause of mortality in the 1918-20 Spanish flu-which killed more than 50 million people worldwide and the H1N1 swine flu and H5N1 bird flu of recent years-and now COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Winter Weather Could Increase Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "countries that have had mass immunisation programmes with the BCG vaccine, the spread of Covid-19 seems to be slower.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "A strong correlation between the BCG index, an estimation of the degree of universal BCG vaccination deployment in a country, and COVID-19 mortality in different socially similar European countries was observed (r 2 = 0.88; P = 8  10-7), indicating that every 10% increase in the BCG index was associated with a 10.4% reduction in COVID-19 mortality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Treat COVID-19? Researchers Think So", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19 ? Yes, you can. There has been a little confusion about the best over the counter treatments for COVID-19 symptoms.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Treatment with hydroxychloroquine cut the death rate significantly in sick patients hospitalized with COVID-19 - and without heart-related side-effects", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking methanol, ethanol or bleach does not prevent or cure COVID-19 and can be extremely dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "certain cannabis strains may reduce COVID-19's ability to infect the lungs other susceptible tissues along the intestines and oral cavity.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir, a drug that once offered hope against Ebola, is now in the spotlight as the only current effective medication for COVID-19. ", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you decide to engage in public activities, continue to protect yourself by practicing everyday preventive actions.; Keep these items on hand when venturing out: a mask, tissues, and a hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol, if possible.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the light are very effective against the SARS-CoV-2 virus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C Protects Against Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins are critical to keeping the body, especially the immune system, healthy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nine U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many rheumatoid arthritis patients are on medications that suppress the immune system, making them more vulnerable to infection - but those same drugs could also help fight COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Experts advise against using substances such as marijuana or alcohol to help reduce stress, anxiety, and loneliness while social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nevertheless, COVID-19 deaths are less likely to be confounded by testing capacity since those with severe symptoms are expected to attend the hospital independently of the weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is just like the common cold.", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Results fail to confirm the null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 mortality, and suggest that BCG could have a protective effect.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G Cellular Technology Does Not Cause COVID-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "no studies have investigated the effect of vitamin D supplements or vitamin D deficiency on the risk of contracting the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "doctors are warning that COVID-19 cases around Washington state could rise as people take social gatherings inside to avoid inclement weather outside.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks should NOT be worn by children younger than two, people who have trouble breathing, or people who cannot remove the mask without assistance", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To practice social or physical distancing, stay at least 6 feet (about 2 arms' length) from other people who are not from your household in both indoor and outdoor spaces.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 cure: eating boiled garlic. drinking chlorine dioxide, an industrial bleach.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Another key sign of coronavirus illness: A loss of the sense of smell", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes Can Put You at Greater Risk of Complications, But It's Less Likely If the Diabetes Is Well-Controlled ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin can reduce serious COVID-19 complications", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For example, with HIV, the immune system is already being attacked by that human immunodeficiency virus, leaving the body more vulnerable to other infections and diseases (such as the novel coronavirus)", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The chance of your pet catching the coronavirus from you or another pet in the neighborhood is low,", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on these natural infection reports and experimental data, whether the pets are responsible for SARS-CoV-2 spread to human; needs to be deeply investigated.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High blood pressure may mean higher risk of hospitalization or severe illness.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some COVID-19 Patients' Immune Systems Turn Deadly The immune system is there to help us fight infection, but sometimes it wreaks more havoc than the disease itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in a laboratory in Wuhan, China -  and not naturally in wildlife", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "garlic protects against infection with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever-reducing medicine such as ibuprofen could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can be dramatically slowed or stopped completely with the immediate widespread doses of vitamin C", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Is Important to Combat COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ibuprofen use is associated with worse clinical outcomes from covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "My opinion is that you keep the correct levels of vitamin D in your body.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smokers seem less likely than non-smokers to fall ill with coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: No proof yet that pets can get COVID-19 from owners, but human to animal spread has happened before.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread. However, due to the widespread host diversity, a detailed examination of the role of animals in this pandemic is essential to effectively fight against the outbreak.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C, D can help prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Children are likely to be experiencing worry, anxiety and fear and older people are also those with underlying health conditions, having been identified as more vulnerable to COVID-19, can be extremely frightening and very fear-inducing.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Further studies are needed to understand if and how different animals could be affected by the virus and the role animals may play in the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 disease, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is known to have three phases of the disease, that of early infection, the lung phase, and the severe hyperinflammatory phase. However, SARS-CoV-2 is not only a lung-tropic virus but also infects the gut cells and vascular endothelium. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We know you have had questions about taking ibuprofen to treat COVID-19 symptoms and may have wondered if ibuprofen can make COVID-19 or other respiratory illnesses worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "having an autoimmune disorder such as lupus increase the risk for infection by COVID 19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that companion animals, such as dogs and cats, can spread COVID-19 or that they might be a source of infection", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of getting very sick from COVID-19 is likely to be lower if your diabetes is well-managed.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are separate from influenza viruses.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking weed and coronavirus: Even occasional use raises risk of Covid-19 complications", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hospitalized COVID-19 patients who were vitamin D sufficient had a significant decreased risk for adverse clinical outcomes and lower blood levels of an inflammatory marker (C-reactive protein), as well as higher blood levels of lymphocytes (a type of immune cell to help fight infection)", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Heart failure is the main cause of death from COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can't spread COVID-19", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can wearing a face mask protect against the 2019 coronavirus?", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "However, if you are generally healthy and not caring for a person with confirmed or probable COVID-19, it is not recommended that you wear a face mask", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Interest in vitamin D has spiked since the coronavirus outbreak, with many people wondering whether it can help prevent COVID-19 or make the disease less severe if an infection does happen.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D prevents our immune systems from becoming dangerously overactive. So, having healthy levels of vitamin D could protect covid-19 patients against severe complications, including death, from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may thrive in an environment of elevated blood glucose. People with underlying medical conditions such as diabetes might be at higher risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking a bath in very hot water can prevent a COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus in dogs and cats According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, a few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Bowel tolerance levels of C taken in divided doses throughout the day, is a clinically proven antiviral, without equal", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and low levels of vitamin D appear to disproportionately affect black and minority ethnic individuals.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "alcohol does not protect against infection or illness relating to COVID-19.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face masks are not effective in preventing the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People may take acetaminophen to ease the symptoms of cold and flu.", "Question": "Are Tylenol, Advil and Motrin effective and safe to take for COVID-19 symptoms?", "Evidence": "Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are the best way to find effective and acceptable safe treatments for COVID-19 and any possible future outbreak", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While no clinical trials have tested the vitamin's efficacy as a treatment or a preventive measure, several studies have found an association between low levels of vitamin D and COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The risk of getting COVID-19 from food you cook yourself or from handling and consuming food from restaurants and takeout or drive-thru meals is thought to be very low. Currently, there is no evidence that food is associated with spreading the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A drug developed over half a century ago to treat malaria is showing signs that it may also help cure COVID-19 ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans, but there are a few precautions to take.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "94% of individuals with additional causes of death still had COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may be stressful for people. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nicotine could limit COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus started at some point before December 2019 in Wuhan, but COVID-19 doesn't come the Wuhan wet market that was initially blamed for the outbreak.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution, produced by sources including wildfires, power plants and vehicles, may make the coronavirus particularly deadly.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks (all types confounded, and worn by both the healthy and the sick) may reduce the daily growth rate of COVID-19 infections", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people are not immune from coronavirus and must avoid socialising and communicating it to older more vulnerable people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 originated in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The results demonstrated cats can be infected with the coronavirus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol can increase the risk of catching Covid-19 and make it worse if you do get it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "alcohol-based hand sanitizers recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) are effective in killing the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "person who has recovered from COVID-19 can safely see friends and family again 10 days after a positive test was administered.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "causes of death were directly related to COVID-19 in the majority of decedents, while they appear not to be an immediate result of preexisting health conditions and comorbidities.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G created the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or that 5G is to blame for the symptoms COVID-19 patients are experiencing.", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pets are not able to spread the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 does not have a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acidosis (body fluids are too acid) is not a cause of death from covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People who wear face masks are constantly adjusting them and touching their faces more often it actually increases my risk of contracting the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is extremely unlikely to help people fight off the new coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will prevent COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D and COVID-19: Could low vitamin D levels affect coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The sunlight has a huge impact on decaying the coronavirus", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "What happens to your airways when you smoke cannabis is that it causes some degree of inflammation, very similar to bronchitis, very similar to the type of inflammation that cigarette smoking can cause. Now you have some airway inflammation and you get an infection on top of it. So, yes, your chance of getting more complications is there.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recommended that Americans wear cloth face coverings (masks) in public to help slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "that smokers with Covid-19 are more likely to develop severe disease", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking might make people less susceptible to COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Doctors: Take Effects of COVID-19 to Heart", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Sick food workers can spread COVID-19 disease to each other or to customers, even though they aren't spreading it through the food itself.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Currently there is no known vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And there is no clear guideline for how to social distance that can reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 come up from the Wuhan Lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID symptoms include a high fever, a new cough, and loss of smell and taste", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "The countries without universal vaccination policies (i.e.: Italy, Netherlands, United States) would seemto be hit more severely against COVID-19, than in countries with universal vaccination policies and for a long time with BCG.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the first in a series of conversations on the science of COVID-19, we learn how the hot weather is affecting the movement of the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Now a days, due to staying indoors, it is possible that you will develop the deficiency of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For some, hand sanitizer is the key to avoiding any infectious disease, while others believe it's either unnecessary or ineffective.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) who show mild symptoms are sent home by physicians to recover.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "An outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in China and was declared a pandemic on 11.03.2020 by WHO.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people from all cultures, religions, gender, and age groups around the world.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Recovery from Covid-19 can be a lengthy process, depending on how seriously people get the virus.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological, clinical and immunological studies from COVID-19 recovered patients are particularly important to understand the disease and to prepare better for potential outbreaks in the future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People? The answer is YES", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Disease itself multiplied by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are transmitted between humans and animals -- that's the zoo in zoonotic. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In no way will consumption of alcohol protect you from COVID-19 or prevent you from being infected by it", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may hit older adults harder than kids and younger", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Several new and repurposed drugs are being tested for their effectiveness in the treatment regime, and the development of vaccines is underway.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most hospitalized COVID-19 patients have neurological symptoms", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While remdesivir is an antiviral agent that is being explored as a treatment for COVID-19 and is available under an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), there are currently no drugs or other therapeutics approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to prevent or treat COVID-19. Studies are in progress to learn more.", "Question": "are there any clinical trials available for the coronavirus", "Evidence": "No randomised controlled evidence is currently available for remdesivir and favipiravir.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Summer heat still would not be enough of a mitigator right now to slow covid-19 initial, rapid spread through the human population.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The ideal face mask blocks large respiratory droplets from coughs or sneezes - the primary method by which people pass the coronavirus to others", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "An epidemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and triggered a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). We aimed to find risk factors for the progression of COVID-19 to help reducing the risk of critical illness and death for clinical help.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you get flu shots you will not get flu and covid-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Crowded areas will increase covid-19 transmission risk.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vaccines and treatment options for COVID-19 are currently being investigated around the world. There's some evidence that certain medications may have the potential to be effective with regard to preventing illness or treating the symptoms of COVID-19.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For example, a cloth mask with only one layer of fabric isn't considered as robust as a cloth mask with three layers and a filter. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is much more to coronaviruses than SARS-CoV-2. Coronaviruses are actually a family of hundreds of viruses.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is a significant correlation between low vitamin D levels and death from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Risk of animals spreading the virus that causes COVID-19 to people Some coronaviruses that infect animals can be spread to humans and then spread between people, but this is rare. This is what happened with the virus that caused the current outbreak of COVID-19, with the virus likely originating in bats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot water in a covered, insulated cup can reduce the risk of spilling the water and getting burned. Drinking caffeinated coffee or tea may cause a person to become overcaffeinated or jittery.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various compounds that have been proposed for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are affected by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-metabolizing system as either substrates, enzyme inhibitors or enzyme inducers.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Spread of the virus happens when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks, and droplets from their mouth or nose are launched into the air and land in the mouths or noses of people nearby. The droplets can also be inhaled into the lungs. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results support the view that the pet owners and other persons with COVID-19 in close contact with animals should be cautious of the way they interact with them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "number of deaths by covid-19 can be reducded if the population wear face masks in public", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is different from other viruses, including other coronaviruses.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Influenza and the common cold are diseases spread person to person in much the same way as SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. So, efforts to reduce COVID-19 have the dual benefit of reducing colds and flu.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can you boost your immune system to fight COVID-19? We don't yet know how to fully prevent or manage the damage caused by COVID-19, the disease caused by a coronavirus that is new to us all.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses that cause less severe diseases, such as the common cold, do spread more slowly among people during the summer.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These are the first reported companion animals (including pets and service animals) with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States, and among the first findings of SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic companion animals reported worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ibuprofen is sold under many brand names, including Advil and Motrin. While it can treat headaches and fever like acetaminophen, it is also beneficial for muscle pulls because it reduces inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Little is known about the kinetics, tissue distribution, cross-reactivity and neutralization antibody response in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is a voluntary practice to help stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only older adults and young people are at risk of coronavirus", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing alone can stop the spread of the virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, a CDC-WHO study does not prove that masks do not prevent spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus is traveling through the air and there is no bright line. You're not safe beyond 6 feet. You can't take your mask off at 6 feet.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Universal immunization of BCG can provide great protection against the COVID-19 infection because the BCG vaccine gives broad protection against respiratory infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "25 percent of the infected COVID-19 population \" remains asymptomatic and never develop symptoms or have positive findings on chest X-rays.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Lungs: Since COVID-19 is a respiratory disease, it primarily affects the lungs of most of the patients.", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As the number of infected individuals increases, we are learning that not only lungs, but also other organs can be affected by the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a weakened immune system does not increase your risk of illness from COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is strong evidence that the covid-19 virus can spread through food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": " While most of the drug treatments (the FDA-approved drugs lopinavir-ritonavir, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and emtricitabinetenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 infection) marginally reduced clinical symptoms, they did not reduce virus titers, with the exception of emtricitabine-tenofovir treatment, which led to diminished virus titers in nasal washes at 8 dpi. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's unclear why taking an ACE inhibitor or an ARB might curb Covid-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine studies show drug is not effective for early treatment of mild covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Countries with higher death rates had larger numbers of covid-19 patients with vitamin D deficiency than countries with lower death rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole and vonoprazan, reduce the infection of cells by SARS-CoV-2", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can face masks help slow the spread of the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19? Yes, face masks combined with other preventive measures, such as frequent hand-washing and social distancing, help slow the spread of the virus.", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus damages not only the lungs, but the kidneys, liver, heart, brain and nervous system, skin and gastrointestinal tract", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Our study provides the first evidence of inflammatory immune signature in early recovery stage, suggesting that the COVID-19 patients are still vulnerable after hospital discharge.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Connection Between COVID-19 and Diabetes People with diabetes aren't more likely to catch the virus than other people.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Humans first get a coronavirus from contact with animals. Then, it can spread from human to human.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The case demonstrate that gastrointestinal symptoms ware not rare in NCIP, and diarrhea could be the initial symptom.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea, vomiting and abdominal pain may be early symptoms of coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A more specialized mask, known as an N95 respirator, can protect against the new coronavirus, also called SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "You may have heard of a recent rise in reported COVID-19 cases in children. This confirms that children are not immune to the virus. Fortunately, they tend to have milder symptoms, are less likely become severely ill and rarely need to be hospitalized with the illness", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We wish to remind readers that children and adolescents can have COVID-19 disease and that the disease may be extra-pulmonary.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is the name given by the World Health Organization (WHO) on February 11, 2020 for the disease caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. ", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You Probably Can't Get COVID-19 Twice", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Whether antibodies are important for the adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be determined. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because the virus can be spread easily, many have resorted wearing face masks to protect themselves, as the virus is transmissible through human contact and exposure to respiratory droplets from an infected person.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the future, seasonality could lead to worse covid-19 outcomes in the winter, but in the near term, weather is unlikely to prevent SARS-CoV-2 epidemics in the summer. ", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 symptoms can sometimes persist for months", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "people who have recovered from COVID-19 can test positive for the virus for up to three months, though these positive results don't mean that a person is still sick.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "only 6% of  (COVID-19-related) deaths recorded actually died from Covid", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High doses of vitamin C have been proven to be an effective treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "supplements supplements like zinc, vitamin C, or herbals help with the coronavirus (COVID-19)", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While sipping tea throughout the day could slightly stain your teeth, it may be worth it.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is well known for breathing problems, but other health complications also contribute towards the death from COVID-19. It is often a combination of these health problems (Sepsis and Respiratory failure) that cause the body to fail and ultimately result in death.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks can lead to pneumonia or other lung infections", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 may have also returned because the patients have weaker immune systems. But there is also a chance that humans are unable to develop a natural defense against the virus after the first infection", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "64 studies finds Over a 13-year period, healthcare workers donning masks had a 50% to 80% reduction in contracting novel coronaviruses", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "garlic had some inhibitory effects on a coronavirus but not thiscoronavirus (COVID-19) which is new", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Does Hand Sanitizer Kill Coronavirus (COVID-19)? Yes", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A fever, cough, and shortness of breath are still the more common signs of COVID-19", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In tracking COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, early reports indicated that young people were more likely to have milder cases of the disease.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "many scientific documents on the health effects of 5G have verified that it causes flu-like symptoms. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The discovery of angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) as the receptor for SARS- CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) has implicated the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure in patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A combination of two existing drugs is highly effective against SARS-CoV-2 in cell cultures.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate inhibited infection of important target cells - human lung epithelial cells,", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes more than doubles a person's risk of dying from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus may linger in the body for weeks after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses are generally thought to be spread from person-to-person through respiratory droplets.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been several reports of infected humans spreading the virus to their pet dog or cat. But it is still not clear how often this happens and under what circumstances.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers have discovered that the Chloroquine drug is effective at fighting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in studies done in test tubes.", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is promising multidrug treatment against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for causing COVID-19 disease. ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the general public wear cloth face masks to help decrease everyone's chances of getting COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "zinc is very important. Zinc is very important for immune function", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic People Can NOT Spread COVID-19", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "sudden death among some severe patients with improved symptoms post-treatment may be caused by severe arrhythmia such as ventricular fibrillation induced by severe sinus delay.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Keep in mind: no hand sanitizer can guarantee it's 100 percent effective against the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of antivirals and vaccines for COVID-19, there is an urgent need to understand the cytokine storm in COVID-19.", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence to suggest that handling food or consuming food is associated with COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have now withdrawn the emergency use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 treatment.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Researchers found that compared to a common strain of the flu, the new coronavirus remained active longer on all surfaces, including skin", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No evidence drinking tea can cure or relieve symptoms of covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no correlation between Vitamin D levels and Covid-19 infection risk", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system fight against the coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes may not have a greater risk of developing COVID-19 than those who do not have type 1 or type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Alcohol does not disinfect the mouth or provide protection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly 90% of patients hospitalized with coronavirus (COVID-19) had one or more underlying health conditions.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Your risk of severe coronavirus infection is even higher if you also have another condition, like heart or lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking alcohol does not protect you against COVID-19 and can be dangerous.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C won't 'boost' your immune system against the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A few dogs and cats living with COVID-19 patients have tested positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best ways to protect yourself from COVID-19 are to wash your hands, keep your distance from other people, wear a mask when you are outside your home or can't keep your distance from others, clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, and avoid crowded indoor spaces.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus quarantines like the ones in China are likely not feasible in the U.S., according to a top health official.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most people who contract COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate flu-like symptoms, from which they will make a full recovery. The amount of time that it takes to recovery will vary.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared this outbreak a global health emergency and as on April 24, 2020, it has spread to 213 countries, with 25,91,015 confirmed cases and 742,855 cases have been recovered from COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin C prevent COVID-19, among other advice", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D deficiency may be linked to higher mortality rates from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drink water often to flush covid-19 into your stomach where acid will kill it.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions remain to be important in the prevention of further spread of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Debunked: No, drinking tea is not a cure for Covid-19", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "My mask just needs to cover my mouth.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine Is Ineffective In Treatment Of Patients Hospitalized With Covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "How to clean to fight COVID-19? Vinegar won't work", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Extensive stressors will emerge or become worsened. Many medical staff workers will be harmfully psychologically affected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Which is More Dangerous: Flu or COVID-19? Flu is more dangerous than covid-19", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Covid-19 is a disease caused by a new coronavirus presenting a variability of flu-like symptoms including fever, cough, myalgia and fatigue; in severe cases, patients develop pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and septic shock, that can result in their death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "BCG: Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? The vaccine was designed to stop tuberculosis, but there is some evidence it can protect against other infections as well.", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "universal BCG vaccination has a protective effect on the course of COVID-19 probably preventing progression to severe disease and death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "T cells may help COVID-19 patients - and people never exposed to the virus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus has infected 41,903 Britons. Symptoms of the disease include a fever and a new, continuous cough.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no research showing that using or consuming any natural or herbal products, including essential oils, eucalyptus oil or witch hazel, will prevent infection with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infections have, in part, successfully been treated in China by preparations from traditional Chinese medicine", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Not all hand sanitizers work against it", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen can stop the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinicians need to be mindful of the toxicity of a wide variety of possibly unfamiliar substances being tested or repurposed to treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is safe to take acetaminophen with ibuprofen, and studies show taking them together may even be more effective for certain types of pain than opioid medications.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19. However, it appears his immune system protected the man from serious symptoms.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer has also been shown to be less effective than hand-washing at preventing the flu", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe heart damage has occurred in young, healthy people, but is rare. There may be more cases of mild effects of COVID-19 on the heart that can be diagnosed with special imaging tests, including in younger people with mild or minimal symptoms; however, the long-term significance of these mild effects on the heart are unknown.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads mainly among people who are in close contact (within about 6 feet) for a prolonged period.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In a mad dash to discover effective treatment for the novel coronavirus, doctors and scientists are testing existing antivirals, antimalarials, monoclonal antibodies, and other medications against COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "risk factors, raised concerns that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) could increase both the susceptibility and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A weaker immune system is one reason people with high blood pressure and other health problems are at higher risk for coronavirus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is key to stopping coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus, which causes the respiratory illness COVID-19, has morphed into a global pandemic.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other risk factors may also increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19, including: asthma; lung, heart, liver, or kidney disease; obesity; diabetes", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you remember, COVID-19 is a novel disease and as scientists, we need to be patient to find out its characteristics. This is why I will not say we are looking for something to cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking strong alcohol kills the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It's already known that disaster can result in increased alcohol consumption", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "transmission from surfaces is much lower risk than person to person.  ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no evidence that ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can make COVID-19 cases more severe. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus origin traced to animal market in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is still wear a mask", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen and ibuprofen are generally safe for reducing fever in young children.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social Distancing Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "And, although no evidence exists to indicate that they can either transmit the virus or develop its associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), fear among the public that pets might play a role in spreading COVID-19 has resulted in pets being abandoned or even killed.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cytokine storm\" play a major role in more severe COVID-19 outcomes", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D levels may impact COVID-19 mortality rates", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Megadoses Of Vitamin C Will Not Cure Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some U.S. states have reported record increases in COVID-19 cases over the last seven days, mostly in the upper Midwest and West where chilly weather is forcing more activities indoors.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Immunity after recovery from COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Contrary to this picture, we describe a case of a patient recovered from COVID19 pneumonia with positive serology, followed up by 6 negative nasopharyngeal swabPCR tests performed along 1 month, who later on, after exposure to the virus, presented another positive RTPCR test and a second IgM seroconversion.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies show hydroxychloroquine have clinical benefits in treating COVID-19 ", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There have been hints from lab experiments that increased temperature and humidity may reduce the viability of SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many patients hospitalized with the coronavirus, the immune system is threatened by a depletion of certain essential cells, suggesting eerie parallels with HIV.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 is more stable copper and cardboard", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Numerous Ardmore, Merion, and Wynnewood small businesses received thousands of dollars in relief assistance to weather the pandemic.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a cloth mask is no use.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing is important for all of us, but those of us who are at higher risk of serious complications caused by COVID-19 should be especially cautious about social distancing. People who are at high risk of complications include: Older adults. People who have serious chronic medical conditions like heart disease, diabetes and lung disease.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.", "Question": "Do antibiotics work against the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "This activity is conserved on the SARS-Cov-2, thus placing teicoplanin as a potential treatment for patients with this virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood Pressure Meds Can Affect COVID-19 Care", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some say that's not a problem because the vast majority of children don't get severely ill from COVID-19.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight out of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus still poses a significant threat, but there are no vaccines proven to protect the body against the disease it causes - Covid-19.", "Question": "Is there a vaccine for the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Researchers and clinicians from all over the world are advancing the development of a vaccine against novel human SARS-CoV-2 using various approaches.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cannabis extracts may help to prevent coronavirus.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is a simple way to boost your immune system and reduce your risk of respiratory illnesses, the flu, and COVID-19. Get enough sleep.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cold weather and snow prevent the coronavirus disease", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the face of a traumatic event like the Covid-19 pandemic, it's common to feel intense flashbacks, nightmares, irritability, anger and fear.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Along with its high infectivity and fatality rates, the 2019 Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has caused universal psychosocial impact by causing mass hysteria, economic burden and financial losses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The question at hand is whether such seasonal clues might apply to the brand-new coronavirus and the disease it causes (COVID-19)", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "We found evidence of ongoing inflammation within the heart muscle, as well as of the heart's lining in a considerable majority of patients", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "But until we understand more about who is a carrier of COVID-19, the goal of wearing a mask should be to protect others from your own respiratory droplets. And any mask is better than no mask.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with untreated vitamin D deficiency are more likely to test positive for the COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A few pets - including cats and dogs - also have been infected with the virus that causes COVID-19. This happened mostly after the animals were in close contact with people infected with the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is antibacterial, covid-19 is a virus. sanitizer will do nothing for the covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask covers your mouth and nose. It can block the release of virus-filled droplets into the air when you cough or sneeze. This helps slow the spread of COVID-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no approved treatment for covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cannabis could reduce chances of COVID-19 infection", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "You can recover from the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Catching the new coronavirus does not mean you will have it for life.", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These preliminary clinical findings indicate that the relatively rapid recovery of olfactory and gustative function can mean a resolution of viral infection in most patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is a strong correlation between severe vitamin D deficiency and mortality rates in coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if your immune system is string, covid-19 can not harm your body", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "They conclude strongly that physicians should avoid using either hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine to treat COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G networks have lowered people's immune response", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The unprecedented outbreak of the 2019 novel coronavirus, termed as COVID-19 by the World Health Organization (WHO), has placed numerous governments around the world in a precarious position. The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, earlier witnessed by the citizens of China alone, has now become a matter of grave concern for virtually every country in the world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "public should wear face masks to combat COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus 'does not spread' on surfaces or objects", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D metabolites have long been known to support innate antiviral effector mechanisms", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you continue to smoke, you also have a greater risk for respiratory infections like colds, flu and also covid-19.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Feeling dizzy can be a symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As a smoker, you or the people who care about you may be worried about a connection between COVID-19 and smoking.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Conclusions This representative population sample will, to our knowledge, present the first comprehensive examination of the association between smoking, nicotine use without smoking, respiratory disease, and severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Doctors on the frontlines still lack a proven treatment for the disease as researchers race to develop a vaccine.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus could be detected on these surfaces for the following amounts of time: Aerosols: up to 3 hours; Copper: up to 4 hours; Cardboard: up to 24 hours; Plastic: up to 2-3 days; Stainless Steel: up to 2-3 days", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking marijuana could make the lungs more susceptible to covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "heaters can spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus made by human in a laboratory", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can cause more severe symptoms and complications in some people living with diabetes, the elderly, and those with other chronic conditions such as heart disease & lung disease.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, originated from wild animals (likely bats) in China.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine Could Prevent the Spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Fever is the first symptom of covid-19", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The initial symptoms of most patients include fever, cough, and fatigue.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "WH conducted a detailed survey into how coronavirus has impacted people mentally.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks could help limit the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, according to researchers who studied the effect of surgical masks on the transmission of other corona and flu viruses.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some available medications can help alleviate mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus patients are at greater risk of severe health effects from COVID-19, the disease caused by the virus, if they are suffering from certain conditions. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Even short conversation indoors is dangerous", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks can prevent catching covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, COVID-19 has nothing to do with 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 pandemic may cause long-term mental health issues", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": " The advent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused confusion, changed peoples living conditions, including commuting restrictions, fear of disease transmission, and closure of schools and businesses, and brought about devastating psychological impacts, like anxiety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the COVID-19 outbreak continues to expand globally, many are asking what may happen to the outbreak as winter turns to spring", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In many of the sickest patients with COVID-19, it seems the worst damage may be driven by a deranged immune response to the infection, called a cytokine storm, rather than the virus itself.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "people with uncontrolled or untreated high blood pressure may be at risk of getting severely ill with COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When infected with the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus, many people experience mild and moderate symptoms, but for some people infection can be severe or fatal. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "long-term exposure to PM2.5 air pollution may spread the coronavirus", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Research on COVID-19 transmission dynamics has shown the value of masks in preventing spread of the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many diseases, such as the flu, are seasonal, with cases spiking when the weather is cool and dry.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having a weakened immune system may increase your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19? No", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the current treatment options include hydroxychloroquine, tocilizumab, remdesivir, lopinavir-ritonavir (Kaletra), and nitazoxanide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a face mask keeps me from spreading the virus, so I don't need to worry about getting close to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "At the moment, [social distancing is] the only tool available to fight the spread of the coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "young people of color, much like their older counterparts, have been disproportionately hospitalized from covid-19, compared with their White peers.", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who took hydroxychloroquine were less likely to die", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "social distancing can not help you to avoid catching or spreading a virus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "we do not find significant evidence that social distancing has resulted in a reduction in the number of daily confirmed cases. Instead, social distancing has merely stabilized the spread of the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Face Mask Protect You From Coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The study, of 507 patients with confirmed COVID-19, found there was no significant difference in clinical outcome with the addition of hydroxychloroquine, either with or without azithromycin.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the drugs do not increase the risk that hospitalized patients with COVID-19 will develop severe complications or die. ", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D might lower the risk of viral respiratory tract infections like COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "immunity to the new coronavirus may last at least that long.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mong Covid-19 patients in the study, those with extreme obesity - defined as a B.M.I. of 40 or more - were at nearly three times greater risk of dying than those of normal weight", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine not effective as a treatment for covid-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can not survive for up to 1 hours on plastic, and surface or fomite (contaminated surface) transmission is 'unlikely'.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can a vaccine from 1921 save lives from Covid-19? No Absolutely not", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "Results fail to confirm the null hypothesis of no association between BCG vaccination and COVID-19 mortality, and suggest that BCG could have a protective effect.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin have been used to treat patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19). However, Hydroxychloroquine it is not safe.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) didn't exactly say whether or how long you may remain immune to the Covid-19 coronavirus after recovering from an infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Recently, an increasing number of reports have indicated that a few patients who were believed to have recovered from COVID-19 initially tested negative but later tested positive.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate is a drug that may work to combat COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "smokers are actually less likely to become seriously infected with covid-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The patients who received vitamin C did significantly better than those who did not get Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G uses higher frequencies than 4G, which are dangerous and caused covid-19", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "ne study of 489 people found that those who had a vitamin D deficiency were more likely to test positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 than people who had normal levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're having breathing problems, get emergency medical care. Since COVID-19 is a viral infection, antibiotics can't treat it, and currently there's no cure. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine could prevent or treat COVID-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks may increase risk of infection", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drinking water every 15 minutes might flush out the coronavirus and protect you from COVID-19.", "Question": "Does drinking lots of water help flush out COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Basic hygiene interventions such as handwashing with water and soap (HWWS) when applied consistently will deactivate and remove the virus particles from the hands.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "both in the U.S. and globally, that social distancing policies led to a decrease in community mobility.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved for covid-19", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "antimalarial chloroquine and hydroxy- chloroquine, favipiravir and co-administered darunavir and umifenovir (in patient therapies) were also recently recorded as having anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It examined the susceptibility of a number of species to COVID-19, including cats and dogs, using a small number of animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Patients with sufficient levels of vitamin D are less likely to experience complications and die from COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is a link between [vitamin K] deficiency and the worst coronavirus outcomes", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Data has shown that the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly spreads from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters). ", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can kill coronavirus-but that doesn't mean it should be your first defense.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has long been used to treat malaria as well as other conditions such as lupus and arthritis.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients of higher age and with preexisting chronic health conditions are at an increased risk of fatal disease outcome.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dogs or cats can spread COVID-19 to humans", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin c helps a tremendous amount, but it is not highlighted because it's not a sexy drug.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone, and testing may be needed to help confirm a diagnosis.", "Question": "How does the coronavirus differ from seasonal flu?", "Evidence": "There are significant differences in the clinical and laboratory courses between COVID-19 and influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Novel Coronavirus May Lead to A Cardiac Arrest or heart attack", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To stop the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19), you should avoid close contact with anyone you do not live with. This is called social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking leads to lung damage, heart disease and cancer all health issues that make COVID-19 cases more severe", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus is a hoax and part of a wider 5G", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine helped coronavirus patients survive better", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "animals develope fever as an evolutionary response to infection.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If needed, you may be given treatment to boost your immune system. For instance, lab-made antibodies can be given as an IV infusion so you have enough to fight infection. Reduce Your Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When someone who has COVID-19 coughs, sneezes, or talks, they send tiny droplets with the coronavirus into the air. That's where a mask can help.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus may have been leaked from the Wuhan Institute of Virology", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus could remain stable for long periods at 4 degrees C", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin C is significant to human body and plays a role in reducing inflammatory response and preventing common cold", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "BCG might provide the protection against COVID-19, with consequent less COVID-19 infection and deaths and more rapid recovery.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In the public mind, the origin story of coronavirus seems well fixed: in late 2019 someone at the now world-famous Huanan seafood market in Wuhan was infected with a virus from an animal", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Respiratory failure is a Common Cause of Death in Critically Ill Coronavirus Patients", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine has been touted as a possible treatment for COVID-19 but it remains controversial as some experts believe it is unproven and may not be effective.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 can use neuropilin-1, which is strongly expressed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells facing the nasal cavity", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no scientific evidence that 5G towers are causing COVID-19 symptoms or that 5G radiation is making people more susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infections. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "BACKGROUND: Since the beginning of December 2019, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread rapidly around the world, which has led to increased discussions across online platforms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking five cups of black tea a day quadrupled the body's immune defense system after two weeks, probably because of theanine.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D supplements can prevent coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cold weather and snow CANNOT kill the new coronavirus.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "quercetin and vitamin C is a potential COVID-19 therapy", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Asymptomatic means you don't have symptoms, but you're infected with the virus.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A COVID-19 vaccine is a biotechnology product intended to provide acquired immunity against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).", "Question": "What vaccine candidates are being tested for Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings may contribute to the design of an efficacious vaccine against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "And there is no clear guideline for how to social distance that can reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "using Vitamin D can prevent or lessen the impact of Covid-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D dose was not significantly associated with testing positive for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Face masks might reduce coronavirus spread", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this time, there is no evidence of transmission of the COVID-19 virus, a respiratory virus, through food or food packaging", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "little attention has been paid to food safety and its potential linkage with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir, chloroquine, favipiravir, and remdesivir drugs can cure and treat covid-19", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the time between exposure and the onset of covid-19 symptoms-is anywhere between two to 14 days. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ginger, garlic, others can fight COVID-19 symptoms", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "pet cats and dogs can not get COVID-19 from their owners", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "2 m, or 6 feet, do not represent a wall, but rather that behaviour can help minimize risk by increasing separation distances and relative position for longer conversations when masks are not used", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hypertension don't appear to increase the risk of more serious forms of the illness in covid-19 patients.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can harm your body even if you're asymptomatic", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Seasonality of SARS-CoV-2: COVID-19 will go away on its own in warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As several FDA-approved or repurposed drugs are being tested as antiviral candidates at clinics without sufficient information, rapid preclinical animal studies should proceed to identify therapeutic drug candidates with strong antiviral potential and high safety prior to a human efficacy trial.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A face shield is a clear plastic shield covering the entire front of the face, and people are wondering if it offers better protection against the coronavirus than a face mask", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nor was it known that some people have COVID-19 but don't have any symptoms.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "inhibitors of endosomal acidification fusion (chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine) and redox enzymes (auranofin) used to treat rheumatoid arthritis have shown promising results against SARS-CoV-2 ", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it may be difficult for COVID-19 to spread in the areas with high UV-B radiation.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients (AI).", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood clotting a significant cause of death in patients with COVID-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers less likely to catch COVID-19", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Taking a hot bath will not prevent you from catching COVID-19.", "Question": "Does heat prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Of note, 44.12% of the detected IgM levels were dropped below the cutoff value after heating, suggesting heat inactivation can lead to false-negative results of these samples.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Note: SARS-CoV-2 is the name of the virus, COVID-19 is the name of the illness.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth masks help protect others from contracting covid-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence Shows BCG Vaccine May Help Versus COVID-19", "Question": "can bcg vaccine cure covid-19", "Evidence": "it has been shown that Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) might protect against COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the addition of zinc to hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was associated with a decrease in mortality in patients who were not admitted to the intensive care unit.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing reduces mobility that can cause COVID-19 spread", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "patients with sufficient vitamin D levels had lower risk of death or severe COVID-19 complications.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you are found to be infected with a common coronavirus (229E, NL63, OC43, and HKU1), that does not mean you are infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some people claim taking apple cider vinegar for kidney stones can help dissolve current stones and prevent future ones.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "getting coronavirus from another person remains by far the most likely route of infection", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 takes mental toll on youth, minorities, essential workers", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with type 1 diabetes are more likely to die of Covid-19 than those with type 2", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "here is currently no evidence that animals, including pets, can be infected with the coronavirus, and no evidence that animals can spread the virus", "Question": "Can pets get the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hand sanitizer is  either unnecessary or ineffective in killing the novel coronavirus..", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some groups may face a disproportionate mental health impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes do not face a higher chance of experiencing serious complications from COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 patients who are 80 or older are hundreds of times more likely to die than those under 40. That's partly because they are more likely to have underlying conditions - like diabetes and lung disease - that seem to make the body more vulnerable to COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can Help With Covid-19 Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While the influenza A virus only survived for about 1.8 hours on skin, COVID-19 lived on for about 9 hours", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D can help combat the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The lower number of COVID-19 cases in tropical countries might be due to warm-humid", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can live in aerosols for up to three hours, up to four hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to two to three days on plastic and stainless steel. ", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing strategies can be applied on an individual level (e.g., avoiding physical contact), a group level (e.g., canceling group activities where individuals will be in close contact), and an operational level (e.g., rearranging chairs in the dining hall to increase distance between them)", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The dual-antibody treatment worked best on patients who did not mount an immune system response to the virus.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Compounds in tea may help ward off cancers, but don't drink tea that's too hot, especially when drinking alcohol or smoking. ", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "isolation during the pandemic may worsen or trigger mental health problems", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Studies have found that the sickest patients often have the lowest levels of vitamin D.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Currently, no evidence supports the use of oral vitamin C supplements to prevent COVID-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B \"should be assessed\" as a possible \"adjunct to current treatments\" for COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Acetaminophen, also called paracetamol or Tylenol, helps to reduce fevers and can definitely help manage muscle pain and body aches associated with COVID-19. Acetaminophen doesn't treat the virus itself, nor does it reduce the duration of your illness.", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on the evidence to date, there are several treatment options to consider for the relief of fever (acetaminophen, NSAID, oral glucocorticoids), cough (morphine), breathlessness (morphine, oxygen, fan), anxiety (benzodiazepines) and pain (NSAID, morphine).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "study explores possible link between COVID-19 and vitamin d", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is no reason to believe that cold weather can kill the new coronavirus or other diseases.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "doctors have been increasingly reporting cases of another battlefield raging within the body: the heart.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High-dose vitamin C can fight coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization (WHO) has not officially declared the outbreak of COVID-19 a pandemic", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 commonly designated as COVID-19 has been declared by World health Organisation (WHO) as a pandemic on 11 March 2020.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A vaccine to cure the disease is available", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "favipiravir may help remove the airway of the coronavirus (source)", "Question": "Can favipiravir help treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Favipiravir is an antiviral previously indicated for influenza and Ebola, which has shown some promise in early trials for treatment of COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the drug pixatimod is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 viral attachment and invasion in Vero cell culture, with a reduction of cytopathic effect when applied at concentrations within the established therapeutic concentrations.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Homemade face masks only offer a small degree of protection, but they may help prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from asymptomatic people.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some cancer treatments such as chemotherapy can weaken your immune system (cause you to be immunocompromised) and may increase your risk for severe illness from COVID-19.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "More Vitamin D, Lower Risk of Severe COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D strengthens innate immunity and prevents overactive immune responses", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Pets Get or Spread COVID-19? No, they can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A face mask will protect you from Covid-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Higher doses may is recommended for covid-19 patients with proven vitamin D deficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can occur a few months after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For people with severe illness, recovery can take up to six weeks - or longer", "Question": "Can people recover from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this situation, it is imperative to understand the possible outcome of COVID-19 recovered patients and determine if they have any other detrimental illnesses by longitudinal analysis to safeguard their life in future.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does COVID-19 spread through food? Yes, it is possible", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "acetaminophen (Tylenol), naproxen (Aleve) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) drugs can certainly make you feel a whole lot more comfortable when you're sick with covid-19. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As a group of viruses that is zoonotic in nature, coronaviruses are transmitted between animals and people.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a face mask that covers both your nose and mouth is one way to fight the spread of covid-19 disease ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "When going out in public, it is important to stay at least 6 feet away from other people and wear a mask to slow the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 Cases Drop in Warm Weather, But Not Much", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young men with severe COVID-19 had mutations in the gene for a certain cell receptor. This receptor, some researchers suspect, grows scarcer as we age.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Having high blood pressure may make coronavirus more dangerous.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No human-settled area in the world is protected from coronavirus transmission by virtue of weather, at any point in the year", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Should all diabetics be labeled 'high risk' for COVID-19? Maybe not", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Within a Room People with COVID-19 who experience no symptoms are not capable of severely spreading the virus in the rooms they are in", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus can live for hours to days on surfaces like countertops and doorknobs. How long it survives depends on the material the surface is made from.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Other research has observed high rates of vitamin D deficiency in people with COVID-19 who experienced acute respiratory failure.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In patients with both COVID-19 and cancer, immunotherapy might increase the immune system response, which could already be overactive because of the COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drinking whisky can protect against COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "sars-cov-2 stands for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. sars-cov-2 is the strain of coronavirus that causes the covid-19 disease.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand sanitizer can help protect you from coronavirus, but it should not be considered your first line of defense against COVID-19.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "reinfection can not occur after recovering from an initial bout of COVID-19.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several studies suggest that acquired immunity may protect upon further exposure to SARSCOV2", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A rarely mentioned early symptom is gastrointestinal distress.", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, have been reported to be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People can contract the novel coronavirus and be truly asymptomatic -- meaning the virus infects them and runs its course without ever producing symptoms.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does ibuprofen make coronavirus worse? the answer NO", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Zinc Help Prevent Severe Illness From COVID-19? Yes", "Question": "Can I take any vitamins or supplements to prevent COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Here, we review theoretical mechanisms and evidence related to efficacy and safety of select supplements in the setting of COVID-19, including vitamin C, vitamin D, zinc, elderberry, and silver. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D's effect on Covid-19 maybe be exaggerated", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The best way to prevent the spread of infections and decrease the risk of getting sick is by washing your hands with plain soap and water,", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen, work by decreasing inflammation", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "those who have a weakened immune system may be at a higher risk of developing a severe illness as a result of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face masks may be inadvertently giving people Covid-19 immunity and making them get less sick from the virus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Commuters can wear face masks to protect against the spread of new coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "having a healthy blood level of vitamin D help you avoid the intensive care unit and death if you become infected with COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "most people who died from COVID-19 had at least one other health condition when they died.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Not only does COVID-19 spread by contact with contaminated surfaces, but new research finds that weather can influence how long the virus survives.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In the absence of a vaccine to protect people from Covid-19, the disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, minimising the spread of the virus is of utmost importance.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The name of the new coronavirus that first appeared in China has been evolving to its now official designation: SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2).", "Question": "What does SARS-CoV-2 stand for?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that has caused a worldwide pandemic of the human respiratory illness COVID-19, resulting in a severe threat to public health and safety.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "At this point, we don't know enough about coronavirus to understand how it's going to behave over time when the weather warms up.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 also can use lectins to enter the cell", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus can live on your clothes and shoes", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can we transmit the virus to pets? No, we can't", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D supplements can help avoid COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The World Health Organization has also issued a statement about smoking and COVID-19: Don't do it. There is currently insufficient information to confirm any link between tobacco or nicotine in the prevention or treatment of COVID-19, it states.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "From surgical-style disposable masks to washable cotton face coverings to coveted N95 masks, there has been a run on face masks of all kinds since news of the pandemic spread.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you have chronic liver disease, your risk of being seriously ill with COVID-19 may be higher because you may have a weakened immune system.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nanotech May Help Fight 'Cytokine Storm' of COVID", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "one possible thing that can help is vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus: does 5G technology actually cause COVID-19 ? No", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nicotine may play an indirect role that makes it harder for the virus to gain to access cells", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that pets, including cats and dogs, play a role in spreading COVID-19 to people.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Sunlight does not kill the new coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": " Based on the mechanisms described earlier, our hypothesis is that light could reduce the lethality of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 panic more dangerous than the disease", "Question": "How dangerous is COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the scope and speed of the spread, the COVID-19 pandemic is not only complex but dangerous.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Critically ill patients have robust immunity to new coronavirus", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because people are advised to stay at home as much as possible, people sould take vitamin D supplements through summer and autumn during this pandemic to prevent covid-19.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antibodies made in the lab show some promise for treating COVID-19", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Additionally, even if you are low risk (healthy, young), social distancing can reduce your risk of contracting COVID-19 and passing it on to someone around you that is at risk.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Greek authorities implemented the strong social distancing measures within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus to curtail the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In a disturbing parallel to H.I.V., the coronavirus can cause a depletion of important immune cells", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's a low risk to get covid-19 by groceries and packages that we have delivered, but it's possible that if someone is delivering a package to your house and they are sick, that may be a route for transmission.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "many people around the world, including concerned citizens, scientist and even governmental officials, are becoming aware of the danger of 5G. ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D play a pivotal rolein viral covid-19 infections.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Both acetaminophen and ibuprofen can be used to treat fever and pain associated with COVID-19, according to the European Medicines Agency", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People working in health services against COVID-19 show significant mental health burnout and, therefore, present a high prevalence of mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Question": "What psychological effects could the COVID-19 pandemic cause?", "Evidence": "Disease itself multiplied by forced quarantine to combat COVID-19 applied by nationwide lockdowns can produce acute panic, anxiety, obsessive behaviors, hoarding, paranoia, and depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the long run.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus can not linger in the body after people recover.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4)", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking and coronavirus: Does smoking prevent coronavirus? The short answer is NO", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "suggested the coronavirus spreads faster in periods of lower humidity during winter", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 originates from sexual contact", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing does help prevent coronavirus (COVID-19", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D cannot fight the coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Social distancing should be practiced in combination with other everyday preventive actions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, including wearing masks, avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands, and frequently washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "record increases in COVID-19 cases where chilly weather.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "One mostly overlooked factor that could influence outcome of COVID-19 is the relative vitamin D status of populations.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 can remain more stable plastic", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While this doesn't suggest cannabis should be considered a cure or treatment of COVID-19 on its own, it does suggest that it may have potential to help bring down inflammation and reduce anxiety in COVID-19 cases", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "social distancing means keeping people far enough apart that they can't spread coronavirus", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Supplements Fight Coronavirus (COVID-19)?  No supplement will cure or prevent disease.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "disposable ear loop masks do not provide any protection against the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Though vitamin C supplements are considered safe, according to the CDC, it's easy to consume all the vitamin C you need through your diet.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If diabetes is well-managed and blood sugar under control, the risk of having severe illness with a coronavirus infection is about \"what most of the normal population would have", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People wearing face coverings will take in fewer coronavirus particles, evidence suggests, making disease less severe.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can't find it in the store, can I make my own? But if you can't find any at the store, all is not lost - you can make your own.", "Question": "Where can I buy hand sanitizer and if I can\u2019t find it in the store, can I make my own?", "Evidence": "To date, most of the effective hand sanitizer products are alcohol-based formulations containing 62%-95% of alcohol as it can denature the proteins of microbes and the ability to inactivate viruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: The immune system can fight back", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Washing hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds is essential, especially after going to the bathroom; before eating; and after coughing, sneezing, or blowing one's nose. If soap and water are not available, CDC recommends consumers use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus pandemic can be dramatically slowed, or stopped, with the immediate widespread use of high doses of vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "What does it feel like to recover from Covid-19? - It can take a while to feel normal after a viral infection.", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can be a source of infection for the person wearing them", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand-washing, mask-wearing and social distancing - are slowing the spread of the flu", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "On March 13, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a pandemic.", "Question": "When was the COVID-19 pandemic declared?", "Evidence": "Lock down is found to be the only effective method to control this outbreak and due to the contagious nature of this disease most of the hospitals have stopped elective interventions.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, 5G does not cause COVID-19 or create the coronavirus", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Marijuana sales have spiked during the coronavirus pandemic, but lung health experts warn smoking the substance could increase a person's risk of getting COVID-19. ", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is no proof vitamin c can treat or cure coronavirus.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing face masks in public reduced the daily number of coronavirus", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mostly spreads from person to person, it can also spread from people to animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Heart patients hospitalized with COVID-19 can safely continue taking angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UV Light is a really good way to tackle coronavirus", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are many types of coronaviruses", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "WEARING a face mask does help protect you from catching Covid-19 and from spreading it to others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diarrhea is first sign of illness for some COVID-19", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Public health actions, such as social distancing, can make people feel isolated and lonely and can increase stress and anxiety. However, these actions are necessary to reduce the spread of COVID-19. ", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "We do not recommend people wear masks to prevent transmitting the covid-19 if you do not have symptoms.", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hand dryers are effective in killing the new covid-19", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 unlikely spreading from people to animals", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "On February 11, 2020 the World Health Organization announced an official name for the disease that is causing the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak, first identified in Wuhan China. The new name of this disease is coronavirus disease 2019, abbreviated as COVID-19.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While researchers are studying many COVID-19 vaccines and treatments, none has been fully tested for safety or effectiveness.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "immune system response varies between patients", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is a new disease, and we are still learning about it.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus was not engineered in a lab", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 is not the common cold (nor is it the flu) and science is still trying to understand how the coronavirus operates.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Results on the use of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for Covid-19 have shown no significant differences in health outcomes between the control group and patients who received the experimental drug. ", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}