{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 can result in acute interstitial pneumonia, myocarditis, leucopenia (with lymphopenia) and thrombocytopenia, also seen in rheumatic diseases like lupus and Sjogrens syndrome.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The reports on the neurological findings are increasing rapidly and headache seems to be the leader on the symptom list. Headache was reported in 11%34% of the hospitalized COVID19 patients,", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Such transmission could be reduced by surgical mask usage, especially when masks were worn by infected individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The potential risk of cytokine storm in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) has been described", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets. There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Remdesivir efficacy was not much different in reducing 28-day mortality versus 14-day mortality rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the betacoronaviruses, one of the four genera of coronaviruses.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This suggests that nicotine may have some preventive or modulatory effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "To date, understanding whether acquired immunity and presence of anti SARSCov2 antibodies protects against reinfection is one the most important focus of the scientific community", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new strain that was discovered in 2019 and has not been previously identified in humans. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The clinical evidence in our study suggested that myocardial injury is more likely related to systemic consequences rather than direct damage by the 2019 novel coronavirus. The elevation in cardiac markers was probably due to secondary and systemic consequences and can be considered as the warning sign for recent adverse clinical outcomes of the patients", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused one of the most devastating epidemics known to the developed world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The cardiovascular system is also affected, with complications including myocardial injury, myocarditis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and venous thromboembolic events. Current therapies for COVID-19 may interact with cardiovascular medications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In addition, it was found that clarithromycin, naproxen and oseltamivir combination leads to decrease in mortality rate and duration of hospitalisation in patients with pneumonia caused by influenza.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Despite its small sample size our survey shows that hydroxychloroquine treatment is significantly associated with viral load reduction/disappearance in COVID-19 patients and its effect is reinforced by azithromycin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm is an excessive immune response to external stimuli.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The virus that causes COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), belongs to the betacoronaviruses, one of the four genera of coronaviruses.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The pathogen was proved to be a novel betacoronavirus called 2019 novel coronavirus (officially named by the World Health Organization as COVID-19). The typical clinical manifestations were fever, cough, dyspnea, and myalgia or fatigue. Less common symptoms included headache, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The COVID-19 pandemic and associated physical isolation practices are likely to result in a range of mental health and psychosocial challenges.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "A concern was raised regarding the safety of ibuprofen use because of its role in increasing ACE2 levels within the ReninAngiotensinAldosterone system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) can cause severe respiratory failure and distressing symptoms including fever, cough, breathlessness and anxiety.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Face Masks are More Guaranteed to Protect Me from the Coronavirus than a Vaccine If I don't get an immune response, the vaccine's not going to protect me.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Household transmission studies showed that children were rarely the index case and case studies suggested that children with COVID19 seldom caused outbreaks. However, it is highly likely that children can transmit the SARSCOV2 virus, which causes COVID19, and even asymptomatic children can have viral loads. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Full lockdown policies in Western Europe countries have no evident impacts on the COVID-19 epidemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Australian and New Zealand governments both initiated strict social distancing measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in late March. It remains difficult to quantify the impact this had in reducing the spread of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus emerged in human populations and spread rapidly to cause the global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": " We aimed to evaluate whether ibuprofen use in individuals with COVID-19 was associated with more severe disease, compared with individuals using paracetamol or no antipyretics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs for 2019- nCoV still need to be further confirmed by clinical experiments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In recent past, some natural herbal compounds have demonstrated encouraging anti-viral properties.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Lopinavir /Ritonavir, Nucleoside analogues, Neuraminidase inhibitors, Remdesivir, peptide (EK1), abidol, RNA synthesis inhibitors (such as TDF, 3TC), anti-inflammatory drugs (such as hormones and other molecules), Chinese traditional medicine, such ShuFengJieDu Capsules and Lianhuaqingwen Capsule, could be the drug treatment options for 2019-nCoV. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evolving evidence of significant differences in severity and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children compared to adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It has proven that COVID-19 infection in some elderly critical adults leads to a cytokine storm, which is characterized by severe systemic elevation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is currently no guidance on the use of micronutrient supplements as a treatment of COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 respirators offer far superior protection against covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No. Spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your body will not kill viruses that have already entered your body.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients with COVID-19 who require ICU admission might have the cytokine storm.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, there is some evidence that inhaled corticosteroids could also reduce its severity, opening the possibility that nicotine and inhaled steroids could be used as treatments.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Evidence on mask effectiveness for respiratory infection prevention is stronger in health care than community settings.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 spread all over the world becoming a pandemic illness, researchers have better characterized route of virus transmissibility and clinical signs and symptoms of the disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The severity of coronavirus 2019 infection (COVID-19) is determined by the presence of pneumonia, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), myocarditis, microvascular thrombosis and/or cytokine storms, all of which involve underlying inflammation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Since droplet transmission is the main route of transmission, wearing a mask serves as a crucial preventive measure.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinicians need to be mindful of the toxicity of a wide variety of possibly unfamiliar substances being tested or repurposed to treat COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The aim of this manuscript is to investigate transversally Ear Nose Throat (ENT) symptoms COVID-19 infection correlated and to study the neurotropism and neuroinvasiveness of the virus in the head-neck district through the investigation of the sense of smell, taste, tearing, salivation and hearing.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir and its active metabolites are unlikely to be adequate in the lung to kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The findings of the present study need in vivo experiments to prove the utility of \"I\", \"F\",\"D\" and \"E\" compounds and their further use in making herb-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 product in near future", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "showing drinking alcoholic beverages did not help to suppress viral infections, and the chances that it would work for Covid-19 patients were extremely slim.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Most hospitals have implemented universal masking for their healthcare workers, and the Center for Disease Control currently advises even the general public to wear cloth masks when outdoors. The pertinent need for masks arises from plausible dissemination of the SARS-CoV-2 through close contacts, as well as the possibility of virus transmission from asymptomatic, pre-symptomatic, and mildly symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "It is known that transmission from person to person is the most important way to spread.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A number of COVIN-19 cases with conjunctivitis or conjunctivitis as the first symptom have been observed in our clinical work.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Efficient SARS-CoV-2 inactivation was demonstrated for all tested alcohol-based disinfectants. These findings show the successful inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 for the first time and provide confidence in its use for the control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In vitro, remdesivir inhibited replication of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Lack of specific drug molecules or treatment strategy against this disease makes it more devastating. Thus, there is an urgent need of effective drug molecules to fight against COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition reduces the risk of non-contact transmission in a golden Syrian hamster model for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The numbers of children with COVID-19 pneumonia infection are small, and most of them come from family aggregation. Symptoms are mainly mild or even asymptomatic, which allow children to be a risk factor for transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "This review summarizes the possible transmission ways of COVID-19 through the foods, food supply chain, surfaces, and environment before exploring the development of corresponding detection tools of SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": " There is currently no vaccine for COVID-19, leaving governments and public health agencies with little defense against the virus aside from advising or enforcing best practices for virus transmission prevention, which include hand-washing, physical distancing, use of face covers, and use of effective disinfectants.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Following a balanced diet and supplementation with proper nutrients may play a vital role in prevention, treatment, and management of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Currently, there are no proven effective vaccines or therapeutic agents against the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In 2003, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused one of the most devastating epidemics known to the developed world.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Coronaviruses, which were generally considered harmless to humans before 2003, have appeared again with a pandemic threatening the world since December 2019 after the epidemics of SARS and MERS. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "More than 3 lung segments involved were associated with greater risk of development of severe COVID-19 in children. Moreover, the possible risk of the elevation of IL-6, high total bilirubin and D-dimer with univariable analysis could identify patients to be severe earlier.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While severe COVID-19 patients develop a strong antibody response, mild SARS-CoV-2 infections induce a modest antibody response. Long term monitoring will show whether these responses predict protection against future infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Nature provides a huge reservoir of anti-infectious compounds, from which we can deduce innovative ideas, therapies, and products.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no evidence that garlic can protect you against the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children have mild symptoms or no symptoms.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The aim of this study is to develop an understanding of the drivers of the 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theory and strategies to deal with such misinformation. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is cannabis use epidemiologically associated with coronavirus incidence rate (CVIR)?", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "However, other manifestations such as headache, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell were added to the clinical spectrum, during the course of the COVID19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since COVID-19 outbreak, various agents have been tested but no proven effective therapies have been identified.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We concluded that as a common nonrespiratory symptom of COVID19, headache should not be overlooked, and its characteristics should be recorded with scrutiny.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared to exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The objective of this study is to determine if the components of natural origin have an anti-viral effect and which can prevent humans from infection by this coronavirus using the most reliable method is molecular docking, which used to find the interaction between studied molecules and the protein, in our case we based on the inhibitor of Coronavirus (nCoV-2019) main protease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Enjoy ginger, but it's not a 'cure' for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected. However, SARS-CoV-2 can affect several human organs due to high expressions of ACE2 receptor which is the main viral target and the virus may affect not only higher and lower respiratory tracts, but also heart, kidney, gastro enteric tract, liver, pancreas, nervous system and skin.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In other words, the SARS-CoV-2 stool analysis is not diagnostic of COVID-19.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will protect me against getting the coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Amongst them, a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19, leading to misinformation and the burning of 5G towers in the United Kingdom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It is now accepted that the wild fauna, probably bats, constitute the initial reservoir of the virus, but little is known about the role pets can play in the spread of the disease in human communities, knowing the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect some domestic animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV2 is a rapidly spreading global pandemic. Although precise transmission routes and dynamics are unknown, SARS-CoV2 is thought primarily to spread via contagious respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Natural herbal remedies have long been the main, if not the only, remedy in the oral tradition for treating illnesses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": " However, wearing N95 respirators can prevent 73 more (95% CI 46-91) clinical respiratory infections per 1000 HCWs compared to surgical masks (2 RCTs; 2594 patients; low quality of evidence).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "adults who are hooked on cigarettes are 50% less likely to test positive for the illness", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "A novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2) that initially originated from Wuhan, China, in December 2019 has already caused a pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The patient was seriously ill, who felt that he suffered from fever, fatigue, cough, and expectoration and sought medical treatment, with a history of contact with Wuhan", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vinegar can kill microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses and treat yeast infections.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Myocardial injury is significantly associated with fatal outcome of COVID-19, while the prognosis of patients with underlying CVD but without myocardial injury is relatively favorable. Myocardial injury is associated with cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. Inflammation may be a potential mechanism for myocardial injury.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Humans showing clinical symptoms of respiratory infections have been undergoing for COVID-19 diagnostic test but many infected people and few pets confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 remained asymptomatic. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) affects principally the respiratory tract but recent studies described that COVID19 could present a broader clinical spectrum from the absence of any symptoms to heart (1), digestive (2) or EarNoseThroat (including anosmia and ageusia) (3) manifestations. Here we report two cases of peculiar skin manifestation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cytokine storm in COVID-19 is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 that is caused by a dysregulated immune system of the host.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The various symptoms identified for COVID-19 are fever, dry cough, sore throat, dyspnea, fatigue, myalgia, and headache. Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions are emerging as a new symptom more in the European patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "In animals, coronavirus leads to damage to mucous membranes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No experts are remotely advocating for people to take up smoking to prevent COVID-19, but some researchers have theorized nicotine may be playing some role in keeping the virus at bay", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Officials believe that the virus was present in meat sold at the said market.", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco kills more than 8 million people globally every year. More than 7 million of these deaths are from direct tobacco use and around 1.2 million are due to non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "These findings indicate that these comorbidities are not only associated with severity of disease but also predispose for getting Covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "we serially analysed immune responses in 113 COVID-19 patients with moderate (non-ICU) and severe (ICU) disease.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "since moderate conjunctival hyperemia can be the first sign of a severe respiratory distress.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Many countries have closed schools and kindergartens to minimise COVID19, but the role that children play in disease transmission is unclear.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In high- or moderate-risk health care settings, observational studies found that risk for infection with SARS-CoV-1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus probably decreased with mask use versus nonuse and possibly decreased with N95 versus surgical mask use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G communication technology has the characteristics of faster speed, shorter time delay and denser capacity. In COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control work, it can further improve the efficiency of doctors&apos; diagnosis, improve patients&apos; medical experience, realize the remote sharing of high-quality medical resources and real-time information exchange, effectively block the spread of epidemic, alleviate the shortage of medical resources and medical staff, and make the epidemic prevention and control more efficient.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "This in vitro study demonstrated that irradiation with a deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV-LED) of 280 5 nm wavelength rapidly inactivates SARS-CoV-2 obtained from a COVID-19 patient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are not associated with severe COVID-19 infection in a multi-site UK acute hospital trust", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To minimize coronavirus risk, use alcohol for sanitizing, not for drinking", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "APs with COVID-19 still have certain period of viral shedding, which suggests the possibility of transmission during their asymptomatic period.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "During COVID-19 pandemic crisis, Italian Government has approved Law Decree no. 18 of 17 march 2020, in which art. 15 allows enterprises to produce, import and commercialize surgical masks notwithstanding the current rules of product certification. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The risk of transmission via touching contaminated paper is low.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": " Saliva testing does depend on standard PCR technology, and it does require some manual labor in order to move it through", "Question": "what types of rapid testing for Covid-19 have been developed?", "Evidence": "The present treatise proposes a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) based technique for simple and rapid detection of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Clinical symptoms included fever (100%), cough (69.6%), expectoration (43.5%), myalgia (26.1%), headache (17.4%) and dyspnea (17.4%), and the less common symptom was diarrhea (4.3%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension appeared consistently as the most prevalent risk factors in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "mortality rate was increased when the treatment was conducted with hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 has crossed the species barrier to infect humans and other animal species, and infected humans can facilitate reverse-zoonotic transmission to animals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks. Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Antiviral drugs like lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir and remdesivir are also being explored. Cytokine storm and secondary HLH might require heightened immunosuppressive regimens.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As no vaccine is available for COVID-19, the development of directly acting antiviral agents and preventive strategies have to be considered.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone has only been shown to have positive effects in patients who require supplemental oxygen.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "In this new study, human coronavirus 229E was rapidly inactivated on a range of copper alloys (within a few minutes for simulated fingertip contamination) and Cu/Zn brasses were very effective at lower copper concentration.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "early empiric short-term administration of HCQ in symptomatic individuals, may be a promising, safe and low-cost strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We discuss evidence regarding role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment and prophylaxis, use of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, safety of ibuprofen, unusual clinical features like gastrointestinal symptoms and interpretation of tests for cardiac enzymes and biomarkers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To share a useful intervention to minimize risk of COVID-19 infection to both healthcare workers and patients in the eye clinic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Model simulations, using data relevant to COVID-19 dynamics in the US states of New York and Washington, suggest that broad adoption of even relatively ineffective face masks may meaningfully reduce community transmission of COVID-19 and decrease peak hospitalizations and deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Exposing yourself to the sun or to temperatures higher than 25C degrees does not prevent the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Various psychological problems and important consequences in terms of mental health including stress, anxiety, depression, frustration, uncertainty during COVID-19 outbreak emerged progressively.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Ma's research shows N95 masks, medical masks, even homemade masks could block at least 90% of the virus in aerosols", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the new coronavirus can persist in the body for at least two weeks after symptoms of the disease clear up. ", "Question": "Are you immune to COVID-19 after recovering from it?", "Evidence": "Several hospitals in different countries have detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the semen and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we thoroughly reviewed multiple organs including lung, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, skin, heart, blood, spleen, lymph nodes, brain, blood vessels, and placenta in terms of COVID-19-related pathological alterations.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, a form of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). COVID-19 is characterized by two phases: the first resembles the flu with pneumonia, but after about seven or eight days the disease suddenly worsens to a sepsis-like syndrome.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": " consistent reports of cardiac injury and de novo cardiac complications, including possible myocarditis, arrhythmia, and heart failure in patients without prior cardiovascular disease or significant risk factors, are emerging", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This paper reports the diagnosis and treatment of one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis as the first symptom and one COVIN-19 patient with conjunctivitis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these therapies may weaken the immune system and potentially place IBD patients at increased risk of infections and infectious complications including those from COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To explore the extent of animal-related transmission, we aggregated 17 case reports on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals as of 15 May 2020. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected people from all cultures, religions, gender, and age groups around the world.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The median communicable period, defined as the interval from the first day of positive nucleic acid tests to the first day of continuous negative tests, was 9.5 days (up to 21 days among the 24 asymptomatic cases). Through epidemiological investigation, we observed a typical asymptomatic transmission to the cohabiting family members", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic won't prevent COVID-19. These 'home remedies' and 'cures' just don't work", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's No Evidence That Vitamin-D Prevents Coronavirus ", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No. Spraying alcohol or chlorine all over your body will not kill viruses that have already entered your body.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone has only been shown to have positive effects in patients who require supplemental oxygen.", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "high doses of vitamins and natural remedies can stave off COVID-19 \u2014 but evidence to support these claims is lacking.", "Question": "Are there natural remedies that will prevent me from getting infected with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, no COVID-19 specific treatments have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results suggest use of face masks by the general public is potentially of high value in curtailing community transmission and the burden of the pandemic. The community-wide benefits are likely to be greatest when face masks are used in conjunction with other non-pharmaceutical practices (such as social-distancing), and when adoption is nearly universal (nation-wide) and compliance is high.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Here we reported a case of 2019 novel coronavirus-infected patient (NCIP) with diarrhea as the initial symptom.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A study of COVID-19 patients in the Netherlands did not find the disease to be associated with cytokine storm, as previously suggested. ", "Question": "what is a cytokine storm and how is it related to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The disease progresses rapidly, and the mortality is high. Certain evidence shows that, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, the severe deterioration of some patients has been closely related to the cytokine storm in their bodies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Contacting contaminated nonfabric surfaces may pose an indirect contact risk up to three orders of magnitude higher than that of contacting contaminated fabric surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19,", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Findings revealed that belief in 5G COVID-19 conspiracy theories was positively correlated with state anger, which in turn, was associated with a greater justification of real-life and hypothetical violence in response to an alleged link between 5G mobile technology and COVID-19, alongside a greater intent to engage in similar behaviours in the future.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our simple model shows that modest efficacy of masks could avert substantial mortality in this scenario. Importantly, the effects on mortality became hyper-sensitive to mask-wearing as the effective R approaches 1, i.e. near the tipping point of when the infection trajectory is expected to revert to exponential growth, as would be expected after effective lockdown. Our model suggests that mask-wearing might exert maximal benefit as nations plan their post-lockdown strategies and suggests that mask-wearing should be included in further more sophisticated models of the current pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Psychological impact was assessed using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and mental health status with the Goldberg's General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "None of the screened children resulted positive for COVID-19 infection. At first presentation, the most frequent signs and symptoms were: fever (71.4%), fatigue (35.7%) and cough (30.9%). An high C-reactive protein value and abnormalities of chest X-ray (bronchial wall thickening) were detected in 26.2% and 19% of patients, respectively. Almost half of patients (45.2%) required hospitalization in our Pediatric Unit and one patient in Intensive Care Unit.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": " According to this hypothesis vaccine formulations (tetanus, diphtheria, Bordetella pertussis) could be re-administrate after the first contact with Covid-19, better before the development of respiratory severe illness and of course before full-blown ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome). The CD4+ memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting lung crash until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "In this review, we summarize the natural cases of SARS-CoV-2 in animals with the latest researches conducted in this field. This review will be helpful to think insights of SARS-CoV-2 transmissions, spread, and demand for sero-prevalence studies especially in companion animals.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Data on viral loads were scarce, but indicated that children may have lower levels than adults, partly because they often have fewer symptoms, and this should decrease the transmission risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "We found no direct high quality evidence on whether N95 respirators are better than surgical masks for HCWs protection from SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 was declared in the last weeks as global pandemic. Currently affecting more than 5 000 000 individuals worldwide, COVID-19 is most commonly associated with symptoms caused by the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "There have been no reports of SARS-COV-2 transmission by blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Recent research results suggest that bats or pangolins might be the original hosts for the virus based on comparative studies using its genomic sequences.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": " SARS-CoV-2 antibody deficiency in the setting of a tissue viral burden suggests that using an antibody as a therapeutic agent would augment the antiviral immune response.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-17 cases/day with a 1C rise in temperature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There is also evidence that smokers in hospital who have coronavirus are at a higher risk than non-smokers of severe illness and death. While it's important to prevent getting COVID-19 in the first place, it's also essential that we do all we can to keep our lungs healthy to avoid the worst affects of the disease.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": " current evidence did not confirm the concern that ACEI/ARB exposure is harmful in patientswith COVID-19 infection. This study supports the current guidelines that discourage discontinuation of ACEIs or ARBs in COVID-19 patients and the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most effective way to protect yourself against the new coronavirus is by frequently cleaning your hands with alcohol-based hand", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "these patterns are not specific to 5G conspiratorial beliefs", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The researchers found: 1) individuals with mild and severe disease produced neutralizing IgG to SARS-CoV-2 10 days after disease onset; 2) SARS-CoV-2 persisted longer in those with severe disease; and 3) there was cross-reactivity between antibodies to SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, but only antibodies from patients with COVID-19 neutralized SARS-CoV-2. These observations provide important information on the serological response to SARS-CoV-2 of hospitalized patients with COVID-19 that can inform the use of convalescent plasma therapy.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Hypertension was associated with increased composite poor outcome, including mortality, severe COVID-19, ARDS, need for ICU care and disease progression in patients with COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "ACE inhibitors and ibuprofen have been suggested to exacerbate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "Using published data from various sources it is shown that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which causes COVID-19, is highly likely to be susceptible to UV damage while suspended in air irradiated by UV-C at levels that are acceptable and safe for upper-room applications.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia as primary symptoms of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This review evaluates whether pregnancy is a risk factor for COVID-19 by looking at the expression of immune markers such as immune cells and cytokines in order to have a better understanding on the pathophysiology of the disease, thus reducing maternal deaths.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There are now many reports of SARS-CoV-2 positive cases in dogs, cats, tigers, lion, and minks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Several people, including the US president, have suggested that the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, COVID-19, will go away on its own in the warmer weather that will come.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The Weather Network - Wildfire smoke could worsen COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Children accounted for a small fraction of COVID19 cases and mostly had social contacts with peers or parents, rather than older people at risk of severe disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "hypertension may be an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19. Patients who previously used RAAS inhibitors may have a better prognosis.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "antimalarial chloroquine and hydroxy- chloroquine, favipiravir and co-administered darunavir and umifenovir (in patient therapies) were also recently recorded as having anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks are just a physical barrier that will protect you against \"a visible splash or spray of fluid or large droplets", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": " Data indicate CVIR demonstrates significant trends across cannabis use intensity quintiles and with relaxed cannabis legislation. Recent cannabis use is independently predictive of CVIR in bivariate and multivariable adjusted models and intensity of use is interactively significant. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In Unani medicine, during an epidemic, apart from isolation and quarantine, three measures are of utmost importance, (i) purification of surroundings using certain herbal drugs as fumigants or sprays, (ii) health promotion and immune-modulation, and (iii) use of health-protecting drugs and symptom-specific drugs. Drugs such as loban (Styrax benzoides W. G. Craib), sandroos (Hymenaea verrucosa Gaertn.) za'fran (Crocus sativus L.), vinegar etc. are prescribed in various forms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 Can Be Treated By Gargling With Warm Water Mixed With Salt And Vinegar", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Here we report on the most recent updates on experimental drugs successfully employed in the treatment of the disease caused by SARS CoV-2 coronavirus, also referred to as COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease 19). ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "After the emergence of a novel coronavirus named SARSCoV2, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) was initially characterized by fever, sore throat, cough, and dyspnea, mainly manifestations of respiratory system. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tobacco kills more than 8 million people globally every year. More than 7 million of these deaths are from direct tobacco use and around 1.2 million are due to non-smokers being exposed to second-hand smoke. ", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A few cases of dogs tested weak positives of Coronavirus and there is evidence they can transmit to humans directly.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The N95 respirator is thicker than a surgical mask, but neither Schaffner", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Acute abdomen as an early symptom of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "fever was the first symptom in COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Ocular manifestation as first sign of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Young people as diligent about Covid measures as older people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The researchers also ranked face mask material from most to least effective in their testing.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It's worth noting that there isn't a lot of data on what can kill SARS-CoV-2-the virus that causes coronavirus COVID-19-on surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Face masks are an avenue to curb the spread of coronavirus, but few people in Western societies wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "32.2% (n=75) denounced the conspiracy theory", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If you're worried about corona, only the N95 mask will protect you", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "The safety of NSAIDs, corticosteroids and renin-angiotensin inhibitors in COVID-19 is challenged. NSAIDs may interfere with the defense process against viral infection and are best avoided. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most effective way to protect yourself against the new coronavirus is by frequently cleaning your hands with alcohol-based hand", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "While it remains much too early to determine precisely how alcohol use might affect risk for or progression of COVID19, any efforts to connect the dots from past alcohol research would suggest it wise for nondrinkers and lowrisk drinkers to maintain that status during this public health crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the safety of ibuprofen in COVID-19 patients has been questioned due to anecdotal reports of worsening symptoms in previously healthy young adults.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Exposing yourself to the sun or to temperatures higher than 25C degrees does not prevent the coronavirus disease (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We present two models for the COVID-19 pandemic predicting the impact of universal face mask wearing upon the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus--one employing a stochastic dynamic network based compartmental SEIR (susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered) approach, and the other employing individual ABM (agent-based modelling) Monte Carlo simulation--indicating (1) significant impact under (near) universal masking when at least 80% of a population is wearing masks, versus minimal impact when only 50% or less of the population is wearing masks, and (2) significant impact when universal masking is adopted early, by Day 50 of a regional outbreak, versus minimal impact when universal masking is adopted late. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Covid19 infection began in Wuhan (Hubei, China) in December, 2019.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir has a modest yet significant reduction in mortality and significantly improves the time to recovery", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "Hoaxes (such as eating garlic or citrus to prevent COVID-19) were detected in 15 videos (10.9%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Antiviral drugs that have been used to treat other viral infections including HIV are also being tried for COVID-19, so far without proven success.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To analyze the effectiveness of social distancing in the United States (U.S.).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The government of different countries has adopted various policies to contain this epidemic and the most common were social distancing and lockdown. Our analysis revealed that the measures can slow down the outbreak. We can reduce the epidemic size and prolong the time to arrive at the epidemic peak by seriously following the measures suggested by the authorities.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Obesity Raises Risk of Death from Covid-19", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The cause of most deaths has been acute pneumonia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by aerosols, to provide evidence on the rational use of masks, and to discuss additional measures important for the protection of healthcare workers from COVID-19. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "The ongoing outbreak of COVID-19 has been expanding worldwide. As of 17 April 2020, the death toll stands at a sobering 147,027 and over two million cases, this has been straining the health care systems all over.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Studies demonstrate that COVID-19 is an immune condition which is marked by reduced lymphocytes and elevated selected proinflammatory cytokines. Similar immune expression has been demonstrated in pregnancy by several studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the risk of pets spreading Covid-19 to humans is considered 'medium'", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Further, the report enlightened on the use of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Ideally, try to maintain at least three feet of distance from others if you are in a community where COVID-19 is spreading. This can help prevent you from breathing in any liquid droplets containing the virus, which can be sprayed through the nose or mouth through coughing and sneezing. 3. Clean and disinfect surfaces", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Overall, funds that the hospital receives for COVID-19 deaths are more the greater good and the good of the patients' families.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "CBD help prevent or treat the Covid-19 coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has produced substantial health challenges from the perspective of both its direct health complications and the disruption to delivery of standard care for individuals with a range of acute and chronic health issues.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "HCQ should be prescribed as a part of treatment for critically ill COVID-19 patients, with possible outcome of saving lives.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Surgical face masks significantly reduced detection of influenza virus RNA in respiratory droplets and coronavirus RNA in aerosols, with a trend toward reduced detection of coronavirus RNA in respiratory droplets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "three double-layer materials including double-layer medical non-woven fabric, medical non-woven fabric plus non-woven shopping bag, and medical non-woven fabric plus granular tea towel could meet all the standards of pressure difference, particle filtration efficiency, and resistance to surface wetting, and were close to the standard of the bacterial filtration efficiency; homemade masks using available materials can minimize the chance of infection to the maximum extent.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In the setting of pericardial diseases, there are two possible different scenarios to consider: the patient being treated for pericarditis who subsequently becomes infected with SARS-CoV-2, and the patient with COVID-19 who develops pericarditis or pericardial effusion. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 is usually caused a virus to which most probably the people with low immunity response are being affected. Plant-based foods increased the intestinal beneficial bacteria which are helpful and make up of 85% of the immune system. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the greater susceptibility of individuals with underlying cardiovascular conditions to develop more severe Covid-19 with higher mortality rate is likely to be confounded, in part, by age and the type of co-morbidities. Patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease might show an excess risk", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, older than 65, and smoking were risk factors for disease progression in patients with COVID-19 (male: OR=1.76, 95% CI (1.41, 2.18), P < 0.00001;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with diabetes were more likely to develop severe or critical disease conditions with more complications, and had higher incidence rates of antibiotic therapy, non-invasive and invasive mechanical ventilation, and death", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "throwing hot water on ginger as a cure-all for COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Anosmia and ageusia have recently been hinted as significant early symptoms in COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Diabetes is generally known to weaken the immune system, making it harder to protect against viral infections like COVID-19.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Our data support the notion that diabetes should be considered as a risk factor for a rapid progression and bad prognosis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "5G-based robot-assisted remote ultrasound system is feasible, and effectively obtains ultrasound characteristics for cardiopulmonary assessment of COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Currently, there is not any specific effective antiviral treatment for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Muscle injury or myalgia was the most common (19.2%, 95%CI 15.423.2%) neurologic symptom of COVID-19, followed by headache (10.9%, 95%CI 8.6213.51%);", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": " The COVID-19 population-level mortality rate (per 100,000 person-years) increased with age: from 0.1 deaths among 30-39 year olds to 9.5 deaths among 80 year olds.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We identified seasonal human coronaviruses, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses in exhaled breath and coughs of children and adults with acute respiratory illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "the American College of Physicians (ACP) provides recommendations based on the best available evidence through 14 April 2020 on the effectiveness of N95 respirators, surgical masks, and cloth masks in reducing transmission of infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that fatalities are 18.8% (9/48) in HCQ group, which is significantly lower than 47.4% (238/502) in the NHCQ group (P<0.001). The time of hospital stay before patient death is 15 (10-21) days and 8 (4-14) days for the HCQ and NHCQ groups, respectively (P<0.05). The levels of inflammatory cytokine IL-6 were significantly reduced from 22.2 (8.3-118.9) pg mL-1 at the beginning of the treatment to 5.2 (3.0-23.4) pg mL-1 (P<0.05) at the end of the treatment in the HCQ group but there is no change in the NHCQ group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Fever has been reported as a common symptom occurring in COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "In this study, we demonstrated, using avian coronavirus of infectious bronchitis virus to mimic SARSCoV2, that medical masks and N95 masks remained their blocking efficacy after being steamed on boiling water even for 2 hours.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Our findings of extensive viral RNA contamination of surfaces and air across a range of acute healthcare settings in the absence of cultured virus underlines the potential risk from surface and air contamination in managing COVID-19, and the need for effective use of PPE, social distancing, and hand/surface hygiene.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the use of hydroxychloroquine alone was associated with increased mortality in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As discussed in this review, till effective vaccines and treatments emerge, it is important to understand the scientific rationale of pandemic-mitigation strategies such as wearing facemasks and social distancing, and implement them.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Smoking has complicated effects on the immune system involving both up and down regulation, any of which might alone or in concert antagonize progression of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "COVID-19, due to its regular flu-like symptoms, is also expected to show similar seasonality and subside as the global temperatures rise in the northern hemisphere with the onset of spring", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is correct to call the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Although based on existing evidence, NSAIDs have been effective in treating respiratory infections caused by influenza and rhinovirus, since there is no clinical trial on COVID-19 and case-reports and clinical experiences are indicative of elongation of treatment duration and exacerbation of the clinical course of patients with COVID-19, it is recommended to use substitutes such as acetaminophen for controlling fever and inflammation and be cautious about using NSAIDs in management of COVID-19 patients until there are enough evidence.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "ARVs can treat Covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wear masks with two or more layers to stop the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The COVID19, which appeared to originate in China in December 2019, has spread worldwide pandemically.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Thus, our goal is to test the most active antivirals identified in adequate animal models infected with SARS-CoV-2, to add more information about possible in vivo efficacy. In turn, successful antivirals could be tested in clinical trials as treatments for infected patients, but also as pre-exposure prophylaxis to avoid novel infections until an effective and safe vaccine is developed.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children have mild symptoms or no symptoms.", "Question": "what are the health outcomes for children who contract COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Eight of 260 children diagnosed with severe COVID-19 pneumonia were included in the study. Thirty-five children with COVID-19 infection matched for age, sex and date of admission, and who classified as non-severe type, were randomly selected from the hospital admissions. ", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "In this study, we collected blood from COVID-19 patients who have recently become virus-free and therefore were discharged, and analyzed their SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody and T cell responses. We observed SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral and cellular immunity in the patients. Both were detected in newly discharged patients, suggesting both participate in immune-mediated protection to viral infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "The new Coronavirus identified in Whuan at the end of 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) belongs to the Beta Coronavirus genus and is responsible for the new Coronavirus 2019 pandemia (COVID-19). Infected children may be asymptomatic or present fever, dry cough, fatigue or gastrointestinal symptoms.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2, identified in Wuhan, China, for the first time in December 2019, is a new viral strain, which has not been previously identified in humans; it can be transmitted both by air and via direct and indirect contact; however, the most frequent way it spreads is via droplets.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Frequent hand washing, avoiding crowds and contact with sick people, and cleaning and disinfecting frequently touched surfaces can help prevent coronavirus infections. ", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Symptomatic COVID19 patients, around 6%10%, also reported headache as a presenting symptom.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)--the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19)--has been detected in domestic dogs and cats, raising concerns of transmission from, to, or between these animals. There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Evidence is currently lacking and it is too early to make robust conclusions on any link between use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type-I receptor blockers with risk or severity of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We determined and compared the humoral immune response in severe, hospitalized and mild, non-hospitalized COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "a small number of pets worldwide, including cats and dogs, can be infected with the virus that causes COVID-19, mostly after close contact with people with COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a novel (new) coronavirus, one that has not been previously identified in humans, and is responsible for an outbreak of respiratory illness that became a global pandemic in 2020. ", "Question": "Which are the first symptoms of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVED-19, previously known as novel coronavirus pneumonia) was first discovered in December 2019 and spread widely in China and all over the world in 2020", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Little information on the SARS-CoV-2 virus in animals is available to date.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "showing drinking alcoholic beverages did not help to suppress viral infections, and the chances that it would work for Covid-19 patients were extremely slim.", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Is drinking a healthy way of coping? No.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Epidemiological and laboratory research seems to suggest that smoking and perhaps nicotine alone could reduce the severity of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks can protect you from more severe COVID-19", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is safe take Advil to bring down your temperature caused by covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Likewise, the S protein nucleotide sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus isolated in domestic animals and humans is identical, and the replication of the SARS-CoV-2 in cats is efficient.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "dexamethasone may be useful for the short-term in severe, intubated, COVID-19 patients, but could be outright dangerous during recovery since the virus will not only persist, but the body will be prevented from generating protective antibodies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The main warning signs of COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, are fever, fatigue, and a dry cough.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is considered to be low.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We found that SARS-CoV-2 replicates poorly in dogs, pigs, chickens, and ducks, but ferrets and cats are permissive to infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, masks alone may not greatly slow down the COVID-19 pandemic unless they are coupled with adequate social distancing, diligent hand hygiene, and other proven preventive measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since many articles have reported the effect of smoking (tobacco and cannabis) and vaping in cerebrovascular and neurological systems, and considering that smokers are more prone to viral and bacterial infection compared to non-smokers, it is high time to explore the probable correlation of smoking in COVID-19 patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28{degrees}C and +14.51{degrees}C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Neither mask type completely prevents transmission, which may be due to inappropriate handling and alternative transmission pathways. Therefore, compliance with a bundle of infection control measures including thorough hand hygiene is key.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Yes, 5G radiation causes Covid-19 ", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In drawing things to a close, we explore the use of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), blockchain, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and 5G, among others, to help mitigate the impact of COVID-19 outbreak.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "counties where the policies have been imposed have effectively increased social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In conclusion, the plant-based foods play a vital role to enhance the immunity of people to control of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The odds of mortality were significantly higher in patients treated with Hydroxychloroquine + Azithromycin than supportive care alone [2.34 (95% CI: 1.63, 3.34); I2 = 0%]. A pooled analysis of recently published studies suggests no additional benefit for reducing mortality in COVID-19 patients when Hydroxychloroquine is given as add-on to the standard care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To minimize coronavirus risk, use alcohol for sanitizing, not for drinking", "Question": "Can drinking alcohol help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among the basic protective measures against COVID-19, the need to wash hands frequently and in a prolonged way using soap, and to regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers is well established for the whole population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 infection may be associated with severe disease in childhood presenting to a specialist hospital, but does not appear significantly different in severity to other causes of similar clinical presentations. In children presenting with pre-existing COVID-19 vulnerable medical conditions at a specialist centre, there does not appear to be significantly increased risk of either contracting COVID-19 or severe complications, apart from those undergoing chemotherapy, who are over-represented.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "young peope are not at risk and do not die from covid-19", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne routes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus will not go away on its own in warmer weather", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Results indicated that temperatures had a negative linear relationship with the number of confirmed cases. The curve flattened at a threshold of 25.8 C. There is no evidence supporting that the curve declined for temperatures above 25.8 C", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Avoid medications to lower fever if sick with the new coronavirus", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Masks do reduce spread of flu and some COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notably, masks are found to be useful with respect to both preventing illness in healthy persons and preventing asymptomatic transmission. Hypothetical mask adoption scenarios, for Washington and New York state, suggest that immediate near universal (80%) adoption of moderately (50%) effective masks could prevent on the order of 17--45% of projected deaths over two months in New York, while decreasing the peak daily death rate by 34--58%, absent other changes in epidemic dynamics. Even very weak masks (20% effective) can still be useful if the underlying transmission rate is relatively low or decreasing: In Washington, where baseline transmission is much less intense, 80% adoption of such masks could reduce mortality by 24--65% (and peak deaths 15--69%), compared to 2--9% mortality reduction in New York (peak death reduction 9--18%).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, is transmitted by person-to-person contact, via airborne droplets, or through contact with contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "clinical trials are needed to determine if endogenously created vitamin D could be effective for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists are endeavoring to find antivirals specific to the virus. Several drugs such as chloroquine, arbidol, remdesivir, and favipiravir are currently undergoing clinical studies to test their efficacy and safety in the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China; some promising results have been achieved thus far.", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "remdesivir, which has been previously administered to Ebola virus patients, has also proven effective in the U.S. against coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Content analysis revealed that, of 233 sample tweets, 34.8% (n=81) contained views that 5G and COVID-19 were linked", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Protective devices must be used whenever there is potentially close contact with a suspect case, especially when the potentially infected person does not wear a surgical mask that could reduce the spread of viruses in the environment.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "there is no vaccine or antiviral treatment for human and animal coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "Mortality was significantly associated with older age, lower body mass index, chronic renal disease, higher Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio, higher D-dimer, higher C-reactive protein, and receipt of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, or vasodilator therapy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "As a result of the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in the Chinese city of Wuhan, a situation of socio-economic crisis and profound psychological distress rapidly occurred worldwide.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Correcting for that distributed delay and offering conservative estimates, we find a negative relationship between temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius and estimated reproduction number ([R]), with each degree Celsius associated with a 3.1% (95% CI, 1.5% to 4.8%) reduction in [R]. Higher levels of relative humidity strengthen the negative effect of temperature above 25 degrees.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Based on the evidence to date, there are several treatment options to consider for the relief of fever (acetaminophen, NSAID, oral glucocorticoids), cough (morphine), breathlessness (morphine, oxygen, fan), anxiety (benzodiazepines) and pain (NSAID, morphine).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We make 3 key observations: 1. Masks, even with suboptimal efficacy in both prevention of acquisition and transmission of infection, could substantially decrease the reproduction number for COVID-19 if widely used. 2. Widespread masking may be sufficient to suppress epidemics where R has been brought close to 1 via other measures (e.g., distancing). 3. Assortment within populations (the tendency for interactions between masked individuals to be more likely than interactions between masked and unmasked individuals) would rapidly erode the impact of masks.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "Young healthy recruits often showed a mild course of COVID-19 with rapid symptom decline but were persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriers. This illustrates how asymptomatic patients may be responsible for covert viral transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Surgical mask partition for challenged index or nave hamsters significantly reduced transmission to 25% (6/24, P=0.018). Surgical mask partition for challenged index hamsters significantly reduced transmission to only 16.7% (2/12, P=0.019) of exposed nave hamsters.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Notification of presumptive positive animal test results triggered a One Health* investigation by state and federal partners, who determined that no further transmission events to other animals or persons had occurred.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No, garlic doesn't cure coronavirus. ", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "it seems that high levels of urban air pollution, and climate conditions have a significant impact on SARS-CoV-2 diffusion. Exhibited positive correlations of ambient ozone levels and negative correlations of NO2 with the increased rates of COVID-19 infections (Total number, Daily New positive and Total Deaths cases), can be attributed to airborne bioaerosols distribution. The results show positive correlation of daily averaged O3 with air temperature and inversely correlations with relative humidity and precipitation rates.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "We estimate an overall infection fatality rate of 1.29% (95% credible interval [CrI] 0.89 - 2.01), as well as large differences by age, with a low infection fatality rate of 0.05% for under 60 year old (CrI 0-.19) and a substantially higher 4.25% (CrI 3.01-6.39) for people above 60 years of age.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "There is no therapeutic FDA-approved drug against SARS-CoV-2 infection, although a combination of anti-viral drugs is directly being practiced in some countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "At this point, the data here presented on hydroxychloroquine either alone or combined with azithromycin (together with previously reported in vivo data in macaques and ferrets) provide no scientific basis for further use of the drug in humans.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Inefficient human-to-human transmission of zoonotic strains may initially limit the spread of transmission, but an infection may be contracted by touching contaminated surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "However, low quality evidence suggests that N95 respirators protect HCWs from clinical respiratory infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Development of a vaccine may be the only effective long-term protection against this disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Higher genetically proxied BMI and lifetime smoking score were associated with increased risk of sepsis in both UK Biobank (BMI: odds ratio 1.38 per standard deviation increase, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27 to 1.51", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the mechanism behind the protective effects of smoking could be found in nicotine", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Statistical surveys of COVID-19 patients indicate, against all common logic, that people who smoke are less prone to the infection and/or exhibit less severe respiratory symptoms than non-smokers.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There are clearly COVID-19 cases where NSAIDs should not be used, but there is no strong evidence that NSAIDs must be avoided in all patients with COVID-19;", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Dexamethasone do not cure the new coronavirus", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The efficacy of dexamethasone in preventing mortality in critical Covid-19 suggests that inflammation has a causal role in death.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSION The use of IV vitamin C in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 disease may be feasible.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ultraviolet lamps kill the COVID-19 virus.", "Question": "Does UV light help in preventing covid-19?", "Evidence": "UV-C irradiation is highly effective in inactivating and inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 replication", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": " Susceptible persons who contacted these contaminated surfaces may transfer the pathogens to their mucous membranes via hands, leading to a risk of respiratory infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 kills also young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "However, some children can get severely ill from COVID-19. They might require hospitalization, intensive care, or a ventilator to help them breathe.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 originally jumped from animals to humans. So too did the virus responsible for SARS and MERS. ", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The examination of these findings and the particular role of animals in COVID-19 should be carefully analyzed in order to establish preparation and containment measures.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Drugs widely used to treat high blood pressure appear to make COVID-19 dangerously worse.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "By extrapolating effectiveness of hand sanitizers on viruses of similar structure to SARS-CoV-2, this virus should be effectively inactivated with current hand hygiene products", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are more effective than regular masks.", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We recommend immediate mask wearing recommendations, official guidelines for correct use, and awareness campaigns to shift masking mindsets away from pure self-protection, towards aspirational goals of responsibly protecting one's community.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can Nicotine Patches Help You Avoid COVID-19? The short answer is YES", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time there is no clear evidence that smoking is protective against COVID-19, so the established recommendations to avoid smoking should be emphasized.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Food systems at all levelsglobally, domestically, locally, and in the home are expected to be highly affected by the COVID-19 crisis.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "if you are low risk (healthy, young), you do not need social distancing.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This has led to the hypothesis that use of ACEIs and ARBs may increase the risk of developing severe COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "scientists do not recommend that people should begin smoking simply to attempt to avoid a severe case of COVID-19. Smoking is still a leading cause of preventable death across the globe.", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "It appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals in some situations.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Unfortunately, to date, no vaccines or antiviral drugs have been approved for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection by regulatory agencies.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "The results suggest the effectiveness of Ribavirin, Remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir as potent drugs against SARS-CoV-2 since they tightly bind to its RdRp. In addition, the results suggest guanosine derivative (IDX-184), Setrobuvir, and YAK as top seeds for antiviral treatments with high potential to fight the SARS-CoV-2 strain specifically. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "The WHO, ECDC and CDC have issued conflicting guidelines on the use of respiratory filters (N95) by HCWs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can damage the lungs, heart and brain, which increases the risk of long-term health problems.", "Question": "are heart complications likely in patients with COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cardiovascular complications were mainly observed in the confirmed COVID-19+group, consisting of heart failure (9%), palpitations/arrhythmias (3%), stroke/TIA (3%) and pulmonary hypertension (3%). Cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain (1%), myocardial injury (1%) and pericardial effusion (1%) were also recorded.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "among patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19, ACEI/ARB use was not associated with increased risk of hospital admission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins C and D boost our immune systems, aiding in the fight against infectious diseases; ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Thus both qualitative and quantitative features of B and T cell immunity to spike constitute informative biomarkers of the protective potential of novel SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "obesity represents the strongest predictor for Covid-19 followed by diabetes and hypertension in both sexes", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Some models show that if people wear masks, death rates from COVID-19 stay very low.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2); 2) addresses controversies surrounding the mask from perspectives of attitude, effectiveness, and necessity of wearing the mask with evidence that the use of mask would effectively interrupt the transmission of infectious diseases in both hospital settings and community settings; and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplementation is unlikely to show an effect in people whose vitamin C levels are already high", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "We identified a total of 17 patients who received IV vitamin C for COVID-19. The inpatient mortality rate in this series was 12% with 17.6% rates of intubation and mechanical ventilation. We noted a significant decrease in inflammatory markers, including ferritin and D-dimer, and a trend to decreasing FiO2 requirements, after vitamin C administration. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "It is correct to call the virus that causes COVID-19, SARS.", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recent global outbreak of viral pneumonia designated as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened global public health and urged to investigate its source. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "The results obtained from various AI-enabled experiments using clustering algorithms demonstrate that all examined COVID-19 virus genomes belong to a cluster that also contains bat and pangolin coronavirus genomes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Green tea: Green tea is an excellent source of antiviral and anti-inflammatory catechins, notably, one called epigallocatechin gallate, or EGCG.", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study corroborates that compound \"I\" (EGCG) mostly present in the integrants of green tea, shows the highest potentiality for acting as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There's been much speculation about whether vitamin D might prevent or help survival with COVID-19, and two new studies appear to underscore the link.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Several studies demonstrated the role of vitamin D in reducing the risk of acute viral respiratory tract infections and pneumonia. These include direct inhibition with viral replication or with anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory ways. In the meta-analysis, vitamin D supplementation has been shown as safe and effective against acute respiratory tract infections. Thus, people who are at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency during this global pandemic should consider taking vitamin D supplements to maintain the circulating 25(OH)D in the optimal levels (75-125nmol/L).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "However, available data from limited studies show administration of recombinant ACE2 improves lung damage caused by respiratory viruses, suggesting ibuprofen use may be beneficial in COVID-19 disease. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "It was found that 83% and 77% of the bedside surfaces of MRSA-positive and MRSA-negative patients respectively were contaminated with staphylococci at 08:00 hours, and that the staphylococcal concentrations increased by 80% at 1200 h over a 4-hour period with routine ward and clinical activities.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "While this novel coronavirus disease (covid-19) frequently induces mild diseases, it has also generated severe diseases among certain populations, including older-aged individuals with underlying diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "there is no clear evidence that using ibuprofen to treat symptoms such as a high temperature can make coronavirus (covid-19) worse", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19;", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hydroxychloroquine is an Effective Treatment for COVID-19", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "with autoimmune conditions such as lupus, a person experiences \"dysregulations of the immune system,\" meaning the immune system itself is compromised or malfunctioning", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "We use a simple log-linear model with intercept and trend break to evaluate whether the measures are effective preventing/slowing down the spread of the disease in Turkey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Therefore, in this study, was discussed the role of environmental factors and conditions such as temperature, humidity, wind speed as well as food, water and sewage, air, insects, inanimate surfaces, and hands in COVID-19 transmission.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Scientists raise the vitamin D alarm", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Europe, there were no correlations for both recovery (r= 0.040) and mortality rate (r= -0.035).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although there is currently no evidence that animals play a substantial role in spreading COVID-19, CDC advises persons with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to restrict contact with animals during their illness and to monitor any animals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and separate them from other persons and animals at home (1).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "Pre-existing comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease are associated with a greater severity and higher fatality rate of covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "Of all respondents, 24.7% reported a moderate or severe psychological impact, and 48.8% showed mental health problems.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "patients treated with HCQ at the time of early hospital recovered faster than those who treated later or taken as second line choose for their obvious shorter hospitalization time.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "mix and drink as hot tea every afternoon", "Question": "Can drinking hot green tea help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "This analysis may help to create a new ethno-drug formulation for preventing or curing the COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 spreads by contact with respiratory droplets that spread when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "How can I reduce the risk of getting COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Given the increasing incidence especially in elderly and individuals with comorbid conditions, it is advised by health authorities to stay home if possible, maintain social distancing and stay away from those who are sick or could be infected.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "For the time being, the possibility of transmission through the food sector is considered negligible", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "the tested bacteria favor lower temperatures for their survival in dry environments", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that emerged in 2019 and is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. There is no current standard of care.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Will Garlic Water Cure Coronavirus? No", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "51% will drink ginger with honey and 42.7% eat garlic for infection prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "This article summarizes agents with potential efficacy against SARS-CoV-2.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Pregnant women are more at risk of contracting COVID-19 due to their weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19: Hand sanitizers inactivate novel coronavirus", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When hand washing with soap and water is unavailable, a sufficient volume of sanitizer is necessary to ensure complete hand coverage, and compliance is critical for appropriate hand hygiene.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Children of all ages can get COVID-19, although they appear to be affected less frequently than adults, as reported in our preliminary survey.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Preliminary evidence suggests potential benefit with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as coronaviruses, influenza, SARS-CoV, or rhinovirus, can persist on surfaces for a few days.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many readers have written in to ask whether ibuprofen or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, can worsen COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel coronavirus.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "There are an urgent need for antivirals to treat the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The high temperature and low relative humidity lead to high evaporation rates of saliva-contaminated droplets, thus significantly reducing the coronavirus viability", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Preliminary observations from our team and others suggest that temperature and climatological factors could influence the spread of this novel coronavirus", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If your head is spinning, let medical experts provide some focus on one of the symptoms of the coronavirus.", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Frequent touching of contaminated surfaces in public areas is therefore a potential route of SARS-CoV-2 transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Supplements and products unlikely to help with coronavirus and could be dangerous", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention. However, supplementation with vitamins C and D, as well as with zinc and selenium, was highlighted as potentially beneficial for individuals with, or at risk of, respiratory viral infections or for those in whom nutrient deficiency is detected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "However, the source(s) and transmission routine(s) of SARSCoV2 remain elusive' (1).", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Scientists believe cannabis could help prevent, treat coronavirus", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis thus joins tobacco as a SARS2-CoV-2 risk factor.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the symptoms of COVID-19 are no worse than a cold", "Question": "Do antibodies make you immune to COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Severe patients (n=38) develop a robust antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, including IgG and IgA antibodies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "ACE inhibitors and ibuprofen have been suggested to exacerbate the pathogenesis of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin showed benefits in positive-to-negative conversion of SARS-CoV-2 (odds ratio [OR], 1.95 [95% CI,0.19 to 19.73] and a reduction in progression rate (OR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.58 to 1.37]), but without demonstrating any statistical significance.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "We report here that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious in a human lung cell culture model following at least 5 days of persistence on a range of common nonbiocidal surface materials, including polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon; PTFE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Although to date it is considered that Covid19 originates from bats (96.2% overall genome sequence identity) (1), the type of intermediate animals that caused the transmission to humans remains unknown (2-4).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Ferrets can catch the coronavirus and might give it to other ferrets. But poultry and pigs don't appear to be at risk.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At present, though the limited data on the effects of COVID 19 in pediatric patients, children seem to count for a little proportion of SARS-COV 2 infection, and present with less severe disease and effects However infants and toddlers are at risk of developing critical course. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "In such a scenario, differentiating whether the cause of death is specifically due to COVID-19 or the result of treatment limitations can be difficult.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Respiratory failure has been cited as the major cause of death", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, Ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared to paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Eating garlic will not help prevent infection with COVID-19. While it is a healthy food and is proven to have some antimicrobial properties, there is no evidence that eating garlic can protect from covid-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Children, like adults, who have COVID-19 but have no symptoms (asymptomatic) can still spread the virus to others.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Typical presentations of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID19) including respiratory symptoms (cough, respiratory distress and hypoxia), fever and dyspnea are considered main symptoms in adults, but atypical presentation children could be a diagnostic challenge We report three children whose initial presentation was gastrointestinal, and in whom COVID-19 infection was found, concluding that cases of acute appendicitis, mesenteric adenitis and flank tenderness may mask and infection with this virus, which should therefore be investigated.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The drugs have anti-inflammatory effects \"in addition to their blood pressure benefits.", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hidden immune weakness found in gravely ill COVID-19 patients.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "In the southern cities, the ambient temperature and air pollution have a negative interactive effect on COVID-19 transmission, implying that rising temperature restrains the facilitating effects of air pollution and that they jointly lead to a decrease in new confirmed cases.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The available evidence suggests that CQ or HCQ does not improve clinical outcomes in COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "coronavirus is man-made", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) originated in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, Central China", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "A report indicates that Acetaminophen (Tylenol) may be preferred over Ibuprofen (Advil) for coronavirus (fever)", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We discuss evidence regarding role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in treatment and prophylaxis, use of inhibitors of the renin angiotensin system, safety of ibuprofen, unusual clinical features like gastrointestinal symptoms and interpretation of tests for cardiac enzymes and biomarkers.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Agriculture and the food sector are critical to food and nutrition security because they not only produce food but also contribute to economic empowerment by employing a large share of female and male workers, especially in developing countries. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "College students, many of whom are already stressed, reported an increase in depression and anxiety during the initial outbreak.", "Question": "How has the COVID-19 pandemic impacted mental health?", "Evidence": "The socio-health emergency caused by COVID-19 may have a significant psychological impact on the population.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is evidence that SARS-CoV-2 can infect felines, dogs and minks, and there is evidence of human-to-animal infection.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "No drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for COVID-19, although dozens of candidates - including drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, parasites, cancer, and HIV - have been proposed", "Question": "Are there any antiviral drugs to treat the coronavirus disease? ", "Evidence": "In this review, we will update and summarize the most common and plausible drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 patients. These drugs and therapeutic agents include antiviral agents (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, lopinavir, umifenovir, favipiravir, and oseltamivir), and supporting agents (Ascorbic acid, Azithromycin, Corticosteroids, Nitric oxide, IL-6 antagonists), among others. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Ibuprofen is an over-the-counter medication that is used widely for the treatment of pain and fever during COVID-19 pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Our results indicate that surgical face masks could prevent transmission of human coronaviruses and influenza viruses from symptomatic individuals.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "dexamethasone reduced death rates", "Question": "what evidence is there for dexamethasone as a treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "To date, there has been no definite therapy for COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 and kids: What can happen when children get the coronavirus. A rare but sometimes deadly syndrome poses extra risk for COVID's youngest victims.", "Question": "Can children get COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Risk of Children Hospitalized With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "When used for prophylaxis or treatment neither the standard human malaria dose (6.5 mg/kg) nor a high dose (50 mg/kg) of HCQ had any beneficial effect on clinical disease or SARS-CoV-2 kinetics (replication/shedding) in the Syrian hamster disease model. Similarly, HCQ prophylaxis/treatment (6.5 mg/kg) did not significantly benefit clinical outcome nor reduce SARS-CoV-2 replication/shedding in the upper and lower respiratory tract in the rhesus macaque disease model. In conclusion, our preclinical animal studies do not support the use of HCQ in prophylaxis/treatment of COVID-19.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "It was recently suggested that Ibuprofen might increase the risk for severe and fatal COVID-19 disease and should therefore be avoided in this patient population.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The CORONAVIRUS did not emerge in Wuhan", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing is associated with a statistically-significant reduction in the doubling rate for all but three states.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Infections occur mainly through exposure to respiratory droplets when a person is in close contact with someone who has COVID-19.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "social distancing and have seen slowing the spread of COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "camostat mesylate cure coronavirus.", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "Several efforts are currently made to find a treatment for COVID-19 patients. So far, several anti-viral and immunosuppressive or immunomodulating drugs have demonstrated some efficacy on COVID-19 both in vitro and in animal models as well as in cases series. ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Pets can Spread Coronavirus (COVID-19) to People", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cellular angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 which is identical or similar in different species of animals such as pigs, ferrets, cats, orangutans, monkeys, and humans. Moreover, a recent study predicted that dog might be secondary host during the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from bat to human. Therefore, there is a possibility of spreading SARS-CoV-2 through domestic pets.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cloth face coverings are most likely to reduce the spread of the COVID-19 virus when they are widely used by people in public settings", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "A trend in favour of N95 respirators was observed in preventing laboratory-confirmed respiratory viral infections, laboratory-confirmed respiratory infection, and influenza like illness.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "As fever may have benefit in shortening the duration of viral illness, it is plausible to hypothesize that the antipyretic efficacy of ibuprofen may be hindering the benefits of a fever response when taken during the early stages of COVID-19 illness.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "As many deaths due to COVID-19 may be assigned to other causes of deaths (for example, if COVID-19 was not mentioned on the death certificate as a suspected cause of death), tracking all-cause mortality can provide information about whether an excess number of deaths is observed, even when COVID-19 mortality may be undercounted.", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Various coronaviruses infect numerous species, but the first human coronaviruses weren't discovered until the mid-1960s.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This paper investigates the COVID-19 virus origin by using artificial intelligence (AI) and raw genomic sequences of the virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Drinking hot ginger tea, with or without these additional ingredients, will cure COVID-19", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Active smoking was associated with decreased odds of Covid-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no scientific evidence establishing a link between ibuprofen and worsening of covid-19", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Concern about the appropriate role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in COVID-19 speculate that NSAIDs, in particular ibuprofen, may upregulate the entry point for the virus, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 receptors and increase susceptibility to the virus or worsen symptoms in existing disease.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "5G caused the coronavirus outbreak", "Question": "Can 5G technology cause COVID-19?", "Evidence": "a popular theory has linked 5G to the spread of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there is no link between vitamin D concentrations and risk of COVID-19 infection.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "A study from the Journal of Hospital Infection found that wearing a face covering slashed the risk of infection by 24% for a simple cotton covering and up to 99% for a professional, medical-grade filtration mask. ", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Only an N95 mask will help me from getting covid-19.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "fever is beneficial to the body's natural immune response to fight covid-19;", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The Expert Working Group on the Commission of Human Medicines in the UK and other organizations have stated that there is insufficient evidence to establish a link between ibuprofen and susceptibility to or exacerbation of COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The coronavirus came from the local wet market in China", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "Zhou et al (1) mentioned that 'Direct contact with intermediate host animals or consumption of wild animals was suspected to be the main route of SARSCoV2 transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin B could help prevent the 'worst outcomes' in covid-19 cases", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Dietary supplementation has not been linked to COVID-19 prevention.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "it's also important to have a strong immune system that can fight back against the germs you may encounter.", "Question": "Does having a weakened immune system increase your risk of illness from COVID-19?", "Evidence": "studies suggest that the resultant disease (COVID-19) is more severe in individuals with a weakened immune system.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it is \"significantly\" improving oronavirus patients symptoms when traiting them with Vitamin C.", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Although COVID-19 can be rapidly diagnosed, efficient clinical treatment of COVID-19 remains unavailable, resulting in high fatality.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "he virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is stable for several hours to days in aerosols and on surfaces", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of viral cycles and immunity is an important prerequisite for the development of vaccination strategies and development of effective drugs.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus remains stable on metals and plastic for three days. Outside a lab, however, the virus might last considerably longer: its genetic material could be detected on surfaces 17 days after a cruise ship was empty of passengers (although it's not clear whether that material represents infectious virus particles).", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The contaminated surface environment in hospitals plays an important role in the transmission of several key nosocomial pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., Clostridium difficile, Acinetobacter spp., and norovirus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our results strongly support the recommendation that ACEI and ARB should be continued in the population and in COVID-19 positive patients, reinforcing the position of several scientific societies.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Blood pressure drugs may improve COVID-19 survival", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The present study has found that the use of ACE inh/ARBs therapy might be associated with an increased in-hospital mortality in patients who were diagnosed with Covid-19 pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Each 1 C rise of temperature was associated with a 4.8951% (t = 2.29, p = 0.0226) decrease in the number of daily cumulative confirmed cases of COVID-19", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "a popular treatment to tamp down the immune system in severely ill patients may help a few, but could harm many others. ", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The CD4 + memory exploiting could help immune system to recall immunity of already know antigens against coronaviruses, avoiding or limiting \"lung crash\" until virus specific immunity develops and making it faster and prolonged. Finally, this administration could be helpful not only in already infected patients, but also before infection. In fact, people could have an immune system more ready when the contact with the Covid-19 will occur.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "the association between DM and COVID-19-induced severe complications is still unclear", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Early studies have found that cats are the animals most likely to catch the new coronavirus. They can also show symptoms of COVID-19 and might be able to pass it to other cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Surgical masks will not prevent your acquiring diseases.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "This study 1) illustrates transmission routes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2);", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 are the same thing", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The data shown here give hints on the origin of this virus and may inform efforts on transmissibility, host adaptation and other biological aspects of this virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "UVC wands kill viruses. They're also a 'major safety issue", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Most alcohol based hand sanitizers are effective at inactivating enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A headache is a potential symptom of COVID-19.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Cough, fever, headache and asthenia were the most prevalent symptoms.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "While there is very limited data (and none specific for COVID-19), the following cocktail may have a role in the prevention/mitigation of COVID-19 disease. Vitamin C 500 mg BID and Quercetin 250 mg daily Zinc 75-100 mg/day", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "The majority of documents encouraged the consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grain foods. Thirty-one percent of the guidelines highlighted the importance of minerals and vitamins such as zinc and vitamins C, A, and D to maintain a well-functioning immune system.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Vitamins and Minerals Help Fight Coronavirus", "Question": "Does Vitamin C impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Some nutrients are actively involved in the proper functioning and strengthening of the human immune system against viral infections including dietary protein, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, iron, zinc, and selenium. Few studies were done on the effect of dietary components on prevention of COVID-19, but supplementation with these nutrients may be effective in improving the health status of patients with viral infections.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Like other viruses with a lipid envelope, SARS-CoV-2 is probably sensitive to temperature, humidity, and solar radiation", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "The current study focuses on the relationship between environmental parameters and the growth rate of COVID-19. The statistical analysis suggests that the temperature changes retarded the growth rate and found that -6.28C and +14.51C temperature is the favorable range for COVID-19 growth.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease? No", "Question": "Can acetaminophen (Tylenol) treat the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": " Studies show that ibuprofen and naproxen not only have positive effects in controlling cold symptoms, but also do not cause serious side effects in rhinovirus infections.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "In our cohort, ODs were an early symptom of COVID-19", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "diabetes significantly increases coronavirus sufferers risk of dying", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "Do COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 mean the same thing?", "Evidence": "The recently emerged SARS-CoV-2 (Coronaviridae; Betacoronavirus) is the underlying cause of COVID-19 disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our findings support a causal effect of elevated BMI and smoking on risk of sepsis and severe covid-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the warmer weather will slow the spread of SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "We show that the delay between exposure and detection of infection complicates the estimation of weather impact on COVID-19 transmission, potentially explaining significant variability in results to-date", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Smoking is a risk factor for COVID-19 patients, but one particular substance in cigarettes - nicotine - might prevent infection in some people, or improve COVID-19 prognosis", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Cannabis smoking is linked with poor respiratory health, immunosuppression and multiple contaminants. Potential synergism between the two epidemics would represent a major public health convergence. Cigarettes were implicated with disease severity in Wuhan, China.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Although smoking is the most common way to use marijuana, some people bake it into a brownie or other food. Eating pot might spare you the lung effects of this drug, but that doesn't mean it's safe.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Male, aged over 65, smoking patients might face a greater risk of developing into the critical or mortal condition and the comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and respiratory diseases could also greatly affect the prognosis of the COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Remdesivir proves effective against COVID-19", "Question": "is remdesivir an effective treatment for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "remdesivir is not sufficient on its own and may be suitable in combination with other antivirals or treatments such as convalescent plasma.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "It does not make a lot of sense that if somebody is otherwise healthy and young and they have hypertension alone, that they should be at increased risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": "COVID-19 patients with hypertension had more severe secondary infections, cardiac and renal dysfunction, and depletion of CD8+ cells on admission. Patients with hypertension were more likely to have comorbidities and complications and were more likely to be classified as critically ill than those without hypertension.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Surgical Masks Stop Transmission Of COVID-19 From Symptomatic People", "Question": "Does a surgical mask help avoid COVID-19?", "Evidence": "N95 respirators might reduce SARS-CoV-1 risk versus surgical masks in health care settings, but applicability to SARS-CoV-2 is uncertain.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "How long does Coronavirus last on surfaces? And which disinfectants are most effective at cleaning them? Those two questions are important not only for healthcare centrers but any public place with a lot of activity - locations where you'll frequently touch surfaces such as door handles with your hands. You might then potentially infect yourself by touching your face, which happens more often than you think.", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "High Blood Pressure Doesn't Seem To Raise COVID-19 Risk", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Wearing the N95 respirator mask can protect against coronavirus", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "smokers have a very much lower probability of developing symptomatic or severe SARA-CoV-2 [COVID-19] infection as compared to the general population", "Question": "Can smoking help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Future research is needed to establish the mechanisms involved in each comorbidity and the apparent \"protective\" effect of cigarette smoking.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "nearly half of coronavirus cases are people 20 to 44 years old", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "As COVID-19 mortality occurs mainly in elderly and as Africa has a comparably young population, the death rates should be lower than on other continents. We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMR) using age-specific case fatality rates for COVID-19 and the age structure of the population of Africa and of other continents. Compared to a European or Northern American population, the standardised mortality ratio was only 0.22 and 0.25, respectively, corresponding to reduction of deaths rates to a quarter. Compared to the Asian and Latin American & Caribbean population, the SMR was 0.43 and 0.44, respectively, corresponding to half the death rate for Africa.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs can test positive for the virus.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Although a few pets presented many clinical signs indicative for a coronavirus infection, no animal tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR and no antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 were detectable in their blood using an immunoprecipitation assay.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "N95 masks are better than clothe masks", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Herein, we report that nosocomial infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) may be mitigated by using surgical masks and closed looped ventilation for both non-critical and critical patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "The overall risk of dying in the hospital from COVID-19 among people with T1D is very low, however, one study found that this risk is higher for people with T1D (3.5 times higher) compared to people without diabetes.", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Older age, diabetes and other comorbidities are reported as significant predictors of morbidity and mortality. Chronic inflammation, increased coagulation activity, immune response impairment, and potential direct pancreatic damage by SARS-CoV-2 might be among the underlying mechanisms of the association between diabetes and COVID-19.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Does Not Cure Covid-19 But It Plays an Important Role", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A principal defence against uncontrolled inflammation, and against viral infection in general, is provided by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs). Treg levels have been reported to be low in many COVID-19 patients and can be increased by vitamin D supplementation. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines and a significantly increased risk of pneumonia and viral upper respiratory tract infections. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increase in thrombotic episodes, which are frequently observed in COVID-19. Vitamin D deficiency has been found to occur more frequently in patients with obesity and diabetes. These conditions are reported to carry a higher mortality in COVID-19. If vitamin D does in fact reduce the severity of COVID-19 in regard to pneumonia/ARDS, inflammation, inflammatory cytokines and thrombosis, it is our opinion that supplements would offer a relatively easy option to decrease the impact of the pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the Covid-19 coronavirus can stay on various surfaces for a while", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Surfaces near patients hospitalized with respiratory infections were frequently contaminated by pathogens, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being most common, highlighting the potential for transmission of respiratory pathogens via surfaces.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Based on animal experiments, already acquired data on other coronavirus types and plausibility assumptions, it can be assumed that seroconverted patients have an immunity of limited duration and only a very low risk of reinfection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Considering its potential benefits and high availability, acetic acid disinfection appears to be a promising adjunctive therapy in cases of non-severe COVID-19 and deserves further investigation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "there are few novel sars-cov-2 cases in malaria countries because of the use of the antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is theoretical, experimental, preclinical and clinical evidence of the effectiveness of chloroquine in patients affected with COVID-19. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Nonfabric surface materials were found to be much more favorable in the indirect contact transmission for RSV and rhinovirus than fabric surface materials.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "ecological investigation on 51 countries including 408,748 participants, analyses indicated no correlation between vitamin D levels and recovery rate (r= 0.041) as well as mortality rate (r=-0.073) globally.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Unexpected Cause of Death in Younger COVID-19 Patients is Related to Blood Clotting", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Lack of personal protective equipment was cited as a common cause of death.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can apple cider vinegar prevent the coronavirus? Nothing can really prevent the corona virus (COVid-19) all that authorities can do is slow it down which is why such tough measures are being enforced in some countries.", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Numerous clinical trials have been launched to identify effective treatments for COVID-19. Initial data from a placebo-controlled study suggest faster time to recovery in patients on remdesivir; it is now being evaluated in additional controlled studies.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask helps stop infected people from spreading the new coronavirus to others.", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "and 3) provides suggestion that the public should wear the mask during COVID-19 pandemic according to local context.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with diabetes have not a higher risk for complications from coronavirus", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "As the novel coronavirus sweeps the globe, those with high blood pressure are at heightened risk for more severe complications should they contract Covid-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with hypertension?", "Evidence": " Hypertension has been proven to be more prevalent in patients with an adverse outcome (admission in intensive care unit, use of mechanical ventilation, or death).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In conclusion, Allium sativum may be an acceptable preventive measure against COVID-19 infection to boost immune system cells and to repress the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines as well as an adipose tissue derived hormone leptin having the proinflammatory nature.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "In one study it was found that 100% of ICU COVID-19 patients less than 75 years old had vitamin D insufficiency.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "A significant negative correlation (p=0.033) has been observed between mean vitamin D levels and COVID-19 cases per one million population in European countries.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Adding pepper to your soup or other meals does not prevent or cure COVID-19.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Severe COVID-19 outcomes decreases as the pandemic progressed from winter to the warmer months", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Temperature is the most influential parameter that reduces the growth at the rate of 13-16 cases/day with a 1{degrees}C rise in temperature", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with Diabetes May Have Higher Risk for COVID-19", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol levels possess an apparent relation to COVID-19 severity.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because some of the symptoms of flu and COVID-19 are similar, it may be hard to tell the difference between them based on symptoms alone", "Question": "what are the early symptoms of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Gustatory Dysfunction as an Early Symptom in COVID-19 Screening", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "In severe cases of COVID-19, activation patterns of B cells resemble those seen in systemic lupus erythematosus, an autoimmune disease. Emory researchers want to see how far that resemblance extends.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "drugs (Anti-inflammatory drugs, which includes steroids such as prednisone and non-steroidal drugs like ibuprofen) are helpful for symptomatic treatment only and are not a cure. By decreasing inflammation, they can decrease pain, swelling, redness and other symptoms that may be associated with inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "both dogs and cats can be infected by the virus that causes Covid-19 in humans, but none of the ten animals observed in the study showed clinical symptoms like coughing", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Using data from probable cat-to-cat transmission in Wuhan, China, we estimated the basic reproduction number R0 under this scenario at 1.09 (95% confidence interval: 1.05, 1.13). This value is much lower than the R0 reported for humans and close to one, indicating that the sustained transmission between cats is unlikely to occur.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Cats may be able to spread coronavirus to humans despite showing no symptoms", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Although coronavirus infections in pets are known to be predominantly related to the gastrointestinal tract, it has been observed that there are human-to-animal transmissions in this outbreak and some animals have similar symptoms to humans.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "the virus can stay on surfaces long enough to be a source of transmission", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "The most common coronaviruses may well survive or persist on surfaces for up to one month.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "If the person is asymptomatic but was tested after having close contact with someone with SARS-CoV-2 infection or as part of a response to an outbreak (e.g., facility has a resident with nursing-home onset COVID-19 or a HCP with COVID-19), then they should also be considered to have SARS-CoV-2 infection and managed as described above.", "Question": "what is known about people that have COVID-19 without any symptoms?", "Evidence": "The evidence confirms COVID-19 transmission from people who were asymptomatic at the time.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Coronaviruses cause respiratory illnesses, so the lungs are usually affected first. Early symptoms include fever, cough, and shortness of breath.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "we discovered evidence that SARS-CoV-2, along with related coronaviruses, used mutations to evade attack from the human immune system. Overall, we present an immunological resource for SARS-CoV-2 that could promote both therapeutic development and mechanistic research.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Wearing a surgical face mask probably won't keep you from getting sick", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might help protect against becoming infected with, and developing serious symptoms of, COVID-19", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "Vitamin D deficiency that is not sufficiently treated is associated with COVID-19 risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 increases risk of heart attacks and stroke", "Question": "how do people die from the coronavirus?", "Evidence": "Compared to the recovered group, more patients in the death group exhibited characteristics of advanced age, pre-existing comorbidities, dyspnea, oxygen saturation decrease, increased WBC count, decreased lymphocytes, and elevated CRP levels.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The most important thing to know about using over-the-counter medications to treat COVID-19 is that none of these common drugstore products are actually going to treat the virus itself.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Tiny antibody component highly effective against SARS-COV-2 in animal studies", "Question": "are there any drugs that work for SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in animals?", "Evidence": "We show that a high (5106 pfu) and medium (5104 pfu) dose of SARS-CoV-2 induces consistent upper respiratory tract (URT) viral RNA shedding in both groups of six challenged animals, whilst a low dose (5102 pfu) resulted in only one of six displaying signs of URT viral RNA replication.  ", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "A new Chinese coronavirus, a cousin of the SARS virus, has infected hundreds since the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December.", "Question": "what is the origin of COVID-19", "Evidence": "This provides evidences strongly supporting scientific hypotheses that bats and pangolins are probable hosts for the COVID-19 virus. At the whole genome analysis level, our findings also indicate that bats are more likely the hosts for the COVID-19 virus than pangolins.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Because SARS-CoV-2 has been discovered so recently, there haven't been many studies looking at how effective cleaners are against it", "Question": "Can vinegar help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Scientific researches on these drugs reveal the presence of a number of pharmacologically active substances, which may provide a new insight into the management of infections and epidemics.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hot weather can spread the virus more as it may get you more out there, make you more mobile and you would actually interact with more people", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "Being a novel pandemic coronavirus version, it might be ongoing during summer conditions associated with higher air temperatures, low relative humidity and precipitation levels.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "vitamin D might be able to protect people from the coronavirus (COVID-19).", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The index of India has remained very low (161) so far, mainly due to early implementation of social lockdown, social distancing, and sanitizing hands.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Experimental data showed ferrets and cats are highly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 as infected by virus inoculation and can transmit the virus directly or indirectly by droplets or airborne route.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "For most patients, COVID-19 begins and ends in their lungs, because like the flu, coronaviruses are respiratory diseases", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 hits the old hardest, and young people do not die from it", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "While there are a lot of unknowns with the novel virus, there's no evidence of COVID-19 transmitting through food or packaging, according to the Food and Drug Administration.", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Also, SARS-COV-2 transmission through food, food packages, and food handlers has not been identified as a risk factor for the disease.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "headaches are rarely the sole symptom present in a coronavirus patient.", "Question": "Is a headache sign of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "A few hours later the patient experienced intense headache and developed fever, cough and severe dyspnea. ", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Coronavirus (COVID-19) Know how to protect yourself and others from COVID-19 and what to do if you are sick.", "Question": "how does the coronavirus respond to changes in the weather", "Evidence": "These results provide evidence for the relationship between several weather variables and the spread of COVID-19. However, the (conservatively) estimated relationships are not strong enough to seasonally control the epidemic in most locations.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Based on currently available information, WHO does not recommend against the use of of ibuprofen.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The new coronavirus can infect your skin", "Question": "Which organs are most affected by COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Since viral transmission occurs through the droplets emitted during coughing or sneezing, the lungs are primarily affected.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "masks are effective in limiting spread of COVID-19", "Question": "How much impact do masks have on preventing the spread of the COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Depending on the region we analyse, we find that face masks reduced the cumulative number of registered Covid-19 cases between 2.3% and 13% over a period of 10 days after they became compulsory. Assessing the credibility of the various estimates, we conclude that face masks reduce the daily growth rate of reported infections by around 40%.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "The immune system, noticing the infection, flares up, which can cause the lungs to fill with fluid and prevent adequate oxygen flow.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "Distinguishing pre-existing and de novo antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 will be critical for serology, seroprevalence and vaccine studies, as well as for our understanding of susceptibility to and natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Dogs May Not Spread Covid-19, but Cats Can Pass It to Each Other", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Higher risk if you have type 1 diabetes. Compared to people without diabetes, people with type 1 diabetes are approximately 3.5 times as likely to die in hospital with COVID-19, while people with type 2 are approximately twice as likely. ", "Question": "what kinds of complications related to COVID-19 are associated with diabetes", "Evidence": "Type 2 diabetic patients were more susceptible to COVID-19 than overall population, which might be associated with hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "If Fever Helps Fight Infection, Should I Avoid Fever-Reducing Drugs", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "For NSAIDs, there is no clear scientific evidence linking ibuprofen and other NSAIDs to worsening of COVID-19; however, it seems prudent to continue them, if necessary to control pericarditis, and on the other hand, to prefer paracetamol for fever and systemic symptoms related to COVID-19.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "COVID-19 can survive on surfaces, like a tabletop", "Question": "touching a contaminated surface will not make you sick", "Evidence": "Human Coronavirus 229E Remains Infectious on Common Touch Surface Materials", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Hand washing with soap and water and scrubbing for at least 20 seconds is recommended, but a hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol is the best alternative", "Question": "what hand sanitizers kill COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The ongoing COVID19 pandemic has made various challenges for communications all over the world. Nowadays hand hygiene practices with alcohol sanitizers are an unavoidable reality for many people, which cause skin dryness and flaking.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen, aspirin, and Advil, reduce fever, pain, and inflammation.", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of COVID-19 patients, ibuprofen use was not associated with worse clinical outcomes, compared with paracetamol or no antipyretic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "to reduce the spread of the virus: try to stay at least 2 metres (3 steps) away from anyone you do not live with (or anyone not in your support bubble); wash your hands with soap and water often - do this for at least 20 seconds; use hand sanitiser gel if soap and water are not available; wash your hands as soon as you get home; cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze; put used tissues in the bin immediately and wash your hands afterwards", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Discussion: The combined social distancing measures implemented by the Greek authorities within the first few weeks after the first confirmed case of the virus reduced the COVID-19 growth rate.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "In Middle East, the recovery rate (r= 0.267) and mortality rate (r= -0.217) showed a medium correlation.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "it appears that the virus that causes COVID-19 can spread from people to animals after close contact with people with COVID-19", "Question": "Can coronaviruses spread from people to animals?", "Evidence": "Although animal-to-animal transmission has been shown to be possible, there is no evidence of animal-to-human transmission.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Together, this study suggested that medical masks are adequate for use on most social occasions, and both medical masks and N95 masks can be reused for a few days with steam decontamination between use.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Does wearing a mask help reduce my risk of COVID-19? Cloth and surgical masks help stop droplets spreading when people talk, cough and sneeze, which reduces the risk of spreading the virus.", "Question": "Can wearing masks help in preventing the spread of the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Evidence that face masks provide effective protection against respiratory infections in the community is scarce. However, face masks are widely used by health workers as part of droplet precautions when caring for patients with respiratory infections. It would therefore be reasonable to suggest that consistent widespread use of face masks in the community could prevent further spread of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy. Get this checked by your doctor and use the correct dose to stay healthy.", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "testing positive for COVID-19 was associated with increasing age(RR(age<50)=1.05,p<0.021;RR(age[]50)=1.02,p<0.064)), non-white race(RR=2.54,p<0.01) and being likely vitamin D deficient (deficient/treatment-not-increased:RR=1.77,p<0.02) as compared to likely vitamin D sufficient(not-deficient/treatment-not-decreased), with predicted COVID-19 rates in the vitamin D deficient group of 21.6%(95%CI[14.0%-29.2%] ) versus 12.2%(95%CI[8.9%-15.4%]) in the vitamin D sufficient group.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Hypothesis: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers may increase the risk of severe COVID-19", "Question": "are patients taking Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE) inhibitors at increased risk for COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Patients who take ACEIs and ARBS may be at increased risk of severe disease outcomes due to SARS-CoV-2 infections.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "the centralized social distancing is necessary to minimize the pandemic spreading.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "To help slow the spread and reduce your risk of COVID-19, stay at least 6 feet away from others. Keeping physical distance is important, even if you are not sick.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Our models predict these strict social distancing measures caused a 79% and 61% reduction in the daily cases of COVID-19 across Australia and New Zealand respectively. This provides both evidence and impetus for governments considering similar measures in response to COVID-19 and other pandemics.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting severely sick from SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19.", "Question": "will SARS-CoV2 infected people develop immunity?", "Evidence": "The number of these epitopes and the prevalence of the common coronaviruses suggest that a large part of the world population has some degree of specific immunity against SARS-CoV-2 already, even without having been infected by that virus.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "stronger social distancing, e.g., cutting 75% of social ties, can reduce the outbreak by 75% for the C isolation, by 33% for the D isolation, and by 87% for the (C+D) isolation strategy.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "masks protect you as the wearer and protects others", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We also demonstrated that three brands of medical masks blocked over 99% viruses in aerosols. The avian coronavirus was completely inactivated after being steamed for 5 minutes.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can coronavirus spread through food or packaging? No Absolutely not", "Question": "Can COVID-19 spread through food?", "Evidence": "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is easily transmitted from person to person, which has fueled the ongoing pandemic.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "Some herbal medicine advocates believe that the combination of garlic, ginger and some herbs can cure Coronavirus.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "compounds derived from Allium sativum (garlic) have the potential to decrease the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and to reverse the immunological abnormalities to more acceptable levels. Allium sativum is suggested as a beneficial preventive measure before being infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "the virus spreads mainly through small airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes.", "Question": "has social distancing had an impact on slowing the spread of COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The decentralized strategy is insufficient when used alone, but offers the best results when combined with the centralized one. Indeed, the (C+D) is the most efficient isolation strategy at mitigating the network superspreaders and reducing the highest node degrees to less than 10% of their initial values.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "wearing a mask  may offer some protection for the covid-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "We find that the critical mask adherence is 5 per 100 when 80% wear face masks.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "masks prevent me from spreading COVID-19", "Question": "Can face masks protect me from the coronavirus disease?", "Evidence": "Wearing medical masks or N95 masks (namely N95 respirators) can slow the virus spread and reduce the infection risk.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 isn't a risk for young people", "Question": "what are the mortality rates overall and in specific populations", "Evidence": "A confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection substantially increased the probability of death across all patient groups, ranging from nine (6 to 15) times the population mortality in 35-year old infected females to a 53-fold increase (46 to 59) for 95 year old infected males. The highest relative risks were observed among males and older patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Covid-19 is infecting quite a few people, many with vicious effects.", "Question": "Can smoking cannabis (weed) help in preventing COVID-19?", "Evidence": "The recently discovered novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus), has brought the whole world to standstill with critical challenges, affecting both health and economic sectors worldwide.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "Most children with COVID-19 have mild symptoms or have no symptoms at all.", "Question": "What are the possible symptoms of COVID-19 in children?", "Evidence": "Little is known about the risk factors for the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in children.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "When compared with exclusive paracetamol users, no differences were observed in mortality rates or the need for respiratory support among patients using ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "The current treatment option for COVID-19 involves treating symptoms and oxygen therapy to keep the body in a stable condition in severe cases.", "Question": "Does garlic protect against covid-19", "Evidence": "In late December 2019 in Wuhan, China, several patients with viral pneumonia were identified as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). So far, there are no specific treatments for patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), and the treatments available today are based on previous experience with similar viruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and Influenza virus.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "covid-19 patients taking hydroxychloroquine do not benefit", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Among patients with COVID-19, the use of HCQ could significantly shorten TTCR and promote the absorption of pneumonia.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "VITAMIN D HEALTHY LEVELS decrease COVID-19 MORTALITY RATES", "Question": "Does Vitamin D impact COVID-19 prevention and treatment?", "Evidence": "a small reverse correlation between mortality rate and vitamin D status was observed throughout the globe (r= -0.177). In Asia, a medium direct correlation was observed for recovery rate (r= 0.317) and a significant reveres correlation for mortality rate (r= -0.700) with vitamin D status in such patients.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "cloth face mask with a filter can help prevent the spread of COVID-19", "Question": "what are the best masks for preventing infection by Covid-19?", "Evidence": "Respirators such as filtering face piece (FFP) 2 masks were designed to protect HCWs, while surgical masks were originally intended to protect patients (e.g., during surgery). Nevertheless, high quality standard surgical masks (type II/IIR according to European Norm EN 14683) appear to be as effective as FFP2 masks in preventing droplet-associated viral infections of HCWs as reported from influenza or SARS.", "Label": "Supports"}
{"Claim": "hydroxychloroquine cures covid-19.", "Question": "does hydroxychloroquine treat COVID-19?", "Evidence": "Preliminary clinical evidence from China and France showed significant virological and clinical benefit in HCQ-treated patients, while other studies, mostly including critically ill patients, did not show favorable results.", "Label": "Neutral"}
{"Claim": "So, COVID is killed by heat. That is why our bodies create fever to fight it off. When you take Tylenol or advil it takes away your fever and allows COVID its ideal environment. If you get COVID allow your fever to remain as long as it is not over 103-104 this is your body fighting the virus. ", "Question": "Can taking medication to lower fever, such as paracetamol (tylenol) and ibuprofen (advil) worsen COVID-19?", "Evidence": "At this time, there is no supporting evidence to discourage the use of ibuprofen.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Many mammals around the world could have a role in spreading the disease, including dogs and cats.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19?", "Evidence": "There is currently no indication that feline- or canine-to-human transmission can occur, though there is rising evidence of the reverse.", "Label": "Refutes"}
{"Claim": "Can COVID-19 be spread from pets to people or other pets? According to the latest information from the CDC , the risk of animals spreading COVID-19 to people is very low. However, because all animals can carry germs that can make people sick, it's always a good idea to practice healthy habits around pets and other animals.", "Question": "Can animals spread COVID-19 to people?", "Evidence": "Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is now a pandemic threat. This virus is supposed to be spread by human to human transmission. ", "Label": "Supports"}